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Another key ideas contributed by researchers in Gestalt is that our prior knowledge gretly
influences our current perceptions and subsequent memory for stimuli (based on prior
knowledge).
INPUT
Short-Term Memory
Sensory Registers Long-Term
Temporary Memory
Visual Working memory
Auditory Pattern Knowledge
- Recognition Encoding Strategies
- Retrieval Strategies Episodic
Problem-solving Semantic
Haptic Strategies
RESPONSE OUTPUT
Long-Term Memory
- Episodic Knowledge memory for the personally experienced events which make up
our lives.
- Semantic Knowledge memories that are not tied to an individuals personal history
but rather transcend particular context.
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Knowledge Description Uses
Unit
Concepts Mental representations of To sort similar stimuli into categories
categories so that environmental diversity can be
reduced, organized into networks
Propositions Statements composed of two To represent declarative knowledge
concepts that make true or false and to make assertions, answer
assertions about the world questions, and drive inferences;
organized into networks
Productions Condition-action rules consisting To represent procedural knowledge
of it-then clauses which often run such as skills; organize into action
off automatically sequences called production systems
Images Analog or picturelike To represent spatial and other
representations of objects and physical dimensions of stimuli
events
Schemas Wholistic structures consisting of Used in perceptions, comprehension,
variables or slots that represent remembering, and problem solving;
the interrelations between the organized into part-whole hierarchies
features of objects, events, or
situation
Input Processing
- Sensory Memory a mechanism for holding for a fractions of a second all of the
information from the environment that excites our sensory receptors.
- Perception analyzing the feature of stimulus in sensory memory and fitting them to
slots of a schema in long-term memory.
- Comprehension finding a schema that allow us to make sense of a message.
Short-Term Memory
The part of the memory system where mental work is performed (working memory).
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INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY II:
REMEMBERING
Encoding Processes
Encoding (forming new long-term memories) is optimal when learners perform effortful
activities that require them to deal with the meaning of the material.
Strategies of Encoding
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Retrieval Processes
Retrieval begins with a retrieval cue that initiates a search for the encoded information.
Effective retrieval cues are those present at both encoding and retrieval. Retrieval is best view
as a reconstructive process in which we use schemas to interpret memory data.
Metacognitive Processes
Metacognition is knowledge about ones though processes including knowledge about how
memory works. There are two types of metacognitions, first is knowledge about cognition, it
refers to knowledge about ones own cognitive resources and their compatibility with the
learning situation. Second is regulation of cognition, it refers to self-regulatory processes used
by learners during an ongoing attempts to solve problems; including planning, checking,
monitoring, and evaluating.
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