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TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Reciprocal identities Power-Reducing/Half Angle For-

1 1 mulas
sin u = cos u =
csc u sec u 1 cos(2u)
1 1 sin2 u =
tan u = cot u = 2
cot u tan u 1 + cos(2u)
1 1 cos2 u =
csc u = sec u = 2
sin u cos u 1 cos(2u)
Pythagorean Identities tan2 u =
1 + cos(2u)
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1
Sum-to-Product Formulas
1 + tan2 u = sec2 u    
1 + cot2 u = csc2 u u+v uv
sin u + sin v = 2 sin cos
2 2
Quotient Identities
   
sin u cos u u+v uv
tan u = cot u = sin u sin v = 2 cos sin
cos u sin u 2 2
Co-Function Identities    
u+v uv
sin( u) = cos u cos( u) = sin u cos u + cos v = 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2

u+v
 
uv

tan( u) = cot u cot( u) = tan u cos u cos v = 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

csc( u) = sec u sec( u) = csc u Product-to-Sum Formulas
2 2
Parity Identities (Even & Odd) 1
sin u sin v = [cos(u v) cos(u + v)]
sin(u) = sin u cos(u) = cos u 2
tan(u) = tan u cot(u) = cot u 1
csc(u) = csc u sec(u) = sec u cos u cos v = [cos(u v) + cos(u + v)]
2
Sum & Difference Formulas 1
sin u cos v = [sin(u + v) + sin(u v)]
sin(u v) = sin u cos v cos u sin v 2
cos(u v) = cos u cos v sin u sin v
1
tan u tan v cos u sin v = [sin(u + v) sin(u v)]
tan(u v) = 2
1 tan u tan v
Double Angle Formulas
sin(2u) = 2 sin u cos u
cos(2u) = cos2 u sin2 u
= 2 cos2 u 1
= 1 2 sin2 u
2 tan u
tan(2u) =
1 tan2 u