Cognitive trrgonomics

Submitted by: Group 3 Nesrzo- 1ec

Submitted to: Engr. MARK AI\THONY ASEOCHI,.

 Wuer rs CoorufftvE Enooruoutcs?

DsrrNrn By rHE INtBRNeTtoNAL ERcoNotvltcs AssoctarloN "IS CONCERNED

WITH MENTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS PERCEPTION, MEMORY, REASONING, AND
MOTOR RESPONSE, AS THEY AFFECT INTERACTIONS AMONG HUMANS AND OTHER
ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM.

" Tr+s RELEVANT TOPICS INCLUDE MENTAL WORKLOAD, DECISION-MAKING'

SKILLED PERFORMANCE, HLIN4AN-COMPUTER INTERACTION, HUMAN
RELIABILITY, WORK STRESS AND TRAINING AS THESE MAY RELATE TO HUMAN-
SYSTEM DESIGN.

WgaT ARE THE

COCNITTVT ERGONOMICS AIMS AT ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF COGNITIVE TASKS BY

MEANS OF SEVERAL INTERVENTIONS, INCLUDING THESE:

1. USrR-CSNTERED DESIGN oF HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTION AND HUMAN-

COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI);
2. DPSICN OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS THAT SUPPORT COGNITIVE
TASKS (r.c., cocNITIVE ARTIFacrs);
3. DEver-opuENT oF TRAINING PRoGRAMS;
4, WONT REDESIGN TO MANAGE COGNITIVE WORKLOAD AND INCREASE HUMAN
RELIABILITY.
DTrrnRg,NCE BETWEEx PUYSTCAL TO COCXTTNTE, ENCONOMICS

Physical Ergonomics Vs Cognitive

Ergonomics
' Physical ergonomics focuses on our bodies

' Cognitive ergonomics is interested in what

goes on in our brains:
* the way our senses perceive informrtion
- the way in which we understand and interpret it
- what de(ermine! the decisions we make

Pnystcar gRcoNonatcs - rs ABour rHE HUMAN BoDy's RESpoNSES To pHysrcAt-

AND PHYSIOLOGICAL WORK DEMANDS.

Sucu txcLtioss:
" Hpnvv LIFTING
" UsrNc MecnrNrs
,,
HTcH INDUCED STRATN ON THE BODY

. FOCUSES MORE ON THE STATE OF MIND OF THE WORKER

RATHER THAN THE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES.

INctr,oes:
" MpNraL sTRESS AND sTRAIN
.. PpRsoNAL AND oRGANIZATIoNAL PROBLEMS IN THE WORKPLACE

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 Mpxrar WonxroAD
Wuar ts a Womlono?
" WomloAD IS THE AMoLTNT oF woRK AN INDIVIDUAL HAS To Do. TurRp ts ,q
DrsrINCTtoN BETwEEN THE ACTUAL AMoUNT oF woRK AND THE tNotvtputL's
pERCEprtoN oF THE woRKLoAD. WonrloAD cAN ALSo BE cLASSIFIED AS
eUANTrTATtve (rue AMoL,NT oF WoRK TO BE ooNr) oR QUALITartve (ruE
DIFFICULTY oF THE wom).

.,
IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED CONCEPTS IN ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN
FACTORS AND REPRESENTS A TOPIC OF INCREASING IN,{PORTANCE

WomLoAD
QuaNrrtarrvn woRrLoan on ovpzu-oao :

HIVWC MORE WORK TO DO THAN CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED COIv'IFORTABLY.

UALITATIVE WORKLOAD

HevrNc woRK THAT Is roo DIFFICULT.

UNoBntoao:
HevrNc woRK THAT FAILS To usE A woRKER's srnl,s AND ABILITIES.
MWL Frcunrs

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 Drcrsrox MeruNc

" IN PsYcHoLocY, DECTSIoN-

MAKING ISREGARDEDAS
THE COGNITIVE PROCESS RESULTING
IN TT{E SELECTION OF A BELIEF OR A
COURSE OF ACTION AMONG
SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE
POSSIBILITIES.

FacroR rN DBctstoN Marcmc:

" PsycrroLoGICAL- EXAMTNTNG TNDTvTDUAL DECrsroNS rN THE coNTExr oF A
SET OF NEEDS, PREFERENCES AND VALUES THE INDIVIDUAL HAS OR SEEKS.

.'
COCNITTVE: THE DECISION- MAKTNG PRoCESS REGARDED AS A CONTINUOUS
PROCESS INTEGRATED IN THE INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.

.. NONUATIVE- THE ANALYSIS oF INDIVIDUAL DECISIoNS CONCERNED WITH THE

LOCIC OF DECISION-MAKING, OR COMMUNICATIVE RATIONALITY, AND THE
INVARIANT CHOICE IT LEADS TO.
 MaruNc DscrsroNrs

Marnic DrctstoNs wHILE ITNDER DuRESS cAN LEAD To pRoBLBus Sucn

AS:
1. PeRsoxlr,DsclsroNs CeN
FACTOR HOW PERFORMANCE
AFFECTS Wom
2. Wom Dncrslolrs cAN LEAD A
DRASTIC CHANGE IN THE
EI.IVIRONMENT OF THE
WORKPLACE IF THE DECISION IS
EITHER
3. Evlluertve DpcrstoNs MAKING EVALUATTvE DECISToNS cAN cHANGE How rr
AFF'ECTS THE WORKPLACE AND YOU, DEPENDING ON THE WORK SITUATION EVEN
Evaluerrvr DrcrsroNs rs Nor rHE BEST rN MAKTNG a DpcrsroN.
ANo rrc.
Srtrrpo PrnronMANCE
PpnronuaucE - THE ACTToN oR pRocESS oF cARRyTNG our
OR ACCOMPLISHING AN ACTION, TASK, OR FLINCTION.
Srrlr-pn pBRroRuaNcB - rs A sKrLL oR MovEMENT rHAT rs
TECHNICALLY CORRECT AND IS PERFORMED INDIVIDUALLY OR
BY A TEAM.
Pzat;onulNct oN THE Woaxpnqca IS AFFECTED IF THE
TNDIVIDUAL ORTEAM IS :
" KNowr,rncp ANo Szur-l_
" SraxolRos
" Asrlrry
" FEeneacr
" ENvTRoNMENT
" MortvATroN
 DmTNNNNCEBSTWETNET.NCIENCYANOET UCTMENESS I

" Wgtlp Mosrly EFFTcIENCv IS oNE oF THE Focus or CocNtrlve ERcoNoMICs IT IS ;

HOWEVER NOT THE BEST IN PURSUING THE BEST WAY IN DOING A W.ORKLOAD OR
DOING THE JOB IN A WORKPLACE.
WTUT IS EFFICIENCY?

"
il,E\ THE EASIEST E)GLANATIoN Is rHAT EnrtcmNcv ts
THE THING IN THIS FIGURE.
" HownvrnIFwE'RETALKINcABoUT

i\
EmpcrIvnNsss rHEN THAT PERSoN IS FIRED.

Erpncrrvg,NESS
.'
NOT EVERYTHING CAN BE DONE EFFICIENTLY, EVEN THOUGH SOME ARE DOABLE IN
CERTAIN SITUATIONS.
,'
TUT THING WITH ETESCTIVENESS IS THAT IF A CERTAIN JOB REQUIRES A CERTAIN
ACTION OR A CERTAIN FULFILMENT AND YOU DECIDED NOT TO USE OR DO THAT SAID
FULFILMENT EITHER YOU LOSE YOUR JOB FOR INCOMPETENCE OR FORNOT DOING
THE INSTRUCTIONS SPECIFIED BY THE AUTHORITATIVE FIGURE IN THE WORKPLACE.

HuunN-CoupurER INTERACTIoN (HCI)

i.rroul,i.rnrr :rril,ilCr(Nra:iiir
.. IS THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH K fudd
!'trryr P"( -" l,
COMPUTERS AND TO WHAT EXTENT COMPUTERS (tsffi
tr*K
ARE ORARE NOT DEVELOPED FOR SUCCESSFUL
"" J"''1'ritr'
INTERACTION WITH HUMAN BEINGS. Eoe;;ilq ;;'
UerbillY

- ONs IMpoRTANT HCI recroR IS THAT DIFFERENT UsERS Vtrl.lP.'a i hlod* .. ,': l ':
FORM DIFFERENT CONCEPTIONS OR MENTAL MODELS rildn"i rdfirut
osq 0rS
ABOUT THEIR INTERACTIONS AND HAYE DIFFERENTWAYS irJililri Li[]i'I!i tn1l

OF LEARNING AND KEEPINGKNOWLEDGEAND SKILLS SnltivfTillnq ilitir,i:E:-nl

(omrnneNr "cocNITIVE
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I

The Field of HCI

rA'rran C6.r.rr!, I'n.r,.fu ,nl

" sryl.Es" As rltr, FoREXAMPLE, "LEFT-BRAlrrEn'

ffi
W
i AND "RIGHT-BRAINm" prorle).
-1;ial

HuueN RnLhgTLITY oR HUMAN PgRToRMANcn

'. WHIT,B IT IS TRUE THAT COMPUTERS CAN PRoDUCE MoRE ACCURATE AND BETTER
OUTPUTS THAN HUMAN BEINGS DO, THERE ARE STILL SOME THINGS THAT HUMAN
BEINGS CAN DO MUCH MORE BETTER THAN COMPUTERS.
" HqtranN nnlmgutrv IS vERy IMpoRTANT DUE To rHE col*TRTBUTIoNs oF HUMANs ro
THE RESILIENCE OF SYS?EMS AND TO POSSTBLE ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN
ERRORS OR O\IERSIGHTS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE HUMAN IS A CRUCIAI, PART OF THE
LARGE SOCIO.TECHNICAL SYSTEMS AS IS COMMONTODAY.

IuponreNcE oF Hunaex Rnrlarrlrry

Ansrnecr KBywonos
" TurHUMAN " HUUaNRELIABILITy
RELIABILITY - ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS " SuccpsscRITERIA
(FIRA) wes " PnoetBrlrsrlc sAFETy
INVESTIGATED ASSESSMENT
INTENSIVELY IN
THE LAST

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 Wom Srnpss
Wom RBrerEp Srnpss (WRS) rs sTRESS cAUSED oR. MADE woRSE By woRK.
Ir snaplv REFERS To wHEN A pERSoN pERCETvES THE woRK ENVIRoNMENT IN sucn
A WAY THAT HIS OR HER REACTION INVOLVES FEELINGS OF AN INABILITY TO COPE.

C,tusos or Jon Rat,qron Sznrss

" LoNcHouRS.
Heevv woRKLoAD.
CueNcps wtrHlN THE oRGANIZATIoN.
Ttcur DEADLTNES.
CsaNcss ro DUTTES.
Joe Nspcunrrv.
Erc.
COUNTBRMEASURES
How ro url.t',,,,tc9 Srnflsslr Wonx:
" Tnncr YouR sTRESSoRS
" DevrloP HEALTHY RESPoNSES
" EsragLIsHBoIr'I\,IDARIES
" Tarp rIME To RECHARGE
" LeanNHowroRELAX
" Talr ro YouR suPERVrsoR
" Ger soME suPPoRT
" PneveNrwc Srngss:
" 4 Ways ro Srop Srnpss Fesr.
" SrnpsscHECK
" BRp,qrHe
" ExEncrss
.,
Usp THE RIGHT SUPPLEMENTS

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 Suvrnnany:
Cocxnlvp EncoxoMrcs
..
CONCERNED WITH MENTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS PERCEPTION,
MEMORY,
REASONING. AND MOTOR RESPONSE, AS THEY AFFECT INTERACTIONS
AMONG
HUMANS AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM.
..
FOCUSES MORE ON THE STATE OF MIND OF THE WORKER RATHER
THAN THE
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES.
WoRruoao
..
IS THE AMOLN{T OF WORK AN INDIVIDUAL HAS To Do.
Tuenp IS A DISTINCTION
BETWEEN THE ACTUAL AMOLINT OF WORK AND THE INDIVIDUAL,S pERCepTToN
oF
THE WORKLOAD.

QuaNrrrATrvE woRKLoAD oR ovERLoAD:

" Havmc MoRE woRK To Do rHAN
cAN BE ACCoMpLISHED coMFoRTABLy.
QualnarrvE woRKLoAD:
" Havmc woRK THAT IS Too DTFFICULT.
UNoeRl-oao:
" HavrNc woRK THAT FArLS To usE A woRKER's sKILLS AND ABILTTTES.
DpcrsIoN-MAKTNG
..
IS REGARDED AS THE COGNITIVE PROCESS RESULTINC IN THE SELECTION
OF A
BELIEF OR A COURSE OF ACTION AMONG SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE POSSIBILITIES.
PsyctloloctcaL- EXAMINING INDTvTDUAL DECrsroNS rN THE coNTExr oF A sET oF
NEEDS, PREFERENCES AND VALUES THE INDIVIDUAL HAS OR SEEKS.

CoclrynrB: rrm orctstotrt-MAKTNc pRocESS REGARDED AS A coNTrNuous pRocEss

INTEGRATED IN THE INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.

NonMerrvg: THE ANALysIS oF INDTvTDUAL DECrsroNS coNCERNED wrrH THE Locrc

OF DECISION-MAKING, OR CON,IMUNICATIYE RATIONALITY, AND THE
INVARIANT CHOICE
IT LEADS TO.
PERFonUANCE - THE ACTToN oR pRocESS oF cARRyTNG our oR ACCoMpLTsHTNG AN
ACTION, TASK, OR FUNCTION.

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STIIEN PERT,ORMANCE - TS A SKILL oR MoVEMENT THAT IS TECHNICALLY CoRRECT
AND IS PERFORMED INDIVIDUALLY OR BY A TEAM.
Huuax-CoMPUTER INrsRacrrox
.'
1S THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH COMPUTERS AND TO WHAT EXTENT
COMPUTERS AREOR ARENOT DEVELOPED FOR SUCCESSFUL INTERACTION WITH
HUMAN BEINGS.
HuuaN RET.TABTLITY
" lS VERY IMPORTANT DUE TO THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUIvIANS TO

THE RESILIENCE OF SYSTEMS AND TO POSSIBLE ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES

OF HUMAN ERRORS OR OVERSIGHTS, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE HUMAN IS A CRUCIAL
PART OF THE LARCE SOC]O.TECHNICAL SYSTEMS AS IS COMMON TODAY.

AesrRAcr
..
Tup HUMAN RELIABILITY ANALYSIS (HRA) WAS INVESTICATED INTENSIVELY IN
THE LAST DECADES AND MANY METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED.

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