Ascicnmenta - HV Vewrore chew Goie ) (UL “Townsend Seamer Pa Low pressures (vecuur) Higher Pressures (Atmospheric Pressure) Maher (>5atn rim) Discs ‘Shape Diused Narow channal or pasma stream ‘An olacron (nating electron) must be avateble. The lating electron Ic acelarled by the applegelactc field and Jntiaing | upon gaining suffient knee energy cn ccfsion wih an atom spits he stom nto an lace (acclsonal electron) and Mecranigm 18 posite lon hereby hang the breakdown crocesses. Sustaang | Eecwone least rom the cae by poate lon macnn rant Pra Oh entation Tine to sreagein ser second Muon Fair (10 100 Non esconds) Example Noon Tabet Lignin, Power Flashovar (.Q © 6% @) boo: = TL & 0, ISK BO - Le\.3 Pose W\2 oF Shudyguice lay Frou Pore ut of Grady cpr ve xa - wr eo = 2YAT Frou Vhe qaph oh page SB \ Ee = T MI, Qu ob = “IA Vo = TA ©,0019 7 (3,3 Nf For io dae ee i - (a eNASSIGMENT 2: HV ~ 2010 MEMORANDUM. Continue: QUESTION 2: 2.1 Comparison between positive and negative discharge: Positive corona onset is a higher voltage than negative corona Positive or bust corona Blueish discharged glow Positive space streamers cause periodic extinction of the pulses ‘Negative corona or Trichel pulses Reddish discharge glow > 10kEiz up to MHz Examples of Corona: Cavity Breakdown: Occurs due to gas pocket bubbles (or Void) within solid or liquid insulation. When the cavity has significantly lower dielectric property this will distort the clectric field thereby increasing the electtic field across the stress across the ges. ‘The gas also having lower breakdown strength results in a breakdown within the cavity. Surface Discharge: ‘Tracking and dry band arcing being examples. The presences of conductive deposits on insulators leads to surface discharges. If the conductive deposits were evenly spread, no discharges would take place. Treein; Occurs in solid insulation and initiated due to a non uniform electric field usually 2 a result of conductor surface sharp points. Electro chemical erosion initiated a tree like erosion spreading from the conductor surface outwards. Insulation Interfaces or Insulation Transition boundarie: Can occur wien more than one insulation type is used of differing diclectric properties e.g. Solid and Air or even when two different solid types are used. The different dielectric properties (dielectric constant) can lead to an increased electric field across the lower dielectric insulation this can result in breakdown of the one insulation only. 2.2 (a) Cavity (or Void) Breakdown: Oceurs due to gas pockets. The dielectric strength of the void is considerably lower than that of the liquid insulation. The relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) of the void is also considerably lower than that of the liquid dielectric. This sets up a non-uniform electric field with a higher electric stress across the cavity. The high stress across the cavity result in breakdown of the cavity that manifests as Partial Discharge. The breakdown of the cavitycould then spread by electro chemical erosion and cause eventual complete insulation breakdown. (b) Tracking and treeing in Solid insulation: Is the depositing of a permanent carbon conductive track on the surface of insulation. Tracking is caused by sparking taking place across a section of the insulation surface. (surface partial discharge) The sparks cause carbonization of the insulation which is deposited on the surface of the insulation. In time this could lead to the bridging of the insulator gap. Sparking could be caused by the depositing of surface contaminants e.g. salts. The free carbons produced by the thermal decomposition form the carbon tracks therefore the resisitance of a material to track depends on its chemical composition and the manner it breaks down at high temperature. (©) Ionisation: Is the splitting of atoms into electrons and positive ions i.e, Ionisation is necessary to convert a non-conductive (insulation) gas into a conductive path, Ionisation is achieved by high energy collision with atoms or photo (intensive light) Ionisation, (Terminal Ionisation) QUESTION 3: 3.1 The methods for Treatment of transformer oil are: (a) Filtration and treatment under vacuum: Oil is pre-dried before filtering. Oil can not be used for HV insulation, Oil is distributed over large surface in a specially designed tank under vacuum. In this process drying and degassing achieved simultaneously, (b) Centrifugal Method: Method is helpful in partially extracting solid impurities and free water. Ineffective for removal of water and dissolved gasses. Oil treated is even over saturated with air as gas. If the tank is kept under vacuum, partial improved can be obtained. (© Absorption Columns: Oil flow through one or several columns filled with absorbing agent either in the form of grains of power fuller earth, silica gel and molecular sieves. (d) Electrostatic Filters: Oil treated between the two electrodes placed in a container, Electrostatic field charges the impurities and traces of water which the attracted and retained by the foam coated electrodes, Economical of water content is less than 2pm. 3.2 The power law equation: Vb = kd" with k=? and n=? From the table:90 = k4" and 175 = k8" 175/90 =2" 2" = 1,944 Thus n= 0.959 and k= 23,82 From the above: 140 6" and 226 = k10" 226/140 = 1.67" 1.67 1.614 Thus n= 0.947 and k= 26.31 Average: n= 0.947 and k = 25.07 ‘Thus the power law equation is: Vb = 254d"*5 3.3 (@) The size of the generator would be to large (b) A high DC charging voltage is required (©) Suppression of Corona discharges from the structure and leads during the charging period is difficult @ Switching of very high voltages with spark gaps is difficult. 3.4 (a) Value of L: Zease VIVA, 11000)7/20000 6.05kQ Xeable 2.74kQ. with = 2n(50) and C= 250 x 10? Xtransf 420 Xreactor = 12.74kQ -2420 12.5kQ ThusL = Xreactor/@ = 39.8H (©) Pinput and Vinput: I =Veable/Xcable = 88000N3/12.74x 10? = 4A Pin =F (Rtrans + Rreact) 8KW Vin yay = 1 (Rtrans + R react) = 1.7kV Vin soy = 1.7kV x 230/11000 = 36V (©) Qeable: P x Xcable 204 kV A/phase A 6.8KW source cable produce 204kVA QeableCable under test must be carefully prepared and properly terminated to voltage are applied on a capacitive cable, there are changes avoid excessive leakage or end flashovers that may occur during testing which might be a source of fatality to humans Since high Cable must be earthed after testing before any contact is made with the that the stray currents are discharged to ground through impedance not cable. of stray voltages. As such the system must be properly earthed such reachable by humans. access during testing. An warning light and preferable an alarm must ‘Test equipment must properly be barricade and fenced to ensure to indicate that the testing has started and in progress. Resonance test equipment must be properly insulated, @ Gi) ii) Gy) w) (d) Human safety: i ese nen ear oe vtrsces ans of te ecw a tat, The pote of he ermal (stort eis 8 by t= att) = fae “The deco alien preror developed by Van dt by ped ae is, lover spay tal, sown in Fi 438, suber of ser conscee fo batik di hare bwec the pos td the ae mained. Teo ‘oltre “Teatro iebx. ena tsayintzat b= O10 | stoves wise Qis theese dC hecaach Z g Z| 2 gi 5 =4.2 $ = Wby) = 1.4 x 19° coulombs / em? 4.3 Breakdown Voltage: V treakdown i8 directly proportional to air density V iyeakdown i8 directly proportional to air pressure 'V breakdown is inversely proportional to air temperature 44 (a) Breakdown Voltage: Verso = 24.22 (8) + 6.08¥s For 20mm = 2cm Vb =75.6 kV For 75mm=7.5em Vb=261.5kV (b) Correction factor: b = 760 -(1300/100)(1.2/100) x 760 = 641 mmHg 8 =(293 x by/(760(273 + 28)) = 0.82 4.5 Matching of generator: (Prevent reflection of the wave (ii) Prevent deforming of the shape of the wave (iii) Ensure accuracy during measurement