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1.

DUNLOP AFTER TWO DECADES

SYSTEMS THEORY AS A
FRAMEWORK FOR ORGANIZING
THE FIELD OF
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

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1 !
By

ROY J. ADAMS
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario

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I
FACULTY OF BUSINESS

McMASTER UNIVERSITY
. . .

.�' ..'· HAMILTON, ONTARIO

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I Working Paper Series No. 142

no.142 December, 1977

 Dun l o p After Two De cades

Systems Theory as � Framewo�k for Organizing

the Fie l d of In dustrial Re l atio ns .

.\

by

Roy J. Adams

S in c e W o r l d War II th e f i e l d o f In d ustr i a l Rel ati o n s

has gro wn r ap i d l y . Ind u.str i a l rel at i o ns i n st i t ut e s , some o f

whi ch gra n t a d v an c e d degre es, are n ow t o b e f o un d i n th e

Un it e d S tates , Gre at Brita i n , Aus t ra l i a , C an a d a , Ind i a a n d

o ther c ountr i es . These i n st i tutes h ave pro du ced a gro wi n g

n um b e r o f s c h o l ars a n d pra ct i t i o ners wh o o w e a l l egian c e t o

n o n e o f the tra dit i o n al dis c i p lines o f e c o n o m i c s, so c i o logy,

psy ch o l ogy o r po l i t i cal s c ien ce . Th ey are i n st e a d i ndustr i a l

1
r e l at i o n i sts ( an unfortunately awkward term ) .

Durin g th e 1 9 4 0's a n In dustria l Rel a t i o n s Resear c h

Asso c i a ti o n was f o rme d i n N orth Amer i c a a n d s i n ce then sim i l ar

asso c i at i o n s h a v e b een o rg a n i z ed i n o t h e r c ountr ies . I n the

l a te 1 9 6 0 's a n Intern a ti o n al In dustr i a l Re l a tio n s Ass o c i at ion

was foun ded . Th e growth o f the f i e l d is a ls o i n di c ated b y the

e xpan d i n g n umb er o f jour n a l s w ith th e term i n d ustr i a l rel a tions

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in th e ir titl e . There are two suc h journ a ls in b oth th e U.S .

and Br i ta i n a n d o n e e a c h i n C a n a d a , Austra l i a a n d In dia . A

re ce ntly i n it i ated E ur o pean In dustr i a l Rel at i o ns Rev i ew r e p o rts

 2.

on eve nts in E uro p e.

Desp ite th is impressive growth th ere is st i l l a w i d e­

spr e a d c onc e rn that th e f i el d l a cks c oh esion and is th eo reti-

c ally amb i g u o us� N e il C h amb er l a in h as p ut th e p ro b l em th is

way: " O ur f i e l d is a p e c u l i ar one. We hav e d ef i n e d a sub je c t

a r e a w ith su ch a p p arent c l arity a s to w arrant b u i l d ing a

p r o fess i o na l asso c i at i o n o n th e d efini tion. And y et th e

b o undari es o f th at ar e a are o b s c ure and the re asons for draw­

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ing th em not e asily d efine d. 11 Even th e term ind ustr i a l

re l ati o ns i s impre c ise. As H eneman h as n o te d , it "might a p p e ar

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to c onnote re l at i o ns betw e en and among ind ustri es. 11

A new fi e l d ne e ds to h av e a fo c us , a d ef initi on, b o und ari es,

an o rgani z at i o n a l framew ork and a ra i� o n d 'etre b ut in ind ustr i a l

relati o ns th ere is i l a ck o f c onsensus o v er a l l o f th ese issu es .

Th e p roblem o f d efinit i o n a l c l arity and unify ing th e o ry is not

mere l y an art ifi c i a l igsue d es igne d to k e e p i d l e minds b usy .

E xp er i e n c e ind i c ates t h at sc h o l arl y inqu iry is most effe c t i v e

w h e n s c h o l ars may re l ate any p r o je ct ·to a c o h erent th e ore t i c a l

tr a d i tio n. Th e m ost eff e ctive a c a d em i c d isc i p l in es�- th e so-

c alle d " h ard " s c i en c es--a l l h ave w e l l- d ev e l o p e d th e oreti c a l

stru ctur es. In th e so c i al s c i en c es , th e two most effe cti v e

d isc i p l ines--psy c h o l ogy a n d e c o n o mi cs--h ave th e most w e l l

d e v e l o p e d th e o r i es.

One might ask: "what is m e ant b y " effe c t iv e? " We sugg est

th at a l l a c a d em i c inqu iry h as as its g o a l th e a c h i e v ement o f

s o m e c o mb inati on of und erstand ing , exp l anat i o n, p r e d i cti o n and

; .
 3.

c on t rol . Any dis cipline is effec t ive to t he ex t en t t h a t it

h as a c complishe d t hese obje c tives . Thus engineers c an send

men t o t he moon and back suc cessfully, b u t indus t rial rela t ion-
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is t s have been t rying unsuc c essfully for d e c a des t o design

sys tems c a p able of a chieving a c omb ina tion of indus t rial

jus t i c e and social pea ce . Many s cholars h ave expressed dismay

a t t h e inab ili ty of indus trial rela tions to a chieve signifi c ant

levels of pre dic tion and con trol . Perh a p s t he most jaun diced

view of the s t a t e ot ind us t rial rel a t ions research is held b y

Heneman . He feels t h a t "mu c h if no t mos t of it is descrip tive,

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p resc rip t ive, p oorly designed and generally wor t hless . "

The p au c i t y of a c cep t e d t heory h a s no t resul t e d from a la c k

of effor t . Many authors h ave a t t emp t e d as a first s tep to identify

a cri t i c al focus on whi c h all in . t he field c ould agree . Al t houg h

t here was no iden tifia b le field of in dus t rial rel a t ions before
....
World War II there were many sc holars working on issues which

we would now re cogni z e as being squarely wit hin t he p rovince of

ind us t rial rela tions . In two . imp or t an t essays i n t he m i d dle

1 9 5 0 's Clark Kerr and his asso c i a tes p rop osed t h a t t he p re-w ar

focus of su ch resear c h h a d b een on t he resp onse of lab our to t he

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developmen t of c ap i t alism . They wen t on t o arg ue t h a t su c h a

foc us was no longer v alid and p ro p osed ins t e a d , " t he s t ruc turing

of t he lab our forc e " in e c onomic d evelo p ment . Ano t h er con cep t

in troduced b y Kerr and Siegel was t h a t of "web of rules." This

concep t was la t er developed more thoroug hly b y John Dunlop who

is generally given credi t for i t . Dunlop nomina ted " t he rules

 4.

of w o rk " as t h e c en t ral f o cus of industr i al rela t i o ns . At

pr es e n t Dunlop's pr escrip t i o n ( and t h e d eriva t ive c o n c ep t o f

"job regula t i on " propose d by Fland e rs ) i s pro b a bly t h e most

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w i d ely a c c ep t e d c en tral c o nc e p t . H oweve r, i t d o e s no t l a c k

f o r c o n t en d ers . M a rgerison prefers "indus t r i al c o nfli c t . "

D erber , wh ile re c ognizing o th er appr o a ch es, h a s a rgu e d fo r

''indus t ri al d emo cra cy " wh i ch pla c es h im in a line of d ev e l o pm e n t

whic h e x t ends ba c k t o th e Webbs a n d inclu d es John R . C ommo ns ,

S elig P erlman and o th ers . N e il C hamberla in h a s sugges t e d " Labou r "

in all i t s aspe c t s Kingsl ey L affer l i k es " b arga ining rela t i o n-

sh i ps " and G erald S ome rs h as ma d e a c ase f o r t h e more i n clusive

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c on c ep t o f " e x c h ange rela t i o ns . "

T h ere has also been d eba t e abo u t t h e na t ur e o f t h e f i e l d .

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Is it ( o r sh oul d i t be ) an a r t o r a sc i en c e? Is i t (o r sh o u l d
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i t be ) a mul t i d isc ipl inary fi eld o r a n inl
< epend ent d i sc ipl ine?

Should i t s e e k t o i d ent ify bas i c p a t t e rris and rel a t i onsh ips o r

. lO
sh oul d i t b e mo r e app1.ie d an d po l"i c y o rient e d ?.

Before t h ese iss u e s c an be sens i bly a ppra ised, wh a t is f i r s t

ne e d e d is , a s S om e rs h as pu t i t , " a bro a d c on c ep t ual o r t h e o re t i c a l

framework serving t o int egr a t � t h e d ispara t e s tr ands o f t h ink ing

and r es e arch now r ough ly jux t apo se d und er t h e banner o f ' indus tr i al

rela t i o ns . 11111 The c on c ep t i on t h a t has c ome c losest t o pr o v i d ing

such a framework is John Dunlop's " indu� t r i al re l a t i o ns sys t em. "

,
Dunlo p's sch eme , h owever , h a s c om e in fo r a g o o d d e al o f c r i t i c ism.

M any of t h ose in t h e fi eld have found i t t o be inad equa t e and t hus

h ave e i t h e r ignor e d it , o r h ave u t ili z e d i t o nly par t i a lly, or

 5.

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have s ugge s t e d a l t erna tiv e s tr a t egie s .

We b e lieve t h a t t he ind u s t ri a l re l atio n s s y s t em c on c e p t a s

o r igina l ly pro p o s e d b y Dun l o p i s f ar t o o rudiment ary and frag-

m en t ary t o s erve the ne e d e d o rganizing f unc tion. H o w ever, s in c e

the p ub l i c a tion o f Dunl o p 's b o o k, numero u s cri t i c i s m s and a l t e r-

a tions t o t h e s c heme h av e b e en m a d e . Wit h the s e mo di f i c a t i o n s ,

a n d o t h er s w e s ha l l s ugge s t h er e, we b e liev e tha t t h e s y s t em s

framework provi d e s t h e mo s t a d e q ua t e s ch eme f or organizing the

f ie l d .

Ev o l u t i o n o f t h e S y s t ems Framework

The c onc ep t o f Ind u s t ri a l Re l a ti o n s S y s t em f ir s t ent er e d

t he l e xi c on o f ind u s t ri a l re l a t i o n s f u l l blown in 19 58 wi th t h e

p u b li c a tion o f Dun l o p' s bo o k. Howev er, i t h a d imp o r t an t ant e-

c e d en t s and c onc urrent dev e l o p men t s . D unl o p ' s work w a s p ar t of

a s t re am o f d ev e l o pment b eg un in t he e ar l y 1 9 50 ' s when t h e

F or d F o un d a t i o n ma d e a · l arge gra n t t o Kerr, H arbi s o n, D u nl o p and

My�r s to s t u d y l a b o ur p ro b l em s in e c o nomic d e v e l o p m en t . The

f ir s t imp o r t an t t h e o r e ti c a l p ie c e t o emerge f r o m t h e grant wa s

t h e p a p er b y K err and Siege l on t h e " S tru c t uring o f t h e Lab o ur

F o r c e in Ind u s tri a l S o c i e t y. " T h a t p ap er, a s w e have no t e d a b o ve,

in tro d u c e d the c o n c e p t s o f " ru l e s " and ru l e making p ro c e d ur e s .

T hro ugho u t t h e 19 50's t h e Int er-Univ er s i t y r e s e ar c h t e am

( a s i t was known) me t c on t inu a l l y t o dis c u s s t he is s u e o f l ab o ur

in d ev e l o pmen t and a g o o d d e a l o f re s e a r c h wa s c arri e d o u t wit h

the aid o f t h e f und s m a d e a v ai l ab l e b y t h e Ford Fo un d a tion. By

·� .

the e n d o f t h e d e c a d e two m a j o r theore t i c a l t r e a tis e s a p p e a r e d .

D un l o p ' s I nd u s tria l R e l a tions S y s t em s a n d K err, e t a l's Ind us trialism

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and Indus tr� �an. 13 The failure of the group to satis fac torily integrate the

two has been prob lema tic since th en. We'll s ugges t one way of interpre ting the
 6.
relationship of the two s t udies below .

One of Dunlop ' s principal mo tives in writing Indus trial Relations

Sy s tems was to provid e in dustri a l re l ati o ns wi th th e in t egra ting

framework dis c u s s e d by S omers . Early in the b o o k h e s t a t e d:

" I ndus tri a l Re l a tions · re q uire s a th e ore ti c a l co re in ord er t o

re l a t e i s o l a t e d f a c t s , t o p oint t o new typ e s o f inq uirie s and

to make r e s e ar c h more a d d i tive . The s t u d y o f indu s tri a l re l a tio ns

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s.y s t ems provid e s a genuine · d i s c ip line . 11

H o w we l l , o ne m a y t h en a s k, d o e s t h e D un l o p ian s ch em e s erve

a s a d ev i ce f or in t egra t ing '' t h e di s p ara te s tr and s o f t hinking

and re s e a r c h now ro ugh l y j u x t ap o s e d un d e r th e b anner o f ' ind u s tria l

re l a tions . '? " T o a d dr e s s t h a t q ue s t i o n we f ir s t r e q uire s om e

ind e p en d ent c o nc e p t io n o f t h e s c o p e o f ind u s tria l re l a tions . If

one wi s h e s t o i d e n ti f y t he i s s ue s and pro b l ems which c omp o s e t h e

field, t h e mo s t a p pr o p ri a t e p l a c e t o l o o k i s i n ind u s t ri a l

r e l a tions jo urna l s a n d t h e p r o c e e dings o f ind u s tri a l r e l a t io n s

me e tings . T h e s e publica tions ind i c a t e wha t ind u s tri a l r e l a t i o ni s t s

c on s id er th e a p p r o p ri a t e s ub je c t m a t t er t o b e . For an organizing

framework t o b e e f f e c t ive i t s h o u l d b e ab l e t o in c l u d e t h e p r e-

p ond eren c e , i f no t a l l, o f s uc h i s s ue s and c on c ern s . Wi t h this

m e a s uring ro d in mind w e m a y now t urn to .a c o n s i d era t ion o f t h e

ind u s t ri a l r e l a tions s y s t em f ramework .

R u l e s and A c t or s

D unl o p b egan b y pre s cribing " ru l e s " a s t h e c en t r a l c on c ern

o f ind u s t ri a l re l a t i o n s . T h e y c ou l d b e f o rma l or inf orma l ,

p r o c e s s u a l or sub s t antive . B e c a u s e t h e s e vari a tions were no t

e l ab ora t e d s u f f i cient l y , t h e y h ave c aus e d c o n tinuing deb a t e .

S om e c ri t i c s cl aim th a t Dun l o p ' s f ramework d o e s no t t ak e

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uns tru c t ure d workgro u p re l a tions int o s u f f i c i e n t a c c o un t and

thu s is unab l e t o enc o mp a s s t h e h uman rela tions and organiz-

• a tion a l b ehavio ur lite�a t u r e a l t h o ugh t h e s e t o p i c s are q ui t e

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c l e ar l y o f m a jor in t ere s t t o ind u s tria l re l a tioni s t s.
T h e charge agains t D un l o p' s s y s t em wa s giv en cr e d en c e b y

t h e f a c t tha t Dunl o p hims �l f wa s s o mewha t c on t emptuo u s o f the

human re l a ti o n s s tr e am o f t h o ugh t . Like e c onomis t s genera l l y

h e t en d ed t o dis re gard p s y c h o l o gic a l a s p e c t s o f b eh avio ur and

ins t e a d wa s more in t ere s t e d in e x p l aining o u t c om e s s u c h as ru l e s

b y r e f ere n c e t o environmen t a l d e t erminant s s u ch a s t e c hno l ogy

and m ark e t f a c t or s . H owever, s ev era l s cho l ars h av e re c ent ly

argue d tha t the ind u s tri a l re l a ti o n s s y s t e m s s c h eme d o e s no t

n e c e s s ari ly e x c l u d e a c on s id era t i o n of p s y ch o l o gi c a l and s o cio­

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p s y cho l ogic a l a s p e c t s o f in d u s tri a l rela tions. Thus, if ru l e s

are und er s t o o d t o in c l ud e no t o nl y l aw s and f orma l c on t ra c t s

b u t a l s o c u s t o m and pra c ti c e a s w e l l a s a l l in f orma l und er-

s t anding s which exi s t b e t we en emp l o y e e s and b e tween emp l o y e e s

and e mp l o y er s , t he s y s t em s framework re t ain s i t s u s e f ul ne s s.

More o v er, t o un d er s t an d the o p era t io n o f t h e s y s t em, one m u s t

und ers t and no t only the s tru c t ure b u t als o the p er c e p tio n s ,

mo t iv a tions a n d a t t i t u d e s o f tho s e who c o mp o s e the s y s t em.

R u l e s in D un l o p ' s s ch em e are ma d e and change d b y a c t o r s

o f who m t hre e ar e d eno t e d :

1. a hierar chy o f managers and th eir r e p r e s en t a t iv e s in

s up ervi s i o n .

2. a hierarchy o f work er s ( n o n-mangeria l) and any s p o k e sman .

3. sp e cia liz e d gov ernmen t a l agen c i e s ( and s p e cia liz e d

 --�---·----·---�-------------�T

8.

p r i v a t e agencie s cre a t e d b y the f ir s t two a c t or s ) c o n c ern e d

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w i t h work ers , ent e rp r i s e s , and t h e ir rel a t i ons hi p s .

T h i s s p e ci f i c a t i o n i s prob l ema t i c in s ev er a l regar d s .

F ir s t o f a l l , f or the s cheme t o b e tru l y u s e f ul a s an organ izing

f ramework a more pre c i s e b re a k d o wn o f the a c t or s i s n e c e s s ary s o

t ha t there i s a c ommon und er s t and i ng i n t he f i e l d ab o u t wha t i s

t o b e i n c lud e d and e x c l u d e d . In t he b roa d e s t s ens e D u n l o p ' s

t hr e e a c t or s are management , work ers and gov ernm ent. A s work er s '

s p o k e s m en D un l o p l i s t s "work s c oun c i l s , un i ons and p ar t i e s " a s

e xamp l e s . T o b e c omp l e t e p ro f e s s i on a l s o c i e t i e s s u c h a s tho s e

whi ch e x i s t f or p hy s i c i ans and �awy e r s sho u l d a l s o b e inc l ud e d ,

a s s ho ul d the c o o p er a t iv e m o v emen t , work er s ' e d u c a t i o n organiz-

a t i o ns and o ther s u ch a s s o cia t i ons wh i ch have l o ng b e en o f

i n t ere s t t o ind u s tri a l re l a t i o ni s t s.

The t erm " worker s '' may b e. t o o r e s t ri c t iv e . Ind u s tr i a l

re l a t i oni s t s are c on c ern e d no t on l y w i t h jo b - ho l d ers b u t a l s o w ith

job s e ekers. If i t is c l e ar tha t " workers " inc l u d e s b o t h

emp l o y e d a n d unemp l o y ed w e a r e o n s a f e gr o und.

Dun l o p ' s l im i t a t i on o f " an d any s p o k e sman" t o work ers i s

m i s l e a d i ng. Managers have a l s o f o rm e d emp l o y er a s s o c i a t io n s

. 18
wh.
i ch p 1 a y a c ri. t .i c a 1 ro 1 e in
. in
. d u s t ria
. 1 re 1 a t io n s. More o v er ,

the re l a t i o n s h i p o f emp l o y er gro up s t o p o l i t i c a l p ar t i e s might

a l s o b e more s y s t em a t i c a l l y s t ud i e d w i thin the ind u s t ri a l

r e l a t i o n s t ra d i t i o n.

T he r o l e o f the g o v e rnme n t in in d u s tri a l re l a t i o ns i s

c er t a in l y much bro a d er than D un l o p s ugge s t s . The s t a t e a f f e c t s

the rul e s o f work and the b ehav i o ur o f the o ther a c t or s no t o n l y

 --- · ------- --4�.

i�
j,
Ii
II
9. 'i

11
i
iii
v i a s p e c i a l iz e d agenc i e s , b u t a l s o b y bro a d e r p o l i c i e s inc l u d - !!
I

ing: f i s c a l and mone t a ry p o l i cy , t he l egi s l a t i o n o f l ab o u r

s t and a r d s , the imp o sition o f wage and p r ic e c on t r o l s , and the

e s t ab l i shme n t and a dmini s t r a t i on of l a b o u r m a r k e t p o l i c y. The

f a c t tha t D un l o p wa s an e c onomi s t w i s hing t o d i f f e r en t i a te

e c onomi c s f r om ind u s t r i a l r e l a t i on s p r o b ab l y e xp l a in s why he

e x c l u d e d s u ch f a c e t s f r o m his s y s t em . Howev e r , ana l y t i c a l ly

t h e i r e x c l u s i o n i s unwa r r an t e d and emp i ric a l ly t h e y a r e i s s ue s

wh i ch h a v e d r awn the a t t en t i on o f m any ind u s t r i a l r e l a t i o ni s t s .

Ano t h e r p r o b l em w i t h D un l o p ' s e xp l i c a t io n i s tha t he f a i l s

t o no t e tha t the c a t ego r i e s a r e no t m u t ua l l y e x c l u s i v e. Thus ,

h i s q ua l i f i c a t i o n o f wo rke r s a s "non- manag e r i a l " ha s no b a s i s .

Manag e r s a r e , a t t h e s ame t ime , b o th o r d e r g iv e r s an d o r d e r

t a kers . M o r e o v er , wh e r e a s manage�s a r e l a rge l y e x c l u d e d f r o m

c o l l e c t iv e r u l e-mak ing in t h e U. S . , t h e y a r e we l l o r gan i z e d

int o b a rga in ing a s s o c i a t i o ns in o th e r c o µnt r i e s .

G o v e rnmen t s , in a d d i t i o n t o p l ay ing a r egu l a t ing r o l e c on-

c ern ing r e l a t i o n s b e t w�en manag e r s , wo r k e r s and a s s o c i a t i o n s , are

. 19
a 1 s o maJo r emp 1 o y e r s . Uni ons and p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a l s o emp l o y

w o r k e r s and t h u s p l ay a d u a l r o l e.

B y s p e c i a l iz e d p r iv a t e agen c i e s D un l o p i s p r e s umab l y t hink ing

o f me d i a t o r s , c on c i l i a t o r s , f a c t f in d e r s , a rb i t r a t o r s , and c o n-

s u l t an t s b u t , s o tha t t he r e wi l l b e no m i s t ak e , t h e y sho u l d b e

lis ted .

D imens i o n

G iv e n t h e c on c e p t o f " a c t o r s " one may a s k: "wha t a t t r i b u t e s

o f t he s e a c t o r s a r e o f i nt e r e s t? " J u s t a s a b o x ha s he ight ,
 10.

wid th and d e p th, a c t o r s in an ind u s tria l re l a tions s y s t em may

and have b e en s t u d i e d a l o ng many i d en tif iab l e dimensions . Excep t

fo r p ower and i d e o l ogy, · D un l o p howev er, f ai l e d t o reco gnize t he

imp o r t an c e of ''dimens i o n '' t o the s t ud y.of ind us tria l re l a tion s .

L a t er t h e o ri s t s b egan t o t ak e up t h e s la c k . Craig p o s i t e d
20
two a d dition a t t rib u t e s i g o a l s and v a l u e s . N umero u s ind u s tria l

re l a tioni s t s have b e en c onc ern e d wi th t he s e dimension s . B arb a s h,

fo l l owing up o� the work o f C o mmons and P erlman ha s, for

e x amp l e , c on c eiv e d o f t he emp l o ymen t r e l at�onship as one o f b a s i c

t ension b e twe en t h e s e c uri t y c o ns cio u s ne s s of workers and the

effi cien c y c ons cio u s ne s s of managem e n t and the v a l u e s and go a l s

21
inherent in t ho s e o u t l o o k s . Ano ther imp o r t an t dimension whi c h

ha s drawn t he a t t en tion �f many s cho l ar s i s t ha t of m e tho d . The

e arly work of the W eb b s wa s , in p ar t , an a t t em� t t o pro vi d e a

22
t y p o l ogy o f working c l a s s me tho d s . More re c e n t ly, S t urm t h a l

ha s pre s en t e d a n intere s t ing t h e o ry o n the genera tio n of an d

r e l a tio n s hip b e twe en the go a l s a n d me tho�� an em erging l ab o ur

. 23
movemen t mig h t a d o p t un d er vary i ng c o n d.1t1o
. ns .

P erspe c tive

One ana l y t i c a l t o o l whi ch, t o my kn o w l e dge, ha s no t b e e n

c l e arly p r e s ent e d o r d i s c u s s e d is t ha t of p er s p e c t iv e . In

p ra c t i c e , however, ind u s t ri a l r�l a tions res e ar c h a n d t ho ught i s

fo c u s e d in q ui t e dif f eren t way s . S o me s cho l ar s c o n c e i v e o f

ind u s t ri a l re l a tions p ro b l em s f rom t h e p er s p e c tiv e of g o v ern-

men t whe n the y a s k " wha t ne e d s t o b e d o ne in o r d e r t o a c c o mp l i s h

t his o r t h a t p o li c y o b je c t iv e? " M u c h of t h e re s e ar c h o n s trik e s ,

wage s , unemp l oyment, inf l a tion a n d l ab o ur mark e t p o li c y is c o n-

d u c t e d fro m thi s p ers p e c tiv e . O ther s cho l ar s c on c eiv e of

 11.

ind u s tria l re l a t io n s pro b l em s f r o m a mana g ement p ers p e c t iv e

when t h e y a s k �wha t ne e d s t o b e d one t o e f f i cien t l y and

e f f e c t iv e l y re crui t , s e l e c t, t r ain, mo tiva t e and c omp ens a t e

w o rkers ? " The p re p on d eran c e o f the org aniza tio na l b e h avio ur and

human re s o ur c e s l i t e ra t ure i s wri t t en from t his p ers p e c t iv e .

I t i s in t ere s t ing t o no t e t h a t e s s e n t ia l ly no pre s crip tiv e

lit era t ure ha s b e en pro d u c e d f r o m a tra d e union p er s p e c t iv e .

Thu s , whi l e l ar g e numb ers o f s cho l ar s h a v e b e en very wi l ling t o

p u t t heir s ki l l s t o work o n pra c t i c a l p r o b l em s en c o un t ere d b y govern-

m en t s and emp l o y er s , p ra c t ic a l ly none hav e d one the s ame f or

unions . The l e f ti s t or Marxi s t li t era t ure may, howev er, b e

t h o u gh t o f a s p re s crip t iv e f rom a worker p er s p e c tiv e .

A l l r e s e ar c h and the ory in ind u s t ria l re l a tions i s no t

wri t t e.n from a norma tive or pre s crip t iv e s t anc e . Much o f i t is

wri t t en f r o m a p o s i t ive, o r o b j e c tiv e o r d e s crip t iv e s t an c e . In

s uc h c a s e s t h e re s e arch er or t h e ore tician a d o p t s t h e viewp oint

o f an o mnicient o b s erv er s imp l y t rying to und ers t and and d e s crib e

wha t h e p e r c e iv e s re l a tions hip s t o b e .

Th e a t t rib u t e s lis t e d a b o v e d o no t exh a u s t t he l i s t . Tra d e

uni o n s , f o r e xamp l e, v ary o n a �u l ti t u d e o f re c o gnizab l e dimensio n s .

In a d di t i o n t o t ho s e lis t e d, one m a y a l s o no t e : memb ers hip d en s i t y ,

s truc t ure, i d e o l o g y, f inan c e s , l e a d er s hip s o u r c e, e f f i ciency, etc .

I t is in t ere s tin g t o no t e t h a t K e rr e t . al . di s c u s s e d s ev er a l o f

the s e a t trib u t e s in I n d u s triali s m and Ind u s tri a l Man wi t ho u t

r e c o g nizing o r c o n c eiving o f t h e m a s a t t rib u t e s o f t h e a c t or s

in the ind u s tri a l re l a tions s y s t e m . One o f t h e unf o r t una t e

a s p e c t s o f the I nter�Univ er s i t y s t ud y, a s we no t e d ab o v e, wa s
 1 2.

the f ai l ure o f t he re s e a r c h t e am t o p er c eiv e t he p o s s ibili tie s

o f e l ab o ra t ing on the ind u s trial re l a tion s s y s t em c o n c ep t and

making it c en tr a l to t h eir ana l y sis . A l l of the re s e ar c h er s Ii1:

"

were , howev er , e c onomis t s and were l e s s en thu s ia s tic than D un l o p

i

( a l s o an•'. e c o no mi s t) ab o u t p roviding theore ti c a l rigor t o a new

f ie l d or in a s s i s ting it to a c hi e v e d i s cip linary s t a t u s . They

were , it s e em s , more in t ere s t e d in ana ly sing " l ab o ur p ro b l em s "

in a more c o n s erv a tive , ins ti t u t i o n a l l ab o ur e c o no mi c s tra di t io n .

A s no t e d a b o v e , individual workers a ls o v ary o n s ev er a l dimensions

inc l u d ing : m o tiv a tio� p e� c e p tions , j o b s a ti s f a c tio n , in t e l ligenc e,

s ki l l l e v e l , age , sex , etc . , and a l l o f t he s e a t t rib u t e s may , and

have b e en , o f int ere s t t o ind u s t ria l re l a tioni s t s .

P ro c e s s

A s erio u s pro b l em wi t h Dunl o p ' s pre s en t a tion wa s his f ai l ure

to d e v e l o p the c o nc e p t o f in tera c tion p r o c e s s . H e simp l y

reit t era t e d the thr e e t y p e s no t e d b y K err .and Siege l . In

Ind u s tria lism and Ind u s t ri a l Man , K err� et . a l . , id e n t i fie d f o ur

more s p e ci f i c t y p e s: managemen t di c t a t o r s hip, managemen t p a t t ern-

a li s m , cons t i t u tio na l (e.g. c o l l e c t iv e b argaining and governm e n t

r egu l a tion) and d em o cr a ti c (e.g. p ar ticip a t ory managem en t , workers '

24
s e l f -management). F l an d er s gave the in t er a c tio n p ro c e s s a name -

j o b regu l a tion - whi ch i s incre a s ingl y b eing u t il iz e d in t h e

lit era t ure .

T o make t hi s c on ce p t more u s e f u l in i t s f un c t io n a s o ne a s p e c t

o f a genera l organizing fram ework w e mu s t re t urn t o the id e a o f

dimension . T hu s , j u s t a s t he a c tor s may b e s t udie d o n s ev era l

 13 .

dime n s i o n s , s o may t he job reg u l ation pro ce s s per s e . Wi t hin an

ind u s tria l re l a t io n s s y s tem we may iden tify many fa cets o f j o b

regu l a tion inc l u ding: es t a b li s hmen t p ro c e d ure s (e. g. re c o gni t ion,

cer t i f i c a tion) the s tr u c t ure o f jo b reg u l a tion ( e . g . c en tra lized/

decen t r a lized), i t s p ro c e s s , the s c o p e o f iss ues d i s c us s e d within

i t s c on f ine s , t he way c on f l ic t s and imp a s se s are re s o lved, and

t he in t er a c t i o n b e tween v ario u s f orms o f job reg u l a tio n . For

examp le, in N or t h Ameri c a c o l l e c t ive b arg aining i s e s t ab li s hed via

very f o rm a l pro c e d ure s while in E uro p e t he p ro c e s s is more inf o rm a l

and d i c t a t e d b y c u s to m . In N o r t h Ameri ca.b arg aining s tructure i s

de cen t ra lized and f ragmented; in Euro p e i t � s genera l l y more

cen tra lize d . In N o r t h Ameri c a the s c o p e o f is s ues in any b arg ain-

ing ro und i s very gre a t c o mp ared t o Euro pean b arg aining . Imp a s s e s

in any s y s t em m a y be s e t t le d b y s t rike s , arb i t r a tion, media tion, t he

" s t rike in det ai l " or in ex tre�1e c a s es rev o l u tion .

B u t we need no t d raw o ur examp les only from c o l le c tive b arg ain­

ing which i s, a f ter a l l , o n l y o ne f o rm of job reg u l a t io n . A

- simi l ar a�a l y s i s may b e c a rried o u t o f work g r o u p p r o ces s e s,

indivi d u a l emp l o y er-em � l o y ee in tera c tion, t rip ari te s o cio-ec o n o mi c

deci s i o n making, a n d o f German c o- d e termina tion a n d Yugos l avian

sel f -managemen t . E a ch o f t hese f orms o f j o b reg u l a tion have s ome

way or ways o f c oming in t o b eing, s ome s tru c t ure, s ome me tho d o f

o p era tion, s ome s c o p e and s o me way or ways o f hand ling c on f lic t s .

N o r d o e s t hi s s pe c i f i c a tion mean tha t we are unin tere s ted in

mo tiv a tion, p er cep tio n and o ther f o rm s o f b eha vi o ur . T o under­

s t and t he p ro c e s s we need t o a l s o under s t an d why tho s e who are

inv o lved in i t d o wha t t hey do and f eel wha t t hey f ee l .

 14 .

O ther P r o ces ses

In a d di ti o n to r u le making p r o cesse s there are o t her in ter-

a c t io n s which t a ke p l a ce be tween the a ct o� s and may be en compa s sed

wi thin t he ind us t ri a l rel a tions s y s t em f r amewo r k . T here a r e ,

'

f o r examp le , union- union in ter a c tions. In many co unt ries , uni o n s

vie wit h e a ch o ther f o r memb er s hip . I n s ome c a s e s one uni o n wi l l

" r ai d " the member s o f anot her union . This f a ce t o f ind u s t ria l

rel a ti o n s m a y u l tima t e l y b e t r a ced b a ck and r e l a ted t o job r e g u l -

a tio n b u t i t i s no t a j o b re g u l a t i o n p ro ce s s per se. O t her ex amp les

o f non-r u le ma king inter a c t io n s o f cri ti ca l imp o r t ance to ind u s t ri a l

r e l a tion s a r e p a r t y-union r e l a tio n s , union-member rel a tions , g overn-

men t reg u l a tion o f in t�r na l union a f f air s ; emp l o y er-emp l o yer

rel a t i o n s concerning job ieg u l a tio n , and emp l o yer-a s s o cia t ion

re l a t i o ns .

We have f o und t ha t b y c r o s s cl a s s i f yin g e a ch o f t he a c t o r s

o ne may gener a te p r a ct i ca l ly ever y i s s ue o f interes t t o in d u s t ri a l

r e l a tio n s . T o give a f ew examp l e s :

emp l o yer - emp l o yee: r ec r uitmen t , s e l e c tion , mo t iva tion ,

,, compen s a tion , job s ecuri t y , job s ea r ch , e t c .
! :Yf··
\·
emp l o yer - union : reco g ni tion , c o l l e c t ive b a r g aining , s t rike s ,
co l le c t ive a g reemen t s , griev ance s , d i spu t e
r e s o l u tion p r o cedur e s .

emp l o yer - emp l o yer: emp l o yer a s s o cia t ions , emp l o yer uni t y .

union - union: jur i s dic tion d i s p u tes , w a ge comp eti tion ,

ideo l o gi c a l comp e t ition .

uni o n - memb er: union demo c r a cy , union a dmini s t r a t ion.

emp l o y ee-emp l o y ee: wo r k g r o u p no r m s , res t r i c tio n s o f o u t p u t.

 15.

M o r e c o mp l e x c o mbina tio n s p r o d u c e a d di tiona l is s u e s .

F o r e x amp l e:

G o v e rnme n t, emp l o y e r ,
emp l o y e e manp o w e r p o l i c y , an tid i s c rimina tio n p o l i c y ,
une m p l o y men t in sur anc e, l a b o u r s t an d a r d s ,
a p p r en ti c e s hip r�gu l a tio n s .

Leve l s

D u n l o p s ugge s t e d tha t on e m a y c o nsid e r in d u s t ria l r e l a tio n s

s y s t em s a s o p e r a ting a t s e v e r a l l ev e l s : na tio n a l, in d u s t ri a l ,

en t er p ri s e , e t c. Thus, one may s p e a k s en s ib l y o f the B r it i s h

ind u s t ria l r el a tions s y s t em o r t he B ri t i s h r ailway in d u s tria l

r e l a tions s y s t em o r the ind u s t ri a l r e l a tions s y s t em a t B r i t i s h

L e y l and. In s om e o f his wri ting D unlo p imp l i e d that the s y s t em s

f r amewo r k migh t b e u s e d a s a m e t ho d o l o gic a l d evic e f o r t he s y s t em a tic

s t u d y o f ind u s t ri a l r e l a tions in giv e n in d u s t r i e s . S ome

25
r e s e a r ch e r s have u t l iz e d the s cheme in thi s f a s hion. S uch a

u s e o f the c o n c e p t i s no t a c en t r a l c o nce r n o f this p a p e r . H o w ever,

i t i s wo r t hwhil e t o r�a lize tha t the s cheme m a y b e p u t t o wo r k in

d i f f eren t way s f o r dif f e r e n t p u r p o s e s . One d ange r i s t h a t t he

me t h o d o l o gic a l u s e may b e t a k e n a s p r e s c rip t iv e . I n o the r wo r d s,

one migh t d r aw the c onclu sion t h a t s in c e the fr amewo r k m a y b e u s e d

a s a me tho d o l o gic a l d evic e, one s ho u l d u t il iz e i t in t hi s f a s hion

whe r ev e r p o s sib l e . We do n o t agr e e with t hi s in t e r p r e t a t ion. Fo r

many p r o b l em s , making u s e o f the �ntir e s y s t em wo u l d b e c umb e r s o�e

and p e r hap s o f l i t t l e val u e . Howev e r , b eing awa r e o f t he p o t en tia l

in ter a c tions b e t ween a c t o r s and envir o nmen t s s ho u l d b e u s e f u l t o

inv e s tiga t o r s a t a l l l e v e l s .

S ome writ e r s hav e p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e r e i s a ne e d f o r " v e r t i c a l "

 16.

26
s ynth e s is b etw e en t h e vari o u s l ev e l s . �h e s y s tems framework, as

s u ch, d o e s n othing t o in d i c a t e h o w s uc h a s ynth e s i s mig ht b e

a c hieve d . However , w e d o n ot b elieve th i s failin g i s a s erio u s

drawb a ck to th e u s e o f .the c o n c e pt a s a unifyin g framework . Fu l l

verti c al s y s th e s i s wo u l d require a g l o b � l the ory o f a l l know l e d g e .

F o r .examp l e, to un d erstan d " M a n " c o mp l etely o n e w o u ld h av e to

h ave a th eory whi c h s ub s um e d not o n l y p s y ch o l o gy but a l s o , in

d e s c en ding o rd er, b iolo g y , c h emi s try, and p h y s i c s and in a s c en din g

o r d er s o ci a l s cien c e (bro a d l y c o n c eiv e d to in c l u d e s o cio l o g y,

e c o n omi c s , p o liti c a l s cien c e, l aw, anthro p o l o gy, his tory, art,

m u s ic an d lit erature) an d p hi l o s op h y. Phil o s o p h ers o f s cien c e

h av e l o n g b e en, an d c o ntin u e to b e , c o n c ern e d with r e d u c tionism

( e . g. of p s y c h o l o gy to bio l o g y, of bio l o g y to c h e mi s try, of

c hemi s try to p h y s ic s ) b ut th e y have not y et p r o d u ce d any gener a l

7.
s y nt h e s 1 s 2 T o re q uir e s u ch a s ynth e si s of an org a ni z in g frame-
.

• .

w o rk for th e fie l d of in d u s tria l r e l atio n s is s impl y a t e s t that

is to o s evere to p a s s.

C o nt exts

In a d dition to his b a s i c c o n c e p ts o f rul e s , a c�ors a n d

intera ction p r o c e s s e s , D un l o p a l s o list e d thre e " c o ntext s " :

1. Th e t e chnol o gi c a l c h ara cteri s ti c s of th e w o rk p l a c e a n d

w ork c ommunity .

2. T h e m arket o r b u g etary c o ntraints whi c h impin g e on t h e

a c to r s .

3. T h e l o c u s and distrib ution o f p ow er in th e lar g er society.28

T h i s is o n e of th e w e ake s t a s p e cts o f D u n l o p ' s p re s e ntatio n .

 17

B e c a u s e he was ambig u o u s th ere has b e en con sid erable d e bate

ab o ut wh eth er th e s e c o nt e xts s ho u l d b e c o n sid ere d an int e gr a l

p art o f th e in d u s tria l . r�l atio n s s y stem o r a s extern a l to th e

I
I
"

1
s y s t em . T h e pr e p o n d ere n c e o f o p inio n s u gge s ts tha t t e c hno l o g y
i
a n d mark et c o n s traint s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d ered external and w e i

c o n c ur. These factor's certain ly cons train the actors and help to determine

th e ru l e s whic h th e y make b ut they are n o t p art o f th e ru l e-

makin g p r o c e s s. T h e s am e c ann o t b e s aid for p ower . As Wo o d et. al . ,

n ote, it is critic a l to s t u d y b o th th e p ow er o f the a ctors a s w e l l

.<

29
a s th e wid er distributio n o f p ow er in s o c iety.

W hi l e th e c ontext s n o t e d b y Dun l o p are c ertain l y imp ortant,

th e l i s t i s arbitrary a n d truncate d . Craig h a s p ro d uc e d a mu c h

more s ati s f a ctory s p e cif i c ation. H e aig u e d that th e . ipd u s tria l

r e l atio n s s y stem c o uld b e c o n c e ive d o f a s o n e o f many s oc i e t a l

s ub - s y stems . Oth ers whi c h h e d en o t e d w er e : l e g a l, p o litic a l ,

0
e c o 1 o gi. c a 1 an d e c on omi c . 3
.
s o ci. a 1 , Craig view e d the in d u stri a l

re l atio n s s y s tems a s re c eiving inp uts f r o m the s e o t h er s y s t e m

an d a s g en erating o utputs whi c h i n turn f e d b a ck t o th e other

s y stems a s w e l l as t h e in d u s tria l r e l ation s s y stem.

Ev e n with th e mo d i f ic atio n s s in c e Dun l o p th e c o n c e p t o f

o utp uts remain s o n e o f the l e a s t s atis f a ctory a s p e c ts o f s y s t em s

thinking . D un l o p s p e ci f i e d "ru l e s " a s the o utp ut . Craig

p re s crib e d wage s , h o ur s , b e n e f its a n d w o rkin g c o n ditio n s . B ut

th e s e p r e s c rip tio n s are n e ith er g en era l eno u g h n or ( c o ntrari l y )

c o ncrete eno u g h t o e n c omp a s s the c o n c ern s o f in d u s tria l r e l at i o n s

a s a f ie l d. In f a ct, th e inter a ctio n b etwe en emp l o y er s , work er s ,

 18.

a s s o ci a ti o n s a n d t h e s t ate pro d u c e a wide ra ng e of o u t p u t s

whi c h n e e d t o b e i d e n tifi e d empiri c a l l y r a t h er t h a n s p e cifi e d

b y fia t.

C o n si d er t h e followin g lis t o f emp l o ym e n t i s s ue s which are

d e t ermin e d , at l e a s t in p ar t , b y t h e re l a tio n s b e twe e n t h e

a c t or s :

C o mp en s a tion : l ev e l , d i s trib uti o n, c o mp o s i t io n, m e t h o d

D e gr e e o f jo b and e c o nomic s e c u ri t y ·

Pro d u c tivi t y

T h e l eve l a n d d i s t rib u tio n o f s ki l l s a n d a b i l i t ie s

T h e l eve l, fre q u e n c y a n d l en g t h o f in d u s t ria l c o nfli c t

T h e amo u n t o f job s a t i s fa c ti o n

Th e a mo un t of eff o r t exer t e d b y emp l o y e e s t o pro d u c e .

In a d di tio n, t h e in s ti t u tio n s a n d pro c e s s e s of job re g u l a t i o n

may a l s o c ri t i c a l l y af �e c t o th er more g e n era l asp e c t s o f s o c ie t a l

opera tion and s tru c t ure s u ch a s :

T h e r a t e o f e conomi c g�ow t h

I n f l a tion

The o vera l l q u a l i t y o f l ife

B a l an c e of p a y m e n t s

C l a s s s tru c t ure

Po li t ic a l p ow er.dis trib u t i o n

T h e amo u n t a n d q u a l i t y of d emo cra c y a n d ju s t ic e .

A l t h o u g h n o n e o f t h e s e is s u e s are t h e exc l u s ive pre s erve

o f in d u s t ri a l re l a tion s , t h e y are a l l of in t ere s t t o in d u s t ri a l

r e l a tio n s s ch o lar s t o t h e ex t e n t t h a t t h e y eff e c t a n d/or are

 19

;
!
affe cte d b y th e o p eratio n of the in d u s t ri a l re l a tio n s s y s tem . Ji
1!
.I1·
Sys tems V ariation Ii

!!
!!
I'
Just as a c tors an d job regul ation pro c e s s e s vary, s o one '!
i'
1'
may c o n c eive of v ariatio n in whol e s y s tem s . T hu s , in e c o n omi c s

th er e are two b a s i c typ e s o f s y stem s : m�rket a n d c omman d . In

p o liti c a l s cien c e there are d emo c r a c i e s , mo nar c hie s , a uto cra c ies,

etc . The work of Kerr, et a l . , m a y b e interp r e t e d a s pro p o sing

fiv e ty p e s of n atio n al i n d us tr i a l r e l atio n s s y s t e m s whi c h v ary

a c c o rd ing to the stage of in d u stri a li s m �n d the ty p e of

in d u stria l i z ing e lite: d yn a s tic, mid d l e-c l a s s, rev o l utionary

inte l l e ct u a l s c o l onia l a d mini s trato rs and new n a tio n a li s t

l e a d er s . The I n ter-Univer s ity gr o up s e e o n ly two a s b a s ic :

mid d l e c l a s s a n d revo1ution ary e lit e s a n d the s e c o rr e s p o n d ro ugh l y

t o c a p it a li s t d emo cra c i e s a n d c o mmuni s t c o mma n d e c o n o mie s . In

the l o ng r u n the y s e e t:he fo r c e of " in d u s tria l i s m " p u l ling the s e

two together and p ro d u cing what they c a l l ''p l ura li s ti c in d u s tria l-

ism . " This o b s erv ation a n d p r e dic ti o n ha s -b e c o me known a s the

31
c o nv erge n c e h y p o th e si s .
.

T hi s K e rr et . al. c o n c e p tion i s p ro b l emati c i n s ev er a l r e p orts :

1. I t is difficult to fit a ctua l c o untri e s into the s ch eme,

e sp e c ia l ly after o n e l e av e s the c ommun i s t b l o c a n d w e stern

in d u stria li z e d d emo cra c ie s .

2. There are major v ariatio n s within giv en c ateg orie s . For

examp l e, b o th S w e d en an d the U . S. are pr�s umab l y within th e

mid d l e c l a s s e l ite c ategory b ut there i s a gr e at d e a l of differ e n c e

b etw e en ind u stria l re l atio n s p r a c ti c e s i n the two c o u ntrie s .

 20 .

3. Man y fac t ors in a d di tio n to the type o f el i t e have a

major in f l uence on t he stru c t ure an d pr o c e s s o f ind u s tr ial

re la t i o n s , inc l u d ing : the na t ure o f t he lab o r movemen t , the emp l o yer

res p on s e t o the mo vement and var i a t i o n w i th in and t hro ugh t ime o f

t he o ther s o c i e tal s ub - sys t em s w i t h wh i c h t he ind u s trial rela t i o n s

s y s tem i ntera c t s .

4. The s cheme o n l y enc o mpas s es t h o s e s y s tem s wh i c h emerge a s

a re s u l t o f t he pro c e s s o f i nd u s t r ia l i s m. I t i s t here f ore, f ar

f rom exhau s t ive.

A more re cen t and more adequate ef f or t i s t he w ork o f C o x and

3
h i s gro u p at t he Interna t i o nal Ins t i t u te o f Lab o ur S t u d ies. 2 T hey

deno ted e l even t y pes o f _ s y s tem s : s ub s i s t en c e, p ea sant l ord, p r i m i t ive

lab or marke t , en t erpri z e lab o r marke t , en terpri z e c o rp ora t i s t ,

b i - p ar t i t e, t r i p ar t i t e, s t a t e c o rp ora t i s m, m�b i l izing, s o c ial i s t an d

s e l f -emp l o yed. T h i s s c heme is more anal y t i cal t han that o f t he

In t er-Un ivers i t y gro up. Th u s , in any c o un try t here may be a c o rn-

b inat i o n o f s y s t ems t y pe s . F or examp le, j o b regu la t i o n i n Canada

i s par t l y bi-p ar t ite ( union and management nego t ia t i o n s ) part l y

en t erp r i s e lab o ur market ( r u l e s se t un i lateral l y b y emp l o yer s b u t

c o ns t raine d b y t he marke t ), par t l y sel f - employed ( l awyer s ,

a c c o un tan t s, s ma l l re t a iler s , e t c.) and no w tend ing t o s o me

t r i par t i s m.

One o f t he mo s t int ere s t ing a s p e c t s o f t h i s s t u d y was t h e

a t temp t b y t he gro u p t o d iv i de t he worl d l ab o ur f orce b y s y s t em

t y pe. T hey s ugge s ted t ha t o n l y 3% o f t h e w o r l d l ab o ur f o rce wa s

regu la t e d b y b ipar t i t e s y s t em s and o n l y 6% b y t r i par t i t e s y s tem s

Mob i l i z ing s y s t em s ( Ch ina p rimari ly) a c c o un ted f or t he grea tes t

 21.

(25%) perc ent. 3 3 Un f ortunately, th i s very creat ive a p pro a c h h a s

no t been f o llowed up, nor h a s it dr awn the amo unt o f a t t ent ion

wh i c h it de serve s .

At the indu s try level indu s t ri a l re l a t i on s s y s tem s are

gener a l l y c l a s s i f ied by the ty p e o f go o ds or serv i c es pro du c ed,

or b y owner s h i p and c ontro l . T hus o ne may s p eak � f p ub l i c and

p r i v ate sector indu s tr i a l rel at i o n s , or of indu s tr i al re l a t i o ns in

m i ning a s o p p o s ed to manu f a ctur ing .

T he t hree b a s i c ty p e s o f re l ati o ns h ip s ugge sted b y Kerr and

S iegel ( unilatera l, b ilater a l and tr ilater a l ) as well as the more

s pe c i f i c b reakdown b y Kerr, Harb i s o n , Dunlo p and Myer s (m anagement

d i c t ator s h i p , managment p aternal i s m, c o ns t itut i o na l and demo c ra t i c )

may b e a p p lied a t the enterp r i s e l evel . Ano t her meth o d o f c l a s s i-

f y ing s y stem s at the enterpr i se le�e l i s by t he nature o f the

relat i o n s h i p b etween the a ct o r s . Thus o ne migh t t h ink o f a s p e c trum

34
running from o utright ho s t i l ity, thro ugh armed truce to c o o p er a t i o n.

A go o d deal o f w o rk at s y s tem s c l a s s i f i c at i o n a t a l l l eve l s i s s t i l l

to b e done b e f o re a c o mm o n l y a c cep ted s cheme m a y c ome in t o genera l

us e .

The pr ob l em o f c h ange

S o me writer s h a ve been c r i t i c a l o f the s y s tems f ramework f o r

b eing c o n s erv a t i ve . Dun l o p der i ve d h i s s cheme f ro m the w o rk o f

P ar s o n s wh i c h i s ·b i a s e d towards stab i l ity o f s o c i a l s tructure s

rather th an towards c h ange. In a n o te at the end o f c h a pter one

o f Indu s tri al Re l a t i o n s S y s tems Dunl o p a p p l ied P ar s on i an think ing t o

h i s s c heme and h igh l ighte d aurv:lv a l and s t a b i l ity a s g o a l s o f h i s

 22.

s y s t em . M o reo ver, in the s ame s e c t i o n h e s t res s e d the func t i o n

of c o mmon i deology in bal d ing t h e s y s t em t o get her . B u t D unl o p

d i d no t l im t h i s c ommen t s o n change to this s e c t i o n o f h i s work.

In ano ther pa s sage he s ta t ed that if t here were no c o mmon i d eology

35
an ind u s trial relat ions s y s t em w o ul d b e v o la t i le and uns t ab le .

F u r thermo re, he dev o t ed an en t ire c hap t er t o t h e i s s ue o f evo lu t i o n

o ver t ime . In s h o r t , Dunlo p ' s expl i ca t i o n of t h i s i s s ue was

p o o rly t h o ugh t o u t and p re s en t ed .

There i s no rea s on why o ne mu s t c onc�ive o f ind u s trial

rela t i o ns s y s t em s a s b e ing ne ces sar i ly c on s erva t ive . If change i s

t o o c c ur s o meth ing m u s t be c hanged and t h e ind u s tr ial rel a t i o n s

s y s tem c o n cep t p ro v i de s u s w i t h o ur u n i t o f anal y s i s . Indeed

h o w and w h y s y s t em s change and h ow o ne may ge t fro m s y s tems w i t h

unde s i rable a t t ri b u te s (e . g . h igh c o nf l ic t , ins ec uri t y, den i -

gra t i o n, an d ine q uali t y ) t o s y s tems w ith d e s irab l� chara c ter i s �

t ie s (peace, s e c ur i t y , digni t y and jus tLce) ha s long been a majo r

c oncern of ind u s tr ial rela t i o n s re s ear c h and t h o ugh t .

Dynami s m

Ano t her cri t i c i s m o f the s y s tem s app r o a c h i s t ha t i t la c k s

d y nami s m . I t d o e s no t , in i t self, genera te p ro p o s i t i ons of t h e

form :

If c hange in X -� c h ange in Y

If level of X -� level o f Y

or o f more c o m p lex var i an t s o f t he ab ove t y pe o f s ta t emen t s .

Th i s facet o f the s c heme i s no t , h o wever, a ser i o u s draw b a c k

36
t o i t s u s e a s an o rgani z ing framew o rk . D e s p i t e a go o d deal of

t alk ab o u t t he " nee d " for a "general t heory " in ind u s trial
 23 .

re l a t i o n s , no f ie l d o f inq u iry h a s yet been a b le t o p r o d u c e a

7
t heory wh i ch expla ins all o f t h e i s s ues -0 f concern. 3 I f and

when s u c h an even t o c curs, a l l re search in t he d i s c i p l ine w i l l

c ea s e b e c a u s e t h e t heory ( or l aw) w i l l p ro v i de ans wer s t o every

c onceivab le q ue s t i on .

A c ademic inqu iry in every fie l d i s gu i ded b y many p ar t i a l

theorie s , s ome o f wh i ch are b ro a der in s c o p e t h a n o t hers . De s p i t e

t h e l amen t o f s o me au t h o r s ab o u t t he l a ck of t heory, ind u s t r i a l

re l a t i o n s i s n o excep t i o n i n t h i s regard. T o g i ve a f ew examp l e s

t h ere are:

1. T heo ries ( o r mo de l s) o f uni o n beh a v i o ur: M arx, P erlman,

. .
38
t he Web b s , S t urm t h a l , C legg, T annenb a um.

2. Theories ( or m o d e l s) of ind u s tr i a l c o n f l i c t: Ro s s and

39
Hartman, Kerr and S iege l , Hib b s, S h o r ter and T i l ley.

3. T heories ( or mo del s ) o f b arga ining pro ces s e s : Zeu t hen,

. 40
Pen, Cro s s , Wa l t on an d M c Kers ie, H i c k s , C h amb er l a in .

4. Theories o f t he i n t era c t i o n b e tween m anager i a l pr a c t i c.e

and emp l o yee a t t i t u des and b eh a v i o ur: two- f a c t o r t heory (Herzb erg),

expec t anc y t heory ( Vro o m), need t heory ( A t k in s on and MC lel l and),
41
s c ien t i f i c managemen t ( T a y l or) and human re l a t i o ns (May o) .

T he i n d u s tr i a l re l a t i o n s s y s t em f ramework p r o v i des a veh i c le

whereb y t hese and many o ther p ar t i a l t heories m a y be rel a t ed t o

e a c h o ther . Un f o r t u n a t el y , i t d �e s no t au t oma t i c a l ly p er f orm

the func t i on o f theore t i c a l s yn thes i s . T h i s very imp o r t ant and

amb i t i o u s t a s k i s ye t t o be under t aken.

D e s p i t e. a go o d dea l o f t heori z ing in indu s tri a l re l a t i o n s

m u c h o f i t i s very re s tr i c ted in s c o p e . Indeed mo s t t heore t i c i an s

 24.

have worked w ith d ata fro m a s ingle c o untry or c l o s e l y rel ated

gro u p of c o untri e s . If i n d u s tr i a l rel a ti o n s a s a fie l d of

in q u iry i s to b e more effective in a ch ieving pred i ct i o n a n d

c o ntro l o ur range o f o b s ervati o n s an d theo r i z ing w i l l h a ve to be

exp anded b o th geo gra p hi c a l l y a n d thro ugh time.

Defin i t i o n

G iven the a b o ve, w e may return t o s ome o f the theoret i c al '.

p r o b lems menti o ned in the i ntro d u ct i o n. After pre sent ing the
�
I' '

in d u s tr i a l re l a t i o n s s y s tem framework, D un l o p d i ctate d th at ''the

�
I
centr a l ta s k of a theory of i n d u s tr i a l re l at i o n s i s to exp l a in

why p arti c u l ar ru le s are e s tab l i s h e d i n p arti c u l ar i n d u s tr i a l

re l ati o n s s y s tems a n d how a n d w h y they c h a nge i n res p o n s e to

.
42
changes affe cting the s ystem.'' But th i s p res cri p t i o n w i l l no t

s at i sfy. It is s imp l y a n i n d a deq u ate de s ignati on o f what in d u s tr i a l

rel atio n i st s d o. We are interes ted i n mu c h more a s i n d i c ated b y

the c o n tent s o f indu s tr i a l rel ati o n s jo urn als, pro cee d ings and

the ab ove d i s c u s s i o n .

The sugge s t i o n of Heneman o f ''emp l o y ment rel ati o n s h i p s in an

. 43
i n d u str i a l e c o nomy " i s a l s o i n a d e q u ate. T here i s no rea s o n w h y

i n d u s tr i a l re l ati o n i s t s sho u l d l im i t thems elves to in d u s tr i a l

s o c iety . We c an i d entify a ctors, i nteracti on pro ces�es, i n p �ts

and o utp uts i n any s o c iety and where we c an make s u ch an i denti ­

44
f i c at i o n w e · c an d o ind u s tri a l rel at i o n s. I n deed, a s n o ted

ab o ve, one o f the re a s o n s w h y we h ave not been more s u c ces s fu l in

identify i ng en d uring genera l i z ati o n s is be c au se of the l imited

s c o p e an d h i s tor i c a l depth w ith i n wh i c h m u c h i n d u s tr i a l re l a ti o n s

theo r i z ing and res earch ha s taken p l a ce . T here ha s been l i ttle

 25.

re s earch on indus trial rel a t i ons in s ub s i s tence, p ea s an t l o r d ,

and p r im i t ive l ab our marke t s y s t ems; a n d es s en t i a l l y n o ne on

ind u s t r i a l re l a t i on s b e f o re t he indus t r i al revo l u t i o n .

The de f ini t i on o f ind us t r i a l re l a t i ons wh i c h we f in d t o be

m o s t s a t i s f a c tory is t he 6ne p ro p o s e d b y C o x and h i s c o l l a b o ra t or s .

A c c o rd ing t o them ''ind � s tr i a l rel a t i o ns are d e f ined . • • a s t he

. 45
s o c i a l re l a t i o n s o f pro duc t i o n . 1 1 T h i s d e f ini t io n i s b ro a d

enough t o i n c lude emp l o ymen t rel a t i on s , job regu l a t i o n and al l o f

t he def i n i t i o n s and f o ci s ugge s ted t o �ate . I t a l s o pro p erly

d e l i m i t s o ur c on cern t o p e o p l e ( s o c i a l rel a t i o n s ) a t work ( i . e .

inv o l ved in p r o d u c t i o n) . T he indus t r i a l . rel a t i o n s s ys t em f rame-

w ork may be v i ewed a s an ana l y t i c a l a b s tra c t i o n o f t he c ri t i c a l

e lemen t s o f t he " s o c i a l re l a t i o n s o f pro duc t i on . " One mus t , as

W o o d, e t . a l., p o in t out, c lear l y . d i fferen t iate between t he c o n­

c re te pra c t i ce o f indu s t r i a l rela t i on s and the use o f t he s y s t em s

46
framework a s a t h eo ret i c a l ab s tra c t i o n . G i ven t his defini t i o n

a n d fr amewo rk, t he purp o s e o f indus tr i a l re l a t i o n s a s a fiel d o f

s t u d y i s t o inves t iga t e t he beh a v i o ur o f t he a c t ors a n d t h e i n t er­

a c t i o n p ro c es s e s a s well a s t he d e t erminan t s and c on s eq uen ces o f

their b eh a v i o ur . N o t o n l y d o we p ro p o s e t h a t t h i s i s w h a t indu s tr i a l

rel a t i o n s a s a f ie l d o f s tu d y s h o ul d d o, indeed, we s ugge s t t ha t

t h i s i s wh a t i t now d o e s .

I s Indu s t r i a l Re l a t i ons an Art o f a S c ien ce?

T h i s q ue s t i on i s s imp l y a ma t ter q f h ow in dus t r i a l re l a t i o n i s t s

go ab o u t d o ing t heir work . The def i n ing c hara c teri s t i c s o f s c ien ce

is t he w a y t h o s e in t h e f ie l d go about genera t ing knowle dge . If

i s s ue s and p r o b lems are a d dres s e d b y u t i l i z ing t he s c ien t i f i c me t h o d

 l
26.'

o f a b s tr a c t ing theories and hypo the s e s and then c are f ully te s t ing

them aga in s t empiri c a l experience a f iel d may be c o ns i dered a

s c i en ce. One need o n l y rea d ind u s tr i a l reiati o n s jo urna l s to .:

.,
I

e s t ab l i s h that ind u s tri a l rel a t i o ni s t s d o gener a l l y u t i l i z e s u c h

meth o d s .

S h o u l d i n d u s tr i a l re l a t ion s seek t o i dent i f y b a s i c pa t t ern s or

s h o uid it be more a p p l ied and p o l i cy o r iented?

Th i s s eem s t o us to be a m i s c o n s trued i s s ue. P o l i cy maker s

h av e need o f go o d a d v i c e and gu i d ance i f they are to s u c c e s s f u lly

purs ue th eir go a l s. But un le s s we h a ve go o d, tes ted t heories

the q u a l ity o f the a dvice we o f f er i s l ikel y to b e s u s pe c t to

the rec e iver and h a ve e�rati c re s u l t s in its appl i c ati o n . In short,

i t i s per f e c t l y appropr i a te f or n o rmat i ve l y o riented i nd u s tri a l

rel ati on i s ts t o a d dres s themselves to s o l v i ng c oncre te po l i c y

pro b lem s, b u t unle s s i n d u str i a l re l a t i o n s a s a f ie l d i s ab l e to

generate end uring genera l i z atiGns and ana l y t i c a l mo de l s i t s p o l i c y

p re s c r ipt i o n s are unl ikely to be· very s u c c e s s f u l .

Is indu s tr i a l re l a t i o n s a d i s c ipl ine or an in terd i s c ipl inary

f ie l d o f study?

Th i s q ue s t i o n c annot be s e ttled by a cademj c f i a t . I t depen d s

47
on t he way it i s organi z e d and per c eived b y th o s e i n f ie l d .

At pre s en t it seem s t o u s tha t ind u s tr i a l re l a t i o n s i s in tran s i-

t i on f r o m i n t er d i s c ipl inary to independent s t atu s . L i ke t r a d i t i o n a l

d i s c ipl ine s i t h a s:

1. a framew o rk f or o rgan i z ing and f o c u s ing perc ep t i o n s ,

theorie s and re s earch .

2. a rap i d l y deve l o ping b o d y o f indepen dent theory .

 ') 7 '

3. a growing number o f in d iv i d ua l s ex clu s ively t r ained

in the f ield .

4. a s s o c ia t i o n s t o gro up t ho s e in the f iel d .

I t s t i l l has several a t t r i b u te s whi ch render i t s c laim t o

d i s c i p l inary sta t u s les s t han en t ire l y c onv i n c i ng:

1. F ew un iver s i t ie s have re c o gn i z ed i t as a d i s c ip l ine

d e s erv i ng o f in depen d en t depar tmen tal s ta t u s .

2. Many o f t he mo s t p ro minen t memb er s o f t he f ie l d were

trained· in one o f t he t rad i t i o nal d i s c i p l ines and c on t inue t o

o we t heir p r imary a l l egian c e t o. t he ir home d i s c i p line

3. I t has n o un i q ue met ho d o l o gy. Thi s las t p o in t i s p erhap s

n o t s er i o u s . C er t a i n t ype s o f me t h o d s uc h a s regre s s i o n ana ly s i s

are n ow b e c o m i ng w i del y d i f f u s e d i n s o cia l s c ien ce.

W i t h in the nex t de c a de or s o i n d u s trial rela t i on s w i l l

p r o b ab l y b e a c c orded i n d i s p u ta b l e re c o gnit i o n a s a d i s cip l ine a s

more i n d i v i d uals are trained i n in d u s t r i ai rel a t i o n s an d a s

t heory an d re s ear ch b e g i n t o b e m o re uni v ersal i n s c o p e an d dep t h

an d more i n tegra ted a n d a c c um u l a t i ve. Cer t a i n l y i n d u s trial

rel a t i o n i s t s s ho u l d c o n t inue t o m o ve t he f ie l d t owar d s d i s c ip l i n­

ary s ta t u s b e c au se, as we have argued ab o ve, un i f ied d i s c i p l ine s

.
w i t h . c lari t y o f p urp o s e an d def i n i t i o n an d wel l deve l o p ed

t heore t i ca l s tru c t ures are tho s e w h i c h are mo s t s u c c es s f u l in

genera t ing e f f ec t ive know ledge.

Imperial i s m?

A s d e f ined b y t he ab ove d i s c u s s i o n in d u s trial relat i o n s a s

a f ie l d o f s t u d y tran s cen d s the i n t el l e c t ual t err i t o ry o f lab o ur

e c o n om i c s, in d u s t rial s o c i o l ogy, in d u s t r i a l p s y cho l o gy, lab o ur law,

 28.

lab o ur his t o ry, an d a t l ea s t part of in t e re s t gro up po litic s . Thus,

e c o n o mis t s, s o cio l o gi s t s , p s y ch o l ogis t s , lawy ers, his t o rian s an d

p olit i cal s cien t i s t s migh t v ery we l l d raw t h e c o n c l u sion t ha t we are

•

a t t emp t ing t o b e acad emi c imp erial i s t s . T h i$ c harge may b e eas i l y

re f u t ed b y bri e f re f erence t o t h e arb i trary n a t ure o f t h e e s t ab li s h e d

dis c i p l in e s . E c o n o mi s t s s t u d y t h e e c o n o m i c s u b - s y s t em o f s o c i e t y;

p o li t i ca l s ci en t i s t s t h e p ol i tical s ub - s y s t em and lawy ers t h e l egal

s ub - s y s t em. T h e d iv i s i o n o f l ab o ur f o r t h e s �
· udy o f t h e e c o l o g i cal
'

s u b - s y s t em ha s go n e m u c h f ur t h e r . T here ar e g e o grap h er s , ge o l o g i s t s ,

b io l o gi s t s an d o th er s who are e v en more s p e cializ e d . L o gical ly,

s o ciology en c ompa s s e s all o f t h e s e d i s c i p l in e s to the e x t e n t t ha t t h e y

c o n c e rn h u man b ehavio ur but, in gen era l, s o cio l o gi s t s have c o n-

c en tra t e d t h e ir e f f o r t s o n a s p e c t s o f s o ci e t y n o t s t ud i e d by o t h er

d i s c i p l in e s . Al l o f t h e p henomena o f . c o n c ern t o t h e ab o v e d i s c iplin e s

are al s o o f i n t ere s t t o h i s t orian s who hav e n o t h ing in c ommo n o th er

than trac i ng h uman d ev e l o p me n t s thro ugh t ime. An throp o l o gy als o

e n c ompa s s e s a l l o f t h e a b o v e b u t an t hro p o l og i s t s hav e l imi t e d t h em-

s e l v e s t o e c o n omic , p o l i t i cal, e c o l o g i cal, l ega l an d s o c i o l og i cal

a s p e c t s o f an c i e n t and p rimi tiv e s o cie t i e s . T h e gr eat mo t h er di s c ipl i n e

o f p hi l o s o p hy know s n o a c c e p t e d b o un d s . Even s o , c urre n t day

p h i l o s o p h er s genera l l y re s tr i c t t h e m s e lv e s t o an a c c ep t e d range o f

i s s ue s an d p ro b l em s . In short, s c h o l arly in q u iry i s no t o rgan i z e d i n

a ra t i o nal, we l l c o n si d ere d f a s h i o n . T h e e s t ab l i s h e d h uman di s c ip l i n e s

emerg e d b e caus e i t s e emed lik e l y t ha t i n q uiry wo u l d b e more e f f e c t iv e

i f s ch o lar s spe c ia li z e d i n c er t a i n a s pe c t s o f p er c e iv e d s o c i al real i t y .

By a s s er ting t ha t i n d u s t r ial r e l a t i o n s e n c ompa s s e s a s p e c t s o f

many d i s c i p lin e s , we are no t s ugge s t ing tha t t h o s e d i s cip l in e s s h oµld

 29.

" h and over" t o ind u s t r i al .re l a t i on s par t o f what t hey now d o . Each

o f t he t r a d i t i o na l d i s c i plines may (an d have) pro d u ced u s e f u l

ins i gh t s . Bu t ea ch per ceives " t he s o c i a l re l a t i o n s o f pro d u c t i o n "

'
f r o m a l imi ted per s p ec t ive, and t hro ugh t heore t i c al f rameworks
. 48
c rea ted t o exp l a in a wider s p ec trum o f p heno mena. I n s ho r t " t he

s oc ial re la t i o n s o f p r o d u c t i o n '' is o f o n l y part i a l i n t eres t s t o

o t her d i s c i p l ine s ; i t i s the cen tral c o ncern o f ind u s t r i a l rel a t i on s .

! h
 FOOT NOTES

1 . .

N o g e ne r a l l y acce p tabl e te r m f o r th o s e w h o e xc l u s ive l y p r actice

i n d u s tr i a l r e l at i on s h a s y e t c o me i n to th e l e x i c o n . To the be s t o f
my kn o w l e d g e , K in g s l e y L a f fe r w a s th e f i r s t on e to u s e th e te r m i n d u s -
t r i a l re l at i o n i s t i n p r i n t. ( "I s I n d u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s an Aca d e m i c
D i s c i p l i n e ?" J o u rn a l o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati o ns , M a rch , 1 9 7 4 ) . Because
i t i s a t l e a s t c l e a r an d un a mbi g u o u s w e u s e i t th r o u gh o ut th i s p a p e r.
H ow e ve r , f o r a e s th e t i c r e a s o n � f in d i n g a b e tt�i te rm m a y be th e mo s t
i mp o r t an t ste p i n th e amb i ti on o f i n d u s t r i a l r e l ati on s t o ach i e v e
d i �ci p l i n a ry r e c o g n i ti on .

2
N e i l Ch ambe r l a i n , "I s s u e s f o r th e Fut u r e , " P r oce e d i n g s o f th e
Ann u a l Me e t i n g o f th e I n du s t r i a l Re l a ti on s R e s e a rch As s o c i a t i o n , 1 9 6 0 ,
p. 1 0 1 .

3
H e rbe rt G. H e n e m an , J r. , " T ow a r d a Gen e r a l C o n ce p t u a l S y s te m
o f I n d u st r i a l Re l at i on s : H o w D o W e G e t There ?" i n Ge r a l d G. S o me r s
( e d . ) E s s ays i n I n d us t r i a l Re l ati on s T h e o ry; Ame s , I o w a : I ow a S t ate
Un i ve r s ity P r e s s , 1 96 9 , p. 4.

4
n. G. H e n e man , J r. , " C o n t r i bu t i o n s o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l a ti on s
Re s e a rch , " P r oce e d in g s o f a Re g i on a l M e e t i n g o f th e I n d u s tr i a l
Re l at i o n s R e s e a rch As s oc i iti o n , Au g u s t , 1 96 8 , p . 5 0. S e e a l s o , M i lto n
D e rbe r , R e s e a rch o n L abo r P r ob l e m s i n th e Un i te d S t a te s , N.Y. , Ran d om
H o u s e , 196 7 a n d J o hn T. D un l o p , "P o l icy D e ci s i on s an d Re s e a rch i n
E c on o m i cs an d I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati on s ," I n d u s t r i a l a n d L abo r Re l at i o n s
R e v i e w , V o l. 30 , N o. 3 , Ap r i l , 1 9 7 7.

5
c 1 a rk K e r r , F r e d e r ick H. H a rb i s on , J o hn T . D u n l o p a n d Ch a r l e s
A. Mye r s , "T h e L a bo u r P r ob l e m i n Econ o m i c D e v e l o p me n t: A Fr amewo r k
f o r Re a p p r a i s a l , " I n te rn at i on a l Labo u r Re v i e w , Ma rch , 1 9 5 5 ; C l a rk K e r r
a n d Ab r ah a m S i e g e l , "Th e S t r uctu r i n g· o f the L abo u r F o rce i n I n d u s t r i a l
S o ci e ty: N ew D i m e n s i o n s an d N e w Que s t i on s ," I n d u s t r i a l a n d Labo r
Re l ati on s Re v i ew , J an u a ry , 195 5 . T h e l atte r p a p e r w a s f i r s t p r e s e n t e d
t o a c o n f e r e n ce at C o rn e l l Un i v e r s i ty i n N o ve mbe r , 1953.

6
J o h n T. Dun l o p , I n du s t r i a l R e l ati on s S ys te m s , N .Y . , H o lt , 1 9 5 8
an d A l l an F l a n d e r s , I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati o n s :
·��������������������-=-�����-
Wh at i s W r on g w ith th e
System L on d o n , F a be r , 196 5 .

7
c. J . M a r g e r i s on , "W h a t D o W e Me an by I n d u s t r i a l R e l at i o n s ? A
B e h a v i o u r i a l S c. i e nce Ap p r o ach , " B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l
Re l a ti o n s , V o l. V I I I , N o. 2 , J u l y , 1 9 6 9 ; M i lton De rbe r , 111 I n d u s t r i a l
D e m o c r acy' a s a n O r g a n i zin g C o n ce p t f o r a T h e o r y o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l a ­
ti on s , " i n S o me r s , E s s ays , o p . c i t. ; S i dn e y an d B e at r i ce Webb ,
I n d u s tr i a l D e m o c r acy , L o n g man s , L o n d o n , 1 90 2 ; J o h n R. C o mmon s , I n d u s ­
t r i a l G o v e rn m e n t , Macmi l l an , N.Y. , 1 92 1 ; C h ambe r l a i n , o p . ci t. , :
K i n g s l e y L a f f e r , o p . c i t. ; a n d Ge r a l d G. S o me r s , "B a r g a i n i n g P ow e r an d
I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati o n s T h e ory , " in S o me r s , Ks s ay s , o p . c i t.
 8
J . D o u g l a s B r own , "Un i ve r s i ty Re s e a rch i n I nd u s tria l R e l a ti o n s , "
P r oc e e d i n g s o f th e Ann u a l M e e t i n g o f t h e I ndu s t r i a l R e l a ti on s R e s e a rch
A s s o c i a ti on , 195 2 and S umn e r H. S l i ch te r , J ame s J. H e a ly and E. R o be rt
L i v e rn a s h who be l i e ve th at " e v e r y i n d u s t ria l r e l a t i on s s i tu ati o n i s
mo r e o r l e s s un i q ue and mu s t be e xp l a i n e d a s a w h o l e ." The Imp act o f
Co l l e ct i v e B a r g a i n i n g o n M an a g e m e n t , B r o o ki n g s , W a s hin gto n , D .C . , 19 6 0 ,
p. 6.

9
s e e L a f f e r , o p . c i t. ; M a r g e r i s o n , o p . c i t. ; Hilde B e h r e n d , "Th e
F i e l d o f I nd u s t r i a l R e l ati ons , " B rit i s h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l a ti o n s , 1•
v o l . I , N o . 3 , Octobe r 19 6 3 ; Geo r g e S a y e r s B a i n a n d H . A. C l e g g , A !
S t r a te g y f o r I nd u s t r i a l Re l ati on s Re s e a rch i n G r e a t B r i t a i n ," B r i t i s h
J o u rn a l o f I nd u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s , Vo l. XI I , N o . 1 , M a rch 19 7 4 ; S . J .
W o o d , A. W a gn e r , E . G . A. A r m s t r o n g , J . F . B . Go o dman an d J . E . D a v i s ,
"Th e ' I nd u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s S y s t e m' C on ce p t a s a B a s i s f o r T h e o ry i n
I n du s t r i a l Re lati o n s , " B r i t i s h J o u rn a l o f Indus t r i a l R e l ati o n s , Vo l.
X I I I , N o . 3 , N o v e mbe r , 19 7 5 a n d S . M. A. H ame e d , "P e r s p e ct i ve s o f
I nd u s t r i a l Re l at i on s , " i n S . M. A. H a m e e d ( e d.) C a n adi an I ndu s t r i a l
Re l ati on s , B utte rw o rth s , T o r on t o , 1 9 7 5 �

10
s e e D un l o p , "P o l i cy D e ci s i on s .. " o p . cit. ; He n e m an , " T o w a r d.. "
o p . c i t. ; D e rbe r, Re s e a rch ..." o p . ci t. ; L l o y d G. R e y n o l d s , "Re s e a r ch
a n d P r acti ce i n I ndu s t r i a l R e l at i on s , " P r o ce e di n g s o f th e An n u a l Me e t i n g
o f th e I nd u s tr i a l Re l at i o n s Re s e a rch As s o c i at i o n , 195 5 a n d Th o ma s A.
K och an, " Th e o ry , P o l i cy E v a l u ati on , and Meth o d o logy in C o llectiv e
B a r g a i n in g Re s e a rch," P r o ce e d i n g s o f the An n u a l M e e t i n g o f th e I n du s -
·

t r i a l Re l a ti o n s Re s e a rch As s o ci at i o n , 19 7 6 .

11
S o me r s , "B a r g a i n in g P ow e r ..." o p . c it. , p . 39.

12
P ro b a b l y th e m o s t c o n d e mn a t o r y s t ate m e n t h a s b e e n m ade b y
F at ch e tt an d W h i tti n gh a m w h o , a lth o u gh th e y r e c o gn i z e th at the
Dun l o p i an s che m e h as be e n o f s o me v a l u e in "d r aw i n g s ch o l a r s aw a y
f r o m de s c r i p t i v e w o rk t o an a tt e m p t t o p l ace e mp i r ic a l d a t a w i th i n
s o me th e o r e ti c a l f r amew o rk , " s ti l l be l i e v e th at "th e p e r s p e ct i ve h a s
te n de d to be de v i l a n d abs c u r e w o r k at b o th a th e o r e t i ca l a n d p r acti c a l
l e ve l ." D e re k F atchett a n d W . M. W h i ttin g h am , "T r e n ds an d De v e l o p ­
me n ts i n I n du s t r i a l Re l at i o n s T h e o ry , " I n du s t r i a l Re l at i o n s J o u rn a l ,
V o l . 7 , N o . 1 , S p r i n g , 19 7 6 .

13
C l a rk K e r r , J o hn T . D un l o p , F r e de r i ck H a rb i s o n a n d Ch a r l e s
A. My e r s , I ndu s t r i a l i s m a n d I nd u s t r i a l M an , O x f o rd , N .Y . , 1 9 6 4.

14
D un l o p , I nd u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s S y s t e ms , o p . cit. , p . 6.

15
F o r d i s c u s s i on o f th i s i s s u e s e e S o me r s , "B a r g a i n i n g P ow e r .. "
o p . c i t. ; S y l v i a S h i mmin a n d R. S in gh , "In du s t r i a l Re l at i o n s a n d
O r g an i z ati o n B e h a v i o u r : A C r iti c a l Ap p r a i s a l , " I n du s tr i a l Re l at i o n s
J o u rn a l , V o l. 4 , N o . 3 , Autumn , 19 7 3 ; A. N. J. B l a i n a n d J . G en n a r d ,
"I nd u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s T h e o ry -- A C r i ti c a l Re v i e w , " B r i ti s h J o u rn a l
o f I nd u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s , V o l . V I I I , N o . 3 , N o v e mb e r , 19 7 0 ; R a m S i n g h ,
 - - - - .i:
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1
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l'l
:' 1
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Ii
!11

1':
l,<
1'1

"S y s tems T h e o ry in th e S t u dy o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati on s : T i me f o r a

'I
1\ Re ap p r a i s a l ? " I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s J o u rn a l , V o l. 7 , N o . 3 , Autumn , I

1 9 7 6 ; C . J. B r othe rton an d G . M . S te p h e n s o n , " P s y ch o l o gy i. n th e

S t u d y o f I n d u s t r i a l R e l ation s , " I n du s t r i a l Re l at i o n s J o u r n a l , Vo 1 . 6,
N o. 3 , Autumn , 19 7 5 ; S. M . A. H ame e d , "An I nte g r ate d Th e o r y o f
I n d u s t r i a l Re l a ti o n s , " i n S � M. A . H ame e d ( e d . ) Can a d i an I n d u s t r i a l
Re l at i on s , o p . c i t.

16 cit . ;
B l a iri an d Ge n n a r d , o p . c i t. ; Go o dman e t . al . , op .
H am e e d , "I n t e g r a t e d Th e o r y " o p . c it .
. . •

17
D un l op , I n d u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s S y s tems , op . c i t. , p. 7 .

18
s e e , f o r e x amp l e , P e te r J a ck s o n an d K e i th S i s s o n , "Emp l o y e r s '
Con f e d e r a t i o n s i n S w e d e n an d th e U . K . a n d th e S i gn i f i c an c e o f I n d u s ­
tr i a l I n f r a s t r u c t u r e , " B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s ,
Vo l . X I V , N o . 3 , N o v e mb e r 19 7 6.

19
Ram S i n gh , op . cit. , p. 6 7 , a l s o mak e s th i s p o in t .

20
A. W . J . C r a i g , " A F r ame w o r k f o r th e An a 1 y s i s o f I n d u s t r i a 1
R e l at i on s S y s tems , " i n B . B a r re tt , E . Rh o d e s an d J. B e i s h o n ( e d s . )
I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati on s an d th e W i d e r S o c i e t y , Co l l i e r M a cmi l l a n , L o n d o n ,
19 7 5 .

21
J a ck B a rb a s h , "Th e E l e me n t s o f I n d u s t r i a l R e l ati o n s , " B r i t i s h
J o u rn a l o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s , Ma r c h , 19 64.

22
s i dn e y an d B e at r i c e W e b b , op . cit.

23 '
Ad o l f S tu rmth a l , "E c on omi c D e v e l o p me n t an d th e L ab o u r M o v e me n t , "
i n A rth u r M . R o s s e d . I n d u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s an d E c on omi c D e ve l o p me n t ,
M a cmi l l an , L o n d o n , 19 6 6 . S e ve r a l E s s a y s wh i ch a ttemp t t o a s s e s s th e
v a l i d i ty o f th e th e o r y a r e i n , A. S tu rmth a l an d J . G . S c o vi l l e ( e d s . )
T h e I nt e rn ati o n a l L ab o r M o v e me n t i n T r an s i t i o n , Un i ve r s i ty o f
I l l i n o i s P r e s s , U rb an a , 19 73 .

24
I n d u s tr i a l i s m a n d I n d u s t r i a l M an , op . c i t. , p . 1 2 5 - 13 2 .

25
s e e , f o r e x amp l e , M . A. H o r ow i t z , T he N ew Y o rk H o te l I n d u s t r y :
A L ab o r Re l at i o n s S t u dy , H a r v a r d Un i ve r s i ty P r e s s , Camb r i d g e , M a s s . ,
1 9 6 0 ; A . N . J . B l a i n , P i l o ts an d M a n a g e me nt : I n d u s t r i a l Re l ati on s in
th e U . K . A i r l i n e s , A l l e n a n d Un w i n , L o n d o n , 19 7 2 an d F . C . Mu n s o n ,
L ab o r Re l at i o n s i n th e L i th o g r ap h i c In d u s t ry , H a r v a �d Un i ve r s ity P r e s s ,
Camb r i d g e , M a s s . , 1 9 63 .

26
S om e r s , o p . c i t. , a n d H en e man " T ow a r d . . . " o p . c it.
 27
S e e E r n e s t N a g e l , " Th e. Me a n l n g o [ Re d u c t i o n i n t h e N a t u r a l
S c i e n c e s , " i n Ar th u r D an t o an d S i d n e y M o r g e i b e s s e r ( e d s . ) P h i l o s o p h y
o f S c i en c e , W o r l d , C l e v a l an d , 1 9 6 0 .

28
I n d u s t ri a l Re l a t i o n s S y s t ems op . cit . , p. 9 .

29
Wo o d , et . al . , p . 298.

30
c r a i. g , op . ci t .

31
I n d u s t r i a l i s m a n d I n d u s t r i a l Man , o p . c i t . , a n d b y t h e s ame
a u t h o r s , " I n d u s t r i a l i s m a n d I n d u s t r i a l M an , " .I n t e rn a t i o n a l L ab o u r
Re v i e w , S e p t e mb e r , 1 9 6 0 ; " P o s t s c r i p t t o I n d u s t r i a l i s m an d I n d u s t r i a l
M an , " I n t e rn a t i o n a l L a b o u r R e v i e w , J un e , 1 9 7 0 , an d I n d u s t r i a l i s m an d
I n d us t r i a l M a n Re c on s i de r e d , The I n t e r - Un i v e r s i t y - S t u d y o f H um an
Re s o u r c e s i n N a t i on a l D e ve l o p me n t , P r i n c e t on , N . J . , 1 9 7 5 .

32
R ob e r t W . C o x , " Ap p r o a ch e s t o a F u t u r o l o gy o f I n d u s t r i a l
Re l a t i on s , " I n t e rn a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r L ab o u r S t u d i e s B u l l e t i n
N o . 8 , 1 9 7 1 an d R . W . C o x , J . H a r r o d , H . G u tj t e r , R . R a y , G . S p y r o p o u l o s ,
R . S t a v e n h a g e n , M . T h o mp s on an d K . W a l k e r , F u t u r e I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s
an d I mp l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e I L O An I n t e r i m Re � o r t , I n t e rn a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e
f o r L a b o u r S t u d i e s , G en e v a , Au g u s t , 1 9 7 1 ( mi me o ) .

33
F u t u r e I n d u s t r i a l Re l a t i on s , op . ci t � , p. 21.

34
s e e B e n j a mi n M . S e l e k m an , L a b o r Re l a ti o n s an d H u man Re l a t i o n s
M c G r aw � H i l l , N . Y . , 1 9 4 7 a n d A r t h u r A . S l o an e an d F r e d W i tn e y L ab o r
Re l a t i on s ( 3 r d e d . ) P re n t i c e - H a l l , E n g l ew o o d C l i f f s , N . J . , 1 9 7 7 ,
pp . 30-37 .

35
I n d us t r i a l Re l a t i o n s S y s t e ms , p . 17.

36
H i l l an d T h u r l e y h a v e a r g ue d t h a t d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e s ch e me
h a s c o n t r i b u t e d t o in d u s t r i a l r e l a t i on s r e s e a r c h b e i n g d e s c r i p t i v e
an d an t i - th e o r e t i c a l . N o d o ub t , t h e i r c on c l us i on w a s d e r i ve d f r o m
a n i n a d e q u a t e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s c o p e o f i n d u s t r i a l r e l a t i o n s r e s e a r ch
an d t h e o r y . S . H i l l a n d K . T h o r l e y , " S o c i o l o gy " an d I n d u s t r i a l
R e l a t i on s , " B r i t i s h J o u rn a l o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l a t i o n s , V o l . X I I , N o . 2 ,
Ju l y , 1 9 7 4 .

37
S e e K e nn e th . F . W a lk e r , " T ow a r d s a U s e f u l Ge n e r a l a n d C o m-
p a r a t i v e T h e o ry o f I n d u s t r i a l Re l a t i o n s , " P a p e r p r e s e n t e d t o th e
4 t h W o r l d C o n g re s s o f t h e I n t e rn a t i o n a l I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s
A s s o c i a t i on , G e n e v a , S e p t e mb e r , 1 9 7 6 .
 38A . L o z o v s ky , M a r x an d t h e T r a d e Un i on s , I n t e r n a t i o n a l P ub ­
l i s h e r s , N . Y . , 1 9 3 5 ; S e l i g P e r l man , A T h e o r y o f t h e L a b o r Mo v e me n t
Ma c m i l l a n , N . Y . , 1 9 2 8 ; S i dn e y a n d J? e a t r i c e We b b , I n d u s t r i a l D e m o c r a c y ,
o p . c i t . , an d A H i s t o r y o f T r a d e Un i o n i s m , L o n g m an s , L o n d o n , 1 8 9 6 ;
A S t u r m t h a l , o p . c i t . ; H u gh· C l e g g , T r a de Un i o n i s m Urt d e r Co l l e c t i v e
B a r g a i n i n g , B a s i l B l a c k w e l l , O x f o r d , 1 9 7 6 an d F r a n k T a n n e n b a u m , A
P h i l o s o p h y o f L a b o r , Kn o p f , N . Y . . , 1 9 5 1 .

39
A r t h u r Ro s s an d P a u l T . H a r t m an , Ch an g i n g P a t t e rn s o f I n d u s t r i a l
C on f l i c t , W i l e y , N . Y . , 1 9 6 0 ; . C l a rk K e r r an d Ab r a h am S i e g e l , " Th e
I n t e r i n d u s t ry P r o p e n s i t y t o S t r i k e - - An I n t e rn a t i o n a l C o mp a r i s o n , " i n
A . K o rn h a u s er , R . D ub i n an d A . M . R o s s ( e d s . ) . I n d u s t r i a l C o n f l i c t ,
M cG r aw - H i l l , N . Y . , 1 9 5 4 ; D o u g l a s H i b b s ; · L o n g - Run T r e n d s i n S t r i k e
Ac t i v i ty in C o mp a r a t i ve P e r s p e c t i ve C e n t r e f o r I n t e rn a t i o n a l S t u d i e s ,
M . I . T . , C a mb r i d g e , M a s s . , Au g u s t , 1 9 7 6 an d E dw a r d S h o r t e r an d Ch a r l e s
Ti l l e y S t r i k e s i n F r an c e 1 8 3 0 - 1 9 6 8 , C a mb r i d g e Un i ve r s i ty P r e s s , 1 9 7 4 .

4°
F o r re v i e w s o f b a r g a i n i n g t h e o r y s e e , A l an C o d d i n g t o n Th e o r i e s
o f t h e B a r g a i n in g P r o c e s s , A l d i n e , Ch i c a go , 1 9 6 8 ; G e o r ge de Me n i l ,
B a r ga i n in g : M o n op o l y P ow e r vs . Un i o n P ow e r C a mb r i d g e , M . I . T . P r e s s ,
1 9 7 1 a n d O r an Y o u n g ( e d) B a r g a i n i n g : F o r m a l The o r i e s o f N e g o t i a t i o n ,
U n i ve r s i t y o f I l l in o i s P r e s s , U r b an a , 1 9 7 5 .

41
T h e s e t h e o r i e s a r e r e v i e w e d an d a s s e s s e d i n mo s t p e r s o n n e l a n d
o r g an i z a t i o n a l b e h av i o u r t e s t s . S e e , f o r e x a mp l e , A . C . F i l l e y , R . J .
H o u s e an d S . K e r r , M a n a g e r i a l P r o ce s s an d O r g a n i z a t i o n a l B e h a v i o r ,
2 n d e d . , S c o t t , F o re s man , G l e n v i e w , I l l . , 1 9 7 6 an d W . F . G l ue c k
P e r s o n n e l : A D i a gn o s t i c Ap p r o a c h , I rw i n - D o r s e y , G e o r g e t o wn , On t a r i o ,
19 74.

42 .
I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s S y s t e ms , op . ci t . , p. ix.

43
H e n e man , " To w a·r d . . . " p . 4.

44 .
T h i. s p o i n t h a s a 1 s o b e e n ma d e b y L a f f e r , op . ci t . , p. 71.

45
Fu t u r e I n d u s t r i a l Re l at i o n s , op . ci t . , p . 1

46
Woo d , et. al . , p . 296 .

47
L a f f e r an d H a me e d h av e a r g u e d t h a t i n d u s t r i a l r e l a t i on s s h o u l d ,
a t t h i s p o i n t i n t i m e , b e c on s i d e r e d an d i n d e p e n d e n t d i s c i p l i n e .
L a f f e r , o p . c i t . , a n d H a me e d , " P e rs p e c t i ve s . . . " o p . c i t .

48
on t h e re l a t i o n s h i p o f i n d u s t r i a l r e l a t i o n s t o o th e r dis cip l ines
s e e H a me e d , " A T h e o r e t i c a l F r a m e w o rk " op . ci t . ;
. • . B a i n an d C l e g g ,
o p . c i t . ; an d L a f f e r o p . c i t .
 Faculty o f Bus iness
McMas ter Universi ty

WORKING PAPER SERIES

101. Torrance , George W . , "A Generalized Cos t-e ffect:I.venes s Model for the
Evaluation of Health Pro grams , " November , 19 70 .

102. Is bester , A. Fraser and Sandra C . Castle ; " Teachers an d Colle c t i ve

Bargaining in Ontario : A Means to What End'l" Novemb e r , 1 9 7 1 .

103 . Thomas > Arthur L . , "Trans fer Prices o f the Multinational Firm : · When
Will They be Arbitrary '? " ( Rep rinted from : Ab acus , Vol . 7 , N o . 1 ,
·

June , 1971) .

104 . S z endrovits , Andrew Z . , "An Rconomic P ro duction Quantity Hodel with

Holding Time and Cos ts o f Work-in-p ro cess Inventory , " March , 1 9 7 4 .

111 . Bas u , S . , "Investment Performance o f Common Sto cks in Relation to

· their P ri ce-earnings Ratios : A Text o f the E f f icient Market
Hypothes·is , " March , 19 7 5 .
·

1 12 . Trus cot t > Willi·am G . ,. "Some Dynami c Extensions o f a Dis cret e Location­
Al location P roblem , " March , 1976 .

113 . B as u , S . and J . R. Hann a , "Accounting fo r Changes in the General

Purchas ing P ower of Money : The Impact on Finan cial S tatemen ts o f
Canadian Corporations for the P e riod 196 7-74 � " Ap ril , 19 7 6 .
(Reprinted from Cos t an d Managemen t , January-Feb ruary , 1 9 76) .

114 . Deal , K.R. , "Verifi cation o f the Theore t i cal Cons istency o f a
Dif fe rential Game in Advertising , " March , 19 7 6 .

1 1 4 a . Deal , K . R . "Optimizing Advertis ing Expenditures in a Dynami c Duopoly , "

March , 19 76 .

1 15. Adams , Roy J . , "The Canada-United S t ates Labour L ink Under S t res s , "
[1976 ] .

1 16 . Thomas , Arthur L . , "The Extended App roach to Joint-Cos t All o cation :

Relaxation . o f Simplifying Ass ump tions , " June , 1 9 7 6 .

117. Adams , Roy J . and C . H � Rummel , "Worker ' s P ar t i cipation in Managemen t

in Wes t Germany : Impact on the Work , the Ent e rp rise an d the T rade
Unions ," September , 19 76 .

118. Szendrovit s , An drew Z . , "A Comment on ' Op t imal and Sys t em Myopi c
Poli cies fo r Mul t i-echelon P roduction /Inventory Assembly Systems ' , "
[ 1 9 76 J .

119 . Meadows , Ian S . G . , "Organi c S truct �re and Innovation in Small Work
Groups ," October ; 19 76 .
 -2-

12 0 . Bas u , S . , "The E f f�ct o f Earnings Y i e l d on Ass e s sme n ts o f the

Asso ciation Be tween Annual Accounting In come N umbe rs an d S e cu
r i t•Y
P ri ces , " October , 1976 .
(

12 1 . Agarwal , Naresh C . , ''Labour Supply Behaviour o f Married Women - A

Model with Permanent and Transitory Variables , " O ctobe r , 19 7 6 .
•

122 . Meadows , Ian S . G. , "Organic S tructure , S atis fact ion and Personality , "
October , 19 '76 .

i2 3 . Banting , Peter M. ; 1 1 Cus tomer Service in Indus tri al Marke t ing : A

Comparative Study , " October , 19 7 6 . (Rep rinted fro m : E uropean
J ournal o f Marketing, ·vol . 10 , No . 3 ' · Summer , '19 7 6 ) .

12 4 . Aivazi an , V • • "On the Comparative-S tati cs o f Ass e t Demand/' Augus t ,

19 76 • . .

12 5 . Aivazian , V . , " Contamin at i on by Risk Re cons idered , " Octob e r , 197 6 .

12 6 . S z endrovits , Andrew Z . an d George 0 . Wesolowsky , "Variation in

Optimiz ing Serial Multi-Stage Product ion/Inventory Sys tems ,
·
March 1 9 7 7 .

121 •. Agarwal , Naresh C . , "Size-S tructure Relationship : A Further

Elaboration , 11 March 197 7 .

' c
12 8 . Jain , Harish C . , "Minority Workers , the S t ructure o f Labour Markets
and Anti-Dis crimination Legis lation , " March , 19 7 7 . I
12 9 . Adams , Roy J . , "Employer S olidarity , " March, 19 7 7 .

130. Gould , Lawrence I . an d S t an ley N . Laiken ·, "The E f fect o f Income

Taxation and Inves tment Priorities : The RRSP ; " March 1 9 7 7 .

1 3 1 . . Callen , Je ffrey L . , "Financial Cos t Allo cations : A Game-Theoretic

Approach , " March 197 7 .

1 32 . Jain , Harish C . , " Race and Sex Dis crimination Legislation in North
Ame ri ca and B ri tain : Some Les sons for Canada /' May , 19 7 7 .

133. Hayashi , Kich iro . " Corp orate P l anning P ractices in Jap anese
Multinationals . Ac�ep ted for publi cation in the Academy o f
l'.Ianagement Journal in 1978 .

134. Jain > Harish C , , Neil Hood and S t eve Young , "Cro s s-Cultural Aspec t s o f
Personnel Policies in Multi-Nationals : A Cas e S tudy o f Chrysler
UK" , June , 1� 7 7 .

135. Aivazian , V . and J . L . Callen , "Inves tment , Market S t ructure and the
Cos t o f Capital" , July , 1 9 7 7 .
 - 3 -

1 36 . Adams , R. J . , " Canadian Indus trial Relations and the Gennan Example11 ,
October , 1 9 7 7•

••
137 . Callen , J . L . , "Production , Efficiency and Welfare in the U . S . Natur a l
Gas Transmiss ion Industry" , Oc tober , 1 9 77 .

138 . Richardson , A . W . , "Cos t-Volume-Prof it Analysis and the Value o f

Information" , November , 1 9 7 7 .

139 . Jain , Harish C . , "Laboµr Market Problems o f Native People in Ontario" ,

December , 1 9 7 7 .

14 0 . Gordon , M . J . _ .and L . I. Gould , "The Cos t o f Equity Capital : A Reconside rat ion" ,
January , 19 7 8 .

141 . Gordon , M . J . and L . I . Gould , "The Cos t o f Equity Capital with Personal
Income Taxes and Flo tation Cos ts" , January 197 8 .

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