MC ASSIGNMENT # 2

Title:
Partial Differential Equations
Course Code:
MATH-110
Course Title:
Multivariable Calculus
Submitted To:
Mam Sadia
Submitted By:
Name Roll No
Ahsan Nawaz 18251598-008
Jahanzaib 18251598-020
Muhammad Umar Raza 18251598-022

Program: ( BS-SE) Semester: 2nd

 Partial differential equation
In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential
equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial
derivatives. PDEs are used to formulate problems involving functions of several
variables, and are either solved by hand, or used to create a computer model. A
special case is ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which deal
with functions of a single variable and their derivatives.
PDEs can be used to describe a wide variety of phenomena such
as sound, heat, diffusion, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid
dynamics, elasticity, or quantum mechanics. 

 Heat Equation
 Wave Equation
 Cauchy Riemann Equation
 Laplace Equation

1) Wave Equation
A partial differential equation of the second order whose solutions
describes wave phenomenon. The wave equation is an important second-order
linear partial differential equation for the description of waves, as they occur
in classical physics, such as mechanical waves (e.g. water waves, sound
waves and seismic waves) or light waves. It arises in fields
like acoustics, electromagnetics, and fluid dynamics.

Equation:
d2 u 2 d2 u
2
=c 2
dt dx

Example:
u ( x , t )=sin( cwt )sin ¿ ¿
∂u ∂
= sin ( wx ) sin ¿
∂t ∂t
= sin ( wx ) cos ¿ .cw
= cw sin ( wx ) cos ¿
 ∂ ∂u ∂
= [cw sin ( wx ) cos ¿]
∂t ∂t ∂t
∂
=cw sin ( wx ) cos ¿
∂t
= cw sin ( wx ) {-sin(cwt ). cw }

∂2 u
= -c 2 w2 sin ( wx ) sin(cwt ) Eq
∂ t2
1

∂u ∂
∂x
= ∂x
sin(cwt )sin ( wx )

∂
= sin(cwt ) sin ( wx )
∂x
= w sin(cwt ) cos ¿

∂ ∂u ∂
∂x ∂x
= ∂x
[ w sin (cwt )cos ¿ ]

2
∂ u
= w sin (cwt ) [ -sin ( wx ).w ]
∂ x2
= -w 2 sin (cwt )sin ( wx ) Eq 2
From Eq 1 & Eq 2

d2 u 2 d2 u
=c
dt 2 dx 2

2) Laplace Equation
The Laplace equation is also a special case of the Helmholtz equation.
The general theory of solutions to Laplace's equation is known as potential
theory. The solutions of Laplace's equation are the harmonic functions, which
are important in branches of physics, notably electrostatics, gravitation,
and fluid dynamics. 

Equation:
 2 2
∂ z ∂ z
2 + 2 =0
∂x ∂y

Example:
z ( x , y ) = x 2− y 2
∂z ∂ ¿ 2
= [ x ¿ 2− y ]¿
∂x ∂x
∂ 2 ∂ 2
= x− y
∂x ∂x
= 2 x−¿ 0
= 2x

2
∂ z ∂
2 =
¿ 2x ¿
∂x ∂x

=2 Eq 1

∂z ∂
= [ x 2− y 2 ]
∂y ∂y
∂ 2 −∂ 2
= x y
∂y ∂y
= 0 −¿ 2y
= −¿ 2y
2
∂ z ∂
2 = ( −¿ 2y )
∂y ∂ y

= −¿ 2 Eq 2
From Eq 1 & Eq 2
2 2
∂ z
2
+ ∂ z2 = 0
∂x ∂y

Polar Form:
z ( x , y ) = x 2− y 2

Let ( r , θ ) be the coordinates of z ( x , y )

 u ¿ rcos θ , y=¿rsin θ

r 2 ¿ x 2+ y 2
z ( r , θ ) ¿ r2 ∴ x 2+ y 2 ¿ r 2

So
z ( r , θ ) ¿ r 2 is the polar form of z ( x , y ) = x 2− y 2

3) Heat Equation
The heat equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that describes the
distribution of heat (or variation in temperature) in a given region over time.

Equation:

z (x , t)

∂z ∂2 z
=c 2
∂t ∂x
Where c is a constant.

Example:
z = e−t sin ¿

∂z ∂2 z
=c 2
∂t ∂x
∂z ∂
L.H.S = [ e−t sin ¿ ]
∂t ∂t
∂ −t
= sin ¿ e
∂t
= -e−t sin ¿ Eq 1
∂z ∂
= [ e−t sin ¿
∂x ∂x
−t ∂
=e sin ¿
∂x
−t x 1
= e cos ( )
c c

e−t cos x
=
c c
 ∂2 z e−t ∂ x
2=
cos
∂x c ∂x c

e−t 1
= ( -sin ¿)
c c

∂2 z e−t
=¿ - sin ¿
∂ x2 c2

∂2 z
2 = -e sin ¿
2
c −t
Eq 2
∂x
So the given function satisfy the heat equation.

4) Cauchy Riemann Equation

In mathematics, the Cauchy Riemann equation consist of a system of two partial
differential equations which, together with certain continuity and
differentiability criteria, form a necessary and sufficient condition for a complex
function to be complex differentiable, that is, holomorphic.
In Cartesian plane
∂u ∂v
=
∂x ∂ y
∂u ∂v
=-
∂y ∂x

Example:
Let f ( x )= y −2 xy +i ( x 2− y 2−x ) + z 2 with z=x +iy find value of z for which f ' ( z ) ∃

f ( x )= y −2 xy +i ( x − y −x ) + z
2 2 2

Also we have z=x +iy

Substituting the value of z

f ( x )= y −2 xy +i ( x 2− y 2−x ) +( x +iy )2

= y−2 xy +i ( x2 − y 2−x ) + x 2+i 2 y 2+2 xyi

= y−2 xy +i ( x2 − y 2−x )+ x 2− y 2 +2 xyi

= x 2− y 2 +2 xy + y+i(x 2− y 2 −x+2 xy )
 Let u ( x , y ) = x 2− y 2−2 xy + y

& v ( x , y ) = −x + x 2− y 2+ 2 xy
∂u ∂
= ( x 2− y 2−2 xy + y )
∂x ∂x

= 2 x−0−2 y [ ]
∂
∂x
x +0

∂u
=2 x−2 y Eq 1
∂x
∂u ∂ 2 2
= ( x − y −2 xy + y ¿
∂y ∂y
= 0−2 y−2 x +1

∂u
=1−2 x −2 y Eq 2
∂y
∂v ∂
= (−x + x 2− y 2+ 2 xy ¿
∂x ∂x
= −1+2 x−0+2 y

∂v
=−1+2 x+ 2 y Eq 3
∂x
∂v ∂
= ( (−x + x 2− y 2+ 2 xy )
∂y ∂y
= −0+ 0−2 y +2 x

∂v
=2 x−2 y Eq 4
∂y
So By Eq 1 & Eq 3
∂u ∂v
=
∂x ∂ y
And By Eq 2 & Eq 4
∂u −∂ v
=
∂ y ∂x
Hence this function satisfies Cauchy Riemann equation.

Polar Form:
∂u ∂ v ∂ u ∂v
r = , =−r
∂r ∂θ ∂θ ∂r
Example:
f ( z )=r 2 cos (2 θ ) +i r 2 sin θ 2
Let u=r 2 cos 2θ

∂u
=ur =2rcos 2 θ Eq 1
∂r
∂u
=uθ=r [ −sin2 θ .2 ]=−2r
2 2 Eq 2
∂θ sin2 θ

2
v=r sin(2¿θ) ¿
∂v
=v r =2 r sin2 θ Eq 3
∂r
∂v
=v 2
∂ θ θ =r cos 2θ (2 )

= 2r 2 cos 2 θ Eq 4
By Eq 2
∂v 2
=−2 r sin2 θ
∂θ
¿−r (2 r sin 2θ)
∂v ∂v
=−r
∂θ ∂r
By Eq 4
∂v 2
=2 r cos 2θ
∂θ
¿ r (2 r cos 2 θ)
∂v ∂u
=r
∂θ ∂r
Which shows that following function satisfies Cauchy Rienmann equation.