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Title of Thesis/Dissertation

Student Name

All copyrights reserved. Full or partial reproduction of this thesis/dissertation, its
storage and retrieval, or its transfer in any form is not allowed without a prior
written permission from the Arabian Gulf University

Arabian Gulf University , year of publication

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Dissertation Text
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1.2.2 Introduction


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.2.2.2 Materials and Methods

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3.2.2 Results and Discussion

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 .3 General Regulations

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 )(

References Citation using APA Style

) (1 Examples of References Citation in the Text

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) (
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Single Author Reference

) (1986 ...
Al-Khalili (1986) made a study
) (2005 ....
According to an earlier study (Smith, 2006) it is argued that

Two Authors Reference

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) (1995 ...
Andrew and Sanderson (2005) indicated that
) (1995 ....
According to an earlier study (Smith and Sanderson, 2008) it is

More than Two Authors Reference

"" "." et al.

) (1995 ...
Al- Khalili, et al. (2008) argued that
) (1995 ....
According to a previous study (Smith, et al. 2008) it is argued that

One author References in the Same Year

) (c , b , a .

1
 ) 1995 ( ....
According to another opinion (Abuloubda, 1995 a, b) it is.

Multi-Sources Reference

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)2006 1999 (1980 ...
Based on previous studies (Smith, 2007; Sanderson, 1999; and Peter, 1980), it is

Exact Citation of Statement from another Reference

.
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) (2002 " "...
Smith (1995) stated that Perennial sea grass with a net of

On-Line and Audio-Visual Reference

) ( )
( .

Personal Communication Reference

.

.

)
/ / 12 .(2005
The legal consultant acknowledged that it is a case of blackmailing (Mohammad Mosa,
)Personal interview/E-mail/phone call, April 15, 2005

) (2 References

.

.

Direct Reference

2

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U U ). (.
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) (Italics
U U

) (BOLD
.

.(2004) . .
U U

.
.(1986) . ) . ( .
U U

.
.(2007) . .
.
Al- Barrak, SA (1998) Properties of Salt Affected Soils in Al-Ahassa, Kingdom of Saudi
U

Arabia. King Saud University Press, Al- Riyadh, KSA, pp 95- 115.
U

Hutchinson, JM, Sanderson, TR, and Andrew, MK.(1998).The Genera of Flowering

* Plants, vol II: Dicotyleddon. Oxford University Press, London, UK.
ICA (1998) Challenge of Migrated Francophile African Archives. International Congress
on Archives, ICA, University of Paris Sorbonne Press, Paris, France.

Indirect Reference

.
:
In:
.

.(1976) .
)( .
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.354-337
Davidson, PR.(2008). Method Challenges and opportunities in the psychological study of
entrepreneurship, the case of China. In: Baum, JM, Frese, MT, and Baron, RC (eds.),
The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 29-
57.

Periodical Reference
) ( .

.

.(2004) .
. .55-40 :(1) 22

3
Nasralla, MM, and Rashad, AS. (2007). Primary Pollutants and Potential Photochemical
Smog Formation in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of
Scientific Research, 25 (4): 153- 161.

Unpublished Source Reference

) (
.
.

.(1993) . .
.
Anan, FS. (2008). Provenance and Statistical Parameters of Sediments of the Merrimach
Embayment, Gulf of Maine. PhD Dissertation, Aston Univ., UK.

Reference from Official Publication

.

.(2003) .
.
/2003/15 .
Bahrain Monetary Agency. (2007). Financial Position of Bahraini Insurance Firms. In:
Financial Data, Section 6, Insurance Market Review 2007, Bahrain Monetary
Agency (BMA), Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain, pp. 52-53.

On-Line or Audio Visual Reference

) (
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.

) (2004
. .95-90 :(4) 23
) 20 http://www.agu.edu.bh : .2004
U U

Wojick, DE, Warnick, WL, and Carroll, BC. (2006). The Digital Road to Scientific
Knowledge Diffusion: A Faster, Better Way to Scientific Progress? Commentary. D-
Lib. Magazine, 12 (6): 12- 20. (Available on-line: http://www.dlib.org/, June 6. 2006.
U U

:
A) Citation Generators
)Citation Machine (http://citationmachine.net/
U U

Citation Machine is a free interactive web tool designed to assist in generating APA, MLA
and Chicago style citations (Turabian Style is under development.) The primary goal of
this tool is to make is so easy to credit information sources, there is virtually no reason not
to.

4
KnightCite Citation Creator (http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php)
KnightCite is a free resource that can be used to create citations in MLA, APA and
Chicago formats for many types of print and electronic resources.

B) APA Style Manuals & Citation Guides (psychology, education and other
social sciences)
APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx)
From the American Psychological Association. This site is a guide to the revised and
updated sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association. This link goes directly to frequently asked questions about APA citations and
style.
APA Tutorial (http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/tutorials/apatutorial/tutorialindex.html)
Tutorial introducing APA style from the University of Southern Mississippi Libraries.
Includes information on formatting your paper, doing parenthetical or in-text references
and creating a reference list.

5
 ( )

References Citation using Vancouver Style

ICJME: Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals:
Writing and editing for biomedical publication (http://www.icmje.org).
U U

NLMs citing medicine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256).
U U

1. In-text Citing
A number is allocated to a source in the order in which it is cited in the text. If the source is
referred to again, the same number is used. The number is integrated in the text as
superscript. If more than one reference is used; commas are inserted between the numbers.
If there is sequential numbering, a dash is used between the lowest and highest number.
Example
...as one author has put it "the darkest days were still ahead" 1: which is well documented in
the literature. 2-5 This proves that "the darkest days were still ahead". 1

The author's name can also be integrated into the text:

Example
Scholtz 2 has argued that...

Numbers should be inserted to the left of colons and full stops are placed before the
reference number.
Example
literature. 1,3

2. References
U

References are listed in numerical order in the Reference List at the end of the paper.
Example
1. Smith SD, Jones, AD. Organ donation. N Engl J Med 2001; 657:230-5.
U

2. Brown JG. Asphyxiation. Med J Aust 2003; 432:120-4.

U

2a. Journal Article

U

i. One to Six Authors

U

Author's surname Initials, Author's surname Initials. Title of article. Title of Journal.
[abbreviated] Year of publication Month date;Volume Number (Issue number):page
numbers. Only the first words of the article title and words that normally begin with a
U

capital letter are capitalised. Journal titles are abbreviated (to decipher abbreviations see:
U

PubMed Journals Database <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=journals>)

Example
Smithline HA, Mader TJ, Ali FM, Cocchi MN. Determining pretest probability of DVT:
clinical intuition vs. validated scoring systems. N Engl J Med 2003 Apr 4; 21(2):161-2.
U U

6
ii. More than Six Authors
First 6 authors are listed; thereafter add an et al. after the sixth author.
Example
Gao SR, McGarry M, Ferrier TL, Pallante B, Gasparrini B, Fletcher JR, et al. Effect of cell
confluence on production of cloned mice using an inbred embryonic stem cell line. Biol
Reprod 2003;68(2):595-603.

2b. Books
Author/Editor/Compiler's surname Initials. Title of the book. # ed.[if not 1st] Place of
publication: Publisher's name; Year of publication. Only first words of the article title and
words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalised.

i. Personal author
Example
Carlson BM. Human embryology and developmental biology. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby;
2004.

ii. Edited book

add editor or editors after the name/s
Example
Brown AM, Stubbs DW, editors. Medical physiology. New York: Wiley; 1983.

iii. Chapter in a book

Author's surname Initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor's surname Initials, editor. Title of the
book. # ed.[if not 1st] Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of publication. p. #.
[page numbers of chapter]
Abbreviate page numbers to p. e.g., p. 12-25.
Abbreviate numbers where appropriate e.g., p. 122-8.
Example
Blaxter PS, Farnsworth TP. Social health and class inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel JR,
editors. Equalities and inequalities in health. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 1976. p.
165-78.

2c. Conferences and Conferences Proceedings

i. Conference paper
Author's surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor's surname Initials, editor. Title of the
Conference; Date of conference; Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of
Publication. p. page numbers.
Example
Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy. In: Tudenhope D, Chenoweth J,
editors. Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society; 1986:
Brisbane, Queensland: Australian Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.

ii. Conference proceedings

Example
Harris AH, editor. Economics and health: 1997: Proceedings of the 19th Australian
Conference of Health Economists; 1997 Sep 13-14; Sydney, Australia. Kensington,
N.S.W.: School of Health Services Management, University of New South Wales; 1998.

7
2d. Electronic sources
CD-Rom / DVD
The format is added after the title eg. [DVD]
Example
Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors. Topley and Wilson's microbiology and
microbial infections [CD-ROM]. 9th ed. London: Arnold; 1998.

i. Journal article on the internet

Author's surname Initials, Author's surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of
Journal [serial on the Internet]. Year of publication Month day [cited Year Month
Day];Volume Number(Issue number):[about number of pages or screens]. Available from:
URL
Only cite month/day if applicable
Can list either pages or screens
Example
Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical mortality in England
after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital episode statistics 1991-2002. BMJ [serial on
the Internet]. 2004 Oct 9;[cited 2004 October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens]. Available from:
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7470/825

ii. Book/Monograph on the Internet

Example
Donaldson MS, editor. Measuring the quality of health care [monograph on the internet].
Washington: National Academy Press; 1999 [cited 2004 Oct 8]. Available from:
http://legacy.netlibrary.com/.

iii. Web site / homepage

Author/Editor/Organisation's name . Title of the page [homepage on the Internet]. Place of
publication: Publisher's name; [updated yr month day; cited yr month day]. Available
from: (url)
Example
HeartCentreOnline [homepage on the Internet]. Boca Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.;
c2000-2004 [updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available from:
http://www.heartcenteronline.com/

iv. Web Site/part of a Homepage:

Add number of screens and title of page
Example
American Medical Association [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: The Association;
c1995-2002 [cited 2005 Apr 20]. Group and Faculty Practice Physicians; [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/1736.html
Further information and examples are available from National Library of Medicine,
Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation SUPPLEMENT: Internet Formats (pdf
410kb)

2e. Other sources

For a list of other publication types consult Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Sample References
(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html)

8
3. Example of a Reference list
1. Miller DM, The wisdom of the eye. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000
2. Rau JG, Wooten DC. Environmental impact analysis handbook. New
York: McGraw-Hill; 1980.
3. Richardson AJ. Traffic planning and modelling: a twenty year perspective.
Aust Road Res 1990;20(1):9-21.
4. Meyer MD. Public transportation in the 21st century. In: Gray GE, Hoel
LA, editors. Public transportation. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall; 1992. p. 636-653.

4. Abbreviations
These are commonly used abbreviations:
c. = circa (about, approximately)
ch. = Chapter
ed. = edition
et al.. = and others
fig; figs = figure(s)
ill ills = illustrator(s)
p. = page(s)
para paras = paragraph(s)
pt pts = part(s)
rev = revised
suppl = Supplement

5. Sources for further information

1. Citing Medicine, 2nd edition

The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
National Library of Medicine, National Institutes
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/)

2. International Committee for Medical Journals Editors. Uniform Requirements for

Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical
Publications (http://www.icmje.org/)

3. The University of Western Australia. LibGuides (http://libguides.library.uwa.edu.au/)

4. MONASH University Library. Vancouver style (uniform requirements for

manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals)
(http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/vancouver.html)