Trigonometric Formula Sheet

Definition of the Trigonometric

Functions
Right Triangle Definition Unit Circle Definition
Assume that: Assume θ can be any angle.
0 < θ < π2 or 0◦ < θ < 90◦
y

(x, y)

hypotenuse 1
y
perpendicular θ
x
x
θ
base

perp hyp
sin θ = csc θ = y 1
hyp perp sin θ = csc θ =
1 y
base hyp x 1
cos θ = sec θ =
hyp base cos θ =
1
sec θ =
x
perp base y x
tan θ = cot θ = tan θ = cot θ =
base perp x y

Domains of the Trigonometric Functions

sin θ, ∀ θ ∈ (−∞, ∞) csc θ, ∀ θ 6= nπ, where n ∈ Z
 1
cos θ, ∀ θ ∈ (−∞, ∞) sec θ, ∀ θ 6= n + π, where n ∈ Z
2
 1
tan θ, ∀ θ 6= n + π, where n ∈ Z cot θ, ∀ θ 6= nπ, where n ∈ Z
2

Ranges of the Trigonometric Functions

−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 csc θ ≥ 1 and csc θ ≤ −1
−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 sec θ ≥ 1 and sec θ ≤ −1
−∞ ≤ tan θ ≤ ∞ −∞ ≤ cot θ ≤ ∞

1
 Identities and Formulas
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
r
sin θ cos θ 1 − cos(2θ)
tan θ = cot θ = sin θ = ±
cos θ sin θ 2
r
Reciprocal Identities 1 + cos(2θ)
cos θ = ±
1 1 2
sin θ = cosec θ = s
cosec θ sin θ 1 − cos(2θ)
1 1 tan θ = ±
cos θ = sec θ = 1 + cos(2θ)
sec θ cos θ
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1
tan θ = cot θ =
cot θ tan θ sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

Pythagorean Identities cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1
tan α ± tan β
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2
Product to Sum Formulas
θ
Even and Odd Formulas
1
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
sin(−θ) = − sin θ cosec(−θ) = − cosec θ 2
cos(−θ) = cos θ sec(−θ) = sec θ cot(−θ) 1
cos α cos β = [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
tan(−θ) = − tan θ = − cot θ 2
1
Periodic Formulas sin α cos β = [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
2
If n is an integer 1
cos α sin β = [sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)]
sin(θ + 2πn) = sin θ cosec(θ + 2πn) = cosec θ 2
cos(θ + 2πn) = cos θ sec(θ + 2πn) = sec θ Sum to Product Formulas
tan(θ + πn) = tan θ cot(θ + πn) = cot θ    
α+β α−β
Double Angle Formulas sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
α+β α−β
sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
cos(2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
= 2 cos2 θ − 1 2 2
   
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ α+β α−β
cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan θ
tan(2θ) = Cofunction Formulas
1 − tan2 θ
π  π 
Degrees to Radians Formulas sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in 2 2
π  π 
radians then: cosec − θ = sec θ sec − θ = cosec θ
2 2
π t πx 180◦ t π  π 
= ⇒ t = and x = tan − θ = cot θ cot − θ = tan θ
180◦ x 180◦ π 2 2

2
 Unit Circle
(0, 1)

√
3 90◦ , π2 √
3
(− 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)
√ √ √ √
2 2 2 2
(− 2
, 2
) ( 2
, 2
)
120◦ , 2π
3
60◦ , π3
√ √
(− 3 1
, ) 135◦ , 3π
4
45◦ , π4 ( 3 1
, )
2 2 2 2

150◦ , 5π
6
30◦ , π6

180◦ , π
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
0◦ , 2π

210◦ , 7π
6
330◦ , 11π
6
√ √
3 3
(− 2
, − 12 ) 225◦ , 5π 315◦ , 7π ( 2
, − 21 )
4 4

√ √
240◦ , 4π
3
300◦ , 5π
3 √ √
2
(− 2
, − 22 ) ( 2
2
, − 2
2
)
√ √
3 3
(− 12 , − 2
) ( 12 , − 2
)
270◦ , 3π
2

(0, −1)

F or any ordered pair on the unit circle (x, y) : cos θ = x and sin θ = y

Example
√
cos ( 7π
6) = − 23 sin ( 7π 1
6 ) = −2

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 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
These properties hold for x in the domain and θ in
θ = sin−1 (x) is equivalent to x = sin θ the range

θ = cos−1 (x) is equivalent to x = cos θ

sin(sin−1 (x)) = x sin−1 (sin(θ)) = θ
θ = tan−1 (x) is equivalent to x = tan θ
cos(cos−1 (x)) = x cos−1 (cos(θ)) = θ

Domain and Range tan(tan−1 (x)) = x tan−1 (tan(θ)) = θ

Function Domain Range

Other Notations
π π
θ = sin−1 (x) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤θ≤
2 2
sin−1 (x) = arcsin(x)
−1
θ = cos (x) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤θ≤π
cos−1 (x) = arccos(x)
−1 π π
θ = tan (x) −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ − <θ<
2 2
tan−1 (x) = arctan(x)

Law of Sines, Cosines, and Tangents

a c

γ α
b

Law of Sines Law of Tangents

sin α sin β sin γ a−b tan 12 (α − β)
= = =
a b c a+b tan 12 (α + β)
Law of Cosines
b−c tan 12 (β − γ)
=
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos α b+c tan 12 (β + γ)

b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos β a−c tan 12 (α − γ)

=
a+c tan 21 (α + γ)
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ

4
 f (x)

f (x) = sin(x)

1√
3
2
√
2
2

1
2

x
0 π π π 2π 3π 5π 7π 5π 4π 5π 7π 11π
6 4 3
π
3 4 6
π 6 4 3
3π
3 4 6 2π
2 2

− 12
√
2
− 2
√
− 23
-1

 √
5π  2
Example : sin =−
4 2

f (x)

f (x) = cos(x)

1√
3
2
√
2
2

1
2

x
0 π π π 2π 3π 5π 7π 5π 4π 5π 7π 11π
6 4 3
π
3 4 6
π 6 4 3
3π
3 4 6 2π
2 2

− 12
√
2
− 2
√
− 23
-1

 √
7π  3
Example : cos =−
6 2

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 − π2 f (x) π
2

f (x) = tan x

√
3

1
√
3
3

x
− π3 − π4 − π6 0 π π π
−π − 5π 3π 2π
6 − 4 − 3 6 4 3
2π
3
3π
4
5π
6
π
√
3
− 3

−1

√
− 3

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