TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

• Reciprocal identities • Power-Reducing/Half Angle For-

1 1 mulas
sin u = cos u =
csc u sec u 1 − cos(2u)
1 1 sin2 u =
tan u = cot u = 2
cot u tan u 1 + cos(2u)
1 1 cos2 u =
csc u = sec u = 2
sin u cos u 1 − cos(2u)
• Pythagorean Identities tan2 u =
1 + cos(2u)
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1
• Sum-to-Product Formulas
1 + tan2 u = sec2 u    
1 + cot2 u = csc2 u u+v u−v
sin u + sin v = 2 sin cos
2 2
• Quotient Identities
   
sin u cos u u+v u−v
tan u = cot u = sin u − sin v = 2 cos sin
cos u sin u 2 2
• Co-Function Identities    
π π u+v u−v
sin( − u) = cos u cos( − u) = sin u cos u + cos v = 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
π π 
u+v
 
u−v

tan( − u) = cot u cot( − u) = tan u cos u − cos v = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
π π
csc( − u) = sec u sec( − u) = csc u • Product-to-Sum Formulas
2 2
• Parity Identities (Even & Odd) 1
sin u sin v = [cos(u − v) − cos(u + v)]
sin(−u) = − sin u cos(−u) = cos u 2
tan(−u) = − tan u cot(−u) = − cot u 1
csc(−u) = − csc u sec(−u) = sec u cos u cos v = [cos(u − v) + cos(u + v)]
2
• Sum & Difference Formulas 1
sin u cos v = [sin(u + v) + sin(u − v)]
sin(u ± v) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v 2
cos(u ± v) = cos u cos v ∓ sin u sin v
1
tan u ± tan v cos u sin v = [sin(u + v) − sin(u − v)]
tan(u ± v) = 2
1 ∓ tan u tan v
• Double Angle Formulas
sin(2u) = 2 sin u cos u
cos(2u) = cos2 u − sin2 u
= 2 cos2 u − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 u
2 tan u
tan(2u) =
1 − tan2 u