CONSOLIDATION

SETTLEMENT
Originally prepared by BMH
Macam-macam
penurunan tanah:
- Penurunan
langsung
- Penurunan
konsolidasi primer
- Penurunan
sekunder
Cross section of a consolidometer
 Consolidation

• Test Results
Compression Index

de
Cc = −
d log σ c '
Consolidation

• Compression Index

e a − eb
Cc = −
(log σ z ' ) b − (log σ c ' ) a

• Recompression Index
ec − e d
Cr = −
(log σ z ' ) d − (log σ c ' ) c
 Calculation of Consolidation Settlement

• Normally consolidated soils

Cc  σ zf 
S =∑ H log  
1 + e0  σ 'z0 
 Overconsolidated Soils

Case 1: Case 2:

Cr  σ zf   C σ '
S = ∑  r H log ( c ) +
Cc σ ' zf 
S =∑ H log  
1 + e0 σ 'z0 1 + e0
H log (
σc' 

1 + e0  σ 'z0 
 Time Rate of Consolidation

• So far, only the magnitude of the settlement has been

computed
• Remember that the settlement does not occur
simultaneously
• Thus the time rate of settlement must now be computed
• Method based on work by Terzaghi in 1925
 Mathematical Derivation

• Assumptions:
- Clay-water system is homogeneous
- Saturation is complete
- Compressibility of water is negligible
- Compressibility of soil grains is negligible
- Water flows only in one direction (in direction of
loading)
- Darcy’s law is valid
 Penurunan Konsolidasi
1-D Terzaghi
• Aliran air dan pemampatan hanya
terjadi pada arah vertikal
• Lateral strain = nol
• Uji Oedometer
∂u ∂ u
2
= cv • cv = koef konsolidasi vertikal
∂t ∂z 2 • u = tekanan ekses air pori
 Mathematical Derivation

 ∂v x ∂v y ∂v z  1 ∂Ww 1 ∂e
− + + =  =
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  γ w ∂t 1 + e0 ∂t
∂h
v x = k x i x = −k x
∂x
∂h
v y = k yi y = −k y
∂y
∂h
vz = k zi z = −k z
∂z

∂ 2h ∂ 2h ∂ 2h γ ∂e
kx 2 + ky 2 + kz 2 = w
∂x ∂y ∂z 1 + e0 ∂t

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u γ ∂e
kx 2 + ky 2 + kz 2 = w
∂x ∂y ∂z 1 + e0 ∂t
 Mathematical Derivation
∂ 2u γ ∂e
kz 2 = w
∂z 1 + e0 ∂t

∂e ∂σ ∂  ∂σ ∂u w   ∂σ ∂u 
= − av = − a v (σ − u w ) = − a v  −  = − av  − 
∂t ∂t ∂t  ∂t ∂t   ∂t ∂t 

∂ 2u γ w a v  ∂σ ∂u 
=  − 
∂z 2 k z (1 + e0 )  ∂t ∂t 

∂ 2u γ w a v ∂u 1 ∂u k z (1 + e0 ) k
= = cv = = z av
∂z 2
k z (1 + e0 ) ∂t cv ∂t γ w av mv γ w mv =
(1 + e0 )

∂u ∂ 2u
= cv
∂t ∂z 2
 ∂u ∂ 2u
= cv
∂t ∂z 2

m =∞
 z  − M 2Tv π Tv =
cv t
Ue = ∑
2U 0
 sin M  e M = (2m + 1) Hd
2

m =0 M  H d 
2

m =∞
U z z
Degree of consolidation U z = 1 − e U z = 1− ∑ ) e − M Tv
2
(sin M
Uo m =0 M Hd

m =∞
2 − M 2Tv
Average deg ree of consolidation U v = 1 − ∑ 2
e
m =0 M

untuk U < 60% : untuk U > 60% :

π π U%  T = 1.781 − 0.933 log (100 − U %)

2

T= U2 =  
4 4  100 
BMH-December 2009 13
 Degree of consolidation

• Based on amount dissipation of excess pore water

pressure

Ue
U z = 1−
Uo

m =∞
z z
U z = 1− ∑ ) e − M Tv
2
(sin M
m =0 M Hd

BMH-December 2009 14
 Average degree of consolidation

• Frequently desired average degree of consolidation over

the whole layer of soil m =∞
2 − M 2Tv
Uv = 1− ∑ 2
e
m =0 M
untuk U < 60% :

π π U% 
2

T= U2 =  
4 4  100 
untuk U > 60% :

T = 1.781 − 0.933 log (100 − U %)

BMH-December 2009 15
 Approximate relationship

• To quickly relate dimensionless U to dimensionless Tv,

use:
 Coefficient of consolidation
• Coefficient of consolidation cv didapat melalui persamaan
2
T H
cv = i
ti
dimana Ti = time factor, H = panjang pengaliran maksimum, dan ti = waktu
yang diperlukan untuk mencapai i% konsolidasi, umumnya digunakan t50
Vertical drains

BMH-December 2009 19
 Aliran air arah radial
;
Proses terdisipasinya tekanan ekses air pori pada arah radial diatur
melalui persamaan sebagai berikut:
;
∂U e  ∂ 2U e 1 ∂U e 
= Ch  2 + 
∂t  ∂r r ∂r 

Untuk kasus vertical drain dan dengan asumsi kondisi equal strain,
maka solusi dari persamaan di atas adalah:

 − 2Th 
U h = 1 − exp  
 F ( n ) 
Ch ⋅ t re
dengan Th = 2
n=
re rw

n2
F ( n) = 2 ln(n) −
(+
)
3n 2 − 1 kr n 2 − 1
⋅ 2
n −1 4n 2
rw k n
BMH-December 2009 20
 Aliran air arah vertikal dan arah radial
Proses konsolidasi untuk aliran dua arah ini diatur
melalui persamaan sebagai berikut:
∂U e
∂t
= Cv
∂ 2U e
∂z
 ∂ 2U e 1 ∂U e 
+ Ch  2 + 

( )(
U vh = 1 − 1 − U v 1 − U h )
 ∂r r ∂r 
2

BMH-December 2009 21
Groundwater Engineering
(Vertical Drain)

BMH-December 2009 22
Radial drain (vertical drain)
Radial drain (vertical drain)
with smear
Radial drain (vertical drain)
with smear
Contoh Presentasi Desain PVD
untuk beberapa konfigurasi
Efek Variable Disain Terhadap Settlement Pada Masa Setelah Konstruksi Untuk
Timbunan Preload Menggunakan Sand Drain (Ladd, 1975)
Typical sand (vertical) drain installation
Stabilization of Soft Clay Foundation with Vertical Sand Drains,
Stability Berm, Stage Construction and Surcharge Fill