Trigonometry

Tangent and Cotangent Identities

Definition of the cos(2θ) = cos²θ-
sin θ cos θ sin²θ
Trig Functions tanθ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ = 2cos²θ-1
=1-2sin²θ
Right Triangle Definition
For this definition we assume that 2tan θ
tan(2θ ) =
Reciprocal Identities 1-tan ²θ
1 1
csc θ = sin θ = Degrees to Radians Formulas
sin θ csc θ
If x is an angle in degrees and t is
1 1
secθ = cos θ = an angle in radians then
cos θ sec θ
π t πx 180t
1 1 = ⇒ t = and x =
cot θ = tanθ = 180 x 180 π
tan θ cot θ
π
0<θ <
2 Pythagorean Identities
or 0°< θ <90°
sin²θ + cos²θ =
opposite hypotenuse 1 Half Angle Formulas
sin θ = csc θ =
hypotenuse opposite tan²θ + 1 = θ 1-cosθ 1
cos θ =
adjacent
sec θ =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
adjacent
sec² θ
1 + cot²θ =
sin
2
= ±
2√ sin² θ = (1-cos(2 θ ))
2
θ 1+cos 1
cos²θθ = (1+cos(2θ ))
tanθ =
opposite
cot θ =
adjacent
adjacent
opposite
csc²θ cos
2
= ±
2√ 2
Even/Odd Formulas θ 1-cosθ 1-cos(2θ )
Unit circle definition sin(-θ) = csc(- θ) =
tan
2
= ±
√ tan² θ =
1+cos θ 1+ cos (2 θ)
For this definition θ is any angle. -sinθ -cscθ
cos(-θ) = sec(- θ) = Sum and Difference Formulas
cosθ secθ sin(α±β) =
tan(-θ) = cot(-θ) = sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ
-tanθ -cotθ cos(α±β) =
cosαcosβ∓sinαsinβ
Periodic Formulas tan α ± tan β
tan( α ± β ) =
If n is an integer. 1 ∓ tan α tan β
y
sin θ = = θ+2πn)
sin( 1 = csc(θ+2πn) =
1
sinθ cscθ Product to Sum Formulas
x
cos θ = = θ+2πn)
cos( 1 = sec(θ+2πn) = 1
1 sin α sinβ = [ cos(α - β )-cos ( α + β ) ]
cosθ secθ 2
y tan(θ+πn) = cot(θ+πn) =
tanθ = 1
x tanθ cotθ cos α cos β = [ cos( α - β )+cos( α+ β ) ]
2
1
Formulas and Double Angle Formulas sin α cos β = [ sin( α +β )+sin ( α - β ) ]
2
sin(2θ) =
Identities 2sinθcosθ
1
cos α sin β = [ sin( α +β )-sin ( α - β ) ]
2
Cofunction Formulas 1
(x)) = x =θ 1
tan ( α - γ )
a-c 2
( π2 - θ) = coscos π -1 -1
sin(sin (x)) sin (sin(θ))
sin θ ( - θ ) = sin θ =
2 =x =θ a+c 1
tan ( α + γ )
tan(tan- tan-1(tan(θ)) 2
π π
csc ( - θ )= secsec
θ ( - θ )= csc θ 1
(x) ) =x =θ
2 2
Mollweide’s Formula
π π
tan ( - θ ) = cotcot
θ ( - θ) = tanθ Alternate Notation
2 2
sin-1x =
arcsinx
cos-1x =
arccosx
tan-1x =
arctanx

Law of Sines,
Inverse Trig Cosines &
Functions Tangents
Definition
y=sin-1x is equivalent to
x=siny
y=cos-1x is equivalent
to x=cosy
Law of Sines
y=tan-1x is equivalent to
sin α sinβ sin γ
x=tany = =
a b c
Domain and Range
Law of Cosines
Functi
Domain Range a2=b2+c2-
on
2bccosα
Y=sin- π π
-1≤ x ≤1 - ≤ y≤ b2=a2+c2-
1
x 2 2
2accosβ
Y=cos- 0≤ y ≤
1 -1≤ x ≤1 c2=a2+b2-
x π
2abcosγ
Y=tan- -∞≤ x π π
- ≤ y≤
1
x ≤∞ 2 2 Law of Tangents
1
tan ( α - β )
a-b 2
=
a+b 1
tan ( α + β )
2
1
tan ( β - γ )
b-c 2
=
b+c 1
tan ( β + γ )
Inverse Properties 2
cos(cos- cos-1(cos(θ))
 1
cos ( α - β )
a+b 2
=
c 1
sin γ
2

Unit Circle
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x y, ) : cosθ= x and sinθ = y