Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus

Department 1, Institute of Mathematics

Chair for Numerical Mathematics an Scientific Computing
Prof. Dr. G. Bader, Dr. A. Pawell

Problem Session to the Course: Mathematics I

Environmental and Resource Management WS 2002/03
Solutions to Sheet No. 13 (Deadline: January, 27/28 2002)

Homework
H 13.1: Eigenvalues of A: 1 = 1, 2/3 = 1
Eigenvectors:
1 = 1:

2 0 0
1
0 1 1 ~x = 0, ~x = (0, 1, 1)T , ~c1 = (0, 1, 1)T
0 1 1 2

2/3 = 1:

1
~c2 = (0, 1, 1)T , ~c3 = (1, 0, 0)T
2

0 0 1

C= 1 1 0 .
2 2
12 1
2
0

q(~x) = ~xT A~x = x21 + 2x2 x3 .

B = C, C T AC = diag(1, 1, 1)

q(C~y ) = (C~y )T A(C~y ) = ~y T C T AC~y = ~y T diag(1, 1, 1)~y = y12 y22 y32 .

1 1 1
H 13.2: det(A E) = det 0 1 5 =
0 1 1

(1 )[(1 )(1 ) + 5] = (1 )[4 + 2 ] = 0

 1 = 1, 2/3 = 2i

Eigenvectors:

1 1 1
0 1 5 ~x = ~0
0 1 1

1 = 1:

0 1 1
0 0 5 , ~x = t(1, 0, 0)T
0 1 2

1 = 2i:

1 2i 1 1
0 1 2i 5 ~x = ~0
0 1 1 2i

1 2i 1 1  T
2i
0 1 1 2i ~x = ~0, ~x = , 1 2i, 1
1 2i
0 0 0

1 = 2i:

1 + 2i 1 1
0 1 + 2i 5 ~x = ~0
0 1 1 + 2i

1 + 2i 1 1  T
~ 2i
0 1 1 + 2i ~x = 0, ~x = , 1 + 2i, 1
1 + 2i
0 0 0
 
1 1
H 13.3: det(A E) = det = (1 )(3 ) 1 = 2 4 + 2.
1 3
Eigenvalues:

1/2 = 2 2

Eigenvectors: = 2 + 2


 
1 2 1
1 ~x = ~0, ~x = p (1 + 2, 1)T
1 1 2 42 2

=2 2


 
1 + 2 1
1 ~x = ~0, ~x = p (1 2, 1)T
1 1+ 2 4+2 2

2

1+
2 1 2


B 42 2 4+2 2
1 1

42 2 4+2 2

 
2+ 2 0
B 1 = B T , B 1 AB =
0 2 2

Additional Problems

5 2 0
P 13.1: det(A E) = det 2 5 0 =
0 0 3

(3 ) (5 )2 4 = 2 10 + 21 = 0

1 = 7, 2,3 = 3.

2 2 0 1
1
2 2 0 ~x = ~0, ~x1 = 1
0 0 4 2 0

2 2 0 1 0
1
2 2 0 ~x = ~0, ~x2 = 1 , ~x3 = 0
0 0 0 2 0 1

1 1 0
1
C= 1 1 0
2 0 0 2

1 1 0 5 2 0 1 1 0
1
C T AC = 1 1 0 2 5 0 1 1 0 =
2
0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 2

14 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 0
1
0 6 0 = 0 3 0 = 0 2 0
2
0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 3

b)

q(~x) = ~xT A~x = 5x21 + 4x1 x2 + 5x22 + x23

7 0 0
q(~y ) := q(C~y ) = q(~x) = ~y T 0 3 0 ~y = 7y12 + 3y22 + 3y32
0 0 6

The transformation ~x = C~y is an orthogonal transformation of the coor-

dinate system. det C = 1 the transformation is a rotation of the
coordinate system.

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1
C= 1 1 0 = 1 0 0 1 1 0 =
2 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2

3




0 1 0 cos 4
sin 4
0
1
0 0 sin 4 cos 4 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

Reflection about x2 = x1 and a rotation by 4 around the origin.


T 0, i 6= j
P 13.2: C = (~c1 , . . . , ~cn ), ~ci ~cj = , A~ci = i~ci .
1, i = j

C T AC = C T (A~c1 , . . . , A~cn ) = C T (1~c1 , . . . , n~cn ) =

1~cT1 ~c1 n~cT1 ~cn

...
... = diag(1 , . . . , n ).
1~cTn ~c1 ... n~cTn ~cn

P 13.3: The quadratic form q is given by

 
1 1
q(~x) = x21 2x1 x2 + 2x22 = ~xT A~x = ~xT ~x
1 2

Eigenvalues of A

(1 )(2 ) 1 = 1 3 + 2 = 0

3 5
1/2 =
2 2

Eigenvectors:

!T
3 5 1 1 5
= + ~c1 = q ,1
2 2 10 5 2 2
4 2

!T
3 5 1 1 5
= ~c1 = q + ,1
2 2 10 5 2 2
4 + 2

C = (~c1 , ~c2 )
!
3 5 3 5
C T AC = diag + ,
2 2 2 2

! !
T T T 3 5 3 5
q(C~y ) = (C~y ) AC~y = ~y C AC~y = + y12 + y22
2 2 2 2

Problems can be downloaded from the internet site:

http://www.math.tu-cottbus.de/pawell/education/erm/erm.html