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Nema 23 PDF
Nema 23 PDF
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PiSc
FOREwom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
SCOPE ............................................. ii
Sectkn 1 REFERENCEDSTANDARDS AND DEPlNlONS .................... 1
RefaencedSEancbrrds ..................................... 1
Definithm ........................................... 1
sectm2 CONSTRUCTION ....................................... 3
'I)pesofSteamT .................................... 3
CiassiedbyExhaustcaiditiasis.............................. 3
. -N Tiabmc .................................. 3
CoadensingTUrbinc ................................... 3
classified by Number of Stages and Coam1Valves .................... 3
SingleValveSingieSEagC'Iirrbint ............................ 3
Single Vaive MuuistegeMine ............................. 3
Multi* sil@ stage m i
n e ............................ 3
Muitivaive Muitisiage'ixine ............................. 3
C i a s s i d b y ~ N e e d s................................ 3
controlled (Alumtic) Exeraction Turbine ....................... 3
NoncwtrolletiExtractiosi nlrbhw ............................ 3
Noacontrolled Induction 'linbine ............................ 3
CmmUed InQiCtim(Mixdnesslire) M e ..................... 3
InductimExtractionTirrbine .............................. 3
SteamIIiabinecctUl~ts.................................. 3
Turbinecasmg ....................................... 3
SteamInletEndseCtion ................................. 3
ExhaustEI?dstction ................................... 3
Irlemedia&sactiw ................................... 4
Steam Chest (GOV~IIKN vahe Body) ............................ 4
SteamRing ......................................... 4
Nozzles ........................................... 4
StatiomyReveEngBladcs ................................ 4
StationaryRevczsingCham~ .............................. 4
Diciphragm ......................................... 4
sw.nlrbirbe ........................................ 4
ImpuIseStage ...................................... 4
ReactianStage ...................................... 4
shaftseals ......................................... 4
casingshaftseals ..................................... 4
Intemagestlaftseals .................................. 4
BearingHousing ...................................... 4
Bearings ........................................... 4
RacaiBcarings ..................................... 4
ThnistBearings ..................................... 5
AntitiCtianBearings ................................... 5
RotorAssembly ....................................... 5
wheels@iscs) ......................................... 5
Biades(Buckets) ........................................ 5
Shroud ............................................. 5
Handvalve@) ......................................... 5
RotectiveDevice ....................................... 5
COnmhgDevi~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ExtemalcontrolDevice .................................... 5
WamingDeVice ........................................ 5
10
GuaranteedSteamRate ................................. 10
Iiirbineconnectiais...................................... 10
outputshaftExte~.................................. 10
Steamcohus ..................................... 10
...................................
AuxiliaryconnectionS 10
LlbiClUb ........................................... 10
NonpFessurelSpeLubncation (Single stage lbbines) .................. 10
oil Lulnicztred sleeve Beanngs (HarizwEalTiirbines) ................. 10
G?ease or oillubricatadAntinictionBearings ..................... 10
pressurelslpeoilLu~ ............................... 11
.......................................
InProduction 11
Oilnrmpr ........................................ 11
.......................................
oilReservoir 11
oilcooler ........................................ 11
OilFdt~zs......................................... 11
section2
piping and Instnunentation
nwisons for the Esrvin>nment
...............................
................................
.
11
12
Eaclosufe .......................................... 12
Exposwe to Nanrral Elements ............................... 12
Exposure to Abnonnal Ahnphedic conditioas ...................... 12
GeneraiRequiremeats ..................................... 12
PltsSureandTempemmRanges ............................. 12
vibration .......................................... 12
Singlestagerbim .................................. 12
M d t i s t a g e r b ~ ................................... 12
clitwspeeds.L................................... 13
NameplateData ....................................... 13
Sedkn 3 CONTROLS .......................................... 17
GoveaningSystem ....................................... 17
SpeedGOmar ....................................... 17
Multivariable Govexnor ................................... 17
CoatmlMeChanism ..................................... 17
GOvmorconmlled WVe(S) ............................... 17
Servomom System ..................................... 17
E x t e m a l C d D e v i w .................................. 17
Speedcbangetlype ................................... 17
RemoteSetPointQpe .................................. 17
Valve Actuating- .................................. 17
speedchanger ....................................... 17
Speed Govaning System classification ............................ 17
SpeedRange ........................................ 18
Maximums@Rise .................................... 18
speedvariation ....................................... 18
DeadBand ........................................ 18
stability ......................................... 18
Speed Regulation. Steady State .............................. 18
steamPressurecaritrd .................................... ZQ
PressureRegUlatingSysea~................................ m
PressureRegUlatw ..................................... m
Control MechaniSn ..................................... 20
nessUre Controlled Wves ................................. 20
pressurechanger ...................................... 20
SteadyStatePxess~mRe guuion .............................. m
PressureReguiatioaiC . ............................ A)
stability ........................................... 21
pressure control perfamilmce ............................... 21
Compensated coatrol System ................................. 21
Electronic Governing System ................................. 21
Basic Features ........................................ 21
Accessones ......................................... 21
Control Primiries ..................................... 21
Control of inuctimor Extracoon ............................ 21
Missing Signai Detection Featrae ............................ 22
SensorRedundancy ................................... 22
OverSpeeaTnp ...................................... 22
Genexal ........................................... 22
Automatic S t a t Conmk ................................... 22
p.pc
secth4 PRECTiON ......................................... 23
BasicFeaues ......................................... 23
UanUalTrip ......................................... 23
Overspeed'LtipSystem ................................... 23
OverspeedScnsingD ................................. 23
n i p speed .......................................... 23
nipvalve .......................................... 23
Combined 'Ltip and IhrottltValve ............................. 23
overspeednipsystemsetting ............................... 23
secSIon5 FACIDRYTESTING ..................................... 25
'Iiirbine ............................................. 25
HydroTd .......................................... 25
NoLoadRUnmngTesc ................................... 25
Sectbn6 SOUNDPESSUREJEVELS ................................ 27
Gtaeral ............................................. n
swnd3essweLev& ..................................... 27
soSmd~LevelMtasuremcntprocedme........................ 27
Camction for BacLgrwnd Noise ............................... 28
souadResolution ....................................... 28
Instnuneats........................................... 28
S d A e nd o n ....................................... 29
sectm7 PRapARATI0NFORS"TANDSTORAGE .................... 31
S h i j l p i D g R e ......................................
~ 31
Shipneat ............................................ 31
W i t and Storage of Equipmeat .............................. 31
sectkn8 INSTALLAIION ....................................... 33
In-tion ........................................... 33
SupervisionOfIaseallation ................................... 33
........................................... 33
Fouudation ......................................... 33
steam Inlet and Exhaust Piping ............................... 33
C i e a m n g o f ~ S t e a m P i p i n g............................. 34
SteamPipingSystems ..................................... 36
I n e t i o n ......................................... 36
........................
The Piping noblem as Applied to ?brbines 36
...............................
F3nwDue to Stearn Pressure 36
F3nwDue to Temperatwe .................................. 38
.................................
FarcesDue to Dead Weight 40
....................
AuowaMe Fces and Moments on Sttam Turbines 41
DrainPiping .......................................... 42
Iak-ofli ........................................... 42
Fuil-FiowReii&Device.................................... 42
CoUptingAlignmcnt ...................................... 44
Grwting ............................................ 44
FlushingiiSystem ...................................... 44
seCtrOn9 OPERATONANDMAINTENANCE ............................ 51
In-tim .......................................... 51
operatioa ............................................ 51
Noncondensin . g'Ihrbine ..........
' g 'hbine opetatianof aMultisragecondensia 51
'I)pical SEertmg Seqaence fima Steam nirbine ........................ 51
Maintlmance .......................................... 51
Intluduction ......................................... 51
pige
SeCtknS
UitemalWaterWashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
steamhinty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Sacth10 INQUIRYGUIDE.. ..................................... 67
Section 1
REFERENCEDSTANDARDS AND DEFINITIONS
AmtriamNationolStandandsInstitute
1430Broadway
NewYork,NY 10018
J h t Ililrinnfactprors Association
25 North Broadway
-,NY 10591
The S t a d a d sf the IIqmsion Jont Matu#actmrs AssocirrtiOn (1980)
(198s Addendum).
Riuiont-An -t deviarian in SM
caiceaoicityiodicattdbytheoatputofaprmimityprobc
whichisduetovariatiaas in the electricalcondllctivjty
magnetiCpopertiesOfthtobsavedshaftsraface.
EntrrippedEwrgy-'Ibe~whichcemainsintk
volume of steam bappad betweem the turbine and a trip
valve ur notmew Valve.
FhibleShriPt-Ashaftwhichisintendedfmapera0ioa
atspeedsgreaterthanthe firstlateral c r i h i speed.
Hmting-Te oscillationof speed or other c011PD)led
pamnmx above and below the mean vaiue. An MsEable
coaditioll.
Hydno --A test fm leairs and mtegrity 0fthepn~-
smecontainingcompentsofthe turbinebypressip1pag
with water.
ntemaiWaterW~g-Aproceduremwhichsteam
having a high percentage of moisture is hjecte into the
tuhine forthepinpose of removhg water soiuble &posits
from the tirrbine blades and aozzles.
SM 23-1991
Page 2
SM 23-1991
Page 3
Section 2
CONSTRUCTION
SM 23-1991
page4
2.2.8.2 R ~ C T I OSTAGE
N
A reaction stage consists of stationary expanSion
nozzie(s)discharginghighvelocitysteamjetsaitherotat-
ingblades.Apressuredropoccursinboththesiatioaary
and rotatingelements.
NEMAStandard-21-107B.
229 shaftseals
2.28.1 CASING SHAFT SEALS
Casingshaftsealsminimizetheleakageofsteamoutof
uie casing dong tbe shaft.
For condensing turbines, seals are arranged to jxemt
rhe entnuiceof airinto the casingdong the ShaR *yare
aaraaged fur the admifipimi of steam at a canstant low
pressmcand low mperalme.
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
2.2.10 Beerlngtlouslng
Abearing housing Coataias andsupputs abeariagfs)
andisequippedwithseaistopreventlccageofdaodttie
entnince of m o h , dust,and foreign matmi&.
NEMA- 6-21-1970.
2.2.11 mtln(Y
2.2.11.1 RADIAL BURINOS
RaclialbearingsarebearingsWhich s u p p a r t t b e ~
elementinhorimtalshaftbirbines.Iheyareofihtsl~~,
tilting pord mantifriction type. In verticat tmbrnes,these
bearings tnri;sllv positiOn the mtar assembly.
NEMAStandrurl6-21-1970.
2.2.11 9 T H R W BEARINGS
Thrust bearings rn m g s which trammitthe axid
thrust of the rotatllig dement to the beaping bousmg and
maintain the axial position of the mux assenibly m the
SM 23-1991
Page 5
2 s ControlledEXttadknandmled
krdudknmrblnes
Conwlle exmaion, ccmtrolled indoction, and um-
mlled induction exmction turb8nes &ail include basic
-
NEMA- 621-1979.
stagesfoiowingthein&ctionopening.Atripvaivewbi&
isalsoactuatedby theoverspeedmpsystemisnquired 2 ~ 3NomralPower,SpeedandSteam
. intheinductionsttamk.
fnrinstallaaon corabns
NEMA- 190-1991.
hJ- power, m
and cooditionsaretbost
233.3 Dependmg on the source of induction steam, the caiditionsfwadmd~aadatwbichrhesteam
usashould consider the need for a steam ssainer in this ratcwillbeguafan~
h e to protect the loweapressure stages of me turbine. NEMA- 6-21-1979.
AumaiEed Engineering Infornietion 11-14-1985.
U A S~Conditlons
2.3.3.4 Controlled extraction turbines and controlledin-
duction turbines shall have a multivariableconic01 system 2.4.4.1 W N ~ S MTW C~N~ITWW
which provibes interconnectiOn Mn i um steam ~ t i ~ a thelowest
im r e inlet stcam
die pressiut rCg- pressure and tempemm and lowestexhaustprcssm to
uiatingsystemaadthespeedgovemingsystem.
which theturbineissubjectedincontinuwSopaatiOa.
~rtractioatrabinesshall in-
2.335 conarouedinducti~~~ NEMA stadard 6-21-1979.
chdethecombinationofthefcxegoingitems. 2.4.4.2 M A # ~ ~ ~ T E A ~ ~ ~ N ~ T K I N ~
NEMA- 11-14-1085.
Maximum steam CDnditiOIls am thehighest inlet steam
23A ~ ~ E x t r a c t b n T i a M n e r pitssrrre and imperature and exhausspIesllm to Whicb
Nonccmmiiedextnictionturbinessballincludetbbasc the tiirbmeis subjectedincaltinuousopaation.
NEMA- 621-1979.
feaaacsiistedinitemsl througIi60f2~.1,togctfrtr~ith
mwisecmnvatve(s)far theextractionopening(s). 'he quan- 2.4.4.3 MNINUN ENERQV STEAY CONDITIONS
tity and lomion of nomearni valves are tobedetermhl MniInm~geamconditi.Mlsiuetbe~inltt
bythetrirbincman~basedonentrappedaiergy steam presswe and t e m m and the highest CxImust
~redimdaacypolicy. pmsm at which the turbine is requucd to produ a
NEMAStandard 130-1991.
specinedpower~speed
2.3.5 N ~ l l e d k i $ u k n n i i b l I l @ S 2.4.4.4 hLET STEAM PRESSRE
NoaiconmIIedinduction turbines sha inchidethe basic uiietsteampressiireis the pressureof the steam supplied
feahaeslistBdinitnS1 tl1rough6of23.1,togetheswirb t o t k tUrbii.Jtis mwredat the $tcf3minlet conncctim
a trip vaive@)for the induction opening(s). of the airbine and is e x m a s a gauge piessure.
NEMA- 11-14-1985. NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
2.4 TURBINE RATING 2.4A.5 EXHAUST STEAM PRESSURE
Exhaust steam pressure is the pressure of the steam
2A.i Power system to which the turbine exhausts. It is measured at the
Rated power is the maximum specifiedpower output of exhaust connection of the turbine and is expressed as a
the~ine.Itismeasuredattheoutpitshaftofthearrbine. gauge pressure far- n ' airbineSandasanab-
NEMA Standard 6-21-1979. solute pressrrre for condensing tuhines.
NEMAStandard6-21-1979.
SM 23-1991
page9
-
h2-theenthalpyofsteamatwrhaustsLeam
paeasiiredinitialenaopy.
NEMA s&idard -21-197Q.
2.5.1.2 AcniAL STEAM RA-
26.1.2.1 TURBINE -TE
rbinesmunrateisthequaatityofrmctsteamnqairad
by the tlirbioe per miit of power outpit, lneasmdattbt
ouiputshaftofthe tmbme. Itisd y-e inpounds
ofsteamperhorstpower-hour(orinkilogremsasteem
pa kilowatt-hour).
2.51 -2.2 TURBINE GEARSTEAM WlE
Whenagearisprovidedytheturbineman~,tht
turbine gear steam rate is the quantity of inlet weam
required by the turbine gear set per unit of power outpiit,
measured at the output shaft of the! gear. It is &y
SM 23-1991
Page 10
eqxessed mpoundsof steam pet harsepower-hour (or in intenial taper threads conforming to ANSI/ASME
kil~0fsteampexkilowa#-hour. B 1.20.1-1983.
NEMAStendard-21-1979. NEMAStandard 11-14-1@8!5.
-
2.5.1.3 GUARANTEED STEAM RATE' 26.3 ArorlllaryConneUtons
Theguarauteed steam rate is thesteam rate which will AuxiliarycotlIlectiomthataredireadedshallconf~to
not be exceeded When the turbine isoperaredat w)rmal ANSVASME B120.1-1983. W y , these are a d e
power, speed. and steam condkions.
NEMAStenderd6-21-1979.
ring prtssure gauge - , drain Co- fat
casingandsteamchest,casingsealingglandsandbeariqg
2.6 TURM"CO"ECTK)NS h~~,cooling~,valve~l~~,and~fforih
NEMA- 11-14-1086.
u 1 o u t p u t s h a f f ~
2.7 LUBRICATKIN
26.1.1 Omput shaft cxtensionS shall be Spatable for a
2.7.1 NipressueTypekibrcation(Singie
cyimdrical coupling bore and provided with a keyway(&
tapaed ooupling bom with a keyway(s), tapered for a ste(leWW)
hydraulic ft, or ntted with an hie!@coupling hub. 2.7.1.1 OIL LUBRlCATESLEEVE BWNS
N E M A W 11-14-1985. (tiomzomL~~meB)
2.6.1 2 When a tapered shaft extension with keyway(s) a LU~~WOII Should be prended by oil l h ~Sim-
is specied,the taper, wupiing hub, andmupiingnut sha ilar means.
be in accardancewirb Figure 2-1. NEMA taper diameteSS b. Beating housings should be large enough to peanit
areavailablefarshaflextenshsfrwi2 inches m 5 inches. solidsor water m d e to the bottarn and should
NEMA- 11-14-1985. haw a dtain connection at the lowest point, oil fiil
fittings, and an oil level indicam.
2.6.1.3 if cyhdrical shaft Cxtension is specfied, it is C. . F ~ i l i h f o r c d i nshouldbeprovided~hcn
g ne^-
ncommendedthat the cwpling-to-shaftfit be an inmfer- essary to assure the proper oil temperahrre. nie
ence fit cooling water should be supplied at a temperame
NEMA- 11-14-1985.
not exceeding 90%(32Oc).
26.1.4 When a hydraulic fit coupling is specified,the
2.7.1.2 GREASE
OR OIL LLJBUCAE A N i F H C "
mountiug method should be reviewed with the turbine BEAWNGS
lnallllfimmr.
NEMAStandard 11-14-1985. Gmse-lubricated autifriction bearings should be
IIkid. Grease fittings should ex-
regreaseable ~die
2.6.1.5 Recommended use of one and two keys and tendtotheoutsideoftheniachiaetopermitregreas-
keyways is as shown in Tbble 2-1. ingduringopemion.
Authid Enginwring Intomiobon
* 11-14-1986. Means should be provided far venting grease lutNi-
2&2 SteamComecUons cated bearings to pment the buildup of pnssure
within the housing.
'Iiirbmeflangedsteam Connections shallbe facedand Facitiesforcoolingshouldbeprovidedwbennec-
drilled for bolting to flanges which arem accordancewith essary to assure the proper lubricant tempemme.
ANSUASME B16.1 or B16.5. The cooling water shouid be suppiied at a tempera-
CastiNnlflaagecOM~nsshallbeflatfaced ture not exceeding 909: (32Oc).
The thicknessof cast iron exhaust flanged connections
under 1 0 m c h e s ( 2 s o m m ) i n d ~ b e n o t l e s s m 27.2 Pressum tLpe Oil Lubrlcatii
Class 25 of ANSUASME B 16.1.
Singie vaive single stage hariuwallYsplitcasingan- 2.7.2.1 ~ O D U C T I N
bines shall have steam cannectionsm the bwexhaifdthe It is recognized that there is awidevariation in turbine
trnbiae. Szesandapplicaths which makes it impracticai to have
connections for making up topipenot0ver2 one recommended lubrication systcm ckign. However,
inches in diametex (So m m nominal diamtter) shall have
SM 23-1991
Page 11
SM 23-1991
Paga 12
SM 23-1991
Page 13
-
2.9.4 NAMEPUTEDATA
nie following minimum data StlfJu be given on the
tiabiae nameplale:
1. Manufacainr'snameandbcatioa
2 SaialnumW
3.
4. Ratedborsepower
5. Ratedspeed
6. Maximuminletste9mpressure
7. Maximmillletsteamtunpenitiite
8. Maximumexhauststeampressure
9. M a M m u m e x ~ ~ p r t s s u r e ( i f ~
blc)
10. Tripspeed
11. Maximum continuous speed (ifdifmnt fim rated
rg6ed).
12 Fm i lataalcritical speed
13. purchaser's equipmeat item number (when speci-
fied).
NEMA standard 6-21-1979.
ft
+'
I CIE
SM 23-1991
Page 15
RPM. THOUSANDS
Figure 2-2
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SHAFT VIBRATION
Table 2-1
RECOMMENDED KEY FITS
Table 24
GENERAL PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RANGES
SM 23-1991
Page 17
81.6 Extemalcontrol-'
Extanal calm1 devices shall be me of thne Eypcs
deaibedbebw:
3.1.6.1 SPEED CHANGER TYPE
-mchangatypeis- dirtcts,iaDothe
governing system which in hun positions the g o m a r
coatrolled vaivt(s). The govenoat shall be !Aaxcd to
providethe9pecinedadjustaiespecrange.
3.1.6.2 ReuOlESET Popsr TYPE
?be remote set poiat type is mcorparated dinxtly mio
thegovanmgsystemwhichinmposi~tbegovam
ancudfd valvc(S). Tbc gwawr shall be 8ekctcd to
provide the specincd adjustableranges f ai watroing
patameta9
3.14 3 VALVE ACTlJAlW TYPE
Tbe valveacluating typeissepame h n l ttlegovan.
'e extaaal signai acts to positiaa e i t k tbe gmaacr
coamiied valve@) or a separate liac mounted valve In
thiscase.tbe govemxacts oniy asa speehiting @e
emergeacy)goveniar.
NEMA- 11-14-1985.
SM 23-1991
Page 18 --
SM 23-1991
Page 19
107%
100.0%
i
I
I
I
w
O
w
a I
t
I
1
I
I
I
I
O
LOU) '
J
100%
Figure 3-1
SPEU) RISE NEMA CLASS D GOVERNOR
259
Figure 3-2
SPEED VARIATION NEMA CLASS D GOVERNOR
O
LOAD
I
1oOY
flgure3-3
3.3.5 PmssunChanger
Thepressurechangerisadevicebymeansofwichthe
setting of the pressure regdating system maybe changed
for the piirpose of aajusting the p m s m of the exhaust
steam or ofthe extraction or mduction steam whiie the
turbme is m @on.
NEMA standard 6-12-1985.
3.3.6 SteaiyStatePressureRegulation
Far controlid extraction or conmiled induction type
turbines,the steady stare ~ r e g u l a t i O n i s t h e C h a n g e
in sustained extraction or induction pressure when, with
identicalsettingsofall parrs of thespeedgoverningsysttm
and of the presswe reguiating system(s), the exmxtmn a
iaductian flow is gradually changed from rated flow Io
zero flow.
Fornoncondensmg turbioesprovidedwithexhauscpres-
sureregdatas,the steady s r a t e p r e s s u r e r e ~is the
change in sustained exhaustpmsurewhen. with identical
seings of ail parts of the speed govemiag system and
through tbe action ofthe p r t s m r r e m , the powa
outputofthesteamtucbineispduayreduced6romrate
power output to zero power outpit.
NEMAStandard6-12-1985.
SM 23-1991
Page 21
-
aowthegovenwrrtoreceivesignalsfromse.veralscnsus
3.3.8.3 sustained 0Scillat.i~of canttolled pressure, and tochoose the signal, which wiii result in thc piopa
~ demaad op foiiowing a
wiien aprating at C O I I S E B ~flow valveopening.
change to another canstant flow, Shan notcxcetdoa psi Any param
. m . may be primary which the governing
(1.7 kPa) ar 2% of thecon~fledpnsnireexptssedin psi Sy- as constant during IK)iTmBI operation.
ob kPa (absolute); whichever is larger. Any panunetex could be secondary which is i g n d as
NEMA- 11-14-1985. lcQgasitisbelow the preset value.
334.4 s ~ o s c i l l a t i ~ o f e i a e r g y i n p u ~ w h e n o p3.599 CONTROLOF INDUCTION OR E X T R A m
&gatconstant flow demand or foilowing achange to The governor may be designed to control the low pres-
a n o r h e r ~ t f i o w , s h a U n o t e ~ 4ofratedpcwer.
% surevahrt(s) daninductim urextlxtion mine in con-
junctian wih the high pressure nive(~).in this case,the
338.5 The range of adjustment for ptsmre change(s) governar wnmls the flow to maintain the steam pressure
sha pennit adjustment of exhaust, extraction, or iaduc- at each controlled extraction or induction opening while
tion pressure betweem f5 p i g (35 kPa) M f10% of the simuuaneously controlling speed when necessary for the
coamlled pressure expressed in psi or kFa (absolute); appiication.
whichever is iarger.
NEMA- 11-14-18!j.
INPUTS
Figure 3 4
ELECTRONIC GOVERNOR FOR PUMP OR COMPRESSOR CONTROL
Section 4
PROTECTION
41A mspeed
Tbt trip speed is the speed at which the overspeed A 115
ansing device is set
NEMAStandard6-21-1979. B 110
41.5 TpVahre
C 110
"be trip vaive is separate from the governor conmiied D 110
vaivc(s) and isclosed (tripped) in responseto the action of
theoverspbedscnsingdcvice,othasaf~&~orman- *An vrluaueinpe<rmidmuiminiiContinLKnM Ipd.
UaiIripdeVice.
NEMA- 6-21-1079.
Sectlon 5
FACTORY TESTING
~ ~ i e x b a u s t ~ ~ h s t e a r n
or hydro testcd at a minimum of25 pi [172 kPa
0 1 .
NEMA- 11-14-1085.
SM 23-1991
Page 27
Sedon 6
SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS
45-90 63 98 106
90-180 125 94 98
1-355 250 91 97
355-710 500 89 92
710-1400 lo00 89 90
1400-2800 2Ooo 89 90
2800-5600 4OOo 89 90
MoO-llu10 8Ooo 89 90
OVeralldBA ... 93 95
For arrbmemoimtedon asteeibasepiate.abdonea&ii-
tioaaidecibeltotabul8tcdval~.
Actmi swnd pre9sure levels may not equa maximum
t a b w valm for all fequewy bands. o v d dBAis*
therefore*less than the sum of individual values.
Authorized Engiuieenng Infwmation&21-1979.
All 3Ound--readings shallbercaorded as sound find the noise output of one particular sou~cein a noisy
pressme p s in decibels at refereace pressure of two
l envimment. However, noise measurements cannot be
times 10' Newton per square meter. addedmsubsracted directly. Rather,measuremauscaube
Ausoraid~readingsshallbemadewitbanoctave canbined wirb a coirection number.The CQzeCtioll num-
baad meter set for slow respanserecordingvisualaverage bers obtained from * i 6-1 and 6-2 areappoximate.
of maclings. However, the graphic results are East and sufficiently ac-
F l d g m i s e le* equal to arhigkdian plus oc curareformosteagineaiagapplications.
minus 2dBAovetall shall be murded. The currection numbex is based on the dif6erence m
'Lbe~shallbeprottctednomexternaldis- -
amplitude of two sormds whether the sounds ale beiqg
tmbing mfluences (vibnitian,aircunents,alldelec~of addedoi~btracted.Wh~sonnds~~tbe~-
magnetic fields) which may affectreadings. rion number is added to the higherlevel Far example, 80
Miaophoae locations shall be approximately,but not
less than, aae meter from any sound sotme being mea- SUBTRACTING BACKGROUND NOISE
d a n d a t a heigbt 1.5 meters above the fioor. Care shall
be talrcn to avoid a poBitiai at the nodal point of standing
wave. (hie set ofreadingsskould bed that is requaedif
tbemicrophoneissopositioaed.~seotenceis~-
izedEnghe&gWxmation.)ThcpaBitionofthemicm
phane fmmeesirringkkgmundambient sound and total
swndshanbeidentical.
NEMASEendard6-21-1979.
SM 23-1991
Page 29
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
Flgure 6 2
SMIND RESLUI"
Section 7
PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE
7.1 SHPPING PREPARATION The purchaser should advise the mandacturer of thc
nit turbine and ail scparate parts shall be properly unladmg facilities available and whether skids will be
taggodandidentified newsaryformllinglargeassemblesintopoStion.
Authonred Engineering Infarmath 11-14-1985.
At ttit timeof shipment,aiieqoscdnonmachinedsur-
faces shall be protected widl OpLe coiitof shop paintaad 7.3 RECEIPT AND STMIAGE OF EQUIPMENT
coatingorcovaiagorboth Aiiexpastdmachincdsur-
k c s a n d oiiIiaparvoH.iateriorsshall be protected with a Upon receipt,the purchaser should check ail equipment
nist pvenmtive. All ojmlngs shall be jllugged oc cov-
for darnagt which may have o c c d in transit. Any
aad. llleinteIiorofthertbineshallbesaitablytFeaud damageorshortagcsshouidbereportedimmediatelytothe
toprcvcntnist tninsportatioacompanyandacopyofthereport-
Ocean freight or extended storage shall require adi- tothemanufactuta.
tiooal protectionand packaging. AH material should be checked against the manu-
NEMASEandard 11-14-1885. fsctraers packiug liss and my discrepancies repoml
Theppamionassumesthas~ewillbesoarrangd immediately to themanufcturer.
tbattheequipncntwillbeprotectedagainstloss,~on The equipment should at a times be storedin a clean,
andwtathadamage. noncorrosive atmosphere and protected against loss,
. 11-14-1985.
ki(h0rlled Engineering Infomiawn weather,damage,and fareig0 materialssuch as dust, sand,
7.2 SHIPMENT . indoor starage where constant ternpawe
a d so. forth
ismauitained at a levei which wiil p v m t condcz1sBtiQ1
The purchaser*since he has the most wmpete knowl- is preferred. The purchaser should seek the manu-
edge of local conditions,should specify the delivery point facturers advice if storage conditions are other than thc
rind provide infamiadon on the method of handtingtothe above.
pointddelivery. Specialattention and cureshouldbe given to thesmage
Thcmanufacairashouduseshippmgmethodsandship ofpartshavmgexposedmachinedsurfaces.
p a r t s i n t h e s e q ~ r e q ~ f ~ y i n s t a l l- aar w
m ln B e h --up, the oil orpnxemtive usedin the bear-
i & d f y d l ~ s b i p m e r i t s b y m a r k i n g i n d i v i d u a ~ ~ ~ -ing housingshouldbeflushedoutandrepiacedwirhc~
blies c r ~ p n tomshipment. lubricatmg oil of the recommended type. Grease lubri-
Themanufacaurersshouldspccifythe~pfcpB- cated bearings may require lubrication prior to start-up.
retiOnandproteCtivecoatingSthatsbouldbeprwidedto Prior to start up, forced lubrication systems should be
protact the equipment if die ins- isdehyed. checkedforproperoperation.
Aulhonzed EngineerKig Infomiation 11-14-1885.
SM 23-7997
Page 33
Sectlon 8
INSTALLATION
ai INTRO DU^
TbetmbineshauMbeiilptnllulmaccardencewithrwF
ommendationsandinsmictions
* ispuedbydrcmanufac-
nt
The m f o m i a t i o n c o n ~ i nSection 8ispovided to
asgist~prirchasaarhiscontractatintbepropahandliog
gndinmiliahrn
* 0fmtcbamcaldriveweamtiabmes.There
&e m i y vatiabies mvohrcd mtheaquipnent funiished
methodofshiplaent,andtypcsofiir9rallntinn.uierefore,it
is not feesi'ble to detail step-by-stepproCadurW.
Auihairod Enginwring Infomath 11-13-1969.
82 SUPERVISION OFINSTAUATION
It is f c c o m m a that the man-'S representa-
tive faqwise theia9iallationofthe tmbiac.The mstatltt-
tion procedure should be in accordance with
recammndatiaisandiartnictim~bythemanufac-
turcrutham drawings arbyoibeameans. Sucb piocb
dares are arranged and planned to obtain the most
Lwiskmy iImauion and commissionmg of the eqwp
ment.
pauyqualifiedlabor,incl~qpalinedsupervisim,is
requiredfoapmpetirldhtm' ,scastupand~m.
-Engineering- * 6-21-1079.
83 INsTALmnoN
propermazallatiaa i s a e c t s p a r y f m ~ i r ; a yopera-
tion.* nsershOuldprovidean adequate fauidation to
maintain alignment and sbould installpiping to minimize
txtanalf~andmomentsonmeMbiae.
S f i k n t space andnecessary openings in the founda-
tionsandkiuding !aluCtun shaildbe pwided for the
insWahn of theequ'ipment Suitablcqmiqs should be
puvicd in the building to admit the quipmew me
purchaser should provide sufncient space raound the
quipmalt for savicmg, including the ripace formwing
the rotor and setting down he upper half of the turine
casing.
Authorized Engineersiq Infomiation 11-14-1985. ~
SM 23-1991
Page 34
SM 23-1991
Page 35
Figure 4
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTK)NNEAR M E
END OF A PIPE DISCHARGING STEAM The~ofthetemporarypipeisamostimportantfactor.
AT SONIC VELoclfv nie use d a iargerpipe wiU result in lesser flows and lesser
in applying Figure 8-3, assume as a rst hial thatL is pressure h e i s required for the same cleaning farce. The
dietotalequivalentIcngthofthetempararypiping,niclud- size effect is proportional to the ratio of diameters to the
ing the equivalent length of elbows, tees, etc. in the tem- fourth pow.In no case, however, should the temporary
porary system. calculate the 5 anci aiter the curve in
pipe have a greater flow area than the permanent piping.
Pressurereadings during blowdown should be taken at
the inla u)the stop valves andas ciose as possible to the
F m 8-3 and thus calculateP, the ptsamat thc distance
FL thewmpmry pipe is Mowdown Pipedischarge. The lauer connectionshould be
Lfran the exist. Note that if-& made ata convenientlocation,but not less than 20 diame-
D
ters fran the discharge end of the blowpipe in order to
more than 5, use a sharterL which wi makc? equa 5 obtain a stable pressure Feading. These readings will help
substantiate the calculated boiler pressure and pipe Szes
andusecoxmpdm* g P/Pp to CalculatePat the shorts L . selected for the blowdown operation.
wtm+ is gnater tiun 5, the pressuredrop isa straight- A f d i size Mock valve, safeiy iocated, shouldbe used to
line frmction of L and can be caicuiaied by the conven- perform die blow. Adequate pham communication be-
tween the boiler mom and the operaror at the blow down
tional method. Then calculate, by conventional
valve must be established This might also be backed up
straight-line methods, the press~redrop due to friction in
the piping from point Lfrom the exit to the boiler outlet, by a system of visual communication, such as indicating
lights, since phone communication may become difficult
thus arriving at the boiler outlet prrssiire, Pc. due to the high no& level at the blowdown valve. An
4. Next, cacuiate the cleaning farce ratio at the boiler
anangrnent should also be made to record the pressure
outlet, using the calculated Pc and the expected
enthalpy. This mio compares the mass-velocity readings at the various siations simultaneously through
head during cleaning with dut developed c&uing proper communications.
nomial fuii-loadoperation. nie cleaningfacc ratio When performingthe blav, the blow down vaive should
fystbe cracked so as to get a graduai warming of all the
is expressed by: steam lines. When the lines are adequately warmed up,
open the blow down valve all the way as fast as possible.
When the boiler pressure has dropped to approximately
150 pSi [lo35 kpa (gauge)], close the blow Qwn valve
where: ~~ysothattheboilerpressuredoesnotdropbelow
100
Qc = calculatedflowdiiRngcltanllig,lb/hr psi [69kPa (gauge)].
Qmu =maximumloIdflm,lb/hr
Steam seal piping or any other lines that might bring stops at the W i inlet and exhaustconnectioasuother
steam to theanbinemustbebiowndown. Weldspatierand apeningsal the machineto which externalpiping systems
other foreign matenal that may becontained wihin the connect.
steam seal piping can cio appreciable damage to both the In ader to keep the strains due to faces aad bending
steam seal packing and the turbine shaft. Thetefare, it is matnentsonthe~ineoonnections,iaciu~gtheweight
prudent to direCr as much attention to the cieaning of this ofthepipe,withinrecommene.dlimits,diepipingsystem
piping as has been stated for main steam lines. desigashouldbe~hthatresoaintssinditMomafmove-
It is imporiant that uie blowing apeiatiOn be conducted ment match momentsat the connectionsto the turbineand
after ail of the field weiding is completed Allliough Mt toveqarge forcesat the turbine suppom. ..
the turbine manufacturers responsibility,it is a good pac- The faces in piping sys&mtauieroperatingcondutons
ti to have a service supervisorwitness at least the finai can be giouped into three Classes: those due to stean
blow down. l==-temperatiireanddeadweight.
It is left to the customers discK&on to determine the -fngineerkigi- * 6-21-1979.
most practical method of cleaning ktoiy prefabrid
8A3 FoiicesDueioOPressum
lines which may become conlmhaledin ihe field nKst
linesstiouldbecleanedandgivenseveralgoodbbwspror niesealemOStcOmmanl~associatedWithbwprtssue
to final assembly. FOI short runs which cannotbebiown andvacuum iineswhereexpansionjointsareof&nusedto
down,mechanical cleaning may be adequate. Lintsid- provide flexibility. If an expansion pint is impmpedy
m g from the turbine to the customers steam lines sbould used, it may cam a pipe reactjon greater dmn he one
also be blown Out for the best interestsof the custame. which it issupposed toeliminate. An uriffsalctedexpm-
Authonted Erigheerhrg Infomiation ll-14-lg85. Sion pint will cause an axial uuust equal to tbe effective
ana ofthe bellows times the intend pfesslm The mag-
8.4 SMMPIPINGSYSTEMS nitudeofthese forces may be geater than the limitsforme
8.4.1 Intmductbn
exhaust flange. In &to have the iowest reaction when
it is found that expansionjoints ale required,die standad
Reactions of piping systems connecte to steam au- of the Expansion Joint Manufacturws Association should
bines, if of sufficient magnitude, will result m d i g n - becmsulled.
ment of the turbine sufcient to cause rough operationand The following figures and paragraphs represent typical
sarious mechanical damage. Steam turbines have been - andareofferedonlyasguide&
installauons
very Carefdy designed to provide for thermal expaeon Figure 8-4showsanexpansionjointm apressure lint.
and, at the same tllne, maintain close agnmeat betwecn Theaxialthnist~theexparisionpinttendsto~
the tlubine rotating and stationary parts, and also the Lhe~ineandtheelbaw.Topreventthis,dieelbowshould
~ineanddrivenequipnent.mpvisimfortlubii haveanahchortokeepitfnnnmoving.t?turbineshaild
rbennai expansions by necessitylimits theallowable val- atsoabsorbthisthrnstand,mdoingso,becanes8nasichor.
ues of forcesand manen&applied tothe Qrrbine stnicture m fce al the Mbme may be greater tbaa can be
by the piping c o ~ ~ c t to
e dit. allowed. In general,this mebiod shouldbediscouage&
It is the purpose here to briefiy discuss piping arrange- Figure84showsthe SamepipingarrangemmtasngiPe
ments and recammendfiangeloedinglimitationsimposed 8-4 except for the atkiition of tie rods on the expansian
on steam turbines by piping. This infonnatbn is presented pint. nie tie rodspvent the elongation of the joint and
as an aid to the user and is not intended as aselfcaitaid taketheaUalcreatedbythein~pressunofdie
thesisonpping. expansionpintsoitis n o t m i t t e d & b aabiaeflange.
The recornrnendahns to be discussed h u i d provide The tie rods eliminate any axial flexibility,but tbewt is
aibwable d u e s of forces and momeats at the turbb still fexibie in shear; that is, the fianges may m
connectionsforsteam inet,exaaction,andexhaustpiping. parallelplanes.IbebCatiOnOfthiS~Of~h~~
It is not caisidered necessapy to supply values far aux- shwldbesuch~movememofdiepipingpiss~~
iitarypiping such as steam eakoff, hhkating o& and sionjointmsheainsteadoftensionocaimpessia
coolingwater,buteven so,thisadhrypiping sbaild also Fii8-6isanarrang~~tfiequentlyiised,hawigtie
be designed such that tubine expansioSi is not restramad. rods as indicated for 1yn1condeilsing aperation.This IIC-
Authorized bgimririg Infwmation6-21-1979.
langement should prevent ally duustdue to mtemalpes-
8.4.2 ThePipingProblemssAppliedioWnes sure of Ihe expansion pint 6rom being transnrtted
* t o b
exhaiistaangeandretairistheaxiztlflexibuitydditjaitIt
one of die firstcxmidediaas in designing any piping may be used for either VBCUIIIII oc pnsure savicc (by
system isto keep the StreSJes in the pipe within the limits suitablearangementoftheIods).
of ANSI/ASME B31.1 and/or any localcodes that may be
appiicabe. In genera, the jipisdicaion d s u c h authanties
SM 23-1991
Page 37
li
ANCHOR
TURBINE
mgUr8 84
UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION JOINT
(May Impose an unacceptable thrust for on the turbine.)
Figure &5
////////)
- -. . EXPANSION JOINT TIE RODS
(Flexible in shear only)
Fgute 8-7 shows a suggested anangementfar a andens- Figure 8-7p v i h the necessary flexibility to take care
ing~widlEiniipexhaust.Duetothelargecxhaust of themial expansiai without impsing any UnIl-
piPeSiZen<rmallY~teedOncandetmn
exhaustpipingmayberelativelystin,dan~jomt
- g-k iifting force on the turbine. The expansion joint is in shear
which is the preferred use. The reatively sma vertical
StioUMbeiisedatsomepoint to take care oft h d expan- expansion may compress one p i t and elongate the other
sion.An umestrictedexpansionPrntplaced at the exhaust whichcausesasmdireactionaalyandmaybe wellwithin
fiange of the turbine may exert an upward or lifting force the turbine fange limits
on dit turbine flange which in many cases is excessive. Authorized EngineeringInfomation 6-21-1979.
sh4 23-1991
page 38
Figure 8 4
EXPANSIONJOINT wmi TiE RODS FOR NONCONDENSING OPERATION
(Proviaes awlel fiexlblllty without Imposing thnist on the tu*ine.)
Figure 8-7
EXPANSION JOINT Wmi TIE RODS FOR CONDENSING OPERATIONWil" "UP" EXHAUST
(Provles veitical flexibility without bnposlng thrust on the tu&lne.)
8AA Fo~cesDuetoTTemperature
if a pipe is COMtected to some point as Am Figure 8-8,
and hestheamfgurathshown by the soiid tine, it may
assiimetheappmmak ' pOmtioashownbythedashline
when heated to a higher temperature, pmviing no re-
straint is offeredbypoint B.
If both poms AandB are rigid points which may not
wwc, the pipemay assumeashapesimuartothathwn
by thedashbe mFigure 8-9 whai heated.
///////////
A
Table 8-2
Temperature Rangesfor Forcesand Moments
Figure 8-12
DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT
SM 23-1991
Page 41
Where:
FR= Resuitant fme (pounds) at the CM-
nection. mis includes pessure forces
Whereunreseauied
' expansion joinis are
used except on vertical down exhausts
Full vacuum load isallowedon Vertical
down exhaust flanges. It is not included
as part of the piping load frwn Figrire 8-15:
FR=-
MR= Resultant moment (foot-pads) at Lhe connecth
from Figure 8-15
MR=~ M ? + M ~ ~ + M ?
De = Nominal pipe sizeof ihe conne~tionin inches ~p
to eight inches in diameter.
For sizes greater than this, use a vaiue of
De =
Figure 8-13 3
DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT W i l H RESTRAINED
VERTICAL
WPANSION JOINT
/'
/
/
Fy t ///
/'
Figure &14
DEAD WEIGHT SUPPORT WiTH UNRE-
STRAINED MPANSIONJOINT Il
sqpnts or mweexisting supports ifresonant vibration 1 l
appearsinthepiping.
z+ I
tion,aaexhaust~gsuptoamiue 85 DRAINPIPING
of 9 inches in iameer. For values beyond
this. use a value of Dcquai to: IndividualdrainpipmgshOuldbe~withsbiiton
valvesortraps.
Authorired a nee ring Lnf#maEkn 11-14-1985.
8. LEAK-OFFS
L e a k 4 should be piped dhxtly to an Opern iidn
ventedtotheatmosphexew i b o u t v a h r e s o r a ~
to a combsue recway system. The pipe sixmid be
adequately sized to avoid pmsure bdup.
. 11-14-1965.
AuthociredEngineeiinqInformatian
SM 23-1991
page 43
SM 23-1991
Page 44
~shauldbenoairpocketsinthegrout.Aftertbegront
is dry, connect the piping, flly tighten the foundatim
bolts,and recheck me aiignment.
Amixtureof cement and h e sand isnormay d a s
grout, 'ihm are other mateaals availabie which bave
proven tmcasd. Care mustbeexcrcisein tbe used
matajals whicb expami while setting, as they may OVQ
expaad and prescrit mare of a problem tban mventionai
materials such as cement and sand,which have atendency
to shtmk d&hdy. 8-16 a d 8-17 -t typicai
i l s a a h s d a r e ~ t e d o n l as y guide&)
Aulhailled Engineering- 1 11-14-1oe5.
SM 23-1991
Page 45
r I
1. Support Foot
2. Mounting Pad
3 1
3. Baseplate
4. Anchor Bolt
5. Anchor Nut
6. Shims
7. Foundation
Figm8-16
BASEPLATE MOUNTED TURBINE AND DRIVEN EWIPMENT
SM 23-1991
Page46,
/ 1. Support Foot
2. Soieplate
3. Hold-down Bolt
4. Anchor Bolt
5. Anchor Nut
6. Shims
7. Foundation
Figure 8-17
SOLEPLATE MOUNTED TURBINE AND DRIVEN EQUIPMENT
SM 23-1991
Page 47
mleproMem8A
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTSON STEAM TURBINES
~=~(40)2+(-100)2+(-70)z= 128 lb
SM 23-1991
Page 48
Sample Problem88
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON STEAM TURBINES
SM 23-1991
Page 49
of Ik canbined fotces and Inomem on the turbine are Total force on the exhaust fhnge is the vector total
WilhinNEhwgindClimes of pressme farce from iheexparrsionjoint and the
4. aiecktoralformthetiabineexhaustfange facescaicukd with force excluded.
against h e limit pes jtaragrapb 8.4.6.3. Total farce = -15,141- w)=-15391Ib
paragraph 8.4.6.3 statts that fame on the exhaust Results from parts 1.2.3 and4 ofthispmblm
flangc should not exceed 15-112 times the nominai show that forces and moments imposed by the
Cxhaustarea piping system are within ail NEMA guideiines.
(i5-w) (1017.9in5 = i s m ~b
Sample Problem8C
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR A
TURBINE WITH FOUR EXTRACTION OPENINGS
SM 23-1991
Page 51
-Section9
OPERATION AND MNNTENANCE
SM 23-1991
Paga 52
7. 9.7 STEAMPURITY
8. Steam airbme users should be a m ob the hazards
associated with contamination of tbe steam by agents
which migtproniote stms cQnDGLos1 crackiag. solids
baiM up. eosirm, and corroaioa. conmmiaan@wichris
9. sodium, bydroxicks. chIodes, sulfates. copper.Itab and
sjlicacesmayresult inshoateaedturbineiifeandfaihaed
iutunalpar&s of the turbine.
Since it is not possible to prescnbc the &grce of
. .
coa- thatsteamnirine~cantoleratem
order to achieve the iong life expected of intemalturbine
canponcnts,onlyg~gui&lin~caIlbeoffd
Farsmalllow~applications,~mayaper-
ate taisfactorily on steam havingpnity.limitssetby
. the
A m e & m l 3 o i l e r ~see~=le~
9-1.
. 11-14-1985.
Auhized~neeringinfomiaiiar
SM 23-1991
Page 53
Table 9-1
WATERTUBE BOILERS RECOMMENDED BOILER WATER UMil'S
AND ASSOCIATED STMM PURITY AT STEADY WATE FULL
LOAD OPERATION DRUM TYPE BOILERS
Table 9-2
SEAM PURITY- LIMITS
conductivity-
Micn>mhoslcm at Z 0 C
Dnun 0.3 1.o
nce dirough 0.2 0.5
SiO, ppb. max 20 50
Fe,ppb, m a 20 50
Cu, e,
max 3 10
Na+K,ppb,-
Up to 800 psi [5516kPa (gauge)] 20 20
801 to 1450 psi 15517 to 9998 kPa(gauge)] 10 10
1451 to 2400 psi [9999 to 16548 kPa(gauge)] 5 5
Over 24O psi [over 16548 kPa(gauge)] 3 3
SM23-1991
pases
Section 10
INQUIRY GUIDE
(Authorized Engineering Information)
Revisim
mut
Mamifactunr'sstandard
SM23-1991
Page 57
Factory Tests
Hydo test
No-load running test
-
DynamiCbalancerotor
site utilities
cooling w8t#: NOM Fresh Brackish
coding wata: other Tempcracure-
Electrid supply: d
dc
Conml(s) volts phase Hz
Motaro volts phase Hz
Air Supply pressiire
Site Environment
Ambient tempexatwe Maximm Minimm
Elevation
Remarks