TRIGONOMETRY

Right Triangle Definitions Circular Definitions Other Identities

opp adj y x
sin θ = cos θ = sin θ = cos θ =
hyp hyp r r sin x cos x
tan x = cot x =
opp adj y x cos x sin x
tan θ = cotθ = tan θ = cotθ =
adj opp x y 1 1
sec x = csc x =
hyp hyp r r cos x sin x
sec θ = csc θ = sec θ = csc θ =
adj opp x y

Reduction Formulas Sum and Difference Formulas Pythagorean Identities

2 2
sin( − x ) = − sin( x ) cos( − x ) = cos( x ) cos(u ± v ) = cos u ⋅ cos v ∓ sin u ⋅ sin v sin θ + cos θ = 1
2 2
tan( − x ) = − tan( x ) cot( − x ) = − cot( x ) sin(u ± v ) = sin u ⋅ cos v ± cos u ⋅ sin v 1 + tan θ = sec θ
sec( − x ) = sec( x ) csc( − x ) = − csc( x ) tan u ± tan v 2
1 + cot θ = csc θ
2
tan(u ± v ) =
1 ∓ tan u ⋅ tan v

Double Angle Formulas Power Reducing Formulas Cofunction Identities

sin(2u ) = 2 sin u cos u
1 − cos(2u ) ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
2
cos(2u ) = cos u − sin u
2 2
sin u = sin ⎜ − x ⎟ = cos x cos ⎜ − x ⎟ = sin x
2 2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
cos(2u ) = 2 cos u − 1
2 1 + cos(2u ) ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
cos(2u ) = 1 − 2 sin u
2 cos u = tan ⎜ − x ⎟ = cot x cot ⎜ − x ⎟ = tan x
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
2 tan u 1 − cos(2u ) ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
tan(2u ) = 2
2
tan u = sec ⎜ − x ⎟ = csc x csc ⎜ − x ⎟ = sec x
1 − tan u 1 + cos(2u ) ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

Product to Sum Formulas Special Angles

sin u sin v = 0.5[cos(u − v ) − cos(u + v )] π 3 π 2 π 1 π
cos 0 = 1 cos = cos = cos = cos =0
cos u cos v = 0.5[cos(u − v ) + cos(u + v )] 6 2 4 2 3 2 2
sin u cos v = 0.5[sin(u + v ) + sin(u − v )] π 1 π 2 π 3 π
sin 0 = 0 sin = sin = sin = sin =1
cos u sin v = 0.5[sin(u + v ) − sin(u − v )] 6 2 4 2 3 2 2

Derivative Rules
d d d 1 d x x
sin x = cos x cos x = − sin x d
arcsin x =
1 ln x = a = ln a ⋅ a
dx dx 2 dx x dx
dx 1− x
d 2 d 2 d d n n −1
tan x = sec x cot x = − csc x d 1 cosh x = sinh x x = n⋅x
dx dx arctan x = 2 dx dx
dx x +1
d d d
sec x = sec x tan x csc x = − csc x cot x d 1 sinh x = cosh x
dx dx arc sec x = dx
2
dx x x −1