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02 Introduction To The Devanagari Script PDF
02 Introduction To The Devanagari Script PDF
DEVANAGARI SCRIPT
FOR S T U D E N T S OF
SANSKRIT, HINDI, MARATHI
GUJARATI A N D BENGALI
INTRODUCTION T O THE
DEVANAGARI SCRIPT
FOR STUDENTS OF .
SANSKRIT, HINDI, MARATHI
GUJARATI AND BENGALI
BY
H. M. L A M B E R T, M.A.Cantab.
Senior Lecturer in Marathi (Maharaja Gaekwad's Lectureship)
in the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
WITH A F O R E W O R D BY
GEOFFREY C U M B E R L E G E
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C 4
GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI CAPE TOWN IBADAN
SANSKRIT SECTION
1. Consonant Characters 1 5
i Characters of the vargiiya group 1 6
ii. Characters of the antahstna group 1 8
iii. Characters of the uusman group, and Vedic \o 1 9
2. Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs 2 1
i. Vowel characters 2 1
ii. Vowel signs 2 3
3. Modifiers 2 6
i. anusvaran 2 6
ii. visargah 3 0
1+. The Complete Syllabary 3 1
5 Numerals 3 2
6. Punctuation 3 2
HINDI SECTION
page
Chapter 1. Arrangement of the Syllabary 57
Hindi syllabary in roman notation 59
Chapter 2. Characters of the Syllabary 6l
1. Consonant Characters 61
Realisation of akar consonant characters 6 2
i. Characters of the vargiiy group 63
ii. Characters of the antasth group 61+
iii. Characters of the uusm group 65
2. Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs 67
i. Vowel Characters 67
ii. Vowel Signs 67
Realisation of characters in special contexts 69
3 . Modifiers 70
i. anusvar and candr-bindu 70
ii. visarg 73
1+. The Complete Syllabary 73
5. Numerals 71+
6. Punctuation 71+
MARATHI SECTION
page
Chapter 1. Arrangement of the Syllabary 91
Marathi syllabary in roman notation 92
1. Consonant Characters , 9 5
Realisation of akar consonant characters 9 6
i. Characters of the vargiiy group 9 6
ii. Characters of the antasth group 99
iii. Characters of the uusm group, and \e 1 0 0
2 . Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs 1 0 2
i. Vowel Characters 1 0 2
ii. Vowel Signs 1 0 3
Modern forms of Marathi vowel characters 1 0 3
Realisation of characters in special contexts 1 0 5
Realisation of characters of the ca-varg 106
3 . Modifiers 1 0 8
i. anusvar 108
ii. visarg 1 1 1
h. The Complete Syllabary 112
5 . Numerals 1 1 2
6 . Punctuation 1 1 2
Rules of Marathi Orthography 1 1 3
GUJARATI SECTION
page
Chapter 1 . Arrangement of the Syllabary 1 3 5
Gujarati syllabary in roman notation 1 3 6
Chapter 2 . Characters of the Syllabary 1 3 8
1. Consonant Characters 1 3 8
Realisation of akar consonant characters 1 3 9
i. Characters of the vargiiy group 1 1 + 0
ii. Characters of the antasth group 1 1 + 2
iii. Characters of the uusm group, and \Q 1 1 + 3
2 . Vowel Characters and Vowel Signs 11+1+
i. Vowel Characters 11+1+
ii. Vowel Signs 1 1 + 5
Realisation of vowels ' e' and ' o' 1 1 + 6
Realisation of characters in special contexts 1 1 + 8
Realisation of ' c^a' and ' qha' 1 5 0
Orthography of 'i* and 'u' 1 5 0
3 . Modifiers 1 5 2
i. anusvar 1 5 2
ii. visarg 1 5 1 +
1+. The Complete Syllabary 1 5 5
5 . Numerals 1 5 6
6 . Punctuation 1 5 6
Rules of Gujarati Orthography 1 5 6
BENGALI SECTION
page
Chapter 1. Arrangement of the Syllabary 173
Notation 17k
Bengali syllabary in roman notation 175
Calligraphy 177
India, Hindi, Marathi and Nepali. The script used in writing Gujarati
ers. The writing system, based on the character representing the syll-
able, is the same for all these languages. However, in order to use
this system for writing the modern languages, which have each develop-
ventions which vary with the special features of each language. The
Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati, and the conventions which have become
the same as the Sanskrit writing system, and the conventions by which
2 I N T R O D U C T I O N
this system is adapted for writing Bengali have much in common with
Notation
adapt the notation for transcribing both Sanskrit and the modern
languages.
ii. The use of the letter rrj instead of n for representing the
1. See Preface.
INTRODUCTION 3
writing the modern, languages but not used in Sanskrit, and certain
Vowels: a a i ii u uu e ay o ov
Modifiers : 1
rrj (representing the onusvara) and
Consonants: k kh g gh n
c ch j jh ji
t t* a <ih
n
t th d dh n
p ph b bh m
y r l v ; J* s s h
vowel sounds occur which are not separately represented in the script.
For indicating the contexts in which such vowel sounds occur, the
This roman notation is used for writing all the Sanskrit grammat-
form.
be compared.
Callig^P^Z
The writing of the Devanagari characters should he practised at
first with a reed or bamboo pen. Such pens are still in use in many-
parts of India, and in many schools Indian children are taught first
this way will train the eye to recognise easily details of difference
and will train the hand to write a standard form of the characters
with the broad and thin strokes in the right place and proportion.
These pens are cut in the same way as a quill pen, except that the
quill used for English writing with the tilted axis. The English pen,
when cut for the tilted axis, looks like this from the back:
writing thus:
The pen cut for the Devanagari script looks like this from the back:
writing thus:
The pen should be neld in such a way that the thin line, made by the
cut edge, falls from left to right at an angle of k5 degrees from a
line drawn horizontally across the page. The broad stroke then forms
a right-angle with the thin stroke and crosses the horizontal line of
the page at an angle of i+5 degrees. Care must be taken not to change
the angle of the pen during the writing of curved or rounded strokes,
as this will change the shape and balance of the character.
Some of the typical strokes of the script should be practised
Until good control of the pen, held at the right angle, is establish-
ed before the characters themselves are written. For example.:
6 I N T R O D U C T I O N
The use of the broad, pen should be continued until a good style
right stroke; but all have the head-stroke, though it is not always
written right across the top of the character. The alignment of the
first between two lines; if one line is used, the characters should
the upright stroke; then the upright stroke, if there is one; and
together, as will be seen when vowel signs and other marks are added.
The general direction of making the strokes is from the top downwards,
and from left to right. But the order of the strokes in some charact-
ers, and their direction, differ from this general rule, and where
1 0 5
SANSKRIT SECTION
C H A P T E R 1
The syllabary used in writing Vedic Sanskrit includes one more con-
sonant character.
realisation of the character with which they are written. These two
to them together.
12 S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N
1 2 3 k 5
CONSONANTS with a Velar Palatal Cacum- Dental Labial
inal
Voiceless
CQ
Unaspirated kg ca .t? ta pa
CD
i> Aspirated kha cha tha tha pha
H
0s
Unaspirated
da ba
Voiced
1
Semi-vowels ys ra la va
Fricatives sa sa
Aspirate ha
Lateral I 9
Sanskrit. The vowel 'syllabic 11 does not occur in Sanskrit, but the
1
syllabary.
1. This term refers to the area of the roof of the mouth with which
contact is made by the tongue. Consonants of this class are also de-
scribed as 'cerebral'. As the retroflexion of the tongue is an import-
ant feature in the pronunciation of consonants of this class in the
modern languages, the class is described as 'retroflex' in the roman
tables of those languages. Cf. Hindi, p. 5 9 .
14 SANSKRIT SECTION
same order as that in which the syllables are placed in the roman
and Modifiers.
some characters are found that are now supplanted by newer and more
the characters are given below, among the characters of each group.
1. Consonant Characters.
k9-v9rg9h 35
k9 kh9 gh9
3>
ca-varggh
C9 Ch9 Dh9 J19
-|;9-V9rg9h
t 9 th9 3h9 n 9
t9-varg9h
t9
r
th9 d9 dhg n9
pg-varggh
P9 ph9 b9
*r
bh9 mo
The Bombay form of the character for jhg is T > and the forms
characters are used in Hindi writing, but the Hindi forms are not
Calligraphy.
All the characters in the above table are written in the way
jh9 - *J *b *R to r
1
c ri rT
by these characters:
<*5 ^ ^ ^
k- c- t~ t- p-
below, words which are usually written with the modifier known as
roots, in the form in which they are given in grammars and diction-
Reading examples
ya ra la va la
Calligraphy
indicated in the roman syllabary, and with four of the vowels, thus:
of > va, associated with the pa-vargah, and the vowels u and uu
1. Transcription of examples is given on p.51.
2 . 'standing between.' 3 . This stroke is written from right to left.
U. See below, under 2 . Vowel Characters.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 19
Reading examples 1
? ^ - f
J9 S9 S9 h9
Calldgraphy
ha : i. ^ |> or ii. 4 ^ f
An older form of is 5j , a form still used in joining this
and mehaprar). The uusmen characters are associated with the classes
Calligraphy of 55 : C Or OO 06 55
Reading examples 1
x. Vowel Characters.
There are fourteen vowel characters in the V9rr|9mala:
w 5 4 3 in
o a i ii u uu
Syllabic
%r rr
% K
1 11
e ay o 9v
only the Bombay forms are used in Marathi writing. An older form of
55ft , o , is 3* .
1
The order of writing the strokes in vowel
a-kara, J j ^ B T ^ i-kara, and so on. They are related to the five posit-
The vowel 11 does not occur in Sanskrit words, but the character is
^t ^
7
, (diirgha). The remaining four characters represent vowels
derived words, and the joining of final and initial vowels in con-
Simple vowels a a i ii u uu r rr 1
TJUT'* (gunah) 9 a e o ar al
(vrddhih) a ay av ar al
Examples : 2
^rpri^ nagaram 'TI^Tf^oB nagarika
diva
bhuuti
kr
?5
kip op><v^HI kalpana cftio/HpJof) kalpanika
1. See above, Ch.l., and below,3. i. for the modifier represented by rrj.
2. See below, ii, for the vowel signs used in these examples.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 23
5\ 3<T ^ ^ ^sr
-STt^
w
3Tc5
i^i
if 3^r
3$^
one of the vowel signs added to it, there is no sign for this vowel.
5RT
ka ki kii ku kuu '
% %
ke kay ko kav
Calligraphy
f 5 f 5 I
chu pxn d^u djiuu du huu
Special forms
^ * 5 1 ^
ru ruu dr Jr hr
An older form of is ^-, and of is
Mark of 'separation'.
written after the vowel in which the final and initial vowels are co-
alesced, to indicate the presence of two words in the piece. The mark
is written once when the initial vowel of the second word is *5T , and
Reading examples^
1. One character words
*' 1 * I
X ft
V*
ft? ^
3Tt fcT ^
3. Three character words
jjfacr fa^to sttct t?or facj^T ^fre^r ^ r e
3. Modifiers
I i 3 T
orrj arr) irrj iirrj urrj uurrj em eyrrj orrj avrrj
#> % # f % % #
kQirj kairj kirrj kiirrj kurrj kuurrj kerrj koyrrj korrj kevrrj
Calligraphy
sign has been written and before the headstroke is written to complete
over the last upright stroke if there is one, and to the right side of
1. 'after-sound'.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 27
"J - q
arrjka (arjka) purrjkha (punkha) lirrjga (linga)
VW
jg " J 1
51 3%
Jarrjti (janti) irrjdu (indu) barrjdhu (bandhu)
rrj - m
karrjpa (kampa) arrjbu (ambu) kurrjbha (kumbha)
the vargiiya character that follows it, that is, ^ with characters
This method is used also when the formative particle occurs before
illustrated later . 1
Formative particles, such as *lf~cl , -anti, and
^-("! , -ante, are usually written by this method and not with the
anusvarah.
The anusvarah is sometimes written to represent -n or -m , in
compounds formed from the prefix ^T*T > sam-, and words beginning
N
Before oT , la , as rj , m , n or 1 ; e.g.
^fo/i^T sarjlaya, samlaya, sanlaya or sallaya
Before ^ , va , as rj , m , or v ; e.g.
^fo|sanvada, samvada or savvada
Before J[ , Ja , as n , m , n , or v; e.g.
Before , sa , as n , m , n , or v; e. g.
Before ^ , ha , as rj , m , n , or v; e. g.
Reading examples
character.
Calligraphy
JFFOT %
devah malah kavih guruh kaveh gunayh bhanoh gavh
as in r P T i ^ tapahsu, tapassu.
devah 9
malah a
kavih 1
guruh u
kaveh e
gunayh 1
bhanoh 0
gavh u
1. 'emission of breath'
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 31
Reading examples 1
ofi: W 3* W %
.^P ^T*
:
^mtf^rTTi ^fcTtsf^oR: cP^fsTT:
a .table in which the vowel characters, and the two modifiers added to
each consonant character with each of the vowel signs and each of the
modifiers.6 These two tables together show the order in which the
1 I 3
%
# *
3?
at
Z 5 3
%
55
5. The Devanagari numerals
Hindi forms: ^ c
=1 3 I %
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
6, Punctuation
ical stroke of the same height as the characters. In verse, the first
H^TblT5HH ( ssrrjyuktakssrsm).
y
ii. If the first character has an upright stroke, this stroke may be
omitted, and the first part of the first character is joined to the
t~ y ty s d
~ y
d
y n_
"y &
y
n n
~ m o
^ me
iv. Some characters are written in a special form when joined with
eluded in the syllabic series from a very early date, though no con-
these three characters are not formed by joining two distinct charact
ers, but they are considered in this work under the appropriate
t- k9 t k 8
3~ d 8
3 d 9
<i- bre dbr9
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS 3 5
junct characters.
rT n ~Q 7^ * X ST *v* T 1 Z V "grf
\ \ V V \ \ \
t - m - yo tmyo b - dh - va bdhva r - s - \ - ya rstye
The general rules already given for the order of strokes in writ-
ing a character apply also to the conjunct characters. The vowel
signs are added to the character before the headstroke is written.
Examples: ktyu oj- o|- c o|- ^| r
i. In words, such as
such as
qT^TccF> c ^ ^ T r * T P T T - * H I Pel ^ ^ T ^ c R H II ft II
dhyanatkarmaphalatyagastyagacchantiranantaram. 12.
1. Bhagavadgita, Ch.l2.v.l2.
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 37
combinations:
M R4 M
-kks -kkhs -ggs -gghs "SSI 9
-CCS -cchs jjhs
1
"tt 9 -tts -tths -dds -ddhs -nns
<s><s{
ocf
3
w
-yys -lis -vvs-^ -SS& -sss -sss
Alternative forms UU|
&
-CCS - DJs -jjhs -lis
-nn 9
Reading examples .
-
ko - CO
-kco -kcho -gjh
- Z
ko -\t?
-kto -tko -ktho -tkho -go; -d^g -gdh -a^gh
- cT
ko - to
-kto -tko -ktho -tkho -gd -dgo -gdh -dgh
Wi - T
ko - P
-kpo -pko -kph -pkho -gba -bg -gbh -bgh
- S
CO - t 8
- H
CO - p
-pco -pcho -b jo -b jh
Z - rT tt
- to 2
-tto -tto -tthe -ttho -dd -dcje -qdh -ddh
- T
t 9 - po
-tP -Pt 8 -tpho -pfho -db -bo; -dbh -bdh
- H
to - po
-tpo -pto -tpho -ptho -dbo -bd -dbh -bdh
f
-nke -nkh
1 f f
-ngho
^3T
-jice -jicho -P-J -njh
TO TO TO
-nt 9
-nt h 9
-n<l 9
-nta -nth -nd -ndh
-jijh -i].t
9 - I
lt n 9
"^TA 9
-ncjh
These characters, representing a preceding homorganic nasal
consonant, are usually written in preference to the nusvarsh placed
on the preceding character, of which examples have been given above^.
The following examples illustrate the contexts in which the nusvarsh
may be written, and in which it is not written:
^ ? ^ i ? ? ? ^ r
-cji jn ~th:n -djhn -tn -thn -dn^ -dhn -pm -bhm
The character 3T is not calligraphically a conjunct character,
and is found, from an early date, included in the syllabic series of
characters^. In realisation, however, it belongs to this class of
1. See above, Ch.2,3.i.b. 2. Verbal forms. 3. Non-verbal forms.
k. The combination (J - *f more usually becomes 5T in sandhi.
5. See above, Ch.2,l. iii. x
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS 41
R ' ^ ^ ^ %
-nbho -nko -ngo -nco -n jo -nphe -nbho
Most characters may occur joined with preceding , on account
of the frequent occurrence of formative particles ending in *T .
^ , no , also may occur with many characters in external sandhi.
b. onunasiko character following.
-UT
-ita
-kno -bhno
-no sR W "9
kne -khno gno ghno -pne -bno -bhno
-T koM 71?
-me
-kmo -khmo -gmo -ghmo -cms -jmo -dmo
g*r *pt ^ ?r
-nno -nmo -nno -nmo -nmo -mno mno
Alternative forms of the conjunct characters in iii. and iv. are
formed with " O T , e.g. " U T T -g^o VTTf -bhno T^Jf -rang U
H -ipio .
1. It i s more usual to write ^of before characters of the co-vorgoh.
42 SANSKRIT SECTION
Reading examples
^5 TO
kyo khyo ,gy ghyo s
-gy 9
cy -chy jyo jhy
T O
-ty 9
-t y
h 9 -dj -djiy n y 9 ty thy dy dhy nyo
TO
py -phyo hy hhy my
TO TO
(yyo) 1
-ry ly vy /ye -sys sy hy
Reading examples.
TO TO
kve khvo gvo ghvo -nvs CVS -chvs dvs jhvs
-tvo
? -thvs -d^vs
f
-djivs
TO
-nvo tvs
TO
-thvs dvs dhvs
TO TO
nvs
ocj
TO
1
TO TO f
yvs Ivo (-wo) svs svs hvs
-rvo
and ^ do not occur in this series. ^ preceding another
TO o^f ^ TO TO T
TO
-ttvo -rvvs -cchvs -ktvs -dvys -bdhvs -gdhys
Reading examples.^
repheh in this form may be written with any character, but it does
* -* I * $ I
-rko -rco -r^o -rts -rpo -ryo -r/o -rho
**f ^
-rgge -rjjo
^
-rtte -rddho
^
-rmms
^
-ryye
^
-rvve
Characters written with vowel signs and repheh:
bF f& ^ ^ ^
-rka -rki -rkii -rku -rke -rkey -rko -rkev
written as , though the use of this stroke for rephoh is more rare-
character.
SB - HI V <*
kr gr -ghr -nro p
-chr jr
ST W
5 -
-tro3 - -cjr tr thr dr dhr -nr
- 5T sT
pro br bhr mr vr Jr sr hr
Examples of conjunct characters of Classes 1. to 3.ii. with 3.iii.
TO TO TO 5?T
-ktre -tpr -rty -dry -rdhv rdr -ntry -rdhny
Reading examples''"
^ T ^ n ^ ^ ^^flT 7l1*?cT
TO TO c hL
TO TO TO
-Ike -lge -lpe -lpho -Ibe -lbhe -lme
TOT TO Vedic
-Us -lse -Ihe -Ihe
b. oT following another character.
~% $
kl gls -chle -<|lo pie ble bhle
5?T or 3 r T ^
mlo vie Jle his
Most of these characters may be written either by method i.
rfj SWT
-tplo -tkl -cchlo -Ibhy
Reading examples. 1
uusmon characters.
TO TO
F-
J -Jks -J*c -Jcho J"ne J"pe Jm
*r TO S TOT
s-
-sks sthe -sn -?P8 -sphe -sm
only in e x t e r n a l sandhi.
TOT TOT
Js s
* or 1
M 2
TO TO
so
kso -nso -pso
so *
TO
-kso ~t S 8
-nso -tso -nso -pso
an e a r l y d a t e , and i s n o t c a l l i g r a p h i c a l l y a conjunct c h a r a c t e r . 3
In
p l a c e d ^after words b e g i n n i n g w i t h f}
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s of C l a s s e s 1. - 3. w i t h C l a s s h.
Reading e x a m p l e s ^
E
SO S A N S K R I T S E C T I O N
a. f p r e c e d i n g *tj , ^ and If . ^ ^
-hno hno -hmo
b. ^ following ^. and ? f t
-rjho -nho
Reading e x a m p l e s . 1
^W^^I^HI-^^^^^T^f^TrTr \\^\\ k
f^^wmsTT^I^r^sRWfR; II w i 5
1, For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 5 h . 2 R i g v e d a , 1. 3. i b i d . , 2
Uo BhagavadgTta, c h . l , v . 2 6 . 5o i b i d . , ch.3v. 2 5 .
6 ibid., ch.5?v.8. 7 . NTtisatakam, v . l i 8 .
TRANSCRIPTION
T r a n s c r i p t i o n , o f R e a d i n g Examples
Chapter 2 .
1. i . do dho to pho mo po no co c{ go
ke bho jo bo gho cho tho kh jh n
bh]; -
pd dhsn kcj m"(;h phsn. ghn khoc ddh dem
chsd jhsg jcj ph"|;o poth bot chg pc]h gh"|; gn
gsmeke jeget cei]k methon gh"|;k p|hk dsmsth
dhe"|;ok kp"(; bhjk gr|k ksthsm khjk pdk
chedonm pnnm n"|;nm ksthsnsm bhsnonem jenopode
gemonem p"(;hnem dhonmd jhnjhnm jhi\ jhsr^sm
l.ii. v ye re lo bo th kh t
leve jl khsre ved jhsr blo vere ' ron v"|;h
lobh yev dhore ly jhsro r"|; ran phl rsth
terole lvn bhsysm dhsvol j"|;hr csrsne d^emsr
nskhere legate cpl bhsvst nsysn vcr l"|;bh
yemevot vsysnsm grlm pdkml kp"|;vecenm
l . i i i o s h s / p c| r kh
/ere seh t v/ hs jhs rs vs J*eve
set Jo^he ke/o ks /s hy hr jhss bhss
sorele kl/ jshst -vys /path smy bshel /lbh
y/s /r{ s e p h e l e srs hrk per/ rbhs h s t s k
de/eroth /ke^em svys kslshsm /ssnsm /t/s
j e l o c e r e s noved/ekm shgmnm kmolovdn d//tm
2 i.
0 e i u r ii uu o y 1 a v rr
oth. is ut eke in ot d y/o rdh
uuh edho i i J uche evm rn uucjh i h e us
ed 1 vm okh rc oyn udon rnm
iiset uuhenem rsobh evsdhm yssmss upkrnem
2 o i i < nii bhuu gey sr da ji gov pey me duu
kr chi nev hoy bhii /rr /ii dr hi hr
duuro b h i i to ram cor tin dos /rt dhrt ruuc|h
gyre kr/ pevl kip drcjh pur phen mvl krrt
pitr mem duugi b h i i t i hrdi guru vrtha /i/u setu
otu iiti etev rtu iti uuru rsi enii ii"Le
52 SANSKRIT SECTION
3.i. kin] marrj sukharrj harirr) mrtair) tanum, shorn evarrj rsiinarrj
cjirnba panjcju layrrjgam djiumdhi jrrnbh jharrjjha kirrjcit kavmteya
sarrjyamana sairjvat mairjsa janjyu. sainruuc|ha samliina arrjhati
tamahair) h r d i sairjgatamani Jarrj bhr/air) ramayami
kirn v a n e - n u s a r a m i t a m i h a kinj v r t h a vil9pami
3 . i i . kgh chgh t jhah
n s
ayh
n
oh uuh rh navh sah
gunah dhrtih bahuh n i t eh nrpayh viduh Jrn^ih purusah
manahsu hivihsu dhenubhi h vi/esatah amjata h arrjtahkaranam
samaduhkhasukhah Junah/epah jagatohitah mato-dhikeh tejorrj-Jsh
behevoirj-buvegah yogomayasomavrteh garrjgataranjgahima.fiikaraj'iitalan i
jayadevapanjcjitakaveh. pan_cjitanarrj sama je-parrjc(ita mavnarr) b h a j e y u h
bhuya eva mahabaho Jrnu. me par amain vacah.
sukhair) duhkharrj b h a v o - b h a v o bhayarrj cabhayameva ca
v a h a s i v a p u s i v i j a d e vasanarrj jaladabharrj h a l a h a t i b h i i t i m i l i t a y a m u n a b h a m
k e j a v a d h r t a h a l a d h a r a r i m p a jaya j a g a d i i / a h a r e
m a d h a v i k a p a r i m a l a l a l i t a n a v a m a l a t i jatisugarrjdhav
munimanasamapi m o h e n a k a r i n i i t a r u n i i k a r i n a b a m d h a v
Chapter 3
Class 1 .
thakknrah kakkha^a drggocarah vagghi tinnatin uccayh iccha
rajjuh u j j h a t i pa^tika la^ho ua^din sed^ha visani^a visnr|
uttom u t t h i t a u d d e / a h buddhih b h i n n a p i p p a l a h phupphuiisah abfcmh
abbhogah sammatih sarrjmohah Jayya u l l e k h a h tacchrnu sannaddh
duj/iila (duh/iila) J a t a y u s s u (J"atayuhJ"u) j a s s a r a j a h Jubharrjllokan
Class 2.
i. v a k c a l a v a k c h a l am p r t h a g j a n a h vagjha"|;iti v a k ^ i i k a s"|;kon
s a t k h e t a k a m vagc^ambarah khac^gah v a g d j i s v k a t e dvid^ghora b h a k t i h utka"|;a
uktham utkhata hrdgata sadguna dagdha udgha"(;aka vakpa^u
vakphalam k a k u p k h a l u p r t h a g b h a v a h kakubguruh kakubghora s a t . c a r a n a h
satjchavih sad^jah s a d ^ j h a ^ i t i apcarah k a k u p c h a v i h kubja k a k u b j h a ^ i t i
sacjdevah sacjdha s a t p s t i f/up-tiika ^atphana sacjbahu kakup"|;hakkurah
abc|imbha sacjbhaga kakubcjhavkate utpanna satphalah g u p t a udbodhaka
udbhavah
Jabdah labdha bhagavadgiita sarrjyukta adbhuta madbhakta buddhi-
yukta sacchabdah
TRANSCRIPTION 53
C l a s s 3.
i. vekygm k h y a t g vgyragygm J l a g h y g udgrjygj'gh c y u t g vapchyg j y o t i s
ujjhygti kapQ^ysn! J"a-|;hygm jad^ygm gvadhyg puipram tyajyg
pgthyg v i d y a dhyangm k s n y a apyg riphygte gbyonih gbhyasgh
sgvmygm dhgyrygm gmuulyg vyuudjig dr/yg mgmisygh r g h g s y g hygs
sgynygsyg
sgnnyasgh sgrrjnyasgh c i n t y g buddhya t g j j y o t i s vgydggdhygm mahatmygm
bhgktya kgvbjygm sghrdbhygh b h g g g v g n v y g k t i b evgmetgdygthatthg
guhygmgdhyatmgsgrrjjpitgm g j p g h sukhgmaradhygh s u k h g t g r g m a r a d h y g t e
vijesgjjigh
i i . k v g c i t pgkkvanngm akhvoh p g v e d g h l g g h v i i u c c h v a s g h u j j v g l g u j j h v g
Igf/vgh y g d n g t v a sgcjvidhg drcjhvgm J"rr|ygn t v s r i t g prthvii udvigng
dhvgnih
g n v i t g apva gbvahgngrrr r i b h v g n cgmvoh y v a g u l i i s g r v g s g r v v g n g l v g h
i i j v g r g h v i / v s s v g k k g t e g n u s v a r g h h v e v i h v g l g vidhvgrrjsgh dvgndvgh
tgttvgm
dugdhva I s b d h v a u k t v a davna e t g d d h v a v l i n a t i gravida prarjvg/gh
tygktva--tmgj"uddhye p u i p r g k r t a r r j l l o k a n u s i t v a J a j v g t i i h sgmah
i i i . a , tgrkg h muurkhs vgrggh v g r g i i y g d i i r g h g Jarrjgg c g r c a m u u r c h i t g
arjungh n i r j h g r g h
dardhygm v g r i p h k g r t r v y g r t h g durdgyvgm grdhg mgnurnamg grpgr^gm d u r -
bglg ggrbhitg
uurmih kgrmmgn dharmikg p g r y g n t g pgrygrrjtg s u u r y g h d u r l g b h g puurvg
ssrw dgr/gnsm
hrsh g r h g t k i i r t i h hrnij*m uurdhvm v s r j y rrniurdhni rmiurdhnya-
dhayatmgngh n g y r r t i i
durbuddhsyryuddh Jvetsyrhsysyryukte v e d s y j n a d h y a y s n s y r n
dangyrng C9
b , vikrmh agrhah J i i g h r g p r a i j r a t r i i krcchr vgjrgm psv^rgh
f g t r u h drgvygm
dhruv prytnh premna brniv b h r a t r ngrnrg v r s j s h J u j r u u s a srgjva
h r g s v g hrsv
h r s y hirrjsrg Jraddhg ardr ardr d a r i d r y g m daridrygm srrjhriir]
etgcchrutva
digvrtm sgtjtrirrjjg ytprmai]m jmbvamrle
54 SANSKRIT SECTION
s s k t a h krmi|yvidvarrjso y s t h a k u r v s n t i b h a r s t
kuryadvidvarrjsttha-sktJcikiirsurloksngrhm
nyv k i r r j c i t k r o m i i t i y u k t o msnyet t s t t v s v i t
p Jysn J r n v s n s p r / n j i ghr nn J n s n g s c c h s n s vpn J* vs n
a j j i a k i i r t i h palsnsirj brahmanarrj dansrrj bhogo mitrsmrksnm c
y e s a m e t e sc[guna n p r s v r t t a h korthstesairj p a r t h i v o p a / r s y e n
HINDI SECTION
C H A P T E R 1
Sanskrit arrangement. 1
Some of t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e u s e d o n l y i n writing
Some of t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e m o d i f i e d f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g s o u n ds occurring
i n P e r s i a n and A r a b i c loanwords.
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.l.
58 HINDI SECTION
t h e roman n o t a t i o n a s follows:
j , f o r t h e v o i c e d v e l a r f r i c a t i v e , TT
z , f o r t h e v o i c e d d e n t a l f r i c a t i v e , yT
r , rh , f o r t h e r e t r o f l e x f l a p p e d c o n s o n a n t s ^ and
N a s a l i s a t i o n of v o w e l s i s shown by t h e s u p e r s c r i p t ~ .
As t h e D e v a n a g a r i s y s t e m of w r i t i n g i s s y l l a b i c , and t h e charact-
e r s i n t h e s y l l a b a r y r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g e i t h e r of a v o w e l
or of a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by t h e v o w el o , t h e roman t a b l e shows
consonant c h a r a c t e r , i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to i n E n g l i s h t e x t s as the
'inherent' vowel . 1
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.l.
ARRANGEMENT OF T H E SYLLABARY 59
Hindi S y l l a b a r y i n Roman N o t a t i o n
1 2 3 k 5
CONSONANTS w i t h Velar Palatal Retro- Dental Labial
flex
Voiceless
Unaspirated ka 1
c t 9 t P
P l o s i v e s
Unaspirated go 3
c|2 do b
Voiced
Nasal (rj) 3
(p) 3
na^" no m
Semivowels. yo r 1 5
va
Voiceless x 6
s^ s
Fricatives
Voiced y 6
z 6
Aspirate h
VOWELS a i ii e of 0 av
sent t h e uvular p l o s i v e , qa .
2. The c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e s e t w o s y l l a b l e s a r e m o d i f i e d t o
S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and do n o t o c c u r initially,
6. These s y l l a b l e s a r e w r i t t e n by m o d i f y i n g o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s which
r e p r e s e n t s o u n d s somewhat s i m i l a r i n articulation:
7. T h is v o w e l , s y l l a b i c r , o c c u r s o n l y i n a few S a n s k r i t loanwords.
C H A P T E R 2
CHARACTERS OP THE SYLLABARY
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h e D e v a n a g a r i S c r i p t u s e d i n w r i t i n g Hindi
are t h o s e g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n , w i t h t h e t e r m s w h i ch a r e u s e d
t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n , and i n t h e n o t e s on t h e c a l l i g r a p h y o f special
c h a r a c t e r s as t h e y a r e g i v e n i n t h e tables.
and M o d i f i e r s .
1
1. Consonant C h a r a c t e r s .
characters, 'ontesth 1
characters, and 'uusm' c h a r a c t e r s . 2
The c o n s o n -
ant c h a r a c t e r s , a s t h e y a r e g i v e n i n t h e s y l l a b a r y , are r e a l i s e d as
s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g of an i n i t i a l consonant, or s e m i - v o w e l , followed
i n d i c a t e d i n t h e s c r i p t by w r i t i n g a d i a g o n a l s t r o k e , known a s the
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . l . f o r t h e u s e o f t h i s t e r m .
2 . See S a n s k r i t , Ch.2. R e f e r e n c e s are g i v e n throughout t h i s chapter
t o t h e d i v i s i o n s and s u b - d i v i s i o n s w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g numbers
i n Chapter 2. of t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n .
62 HINDI SECTION
foTTW ( v i r a m ) 1
a t t h e f o o t of t h e c h a r a c t e r t h u s , of) , k - , cT , t - .
The r e a l i s a t i o n o f akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n r e a d i n g Hindi
differs i n some r e s p e c t s from t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s in
Sanskrit. The f o l l o w i n g n o t e s may be r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l guiding
p r i n c i p l e s t o w h i c h r e f e r e n c e may be made l a t e r , when t h e characters
are d i s c u s s e d i n detail.
a. A final akar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-
v o w e l , e x c e p t i n a few S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s .
i. Characters of t h e v o r g i i y g r o u p .
c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s s y l l a b l e s w i t h an i n i t i a l p l o s i v e consonant
e s , or cT ^ 7
( v e r g ) , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n o f a r t i c u l a t i o n of the
consonant i n t h e s y l l a b l e t h e y r e p r e s e n t . The c h a r a c t e r s a r e g i v e n i n
the Sanskrit s e c t i o n . 1
Of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s , , no and \5f . . . j i o ,
only i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s i n l i t e r a r y H i n d i . The c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n a s
than t h o s e g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e s . Some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e m o d i f i e d
t o r e p r e s e n t c e r t a i n s o u n d s i n P e r s i a n and A r a b i c l o a n w o r d s and t h e
i n t e r v o c a l i c r e a l i s a t i o n of ^ and <5 .
I ? 7 ? T i f 5
qo x ye z f - -rh
Reading e x a m p l e s . 3
1. One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , r e a l i s e d a s a c o n s o n a n t w i t h t h e v o w el o .
I? Z rT z *t
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-vowel.
3. Three c h a r a c t e r words
h. Four c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-vowel
When t h e c h a r a c t e r s U( , y and , v , o c c u r i n i t i a l l y , or
w i t h one of t h e v o w e l s i g n s , t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d a s c o n s o n a n t s followed
"by a v o w e l . When t h e y o c c u r m e d i a l l y i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h t h e y a r e
r e a l i s e d w i t h a f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d a s c o n s o n a n t s . When
t h e y o c c u r m e d i a l l y i n p o s i t i o n s i n w h i c h an kar c o n s o n a n t character
i s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , or f i n a l l y , they are r e a l i s e d as semi-
v o w e l s , f o r m i n g a d i p h t h o n g w i t h t h e v o w e l of t h e p r e c e d i n g syllable.
Examples: ^3=FT cTop SHJ
ymn vk bhsy lv
The c h a r a c t e r ^ i s o f t e n r e a l i s e d i n i t i a l l y or m e d i a l l y a s b .
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.2,1.ii.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 65
Reading e x a m p l e s . 1
is I? , he .
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 85.
2 . This i s t h e o n l y o n t e s t h c h a r a c t e r w h i c h o c c u r s as a word.
3 . See S a n s k r i t , C h o 2 , l i i i .
66 HINDI SECTION
i s a t i o n of ^ , ho , v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o i t s p o s i t i o n i n t h e word.
f o l l o w e d by a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , it is often realised in
W c^'H'T
Johor( Jfflhr) pahor(p8ehr) rohon(rffihn) lahoson(leehson)
of t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r a s ( a ) . Examples:
Reading examples. 1
TH if^T 5f ^ 5 TT^T *R
3. Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , the f i n a l character r e a l i s e d with zero-vowel.
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p.85.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 67
The g e n e r a l r u l e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f okar c o n s o n a n t
c h a r a c t e r s s h o u l d be a p p l i e d i n r e a d i n g a l l e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w ,
u n l e s s s p e c i a l n o t e s are added.
Reading e x a m p l e s . 2
1. Words c o n s i s t i n g o f v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s only.
i i . Vowel S i g n s .
The vowel s i g n s u s e d i n w r i t i n g H i n d i , c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h t h e
vowel c h a r a c t e r s and w r i t t e n w i t h t h e o k a r form o f t h e c h a r a c t e r ^ ,
are g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n . 3 Each c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t s a
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i . 2. F o r t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 85.
3. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 2 . i i .
68 HINDI SECTION
1. One c h a r a c t e r words.
"5F7T %
^ 1
Two c h a r a c t e r words.
W fte
*McT
3. Three c h a r a c t e r words.
^ t f t gsjp %)ciw spRm ^ r (Jr^nr
an - g l i d e , if t h e words a r e n o t t o be r e a d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r u l e s
ed w i t h zero-vowel.
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , s e e p . 8 5 .
2. A S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d , w i t h f i n a l d^h .
/
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 69
i s f o l l o w e d by a f i n a l c h a r a c t e r w i t h a vowel s i g n , it is usually
a vowel s i g n e.g.
of t h e f o r m a t i v e p a r t i c l e s w h i c h a r e a d d e d . This v a r i a t i o n is
c o a l e s c e n c e w i t h t h e v o w e l of a p r e c e d i n g okar c h a r a c t e r a s ayh.
p a h i l a or p e y h l a b a h i r a or b o y h r a b e h i n or bayhn
c o a l e s c e n c e w i t h t h e v o w e l of a p r e c e d i n g okar c h a r a c t e r as ovh.
bahut or b e v h t p o h u r - n a or p o v h r - n a
under 1. i i i (uusm c h a r a c t e r s ) . 1
3. Modifiers.
i. onusvar.
Both forms of t h i s m o d i f i e r a r e u s e d i n H i n d i , t h e f i r s t f o r m ,
a s i n 55T > b e i n g c a l l e d t h e o n u s v a r , and t h e s e c o n d f o r m , a s i n 35T ,
3
t h e c e n d r a b i n d u . The a n u s v a r i s u s u a l l y w r i t t e n , in preference to
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n of e x a m p l e s , s e e p . 86.
2. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i . and i i . 3 . 'moon and d o t ' .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 71
a. As t h e n a s a l i s a t i o n of t h e v o w e l o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h whic h i t i s
written. The c o n d r o b i n d u i s p r e f e r r e d f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g a n a s a l i s e d
v o w e l , e x c e p t when t h e c h a r a c t e r h a s a s u p e r s c r i b e d s t r o k e ; e . g .
iff or $ ^ or f ^ ft
ha muh thii me hey
Reading examples.'''
ttZ TTT5T
b. As t h e n a s a l c o n s o n a n t o f o n e o f t h e v o r g . The onusvar w r i t t e n on
a character preceding a v o r g i i y character i s r e a l i s e d as the nasal
consonant of t h e same c l a s s a s t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r , or a s n
when t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s of the ce-varg. The c a n d r a b i n d u
i s not usually w r i t t e n t o r e p r e s e n t a nasal consonant. When t h e
onusvar i s r e a l i s e d a s a n a s a l c o n s o n a n t b e f o r e a f i n a l okar
2
character, the f i n a l character i s r e a l i s e d w i t h an o - g l i d e .
tt^t $iz #>^pr
ponkh kon^h porantu hindii sambandh kanjuus
In w r i t i n g S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , t h e r e i s an a l t e r n a t i v e and more
f r e q u e n t l y used method o f r e p r e s e n t i n g n a s a l consonants i n t h i s
c o n t e x t , by combining c h a r a c t e r s . 2
When, t h e o n u s v a r i s r e a l i s e d
as a n a s a l c o n s o n a n t b e f o r e a f i n a l okar c h a r a c t e r , t h e f i n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h an a - g l i d e ^ .
1 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 8 6 . 2. S e e S a n s k r i t , Ch.3,3*Class 2.ii.
3. See a b o v e , 1 . n o t e b
72 HINDI SECTION
I n some w o r d s , t h i s m o d i f i e r may be r e a l i s e d a s i n a. or a s i n b .
R e a d i n g Examples."''
^ftcr wi*r z z ^Htr -q-^ar 3"sft #etc
sf^rt w*r ^r^r Rfar fr ^55*
c . When t h e a n u s v a r i s w r i t t e n on a c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g one o f t h e
ed words u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e , i t i s r e a l i s e d in various
t e x t u s e d by s p e a k e r s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f India2, t h e u s u a l
Hindi p r a c t i c e i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g examples:
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 8 6 . 2. S e e S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i . n o t e c.
3. The l a s t c h a r a c t e r i n t h i s word r e p r e s e n t s 7T combined w i t h T f .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 73
ii. viserg.
This m o d i f i e r i s r a r e l y u s e d i n w r i t i n g H i n d i . I t o c c u r s i n some
S a n s k r i t loanwords u s e d m a i n l y i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e , and i n a few
Hindi words. When w r i t t e n w i t h a m e d i a l c h a r a c t e r , it is usually
r e a l i s e d e i t h e r as s t r o n g a s p i r a t i o n a f t e r the s y l l a b l e represented
hy the c h a r a c t e r w i t h whic h i t i s w r i t t e n , as i n r e a d i n g l e a r n e d
words from a l i t e r a r y t e x t ; o r , i n l e s s formal r e a d i n g , as the
d o u b l i n g of the c o n s o n a n t of t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r ; f o r example:
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.2,h.
' 4 HINDI SECTION
t h e same a s t h e order 1
in Sanskrit. Words b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e modified
5. Numerals.
The n u m e r a l s u s e d i n H i n d i a r e g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t section.1
Hindi printing.
6. P u n c t u a t i o n .
In p r o s e w r i t i n g , t h e end of a s e n t e n c e i s marked w i t h an u p -
r i g h t s t r o k e o f t h e same h e i g h t a s t h e u p r i g h t s t r o k e o f a c h a r a c t e r .
i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e H i n d i p r o s e p a s s a g e a t t b e end o f t h i s section . 2
i n Sanskrit3.
t o r e p r e s e n t c o n s o n a n t s w h i c h a r e r e a l i s e d w i t h o u t an i n t e r v e n i n g
vowel. C h a r a c t e r s formed b y c o m b i n i n g o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s a r e c a l l e d
^^JrFjfisiR (sonyuktakser ) 1
b y Hindi grammarians. The c o n s t r u c t i o n and
c a l l i g r a p h y of conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e S a n s k r i t sect-
ion . 2
The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s u s e d i n w r i t i n g H i n d i a r e c l a s s i f i e d
1. C o n t e x t s o f Conjunct C h a r a c t e r s i n H i n d i .
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r i n H i n d i i n t h e s e contexts:
<F=gr C R M % m^t
becca kyoki mokkhii
ii. In S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , e i t h e r w o r d s commonly u s e d i n H i n d i , o r
l e a r n e d loanwords u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e ; e.g.
?TW WWrU
doroxt hofta s^e/on
2. R e a l i s a t i o n of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s i n H i n d i .
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e a l i s e d i n r e a d i n g a s s y l l a b l e s consist-
vowel i n c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s in words 2
gives rise t o a p r o b l e m of spell-
with zero-vowel. T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e c o n s e c u t i v e c h a r a c t e r s is
s i m i l a r t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r . Similar problems
ed w i t h z e r o - v o w e l b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , and i n com-
A l l the c l a s s e s of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n t h e Sanskrit
s e c t i o n o c c u r i n H i n d i , b u t i n some of t h e c l a s s e s o n l y a few of
by t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n i n e a c h c l a s s , w h i c h i n c l u d e some S a n s k r i t loan-
1. In t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , t h i s g l i d e i s n o t i n d i c a t e d i n
words t o which t h i s r u l e a p p l i e s . 2. See a b o v e , C h . 2 , 1 . n o t e s
a. t o d. 3 . Examples of such words a r e g i v e n b e l o w , w i t h e a c h
c l a s s of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s . U. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 .
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS 77
C l a s s 1 . Two s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r s joined.
The s e r i e s o f c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s c l a s s o c c u r r i n g i n S a n s k r i t is
given in that s e c t i o n . 1
Most of t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s of t h e Hindi
s y l l a b a r y occur i n t h i s c l a s s , b u t some o c c u r o n l y i n S a n s k r i t loan-
words u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e . The c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g -rra
i s w r i t t e n as ^ , the s u p e r s c r i b e d s t r o k e r e p r e s e n t i n g when p r e -
p
c e d i n g a n o t h er c o n s o n a n t . The m o d i f i e d c h a r a c t e r s ^ and <J do n o t
occur i n t h i s c l a s s , b u t o|-oh , qqa , VHVh , ffo , and \FjT , z z o a r e
w r i t t e n i n P e r s i a n and A r a b i c loanwords.
A c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g an a s p i r a t e d c o n s o n a n t i s n o t w r i t t e n
i n S a n s k r i t as t h e f i r s t part of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r i n t h i s class,
but i n w r i t i n g Hindi t h e c h a r a c t e r s \o^cj , khkh and , "|;h"|;h
are sometimes u s e d . The c o m b i n a t i o n -mm may be a l t e r n a t i v e l y r e -
p r e s e n t e d by w r i t i n g an a n u s v a r w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g ^ , as
in V4J-41 <3[ or VS^ft"^ , ummid .
The f o l l o w i n g example s i l l u s t r a t e H i n d i words i n w h i c h two c o n -
s e c u t i v e consonant c h a r a c t e r s , t h e f i r s t b e i n g kar, a r e r e a l i s e d in
ordinary s p e e c h i n t h e same way a s c o n j u n c t characters:
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . . 3 , C l a s s . 1 . 2. S e e b e l o w , C l a s s 3 . i i i . a .
3 . Verbal form. L\.. Pronoun w i t h s u f f i x .
5. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 86.
78 HINDI SECTION
C l a s s 2. Two v e r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s joined.
g i v e n in the S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n . 1
Some of t h e more common c o n j u n c t
c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s o c c u r r i n g i n H i n d i , m o s t l y i n S a n s k r i t loan-
w o r d s , a r e g i v e n b e l o w , w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of some c o n j u n c t characters
words i n t h e l i t e r a r y language.
3.
-kto -tko -gd -dg -pt -tp -bd -db
a r e w r i t t e n i n l i t e r a r y H i n d i , t h i s method of r e p r e s e n t i n g a
e r s b e i n g g e n e r a l l y p r e f e r r e d t o t h e u s e of t h e o n u s v a r , in
series. I t i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d as gy , w i t h n a s a l i s a t i o n of the
c h a r a c t e r a r e p l a c e d a f t e r words b e g i n n i n g w i t h vj^" .
occur i n H i n d i , i n S a n s k r i t loanwords.
Jokti sok-tii 1
robt dab-ta 1
padma ad'mii
Reading e x a m p l e s . 2
^F^H^fl | O P R ^llcHI W F T
g i v e n i n t h a t s e c t i o n . 3 Most o f t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s of t h e Hindi
l a n g u a g e . Some of t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n may o c c u r
Reading E x a m p l e s .
The s e r i e s o f c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s c l a s s o c c u r r i n g i n S a n s k r i t is
p
given in that s e c t i o n . Only a few of t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e H i n d i
i s combined w i t h cf .
3
Reading e x a m p l e s .
a. *5[ p r e c e d i n g .
called ( r e f ) , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d , w i t h n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y , in the
below i l l u s t r a t e t h e c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s w h i c h o c c u r i n H i n d i .
d o u b l e d when w r i t t e n w i t h ref .
Characters r e a l i s e d w i t h r following, r e p r e s e n t e d by a s h o r t
s t r o k e p l a c e d e i t h e r a g a i n s t t h e u p r i g h t s t r o k e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r or
beneath the c h a r a c t e r , are g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n . 2
The
srJ *r n 7
*P&*no*r ^tfS sHf ^|
^SPW ^ T f ^ F4 ST^FT ^ gj^f srff H
^IT *JPT ^ y T PT Tffr W ttX^T ^*J$
fit*? W^FT TO ^Tg *W cffa ^T^T
iv. Characters j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g cvT or w i t h f o l l o w i n g cFT
a. q% p r e c e d i n g .
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s w h i c h o c c u r i n S a n s k r i t a r e g i v e n i n
that s e c t i o n . ^ The c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r r i n g i n H i n d i a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b y
b. following.
The c h a r a c t e r s o f t h i s c l a s s w h i c h o c c u r i n S a n s k r i t a r e g i v e n in
t h a t section.-*- The e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w i l l u s t r a t e the characters
which o c c u r i n H i n d i , i n S a n s k r i t and E n g l i s h l o a n w o r d s ,
p
Reading examples.
S3o T
-Jqe -J"to -sto -sbo
H i n d i words i n w h i c h c o n s e c u t i v e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s , the first
c h a r a c t e r b e i n g o k a r , a r e r e a l i s e d i n o r d i n a r y s p e e c h i n t h e same way
as c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e s e examples:
rosta bos-ta 1
qismot us-me 2
b. "5T , or "^T f o l l o w i n g .
The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s w h i ch o c c u r i n S a n s k r i t
occur i n H i n d i . The c h a r a c t e r s w h i c h o c c u r a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e
Reading e x a m p l e s . ^
ii. |[ p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g an o n u n a s i k character^.
by t h e s e examples:-
Hindi p r o s e passagel
ftcTT f I
Chapter 2 .
kab dhan bht caph ghon djiab cht ckh Oht ght
phon^ thon xam gaz yem qd kf m"|;h
1 . i i. v
kr DOl vr phsl l 8
T ghar vn tr khsl chay
dhr nav jar chal vay bal lav D*ey yam bhar
2. i . a ai ao ae ao ai ae
Chapter 3 -
Class 1 .
pakka huqqa makkhan laggii ghugghuu baccii iccha
lajja izzat jhajjhar patt tt - \<\ ^haa c i n i : i 9< a b u
patta
patthar baddal Juddh ann chappar phupphuus d^ibbii
bhabbhar kimmat rayyat harra killii navve hissa
Class 2 .
i. bhakti vaqt satkar daraxt sadgur^ vaqf ekbiis
kubj sabz gupt utpann hafta Jabd lafz latf
ii. ling s a n g h pajicamii manjha ghar^a t lA / a n t i lampat
n8r
Class 3 ii
pakvann xvab gvar jvar tattv dvara dhvani vi/v
svamii sarv sarvv iijvar kvara kvacit J*vas svapn
Class 3.iii.
a. t a r k f a r q muurkh s u r x v a r g g d i i r g h rrraryii xarc rrraurchit
arz a r j k o r t garc[ vorr^amala k i i r t i a r t h urduu arddh uurf
arpar^ arb garbh dharmm a r y y sarvv dar/an vers kursii arhit
C l a s s 3 i v .
bolki nrnlk phalguri iltiza ilmii kulha^a ilzam ultha
ql ( e q o l ) fsl (fsl) ixlas vssl Juki klas ulmukh
C l a s s h.
Hindi p r o s e p a s s a g e
t h e arrangement o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e s y l l a b a r y i s t h e same a s
t h e S a n s k r i t arrangement-'-. Some o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s a r e u s e d o n l y i n
texts.
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . l .
92 MARATHI SECTION
abary i n roman n o t a t i o n . As t h e s y s t e m o f w r i t i n g i s s y l l a b i c , t h e
shows e a c h c o n s o n a n t w r i t t e n w i t h t h i s v o w e l , w h i c h , when i t i s r e a l -
1 2 3 k 5
CONSONANTS w i t h Velar Palatal Retro- Dental Labial
flex
Voiceless
C -,
Unaspirated k t 9 t p
ts 1
P l o s i v e s
Aspirated kh ch th th ph
Unaspirated 3 1
9
a; d b
Voiced
jh bh
Aspirated gh dh dh
zh- -1
Nasal (p) 2
n 9 n m
Semivowels y r 1 v-^
Fricatives s
Aspirate h
Lateral I 9
VOWELS a i ii u UU e y 0 V
MODIFIERS 5
N a s a l - nj , o r ~ Aspirated - h
1. - h. S e e n o t e s on f o l l o w i n g p a g e . 5. S e e S a n s k r i t , Chapter 1.
ARRANGEMENT OF T H E SYLLABARY 93
dental articulation.
I I . The c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g -
sa and syllabic r occur only in
Sanskrit loanwords.
The s e r i e s of v o w e l s i n c l u d e s 1
short 1
i and ' l o n g ' ii, 'short' u
l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of words w r i t t e n w i t h t h e
i o n of examples f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d e s c r i b i n g t h e c o n t e x t s i n w h i c h it
it is left untranscribed.
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h e D e v a n a g a r i S c r i p t u s e d i n w r i t i n g Marathi,
1. Consonant Characters,
3. M o d i f i e r s .
The s t y l e of t h e c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n i s the
p r i n t i n g and w r i t i n g i n s t e a d of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g H i n d i f o r m s . Other
Hindi s t y l e i s n o t u s e d i n Marathi p r i n t i n g or w r i t i n g .
t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n , and i n t h e n o t e s on t h e calli-
graphy of s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r s a s t h e y a r e g i v e n i n t h e Sanskrit
t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g g r o u p s o f c h a r a c t e r s i n t h a t section."'"
1. R e f e r e n c e s a r e g i v e n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s c h a p t e r t o t h e d i v i s i o n s and
s u b - d i v i s i o n s w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g numbers i n Chapter 2. of t h e
Sanskrit s e c t i o n .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 95
1. Consonant Characters.
c o n s i s t i n g of an i n i t i a l consonant, or semi-vowel, f o l l o w e d by t h e
Sanskrit , 2
thus, cR , k - , cT , t - , TJ" , p - . Characters written
V \ N
as i n S a n s k r i t , b u t i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f w r i t i n g i n Marathi schools
in detail.
characters3, or a f i n a l o k a r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d e d by a
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch2,1.1 - i i i . 2. S e e S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , l . i o okar
consonant c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , a s d e s c r i b e d belo w
i n n o t e s a. - d. a r e , h o w e v e r , n o t w r i t t e n w i t h t h e v i r a m , w h i c h
i s u s e d m a i n l y i n w r i t i n g c e r t a i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s and Marathi
c o l l o q u i a l forms. 3. S e e b e l o w , Ch.3. i
MARATHI SECTION
i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h an -glide.
w i t h an - g l i d e , in c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s ; a s , for i n s t a n c e , when s u c h
a c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r of a word of t h r e e or
are d i s c u s s e d i n detail.
t o t h e s e n o t e s s h o u l d b e made when r e a d i n g t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n w i t h
i. C h a r a c t e r s of t h e v o r g i i y group.
c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g s y l l a b l e s w i t h an i n i t i a l p l o s i v e c o n s o n a n t
f o l l o w e d by t h e v o w e l . These c h a r a c t e r s f a l l i n t o f i v e ofTf
ko-vorg
35 7? XT
k kh go gha
co-verg
c(tsa) ch ja(za) jha(zha) -jia
Jo-verg
z z
th a;
z,
aha
t 9
to-vorg
t th d dha na
r
po-vorg
P ph ba bha ma
S a n s k r i t loanwords u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y language.
vowel signs.
are a k a r , or when t h e y a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e s i g n s o f t h e v o w e l s
a , u , uu , o or ev- -.
1
c. When t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e s i g n o f t h e vow61 e ,
t h e p a l a t a l and a l v e o l a r r e a l i s a t i o n s o c c u r i n an a l m o s t e v e n
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f w o r d s , and e v e n may v a r y from t i m e t o t i m e w i t h
changing conventions of speech.
No c o m p r e h e n s i v e r u l e c a n be g i v e n f o r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e s e
t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s , h o w e v e r , and i n t h e r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s t h e p a l a t a l
r e a l i s a t i o n s h o u l d b e made u n l e s s an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e a l v e o l a r real-
isation i s given.
The f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e t h e v a r y i n g r e a l i s a t i o n o f okar
consonant c h a r a c t e r s in certain contexts:
a. As t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r of a f o u r c h a r a c t e r word:
^rTF>^' dhamaka"!; , r e a l i s e d a s
x
dham'ka !;
-
b. In a v e r b a l f o r m , t h e r e a l i s a t i o n c h a n g i n g a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o r m -
ative particle or p a r t i c l e s added:
tSTS , i^socjhe , v e r b a l b a s e , r e a l i s e d a s tsod^h
^TcTfi tpod^hote , b a s e w i t h <=f a d d e d , r e a l i s e d a s i^socjhet
^TS^^T it6oc|hete1}S , b a s e w i t h ^ , and e m p h a t i c p a r t i c l e , W
r e a l i s e d as 1is6^h ' t e ^ s .
Reading e x a m p l e s .
1 . One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s . Four o f t h e v o r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r a s
words: TJ W <3>
1 . See b e l o w , i n t h i s c h a p t e r , 2 . i i .
2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , s e e page 1 3 0 . The a l v e o l a r
r e a l i s a t i o n o f c-vrg c h a r a c t e r s i s i n d i c a t e d by an a s t e r i s k .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 99
ii. C h a r a c t e r s of t h e n t o s t h group."*"
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s group g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n a r e
yo ro lo vo
ed as s e m i - v o w e l s , f o r m i n g a d i p h t h o n g w i t h t h e v o w e l of t h e preceding
syllable. Examples:
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.2,l.ii.
ioo MARATHI SECTION
Readin g examples"'"
^5 or *rc m c*5*T
<q? vsz m as ^ *^5r
3. Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-vowel.
5T5c^ <
^T tT65H ^TcT cPR WT 3 ^ T^rf
cFTO 35R^5 ofTST *xRcT *^T<?T* *tt^ *^s?f^ *c(^T
51 ^ *T - f
Jo so so ho
The c h a r a c t e r "Gf o c c u r s o n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and when
r e a d i n g words i n common u s e i n M a r a t h i , i t i s o f t e n r e a l i s e d as Jo ,
except in formal r e a d i n g . Pinal f i s usually r e a l i s e d with .
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 3 0 .
2. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 1 . i i i .
CHARACTERS O F T H E SYLLABARY IC
Reading e x a m p l e s 1
1. None of t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h i s g r o u p o c c u r s a s a word.
TO *T5T ^ ^ $R W
The l a s t c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i n t h e Marathi s y l l a b a r y is
2
s i s t i n g of two c o n s e c u t i v e c o n s o n a n t s w i t h t h e vowel , do n o t
i. Vowel Characters.
a i ii u uu e y o v
The c h a r a c t e r ^? , syllabic r , o c c u r s o n l y i n a few Sanskrit
be r e a l i s e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l r u l e s a l r e a d y g i v e n , unless
s p e c i a l n o t e s are added.
Reading examples-'.
ii. Vowel S i g n s .
Vowel s i g n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o e a c h v o w e l c h a r a c t e r , except ,
s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f an i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by one o f t h e
w i t h th e c h a r a c t e r \3? , thus:
Reading examples 1
1. One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
W ft % ^ % % *fr TIT % %
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
3. Three c h a r a c t e r words.
w i t h t h e v o w e l of t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r s , as in
1 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n of e x a m p l e s s e e p . 1 3 0 .
2. Compare t h e s e n o t e s w i t h n o t e s b . and c . above i n t h i s chapter.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY ic
more c h a r a c t e r s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w . The
r e a l i s a t i o n v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n i n e a c h word of the
c h a r a c t e r s w i t h v o w e l s i g n s , and a k n o w l e d g e of t h e l a n g u a g e is
t h e o n l y r e l i a b l e g u i d e t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of s u c h w o r d s .
Second c h a r a c t e r r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , or w i t h an o - g l i d e :
Reading examples 1
1. R e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a s i n n o t e a. above.
2. R e a l i s a t i o n of o k a r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a s i n n o t e b . above,
p
R e a l i s a t i o n of c h a r a c t e r s of t h e c o - v e r g w i t h v o w e l signs.
The t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s xjT , \xT and , are always r e a l i s e d as
palatal c o n s o n a n t s when t h e y a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e v o w e l s i g n s of i
given below, but the only r e l i a b l e guide for reading the majority of
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p.131.
2 . See a b o v e , n o t e on t h e v o r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s , in l.i.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 10
words i n which t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s o c c u r i s a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e l a n g u a g e ,
a. P a l a t a l r e a l i s a t i o n w i t h t h e v o w e l s i g n s o f i , ii:
w i t h t h e r e m a i n i n g vowel signs:
3txT
vac on niic colon ceyn ceha car cehera cuup
c. A l v e o l a r r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s , o k a r , or w i t h any v o w el
s i g n e x c e p t t h o s e of i , ii or ey :
The emphatic p a r t i c l e tT , w r i t t e n a s t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r of a
r u l e s i n c l u d e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e o r t h o g r a p h y of t h e m o d i f i e r known a s
108 MARATHI SECTION
3. Modifiers.
in reading Sanskrit.
2
1. onusvar.^
<3T
orrj
m
p l a c e d above a c h a r a c t e r ,
am im
thus:
t
iirrj
3
uirj
T
*
errj orrj
5R
karrj
SET
icarrj kiirj
#
kiirrj
f
kurrj kerrj korrj
The o n u s v a r i s w r i t t e n t o t h e r i g h t s i d e of a s u p e r s c r i b e d vowel
section.
The o n u s v a r i s r e a l i s e d i n M a r a t h i a s follows:
nasalised, or t o e x p r e s s g r a m m a t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Characters
1. See b e l o w . 3. i . 2. See S a n s k r i t , C h , 2 . 3 . i .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 109
hut n o t r e a l i s e d i n r e a d i n g .
Words:
"SBTiff #5T
tuu to kii kahii dat gohuu pots
P a i r s of w o r d s :
TO TO
2 nav^ pats^ pats5
nav^
Grammatical f o r m s :
#
he tii bas-to bol-te kor-uu
e x c e p t i n c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s i n modern Marathi w r i t i n g i n w h i c h
a d a p t a t i o n s of t h e s c r i p t a r e made i n o r d e r t o r e p r e s e n t collo-
c
h. In many w o r d s , i n c l u d i n g m o s t S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , t h e onusvar
w r i t t e n on a c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g one of t h e v o r g i i y characters
i s r e a l i s e d as t h e n a s a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e same c l a s s a s t h e
consonant r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r , or a s n
as a n a s a l c o n s o n a n t b e f o r e a f i n a l akar c o n s o n a n t character,
the f i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h an - g l i d e . 1
This realis-
a t i o n o f t h e nusvar i s i l l u s t r a t e d hy t h e f o l l o w i n g examples:
As i n S a n s k r i t , t h e r e i s . an a l t e r n a t i v e method o f representing
i s w r i t t e n on t h e c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g t h e s u f f i x . This onusvar
i s r e a l i s e d as n before t h e v a r i o u s forms o f t h e s u f f i x ,
c. When t h e o n u s v a r i s w r i t t e n on a c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g one o f t h e
l e a r n e d words u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e , it is realised in
i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g examples:
onusvar b e f o r e T f , r e a l i s e d as y , as in sayyog
o n u s v a r b e f o r e o t h e r o n t o s t h and uusm c h a r a c t e r s , r e a l i s e d as v .
s e r t e d b e t w e e n t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e o n u s v a r and a f o l l o w i n g
o n t o s t h or uusm c h a r a c t e r , f o r m i n g a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r w i t h i t ;
^T?fr , oyjii.
ii. visorg.
i s sometimes w r i t t e n w i t h e x c l a m a t i o n s , t o i n d i c a t e p r o l o n g a t i o n or
When the v i s o r g o c c u r s m e d i a l l y i n a w o r d , i t i s r e a l i s e d e i t h e r a s
the d o u b l i n g o f t h e c o n s o n a n t o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w h i c h f o l l o w s i t , or
as a s p i r a t i o n a f t e r t h e v o w e l o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h which i t i s
a p r o l o n g a t i o n of t h e v o w e l , o r a s p i r a t i o n a f t e r t h e v o w e l , a s i n
head of a s e r i e s of c o l u m n s c o n s i s t i n g o f e v e r y c o n s o n a n t character
characters'. T h i s t a b l e i s o f t e n r e c i t e d i n s c h o o l s by c h i l d r e n learn-
ing to read.
p l a c e d as i n i t i a l c h a r a c t e r s o f words i n d i c t i o n a r i e s , w h i c h i s the
same a s t h e o r d e r i n S a n s k r i t , e x c e p t t h a t no s p e c i a l p l a c e i s given
ed by t h e f o l l o w i n g series:
5. N u m e r a l s.
6. Punctuation.
In prose w r i t i n g , t h e same s y s t e m o f p u n c t u a t i o n i s u s e d a s in
Sanskrit system.^
h a v i n g b e e n p r e s c r i b e d i n 1932 b y t h e M a h a r a s h t r a L i t e r a t u r e Society
position; e.g.
1. See a b o v e , C h . l .
2. These r u l e s a p p l y t o t h e v o w e l s i g n s corresponding with the
vowel c h a r a c t e r s .
ii4 M A R A T H I S E C T I O N
character , 1
as i n , citr , 2
monusy^. The S a n s k r i t
o r t h o g r a p h y i s p r e s e r v e d i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s s u c h a s *JT^t
ii. R u l e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e o n u s v a r w r i t t e n i n g r a m m a t i c al forms.5
a r e w r i t t e n w i t h t h e o n u s v a r on t h e s e f i n a l v o w e l s ; e.g.
gehuu , i s m a s c u l i n e plural.
of s p o k e n form i s o f t e n r e p r e s e n t e d by w r i t i n g t h e o n u s v a r alone,
b. The onusvar i s w r i t t e n on t h e c h a r a c t e r w h i c h h a s t h e v o w e l o f
as n , and o f t e n b e f o r e o t h e r suffixes . 2
1. The mark of n a s a l i s a t i o n i s p a r t o f t h e s u f f i x , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s
the word OTTrT , S t . The i n i t i a l v o w e l o f t h i s word c o a l e s c e s w i t h
the vowel of t h e crude form o f t h e noun t o w h i c h i t i s added a s a
suffix. 2 . See a b o v e , 3 . M o d i f i e r s , i . b .
n6 MARATHI SECTION
1st. p e r s o n s i n g u l a r and p l u r a l :
and t h e v e r b a l f o r m s \3Tf^" a h e
> 3TT^f > a h o
. a n d
Tl^f nahii
adjectives.
w r i t t e n in d i a l o g u e as "OT and r e a l i s e d a s r[ )
ofitofi, kon.il .
R u l e s o f Orthography o f t h e M a h a r a s h t r a L i t e r a t u r e Society.
pamphlet ^jTc^T f H I ^ 1 %
s
f^flJIT ( J u d d h o l e k h o n a t s e nove niyom)
s t a n d a r d r u l e s g i v e n above a r e t h e s e :
show t h e e t y m o l o g y o f t h e w o r d , o r u n l e s s i t i s t h e o n l y means o f
d i s t i n g u i s h i n g i n meaning b e t w e e n p a i r s o f w o r d s , a s g i v e n above
i n 3 i . n o t e a.
b. The onusvar u s u a l l y w r i t t e n on t h e s u f f i x e s ~f a n (
i a n d
on
s i n g u l a r or p l u r a l , and t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n p l u r a l ; and t h e o n u s v a r
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS
c o n s o n a n t s w h i c h a r e t o be r e a l i s e d w i t h o u t an i n t e r v e n i n g vowel.
same c l a s s e s a s t h e S a n s k r i t c o n j u n c t characters.^
1. C o n t e x t s of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s i n Marathi.
s-fejen
2. R e a l i s a t i o n of C o n j u n ct C h a r a c t e r s i n M a r a t h i .
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e a l i s e d i n r e a d i n g a s s y l l a b l e s consist-
junct c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r of a w o r d , i t i s usually
ing. 2
For i n s t a n c e , when a f o r m a t i v e p a r t i c l e b e g i n n i n g w i t h a c o n -
lems a r i s e i n o t h e r c o n t e x t s , w h e r e an okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r is
characters.
3. C l a s s e s of Conjunct C h a r a c t e r s in Marathi.
shown, hy e x a m p l e s g i v e n i n e a c h c l a s s , w h i c h i n c l u d e some S a n s k r i t
C l a s s 1. Two s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r s joined.
A c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g an a s p i r a t e d c o n s o n a n t i s n o t usually
w r i t t e n as t h e f i r s t p a r t of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r i n t h i s c l a s s ; but
or . e.g.
s e c u t i v e consonant c h a r a c t e r s , t h e f i r s t b e i n g kar, a r e r e a l i s e d in
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s , C l a s s 1.
2 . See b e l o w , C l a s s 3* i i i . a *
3 . Verbal f o r m s . U. Compound word.
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS 12
Reading e x a m p l e s . 1
S J ^ v T ^XXM 3Sf ft f l f f ^ T o ^ T W W t | ^ T
The f u l l s e r i e s of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s c l a s s which o c c u r
in Sanskrit i s given in the S a n s k r i t section . 2
The c h a r a c t e r s of this
c l a s s which occur i n M a r a t h i , m o s t l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , are g i v e n
below. Some of t h e example s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n may o c c u r
as loanwords i n Marathi l i t e r a r y texts,
i.
c5Fv
-kto -tko -gdo -dg -gdh -dgh
FT
-tpo -pto -aba -bd - b j
*FT ^ V
-kmo -gne -ghno -tmo -dma -pno
Jokti Jok-tii 1
g u pt kap-to 1
/obd ub'dar
o
Reading e x a m p l e s ^
i. Characters j o i n e d w i t h f o l l o w i n g TJf .
The s e r i e s of c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s c l a s s i s g i v e n i n t h e Sanskrit
s e c t i o n ^ . A l l t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s of t h e Marathi s y l l a b a r y , ex-
a s a r e s u l t of c e r t a i n g r a m m a t i c a l p r o c e s s e s . E n g l i s h loanwords a r e
Reading e x a m p l e s 1
ii. Characters j o i n e d w i t h f o l l o w i n g of .
Only a few of t h e c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s in t h i s s e r i e s , g i v e n in
p
the S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n , o c c u r in M a r a t h i , most o f w h i c h o c c u r i n l o a n -
For example:
Reading examples 1
\' 7T , reph
T
, above t h e c h a r a c t e r b e f o r e w h i c h 1[ i s t o be realised
s t r o k e on t h e v a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r s , w h e t h e r kar or w i t h v o w e l signs,
w r i t t e n i n t h i s form w i t h ]T :
Reading examples 7
section . 1
Only a f e w o f these characters occur i n Marathi, m o s t l y in
e r s of t h i s group w h i c h o c c u r i n M a r a t h i .
Reading examples 2
i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e w o r d s g i v e n a s r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s below,
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 3 . i i i . b . 2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n of
examples, see p . 1 3 1 . 3 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 3 . i v . a .
ibid. , iv.b. 5. Verbal forms.
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 127
Reading e x a m p l e s x
characters.
given i n . t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n .2
T h o s e w h i c n o c c u r i n Marathi are
words.
oys'poys
Reading examples
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 3 2 .
2 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s 4 . i . a .
3 . Verbal form.
i+. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 3 2 .
128 M A R A T H I S E C T I O N
t h e c h a r a c t e r s i s u s e d i n M a r a t h i , i n t h e word 1 brahman^ .
b. | f o l l o w i n g an nunasik character.
Marathi p r o s e passage 1
i%cR' ff 0
^TlffrT, 3TJ"R "^bff ^ o ^ i - c ^ l i %of ^ r q fofcerT ^ ^ i ^ q i t&zft
T r a n s c r i p t i o n o f R e a d i n g Examples
Chapter 2 .
l.ii. v
kr jsl vr vn joy thor vy ghsr ledh ley
dhr kl lth bhr dor lov tsor ol zer tsev
l.iii. sor bes yo; hot her sen^ /ok Jev phes
hos ? t 9
khes ve/ J*er res Jebe tehe sehe
2.i. a an
9
<l ath iid uuth ek eyk ocjh ev"|;
nun eyt iiq. uus eyn evt eyj rn.
seii menu zeii neuu iter u s el. d^ekh uter ukhe^
aper^ eyvez ud^et eyrer; se^eii ojhor evsedh ol_ekh
Chapter 3
C l a s s 1.
phikka akkal sakkhii cjagga kat^sa gaccii iccha lajja
ha"j;tii l a " t t t t
n 9 c
khacj^a J"a:nr|av p a t t a u t t h a n r a d d i i biiddhi
i n i l
Class 2.
Class
vaky cjokyala sarjkhya agya ghya ticya
rajy jyane tujhya petya mo"|;hyane citthya
gaqya pec[hyatsa hor|_yas arjyatse tyacya
pothya udya madhye nyahal/ne pyala naphyatsa
dhohyane abhyas bhyala ramy suury kholya
karavyas vyakhyan ava/y rahasy mamisy
hyala ma^yane atmyatsa raukhy nadya
Class 3.ii.
Class 3iii-
a. t a r k imiurkh marg d i i r g h khurcii k h u r c y a a r z kor "; garc[ -
Class 3iv.
C l a s s U.
i.a. ajcary pajcim puskal, us ";
-
r a s t r Jresth rasta tast
vyavastha stabdh nisphal krsn. snan sthir rastyane
strii strya spast drs^l drs"|;ya sthiti ajcary sphuurti
Jastr sneha skuul s^ejan post
b. vatsal poriiksa durlaks tilksr^ ksatriya vansa oksaboksii
suuksm ksarajah utsuk ak'smat
Marathi P r o s e Passage 1
p r a t y e k J o h o r a t s e m a h a t t v k a h i i ek v i T i s t g o ^ t i i t a h e . a p ' l y a y a
mumboii i l a k h y a t az m u m b o i i , eh'medabad, s o l a p u u r v o g o y r e Johore v y a -
parasa"{;hii p r o s i d d h ahet. s a t a r a , eh'med'noger, vijapuur vogoyre
Johore e y t i h a s i k drs"|;ya m a h a t t v a c i i a h e t . per]cjher'puur, n a / i k v a -
g a y r e Johore dharmik drs"|;ya J r e s ^ h g e n i l i i z a t a t . pur e J o h o r a c i i
p r e s i d d h i v i d v a n a n t s e raaher'ghar mhor|Uun v i j e s a h e . karon. ya t h i k a n i i
sarv prakar'cya Jiksenacya j i t ' k y a s o y i i a h e t , t i t ' k y a i t e r t h i k a n i i
n a h i i t , ani p u u r v i i p e J v y a n c y a v e l i i kay kimva h o l l i c y a irjgrejii
r a j ' v a ^ i i t kay m a h a r a s t r a t i i l v i d v a n l o k a n t s e t e ek a v e c f t e s t h a n
houun r a h i l e a b e . pure Jahar s a m u d r a p a t i i p a s u u n 1850 phuu"(; u n t s a h e .
ya J a h a r a c i i s t h a p a n a don Je v a r s a p u u r v i i Jivajiimaharajani^se guru
d a d a j i i k o r ^ a d e v y a n i i k e l i i . m a h a r a j a n t s a vacja ye t h e h o t a ani r a y "gad.
g h e i i p a r y a n t t y a n t s e mukhy "[hane puny-asats a s e , maharajancya p a j c a t
s a t a r a he Jahar mara^hyancya s a t t e t s e kendr z h a l e . puqyanajiik simha-
gad. k i l l a , b h a f g h a r y e t h i i l dharan_ va t a l a v a n i l a s k a r a t i i l sundar
imar'tii pah'nyasar'khya ahet. p u r ^ y a t i i l Janivar'vad^yazava^ Jrii
Jivajiimaharajanl^se smarak mhanuun t y a n t s a ajvaruud^h bhavy p u t a ^ a
ubha k e l e l a a h e .
on t h e S a n s k r i t s y s t e m , w i t h some m o d i f i c a t i o n s a s i n t h e o t h e r modern
l a n g u a g e s of N o r t h e r n I n d i a w h i c h a r e w r i t t e n in the D e v a n a g a ri
and t r a n s c r i b e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e characters
used i n t h i s section:
Sanskrit ^TT*T N
(akseram) Gujarati ^if^A (oksor)
1. See S a n s k r i t , Ch.l.
136 G U J A R A T I S E C T I O N
The t a b l e g i v e n b e l o w shows t h e a r r a n g e m e nt o f t h e G u j a r a t i
s y l l a b a r y i n roman n o t a t i o n . As t h e s y s t e m o f w r i t i n g i s s y l l a b i c ,
.1 2 3 k 5
CONSONANTS w i t h 0 Velar Palatal Retro- Dental Labial
flex
Voiceless
Unaspirated ko CO t 9 to p
P l o s i v e s
Unaspirated go q do b
Voiced
Nasal fo) 2
(P-9) 2
no no m
Semivowels yo ro lo v^
Fricatives Jo so** so
Aspirate ho
Lateral I
VOWELS a 11 u uu e , z y o , o ^ v
J
1. - 5 . S e e n o t e s on f o l l o w i n g page.
ARRANGEMENT OF T H E SYLLABARY 137
ion w i t h o t h e r c o n s o n a n t s , i n S a n s k r i t loanwords.
dental articulation.
h. The c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t e d b y so and s y l l a b i c r o c c ur o n l y in
Sanskrit loanwords.
c h a r a c t e r , or vowel s i g n , u s u a l l y t r a n s c r i b e d a s e . The v o w e l s
u s u a l l y transcribed as o .
are w r i t t e n a c c o r d i n g t o c e r t a i n r u l e s of orthography . 1
This d i s t i n c t -
the t r a n s c r i p t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r s , t h o u g h i n modern G u j a r a t i
speech t h e r e i s o f t e n l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n of
'long' vowels.
through an a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e s c r i p t f o r c u r s i v e w r i t i n g . The c h a r a c t -
and r e f e r e n c e s h o u l d b e made t o t h e n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y g i v e n w i t h
g i v e n b e l o w on t h e c a l l i g r a p h y of any c h a r a c t e r s of w h i c h t h e order
The G u j a r a t i c h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r u n d e r the
1 . Consonant Characters.
The c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e a r r a n g e d i n t h r e e g r o u p s : 'vorgiiy'
c o n s i s t i n g o f an i n i t i a l consonant, or s e m i - v o w e l , f o l l o w e d by t h e
1 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , l . i - iii.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 139
grammariansj b u t i n t h e t e a c h i n g o f w r i t i n g in s c h o o l s , characters
The f o l l o w i n g n o t e s may be r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s to
in d e t a i l .
v o w e l , e x c e p t i n a few S a n s k r i t loanwords.^
characters^, 0 r a final o k a r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d e d by a
ant* -, i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d w i t h an
4
e-glide.
c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r of a t h r e e character
e-glide, b e f o r e t b e a d d i t i o n of s u f f i x e s c o n s i s t i n g of, or b e g i n -
ed w i t h z e r o - v o w e l a r e t r a n s c r i b e d w i t h o u t o , and m e d i a l okar c o n -
s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l or w i t h an o - g l i d e are
i. C h a r a c t e r s of t h e v o r g i i y group (ct?!^^. ) . 1
The f i r s t g r o u p o f c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s c o n s i s t s of twentyfive
c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g s y l l a b l e s w i t h an i n i t i a l p l o s i v e consonant
ko-vorg
ke khe
H
g 9
ghe -ne 2
ce-vorg
H CO che
>>
jhe -jie
];'-verg d 6
the
vS d
ahe -n.o
t 9
te-verg d te
H
the de
ii H
dhe no
pe-vorg
H po
A phe be
(H H
bhe mo
An o l d e r form o f Q is ^ .
1. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 1 . i . 2 . C h a r a c t e r s w h i c h do n o t o c c u r
i n i t i a l l y a r e shown by a hyphen p r e f i x e d t o t h e s y l l a b l e i n t h e
roman t r a n s c r i p t i o n .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 141
The c h a r a c t e r s . 06 a n d
6 a r
e written thus:
<- * 3 $ c
* *L
36 D 36 6 c
S 6
The okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e f e r r e d t o , a s f o r i n s t a n c e i n
The c h a r a c t e r s \$ and do n o t o c c u r i n G u j a r a t i w o r d s , h u t
they are w r i t t e n , i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s , i n some
S a n s k r i t loanwords i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e . The c h a r a c t e r s and
& are r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y as re and r he in certain
words. Examples o f t h i s r e a l i s a t i o n a r e g i v e n l a t e r , a f t e r t h e
vowel s i g n s a r e d i s c u s s e d . l
Reading e x a m p l e s 2
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-vowel.
Qrl H L3
d H H V *M.vS H6 #d CH^L V6
U. Four c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-'vowel
or w i t h an e - g l i d e ; f i n a l c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-vowel.
1. See b e l o w , under 2 . i i .
2. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . l 6 8 .
i 2
4 GUJARATI SECTION
ii. C h a r a c t e r s o f t h e o n t o s t h group ( ^ H r T l ^ ^ i ) 1
H a ^ l
ye le re ve
Reading examples3
*U M3. H a ik W *t LH
*w. &h w. ^>(rt CLR. ^a =mm w . yh
3. Three c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , f i n a l characters r e a l i s e d with zero-vowel.
These c h a r a c t e r s a s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n a r e w r i t t e n
in t h e Hindi s t y l e . The G u j a r a t i c h a r a c t e r s a r e :
U H <*
J"o so so ha
The c h a r a c t e r X o c c u r s o n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and when
w r i t t e n i n words i n common u s e i n G u j a r a t i , i t i s often r e a l i s e d as
Jo e x c e p t i n formal reading.
2
Reading e x a m p l e s .
1 . None of t h e c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s g r o u p o c c u r s a s a word.
2 . Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l characters r e a l i s e d with zero-vowel.
a^uat *iu*i U H H ^ I H
U. Pour and f i v e c h a r a c t e r w o r d s ; f i n a l characters r e a l i s e d with zero-
v o w e l , s e c o nd c h a r a c t e r i n f o u r c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , t h i r d character
i n t h e f i v e c h a r a c t e r w o r d , r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l or w i t h an
o-glide.
p l a c e d a t t h e end of t h e s e r i e s of c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e vori^o-
m a l a , b u t t h e y do n o t p r o p e r l y b e l o n g t o t h e s y l l a b a r y , and t h e y a r e
discussed later . 1
2
2 . Vowel C h a r a c t e r s and Vowel S i g n s ,
i. Vowel Characters.
The v o w el c h a r a c t e r s u s e d i n w r i t i n g G u j a r a t i c o r r e s p o n d w i t h
>i
a i
ii
S
u uu
S i
syllabic r e, oy 0,0** ov
n o t e s a r e added.
Reading e x a m p l e s 1
1. Vowel c h a r a c t e r s o n l y . ^It ^
5
Vowel s i g n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o e a c h v o w e l c h a r a c t e r , e x c e p t 3>-C ,
s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g of an i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by one of the
character .
si & 1- f ^ 4 ^ ^ &
ka ki kii ku kuu kr ke,ke key ko,ko kov
The o r d e r of s t r o k e s i n w r i t i n g c h a r a c t e r s w i t h vowel s i g n s is
i n g e n e r a l t h e same a s t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n t h e n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y in
a. The u p r i g h t s t r o k e of a c h a r a c t e r i s w r i t t e n w i t h o u t r o u n d i n g the
b. Special forms:
KI fir <!, ^ ^ $ 3 $
ja ji jii ju juu nu ru ruu dr J*r hr
r i g h t s t r o ke of a c h a r a c t e r , and of t h e v o w e l s i g n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to
a s i n 5^ , , d n d s y
tl > a r e
r e f e r r e d t o a s HL^LL ( m a t r a ) . The
Reading examples 2
1. One c h a r a c t e r words.
and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n a r e r e a l i s e d i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f words as
p a i r s of w o r d s , w r i t t e n i n t h e same w a y , a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n meaning
only by t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e v o w e l y^X a s 0
or a s o . Some words
Words i n which , or t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n , i s r e a l i s e d as e :
quarter'. 7 . See b e l o w , u n d e r 3 . M o d i f i e r s , i . o n u s v a r .
148 GUJARATI SECTION
of as 0 or a s 0 :
go\,
1
round' gol, 'treacle'
c h a r a c t e r s and s i g n s in c e r t a i n positions,
w o r d , i s f o l l o w e d by a f i n a l c h a r a c t e r w i t h a vowel s i g n , it is
vowel of t h e p r e c e d i n g s y l l a b l e , as in
t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n i n e a c h word
Second c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , or w i t h an o-glide:
Other c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l , or w i t h an o - g l i d e :
b. When a s u f f i x b e g i n n i n g w i t h a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s added t o a
w i t h an o - g l i d e , as i n t h e s e examples:
1. okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e a.
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p.168.
150 GUJARATI SECTION
R e a l i s a t i o n of m e d i a l and f i n a l ^ and
The c h a r a c t e r \$ i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y or f i n a l l y as a
a s t o p , q . The c h a r a c t e r i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d a s a s t o p , c|h ,
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a i r s o f words t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of vS as c| or
as r i s n e c e s s a r y f o r d i s t i n c t i o n of m e a n i n g :
a. ^ , and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n , a r e u s u a l l y w r i t t e n i n final
characters, or i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g a f i n a l kar c o n s o n a n t
1 . See b e l o w , Chapter 3
2 . For t h i s vowel w r i t t e n with, t h e o n u s v a r , s e e b e l o w , under 3.i.
152 GUJARATI SECTION
3. Modifiers.
i. onusvar.
The o n u s v a r i s a mark r e p r e s e n t i n g n a s a l i s a t i o n , and i s written
in Gujarati i n t h e form o f a d o t above a c h a r a c t e r , thus:
oil) am irrj urrj err) orrj karg kiirj kurrj kern korrj
s t r o k e , and i t i s w r i t t e n on t h e c h a r a c t e r a f t e r e v e r y o t h e r stroke,
2
as i n the Devanagari script.
R e a l i s a t i o n of the anusvar.
Grammatical f o r m s :
w i t h t h e o n u s v a r when i t r e p r e s e n t s n a s a l i s a t i o n of a v o w e l ,
1 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i . and i i .
2 . i b i d . , n o t e on c a l l i g r a p h y of t h e o n u s v a r .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 153
As i n S a n s k r i t , t h e r e i s an a l t e r n a t i v e method of representing
nasal consonants in t h i s c o n t e x t . T h i s method i s d e s c r i b e d later.
The ' s h o r t ' forms o f t h e v o w e l s $ and are u s u a l l y w r i t t e n
w i t h t h e nusvar r e p r e s e n t i n g a n a s a l c o n s o n a n t ; e . g .
c. When the o n u s v a r i s w r i t t e n on a c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g an o n t o s t h
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p o s i t i o n of a r t i c u l a t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g conson-
in v a r i o u s p a r t s of I n d i a i s d e s c r i b e d i n the S a n s k r i t section . 1
The u s u a l G u j a r a t i p r a c t i c e i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e s e examples:
ii. visorg
This m o d i f i e r , d e s c r i b e d i n the S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n * , d o e s n o t
4-
occur
and i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d o u b l i n g of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t , a s in
1 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i . e .
2 . $1 r e p r e s e n t s k - j o i n e d w i t h -s . See C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s U. i . b .
3 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 6 9 . U. See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 i i .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 155
i s shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g table^-:
=^1
n H
H V
d 6 d
H (H H
H <
4. u 6
m o d i f i e r s added t o t h e c h a r a c t e r , a r e p l a c e d a t t h e head of a
s e r i e s of columns c o n s i s t i n g o f e v e r y c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i n t h e kar
This t a b l e i s o f t e n r e c i t e d i n s c h o o l s by c h i l d r e n l e a r n i n g t o r e a d .
a s i n i t i a l c h a r a c t e r s o f words i n d i c t i o n a r i e s , w h i c h i s t h e same a s
w i t h t h e o n u s v a r a r e p l a c e d a f t e r words b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e same
5. Numerals.
The G u j a r a t i n u m e r a l s a r e w r i t t e n t h u s :
A ^ 3 Y H \ V3 Hp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6. Punctuation.
In p r o s e w r i t i n g , t h e same s y s t e m of p u n c t u a t i o n i s u s e d as in
Sanskrit system.^
1. See Sanskrit,Ch.2,6.
C H A P T E R 3
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS
c o n s o n a n t s which a r e t o be r e a l i s e d w i t h o u t an i n t e r v e n i n g vowel.
(soyyuktaksor) by G u j a r a t i g r a m m a r i a n s or *$tv5L^L^ ( j o q a k s e r ) in
Sanskrit s e c t i o n . 1
Gujarati conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d by
s i m i l a r methods, w i t h t h e s e modifications'
i i . When c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s a r e f o r m e d by o m i t t i n g t h e upright
s t r o k e of t h e f i r s t character^, t h e r e m a i n i n g p a r t of t h e first
of the s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r , as in , gg , Q U O ^ , bbo.
1. C o n t e x t s of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s in Gujarati.
i. In G u j a r a t i w o r d s , t h a t i s , w o r d s n o t borrowed from S a n s k r i t or
or l e a r n e d words u s e d o n l y i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e ; e.g.
2 . R e a l i s a t i o n of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s i n Gujarati.
j u n c t c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r of a w o r d , it is usual-
of s p e l l i n g . For i n s t a n c e , when a f o r m a t i v e p a r t i c l e b e g i n n i n g w i t h
a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s added t o a v e r b a l b a s e e n d i n g i n a final
with zero^vowel. T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e c o n s e c u t i v e c h a r a c t e r s is
ed w i t h z e r o - v o w e l b e f o r e a f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , and i n
c h a r a c t e r and t h e s e c o n d p a r t b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t character.
conjunct characters.
3 . C l a s s e s of Conjunc t C h a r a c t e r s in Gujarati.
The c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s u s e d i n w r i t i n g G u j a r a t i a r e classified
i n t h i s c h a p t e r i n t h e same way a s t h e c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n in
the S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n .
1
C o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of a l l t h e c l a s s e s occur
f r e q u e n t u s e . Some of t h e r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t sect-
consonant-3,
A c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g an a s p i r a t e d c o n s o n a n t i s n o t usually
w r i t t e n as t h e f i r s t p a r t of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r i n t h i s c l a s s ; but
preceding or ^ ; e.g.
R e a d i n g examples^-
t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n , under i i . a . , a r e w r i t t e n i n l i t e r a r y Guja-
g e n e r a l l y u s e d o n l y i n w r i t i n g S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s . An a l t e r n a t i v e
method, r e p r e s e n t i n g n a s a l c o n s o n a n t s of e a c h c l a s s by w r i t i n g
t h e nusvar on t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r , h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d a b o v e ^ .
Of t h e c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n under i i . b . , only
i n g w i t h 5[L a re p l a c e d a f t e r w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w i t h . ^jL i s
o f t e n r e a l i s e d as gye .
a literary text.
Reading examples^
i. Characters j o i n e d w i t h f o l l o w i n g M. .
c h a r a c t e r of t h e b a s e .
Reading e x a m p l e s ^
%^ ^ 6mJ iLeMl
OU<>*4 ^cu*4. xClW H-i^l 8 ^ Hm^ Cl6i/rft 5H<S^l
t h i s s t r o k e on G u j a r a t i c h a r a c t e r s , w h e t h e r a k a r or w r i t t e n w i t h vowe l
i n t h e r e a d i n g example s g i v e n below.
junct c h a r a c t e r s w r i t t e n w i t h r e p h a r e realised:
Reading examples**"
dS <H?t *dOfd H*tl oUit-t \ d <=td-t *H&
b. ^ f o l l o w i n g another character.
These c h a r a c t e r s a r e f o r m e d b y w r i t i n g a s h o r t , d i a g o n a l stroke
Reading e x a m p l e s 7
bolke , or <H<&>-t>al'ke.
In r e p r e s e n t i n g c o l l o q u i a l s p e e c h forms i n modern G u j a r a t i , the
character i s s o m e t i m e s w r i t t e n f o r (^J^ , a s in
for , loher , and o t h e r s i m i l a r w o r d s .
b. following.
C h a r a c t e r s combined w i t h f o l l o w i n g Q occur mainly i n S a n s k r i t
and E n g l i s h l o a n w o r d s .
The f o l l o w i n g w o r d s i l l u s t r a t e the r e a l i s a t i o n of consecutive
c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s , when t h e f i r s t i s o k a r , i n t h e same way a s c o n -
j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s class:
Reading e x a m p l e s 2
1 . Cf. S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l . 3 . i v . a . and b .
2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 6 9 .
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 165
C l a s s U' v o r g i i y c h a r a c t e r s j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g or f o l l o w i n g uusm
characters.
a. $X > H o r
preceding a vorgiiy character.
The c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s w h i c h o c c u r i n G u j a r a t i , m o s t l y in
S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w . The
i n c l u d e d i n t h e G u j a r a t i vornomala.^- Words b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h i s a r e
conjunct c h a r a c t e r s : '
HlUdX 'lftwl_ fedUHl
nuk'san n a s - t o 5 bhs-no6 dives-ma?
a n d ^ Y , sahej (^Y).
1 . Cf. S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s k . i . a . and b . 2. i b i d . , C h . 2 , 1 . i i i .
3. i b i d . , C h . 2 , l . i . ca-vargah, U. G f . n o t e on $t under C 1 . 2 . i i . b .
5.. Verbal form. 6. Noun w i t h s u f f i x . 7 . Noun w i t h p a r t i c l e .
i66 G U J A R A T I S E C T I O N
Reading examples^
a. preceding.
Two c h a r a c t e r s occur with preceding (6 , i n the Sanskrit l o a n -
s
words CtyUl brahmon, , and p j . ^ , c ihn
b. following.
The characters which occur with f o l l o w i n g are i l l u s t r a t e d i n
tbe examples given below. The c h a r a c t e r s and V( are sometimes
w r i t t e n t o represent t h e tendency t o a s p i r a t i o n i n some words i n
c o l l o q u i a l speech.
Reading examples 3
-<*l% U L ^ [*U&] d ^ [tih]
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 6 9 . 2. C f . S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s U. i i .
3. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 1 7 0 . k Sarpha Jodnikosh, by Maganlal
Prabhudas Desai, Uth e d . 19U9, p . 1 6 , pub. Navajivan Prakashan
Mandir, Ahmedabad.
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 167
T r a n s c r i p t i o n o f R e a d i n g Examples
Chapter 2.
1.1. no ch jo dho
2.1. a e ao eo
Chapter 3
Glass 1 .
nokkii lokk&d^ cokkho l a g g u v s c c e beccu i c c h a goccho S9jj9d_
ujjhotli chu-J;t tt citt D
khsd^o p i t t g T , p o t t h g r muddgl buddhi
h 9 i i h i i
Class 3 - i -
kyare / 9 k y o khyalu fiakhyo lagyu sughyu slicyo puchyo
jyare k h o j y u suujhyu chu^yo uuthyu p9d_yo kadjiyo bher|yo
jiityo tya athyu vidya / o d h y o medhye manyo nyay p y a r e
apyfl haphyo dgbyCf thobhy u gamyu s u u r y kgryo b o l y o avyu
bhavyu 9V9/y piir'syu monusy kshyu" rnelyu n i k g l y o 9drJ"y
Class 3 . i t .
settv prthvii serv ii/vsr vi/vas sv9bhav
svgpn dve/ dhvgni tottvsjjian
Class 3 i i t
a. trk muurkh vorg srjit g e r j s n a v e r n o n puurr^ v a r t s n 9 r t h
Class U.ii.
MISS G. M. SUMMERS
formerly Lecturer in Bengali in the
School of Oriental and African Studies
University of London
1.
C H A P T E R !
a b l y of t h e same o r i g i n .
s c r i p t i o n of t h e B e n g a l i s c r i p t a s t h a t u s e d i n t h e S a n s k r i t section,
w i t h t h e Devanagari s c r i p t . As i n t h e D e v a n a g a r i s c r i p t , each
c h a r a c t e r of t h e B e n g a l i s c r i p t r e p r e s e n t s a s y l l a b l e consisting
e i t h e r of a vowel or o f a c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d b y t h e f i r s t v o w el of the
a consonant c h a r a c t e r o f t h e B e n g a l i s y l l a b a r y , or i n r e c i t i n g the
i t y i n t h e s y s t e m a t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s work t h e symbol
T
e T
i s used in t h i s s e c t i o n to r e p r e s e n t t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l , and a s
used i n r e a l i s i n g t h e B e n g a l i c h a r a c t e r s , t h e s y s t e m a t i c transcription
174 - B E N G A L I S E C T I O N
t e x t and i n t h o s e g i v e n f o r p r a c t i c e i n r e a d i n g , by a p h o n e t i c tran-
t i n g u i s h i t from t h e s y s t e m a t i c roman t r a n s c r i p t i o n .
I n t h e roman s y l l a b a r y g i v e n b e l o w , t h e s y l l a b l e s a r e represented
w h i c h do n o t o c c u r i n t h e S a n s k r i t s y l l a b a r y , and f o r t h e phonetic
Roman N o t a t i o n , a r e u s e d i n t h i s section:-
i. S y s t e m a t i c roman n o t a t i o n .
po and ph , f o r t h e r e t r o f l e x f l a p p e d c o n s o n a n t s , r e p r e s e n t e d in
t h e s c r i p t b y m o d i f i e d forms of t h e c h a r a c t e r s corresponding
to 4 and cjh . 1
y , f o r t h e m o d i f i e d form of t h e c h a r a c t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o y ,
2
and r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s w a y s , d e s c r i b e d i n Chapter 2.
nj , f o r t h e m o d i f i e r r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e nusvar.3
s c r i b e d i n roman n o t a t i o n a s a ; and f o r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n , in
a s an - g l i d e , o r a s z e r o - v o w e l , "in c e r t a i n positions.
B e n g a l i S y l l a b a r y i n Roman N o t a t i o n
1 2 3 5
CONSONANTS w i t h o Velar Palatal Retro- Dental Labial
flex
Voiceless
Unaspirated ka ca t 9 ta pa
CQ
CD Aspirated kha cha tha tha pha
>
H
CQ
O
o
H
Unaspirated J 9
$ da ba
O
H > Aspirated gha Jha dha 1
dha bha
PH
Nasal 9 9
(p-o) 2
n 8
na ma
3
Semivowels ra la va**
ya-'
Aspirate ha
VOWELS a a i ii u uu e ay o av
1 . The c h a r a c t e r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s e two s y l l a b l e s a r e m o d i f i e d
as f l a p p e d s o u n d s , w r i t t e n a s pa and pha i n t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n .
2. The c h a r a c t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s s y l l a b l e i s n o t w r i t t e n a s a
c h a r a c t e r s , i l l u s t r a t e d b e l o w i n Chapter 3.
176 B E N G A L I S E C T I O N
3. As t h e c h a r a c t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s s y l l a b l e i s always realised
i n t h e same way a s t h e c h a r a c t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o j , a m o d i f i e d
of t h i s m o d i f i e d character, r e f e r r e d t o a s 'ntsth y , !
and t r a n -
Sanskrit loanwords.
vrg (borgo)
Bengali Calligraphy.
w r i t i n g was t a u g h t w i t h a b r o a d p e n s u c h a s t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n t h e
n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y i n t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n . 1
Though t h e relative
b e g i n s a t t h e t o p l e f t hand s i d e and t h e l a s t s t r o k e b r i n g s t h e p e n
t o the t o p r i g h t hand s i d e s o t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o p a s s s t r a i g h t on
t o the b e g i n n i n g of t h e n e x t c h a r a c t e r . I f a c h a r a c t er has a h o r i z o n -
t a l h e a d - s t r o k e , or i s c o m p l e t e d w i t h a s h o r t h o r i z o n t a l s t r o k e at
be l i f t e d as r a r e l y a s p o s s i b l e i n w r i t i n g a c h a r a c t e r , or consecutive
characters.
The p r i n t e d forms of t h e c h a r a c t e r s , g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e s in
1 . See S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n , Introduction.
N
178 B E N G A L I S E C T I O N
p r i n t e d f o r m s , w i t h n o t e s on c a l l i g r a p h y when n e c e s s a r y . The e x a m p l e s
e n c e s t o he n o t e d b e t w e e n c h a r a c t e r s w h i c h h a ve some s i m i l a r i t y of
form.
^ i
u \5
>
V & i
v5 m
m
C H A P T E R 2
The B e n g a l i c h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t l j i s c h a p t e r under t h e
1. Consonant C h a r a c t e r s .
The c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e a r r a n g e d i n t h r e e g r o u p s : vorgiiy
f o l l o w e d by t h e f i r s t v o w e l o f t h e v o w e l s e r i e s , r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e
r e a d i n g w o r d s , kar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s
1. Compare S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n , C h a p t e r 2 .
2 . ' e n d i n g i n a c o n s o n a n t ' . Cf. S a n s k r i t C h . 2 . 1 . v i r a m e h and hlnt.
3 . 'hsssnt i n k'. See a l s o b e l o w , u n d e r i .
180 BENGALI SECTION
The a b s e n c e o f t h e h o s o n t o i n a c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r c a n n o t , how-
e v e r , b e t a k e n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t o be r e a l i s e d with
t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l . A l t h o u g h t h e w r i t i n g s y s t e m o f B e n g a l i h a s much i n
common w i t h t h e S a n s k r i t w r i t i n g s y s t e m , owing t o i t s o r i g i n , t h e u s e
c o n v e n t i o n s c o n c e r n t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s . The
e r s . When t h e y o c c u r i n w o r d s , h o w e v e r , t h e y a r e r e a l i s e d i n v a r i o u s
v o w e l , r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s y s t e m a t i c roman n o t a t i o n by o , i s realis-
t a b l e o f c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s - ^ and i n s p e c i a l n o t e s i n t h e discussion
1 . These v e r b a l f o r m s a r e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w , under i i .
2 . R u l e s r e c o g n i s e d by t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l c u t t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e w r i t -
i n g of t h e h o s o n t o a r e g i v e n i n t h e B e n g a l i d i c t i o n a r y 1^4*1 t
( c o l o n t i k a ) , a p p e n d i x , page 3 8 , s u b - s e c t i o n 1+.
3 . See b e l o w , u n d e r i . , R e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 181
o n l y by a knowledge o f t h e s p o k e n language.
i. C h a r a c t e r s of t h e v o r g i i y g r o up (
i n g s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f an i n i t i a l p l o s i v e c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by
vorg3, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i v e p o s i t i o n s of a r t i c u l a t i o n . The t a b l e
of t h e s e f i v e c l a s s e s may be compared w i t h t h e S a n s k r i t t a b l e of
Jko-vorg^ 1
k kh g gh
5 -
c-vrg
c ch 3"9
jh -ji
I - *f
t-vrg
ft i
th a;
u
<th -n 9
t-vrg
*r
t th d dh n
* f
- M
p-vrg *r \
P ph b bh m
i o n of t h e o r d e r and d i r e c t i o n of s t r o k e s t h a t makes i t p o s s i b l e to
j o i n e a c h c h a r a c t e r t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r by means of a s m a l l
ko-vorgo:
ce-vorge: a*
to-vorgo: 6
ta-vorgo:
<5 r
po-vergo:
Calligraphy of characters:
ko % <^ cho b So \S
jhe ~| ^ Xho f 6 pe V
Calligraphy of words :
f7 *fv5 T=f 3V C5
a f o l l o w i n g v o w e l i s r e p r e s e n t e d as ^ . This c h a r a c t e r i s referred
The c h a r a c t e r , jia , o c c u r s o n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , in
combination w i t h o t h e r characters^.
l o a n w o r d s , and n e v e r initially.
The c h a r a c t e r 3J , pho , i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d a s a b i - l a b i a l
f r i c a t i v e . When s t r e s s e d , it i s u s u a l l y r e a l i s e d as a p l o s i v e .
i n i t i a l , b u t a s a b i - l a b i a l f r i c a t i v e when m e d i a l or final.
R e a l i s a t i o n of t h e i n h e r e n t v o w e l i n akar c o n s o n a n t characters. k
The r e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n v a r i o u s w a y s ,
phonetic c o n t e x t s , f o l l o w s c e r t a i n g e n e r a l r u l e s . Some of t h e s e c o n -
t e x t s can be d e f i n e d o n l y by a d e t a i l e d p h o n e t i c s t u d y of t h e spoken
as i n \ g p ^ , jan( j o n ) .
ii. M e d i a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r o f a
vowel ( o ) . . .
c. P i n a l akar c o n s o n a n t characters.
word, i s s t i l l r e a l i s e d i n t h i s way. 2
As t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s w i t h t h e vowels
( o ) and ( o ) v a r i e s n o t o n l y i n t h e c o n t e x t s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , b u t also
i n t h e p h o n e t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s i n t h i s work:
a) I n i t i a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s a r e t r a n s c r i b e d w i t h ( o ) or
w i t h an e - g l i d e are t r a n s c r i b e d t h u s : (k'),(p').
c) P i n a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l are
t r a n s c r i b e d as f i n a l c o n s o n a n t s ; t h o s e which are r e a l i s e d w i t h
Reading examples-*-
1. One c h a r a c t e r w o r d s , r e a l i s e d a s c o n s o n a n t s w i t h t h e v o w e l (o).
^ ^ 1 *t Tf U T> *t *t
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
n? ^ tjfe ts^
ii. Final characters r e a l i s e d with ( o ) : .
5f\5Si\5 W&^T W W
ii. C h a r a c t e r s o f t h e o n t o s t h group( ^ ) 2
There a r e f o u r c h a r a c t e r s i n t h i s g r o u p , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f o u r of
t h e D e v a n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g group**.
y r 1 v
Cursive forms: ^ ?r f *r
Words: pf Zf^Jf
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 6 . 2. (ontostho).
3. See roman t a b l e , C h a p t e r 1 . U. S e e S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , l . i i .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 187
The c h a r a c t e r TJ , t r a n s c r i b e d i n t h e roman n o t a t i o n a s yo ,
group, t o t h e o n t e s t h o c h a r a c t e r Z[ , y , i n t h e S a n s k r i t syllabary.
vowel c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e S a n s k r i t c h a r a c t e r If i s represented in
B e n g a l i by a m o d i f i e d form o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r . |J , r e f e r r e d to as
in a specia l note^.
The c h a r a c t e r ^ , t r a n s c r i b e d i n t h e roman n o t a t i o n a s vo , is
group, t o t h e o n t o s t h o c h a r a c t e r , vo , i n t h e S a n s k r i t syllabary.
g r o u p s , and S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s w h i c h a r e w r i t t e n i n t h e D e v a n a g a r i
l e d g e of S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s i s n e e d e d i n o r d e r t o r e c o g n i s e w h i c h
d i c t i o n a r i e s t h e t e n d e n c y i s t o p l a c e a l l words b e g i n n i n g w i t h this
c h a r a c t e r i n one s e c t i o n , a f t e r w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w i t h , ph .
a n t a s t h a va i s , h o w e v e r , r e c o g n i s e d a s d i f f e r e n t from v a r g i i y a ha
Reading examples 2
1. Of t h e o n t o s t h a c h a r a c t e r s , only o c c u r s a s a word.
2. Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
wm *pr ^ TO.vr*\
ii. Pinal character r e a l i s e d with (o):
3. Three c h a r a c t e r words.3
a s an a s p i r a t e w i t h t h e v o w e l ( o ) . The c h a r a c t e r s a r e a s s o c i a t e d with
c
f o u r o f t h e v a r g a , a s shown i n t h e roman s y l l a b a r y . 0
They may b e com-
Jo sa sa and ha
Words: T^f
1!S
1. See C h . 3 , 3 . C l a s s 3 . i i . 2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 6 .
3. See a b o v e , n o t e s b . i . and c . i . U. See a b o v e , n o t e s b . i i . and
c . i . and i i . ( c o m p o u n d s ) . 5. ( u j / o ) . 6. See C h . l .
7 . See S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 1 . i i i .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY 189
The c h a r a c t e r , ho , i s t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r of t h e Bengali
presenting s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f two c o n s o n a n t s f o l l o w e d by t h e
of c o n j u n c t characters . 2
Reading examples-^
2 . Two c h a r a c t e r w o r d s .
*r t?-*t *r*r
ii. Pinal character r e a l i s e d w i t h (o):
1 . See C h . 3 . 3 . C l . U . i . a . 2 . i b i d . C 1 . 2 . i i . b . and C l . U . i . b .
3 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 6 . k - R e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e s b . i . and
c . i . a b o v e. 5 . Words i n l i n e i . r e a l i s e d a s i n n o t e s b . i i . and
c . i . ; words i n l i n e i i . r e a l i s e d a s n o t e c . i i . ( c o m p o u n d s ) .
190 BENGALI SECTION
c a t e g o r i e s , b u t t h e s e r u l e s g i v e some g u i d a n c e i n r e a d i n g from t h e
script. The o n l y c o m p l e t e g u i d e i s a k n o w l e d g e of t h e s p o k e n l a n g u a g e ,
a. V e r b al b a s e s e n d i n g i n an kar c o n s o n a n t character.
i. Verbal b a s e s w i t h o u t suffixes.
b a l a or b a l ( b o l ) k a r a or k e r ( k o r ) beka or b a k ( b o k )
When a s u f f i x b e g i n n i n g w i t h , or c o n s i s t i n g o f , a consonant
b a s e i s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l o r w i t h an a - g l i d e . Examples of
t h i s r e a l i s a t i o n a r e g i v e n b e l o w , under n o t e b .
a t i o n of t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r w i t h t h e vowel ( o ) . Examples:
s i g n of o' . L
In the verb , boss , the i n i t i a l character in
^^\5 35^5*1
koro-bo(kor'bo) kara-ta(kor'to)3 kara-la(kor'lo)^
1 . See b e l o w , 2 . i i , n o t e a . i i . 2 . S u f f i x e s of t h e t e n s e s d e s c r i b e d a s
' f u t u r e s i m p l e ' ( b o ) , ' p a s t h a b i t u a l ' ( t o ) and ' p a s t i n d e f i n i t e ' ( l o ) .
3 . In c o l l o q u i a l B e n g a l i t h e s e q u e n c e T^f^T , - r l - , a r i s i n g from t h e
a d d i t i o n of a s u f f i x b e g i n n i n g w i t h e?| , or t h e s e q u e n c e 7 t K 5 * - r t -
N
a r i s i n g from t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s u f f i x b e g i n n i n g w i t h \ 5 , t o a v e r b -
al base ending i n ^ , a r e r e a l i s e d r e s p e c t i v e l y a s ( - 1 1 - ) and
( - t t - ) , as i n t h e v e r b a l forms ^S^cTf , ( k o l l o ) and ?|5j5"t5 ,
( k o t t o ) . This r e a l i s a t i o n w o u l d b e made i n r e a d i n g from a B e n g a l i t e x t
w r i t t e n i n t h e c o l l o q u i a l s t y l e . S e e f u r t h e r n o t e s on t h e r e a l i s a t i o n
of v e r b a l forms under 2 . i i , and l a t e r i n C h . 3 3 . C l . l .
192 BENGALI SECTION
Vowel c h a r a c t e r s a r e w r i t t e n i n B e n g a l i , a s i n S a n s k r i t , to
r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a v o w e l o n l y , and v o w e l s i g n s are
added t o c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s t o r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g o f an
i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t f o l l o w e d by one o f t h e v o w e l s i n t h e s e r i e s given
c h a r a c t e r s and v o w e l s i g n s , g i v e n i n t h e S a n s k r i t section.
i. Vowel C h a r a c t e r s .
a i ii u - uu
r2 e
5 ey
^3 <Jo ' av
Cursive forms:
^ a S v3 &
^ ^ %*T W v3Si
The s u p e r s c r i b e d s t r o k e s i n t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s a r e w r i t t e n l a s t , start-
given later. 1
^ , s y l l a h i c 11 , a r e u s e d i n p r i n t i n g S a n s k r i t t e x t s i n B e n g a l i
script. The c h a r a c t e r I s
r e a l i s e d as (ri).
i n c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s w h i c h a r e d e s c r i b e d b e l o w , under Vowel S i g n s .
the c h a r a c t e r \^ , v , i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d i p h t h o n g (ou).
Reading examples2
1 , Vowel c h a r a c t e r s only
W| ^ ^ 4 i? \3 $
2 . Vowel c h a r a c t e r s and kar c o n s o n a n t characters
ii. Vowel S i g n s .
Vowel s i g n s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e v o w el c h a r a c t e r s , a r e given
h e l o w added t o t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r . As t h e v o w e l is the
i n h e r e n t v o w e l of e a c h o f t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e form in
*P ? ^ ^
gu ru ruii J*u hii hr
The v o w el s i g n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c h a r a c t e r s ^ , and ^ ,
Vowel s i g n s w h i c h a r e p l a c e d on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e consonant
c h a r a c t e r w i t h w h i c h t h e y a r e t o he r e a l i s e d a r e w r i t t e n h e f o r e the
The s i g n of s y l l a h i c r i s r e f e r r e d to as ( r i k a r ) or (riphola).l
1 . For e x a m p l e s o f s p e l l i n g w o r d s , s e e h e l o w , end o f C h . 3 .
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY i9S
Reading examples
characters in s p e c i a l contexts.
In r e a d i n g B e n g a l i words from t h e s c r i p t , t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of
okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i n w o r d s w h i c h have v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s or
vowel s i g n s p r e s e n t s c e r t a i n d i f f i c u l t i e s ; and t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f
some of t h e vowel c h a r a c t e r s and s i g n s v a r i e s i n s p e c i a l contexts,
such as t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f c e r t a i n o t h e r v o w e l s i n f o l l o w i n g syllables.
The n o t e s g i v e n b e l o w p r o v i d e some g e n e r a l g u i d a n c e i n r e a d i n g from
the s c r i p t , but a k n o w l e d g e o f B e n g a l i p r o n u n c i a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y f o r
c o r r e c t r e a l i s a t i o n of s u c h w o r d s .
a. R e a l i s a t i o n of okar c o n s o n a n t characters. 2
i . When an okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s a s t h e s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r
of a t h r e e c h a r a c t e r word p r e c e d i n g a f i n a l c h a r a c t e r w i t h a vowe l
e. g.
amora(am'ra) badale(bod'le) jhagara(jhog'ra)
1 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 7 .
2 . These n o t e s c o m p l e t e t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of akar
c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s ; s e e a b o v e , n o t e s g i v e n on p p . 1 8 3 and 1 9 0 .
BENGALI SECTION
When t h e f i n a l c h a r a c t e r o f s u c h words i s o k a r , t h e m e d i a l
f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e t h i s r e a l i s a t i o n a f t e r an i n i t i a l
kamobe/(kom'be/) g o l e j o g e ( g o l jog)
1
m a r o p i { o ( m a r 'pi-j;)
*rr?re wfsre
parebe(par'bo) J*unele( J u n ' l o ) aseteCaJ"'to)
The s u f f i x e s i n t h e s e f o r m s may be w r i t t e n w i t h t h e o k a r ; e . g .
the f i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d w i t h z e r o - v o w e l b y w r i t i n g this
character with the okarj e . g .
c h a r a c t e r , i s r e a l i s e d a s ( o ) when i t i s f o l l o w e d by one o f t h e
c h a r a c t e r s , or c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n s , for i , ii , u or uu .
the u s u a l r e a l i s a t i o n o f i t a s ( o ) i s n o t a f f e c t e d by t h e o c c u r -
rence o f one of t h e s e v o w e l s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s y l l a b l e ; e . g .
iii. The c h a r a c t e r S\ , or t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s i g n , i n i n i t i a l
p o s i t i o n i s of t e n r e a l i s e d a s (ae) u n l e s s i t i s f o l l o w e d by a
1. i. F i n a l kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h zero-vowel
fo-q p #f*t cft^t c^r *jsrr*r ^^fC^
ii. F i n a l kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d w i t h (o)
3. Verbal f o r m s , r e a l i s e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n n o t e a. i i .
U. kar c h a r a c t e r s r e a l i s e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n n o t e b.i.
1. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , s e e p.227.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY *99
The c h a r a c t e r , r e f e r r e d t o as ' o n t o s t h y ( o n t o s t h o o) is
c h a r a c t e r has b e e n i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e B e n g a l i s c r i p t as a g r a p h i c
d e v i c e f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g s o u n d s w h i c h c a n n o t h e r e p r e s e n t e d hy t h e
of i t i n r e a d i n g , are i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g notes,
of r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e B e n g a l i e q u i v a l e n t of t h e s e m i - v o w e l y which
below-^:
i, r e a l i s e d a s an i n t e r s y l l a b i c vocalic glide, as in
as in
or r e a l i s e d a s an i n t e r v o c a l i c g l i d e f o l l o w e d by t h e inherent
vowel r e a l i s e d as ( o ) , as in
b. ontostho yo i s w r i t t e n t o r e p r e s e n t the B e n g a li e q u i v a l e n t of
such loanwords:-
i. The r e a l i s a t i o n i n modern B e n g a l i o f t h e v o w e l c h a r a c t e r ,
ntssth y, a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w .
3>J , o k a r , r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y as a front v o c a l i c g l i d e w i t h an
e-like quality, as in
\SrtsrsiT
<
kayada(kayda) jayga(jayga)
payesa(payj)
, ekar, r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y a s an i n t e r s y l l a b i c vocalic
g l i d e , as in
kayedo(koyed) ayesa(aye/)
ii. o n t o s t h o y i s w r i t t e n a l s o i n some E n g l i s h l o a n w o r d s a s a
zero. Some l o a n w o r d s u s e d i n m o d e r n B e n g a l i a r e w r i t t e n i n H i n d i ,
w i t h an i n i t i a l e k ar c h a r a c t e r f o l l o w e d by ntssth y, as in
i. JJ i n w o r d s , r e a l i s e d a s an i n t e r s y l l a b i c v o c a l i c glide
f o l l o w e d by t h e i n h e r e n t vowel o r t h e vowel r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e
vowel s i g n , as in
OTOI
meye(meye) koyeko(koyek) photuya(photuya)
and (neey). 1
i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n B e n g a l i by w r i t i n g t h e v o w e l c h a r a c t e r \3 , o ,
f o l l o w e d by ntssth y. T h i s c o m b i n a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s i s used
This method of r e p r e s e n t i n g a b a c k v o c a l i c g l i d e i s u s e d a l s o in
base c o n s i s t i n g of one c h a r a c t e r , as in
3. Modifiers.
Three m o d i f i e r s a r e u s e d i n w r i t i n g B e n g a l i . These a r e marks
added t o c h a r a c t e r s t o r e p r e s e n t some m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e syllable
it represents. The f i r s t two m o d i f i e r s r e p r e s e n t n a s a l i s a t i o n , and t h e
third represents aspiration. These m o d i f i e r s may be compared w i t h t h e
corresponding modifiers of the Devanagari script . 1
VI/
vsrr f ^ T5 W a i? ^3
e a I Ii u uu e ey 6 ev
c e n d r e - b i n d u added t o t h e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r w i t h vowel s i g n s :
w w w t ^ ^ o ^ ^ o ^ r c ^ T
ke ka ki kii kii KUU ke key ko kev
Characters w r i t t e n w i t h cendre-bindu are r e f e r r e d to i n spelling
t h u s : ( j o r i a-e c o n d r o b i n d u ) , ( k o - e condrobindu h r o j J o ikar).
Readin g examples-^
I* "Ss ft ft dr I r % ctr f*
^5 ^ 5tE C^F T5t v5 C7lt& f Tpf C?C*f
b. nusvar!
r e a l i s e d as ( n ) . I t may o c c u r f i n a l l y , or m e d i a l l y , w r i t t e n a s an
t h e v a r i o u s ways of r e a l i s i n g t h e nusvar of t h e D e v a n a g a r i s c r i p t in
p
Reading examples^
'Tv fes its ^rtr *f$H*r *rs^rr fefo
"SR^KS *TT$33 T^^T- ^ ^ 3 ^
1. ( o n u j j o r ) . In t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f e x a m p l e s , i n roman n o t a t i o n , t h e
nusvar i s t r a n s c r i b e d a s rr) i n o r d e r t o d i s t i n g u i s h i t from t h e
character ^ , transcribed as n . 2 . Cf. S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i . c .
3. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n of e x a m p l e s , s e e p . 2 2 8 .
2o6 BENGALI SECTION
The s i g n g w r i t t e n a f t e r a c h a r a c t e r r e p r e s e n t s a s p i r a t i o n follow-
i n g t h e v o w e l of t h e s y l l a b l e w i t h w h i c h t h e c h a r a c t e r is realised.
I t o c c u r s m a i n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s , and i s w r i t t e n i n a few
Examples:
g i v e n on t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e . The S a n s k r i t v o w e l c h a r a c t e r s , "^Jj
and ffc a r
e n
t i n c l u d e d in the s y l l a b a r y . This t a b l e , w i t h the order
w i t h o u t t h e a n u s v a r or c a n d r a - b i n d u b u t f o l l o w e d by a n o t h e r consonant
character.
1 . ( b i j o r g o ) . Cf. S a n s k r i t , C h . 2 , 3 . i i .
2 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 8 . 3. See a b o v e , u n d er 2.ii.
CHARACTERS OF T H E SYLLABARY
^1
5f
5. Numerals
The B e n g a l i numeral s a r e w r i t t e n thus:
In B e n g a l i p r o s e w r i t i n g t h e e nd o f a s e n t e n c e i s marked hy an
u p r i g h t s t r o k e of t h e same h e i g h t a s t h e u p r i g h t s t r o k e o f a c h a r a c t -
prose p a s s a g e a t t h e end o f t h i s s e c t i o n . 1
The s y s t e m o f punctuation
used i n B e n g a l i v e r s e i s t h e same a s t h a t u s e d i n S a n s k r i t , h u t i n
2
CONJUNCT CHARACTERS
c o n s o n a n t s w h i c h a r e t o b e r e a l i s e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y , w i t h o u t an i n t e r -
1. C o n s t r u c t i o n of Conjunct Characters.
B e n g a l i c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d t o some e x t e n t by
t h e same m e t h o d s a s t h e D e v a n a g a r i c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s , d e s c r i b e d in
2
t h e S a n s k r i t s e c t i o n . These methods v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e form o f
t h e c h a r a c t e r s t o be combined.
i. The c h a r a c t e r w h i c h i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e s e c o n d c o n s o n a n t may b e
^ ^ 3 ^
kko nta pte hmo
m *m m
iii. If the f i r s t c h a r a c t e r h a s a s t r o k e w h i c h c a n be u s e d a s p a r t of
examples: *5f
f i e d i n o r d e r t o make p o s s i b l e t h e w r i t i n g of t h e two c h a r a c t e r s
3* ^ \^ 4 ^
tko 1
tpo kya tyo rko kro
v i . I f any c h a r a c t e r s c a n n o t b e c o m b i n e d by any o f t h e s e m e t h o d s ,
t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of them w i t h o u t an i n t e r v e n i n g vowel i s indicat-
ed by w r i t i n g t h e f i r s t c h a r a c t e r w i t h the hosonto.
forming c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s , a r e a l s o r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s w a y . ^
2 . C o n t e x t s and R e a l i s a t i o n o f C o n j u n c t Characters.
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s i n B e n g a l i o c c u r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g contexts:
i. In B e n g a l i w o r d s , t h a t i s , w o r d s n o t b o r r o w e d from S a n s k r i t or
from modern l a n g u a g e s ; e.g.
words u s e d i n t h e l i t e r a r y l a n g u a g e o n l y ; e.g.
n^r 3T>
pontha(pontha) J*ebde( Jobdo) ra^-J;re(ras"l;ro)
I n t h e c l a s s e s o f c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n b e l o w , under 3 . ,
i i i . I n l o a n w o r d s from o t h e r l a n g u a g e s ; e.g.
Conjunct c h a r a c t e r s a r e r e a l i s e d a s s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g of two
a l r e a d y g i v e n f o r t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of e k a r c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s . In
vowel i s p h o n e t i c a l l y t r a n s c r i b e d as ( o ) , as i n t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n of
g i v e s r i s e t o a problem of s p e l l i n g . T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n of s u c h charact-
r e a l i s a t i o n of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r . Examples of B e n g a l i words in
1 . See a b o v e , Ch.2.2.ii.
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 211
which t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of s e p a r a t e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s i s s i m i l a r to
t h a t of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s a r e g i v e n b e l o w w i t h t h e v a r i o u s classes".
3. C l a s s e s of C o n j u n c t C h a r a c t e r s i n B e n g a l i .
the same f o u r c l a s s e s a s t h e D e v a n a g a r i c h a r a c t e r s g i v e n i n t h e
have e q u i v a l e n t s i n t h e B e n g a l i s c r i p t , and a l l t h e e x a m p l e s g i v e n in
t h a t s e c t i o n can be w r i t t e n i n B e n g a l i s c r i p t . The r e a d i n g e x a m p l es
g i v e n w i t h each c l a s s of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s i n c l u d e some l e a r n e d
C l a s s 1 . Two s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r s joined. 1
These c h a r a c t e r s r e p r e s e n t s y l l a b l e s c o n s i s t i n g of a 'doubled'
consonant f o l l o w e d b y a v o w e l .
t
-tt* -ttha -q.dha -tto -ttho -ddo -ddha ft
-nna
which o c c u r s o n l y i n l o a n w o r d s , i s r e a l i s e d as (sso).
1 . Compare S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 . 3 . Class 1.
212 BENGALI SECTION
When a s u f f i x w i t h an i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r i s added t o a
verbal base with a f i n a l okar c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r , the r e a l i s a t i o n of
t h e c o n s e c u t i v e c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e v e r b a l form i s s i m i l a r t o t h e real-
i s a t i o n of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s . Examples:
<P"^"v3 , korota(kotto) , T
fT^TT'^| , parolama(pallam). 1
Reading e x a m p l e s 2
i. sir W
-kto -tko -tkho -gdo -dg -gdho -dgha
ii.
f "5 If
-tpa -tpho -pto -dbo -bda -dbhe -bdh
ii.a. ^1 2? 3?
-nke -rjkh -rjgh -J1C9 -jichg -P-j -jijh
f % nj *T
-iit 9 -nt hs
-ri^h -nt9 -nth9 -nd9 -ndh9
*f
-mp -mph -mbs -mbh
S p e c i a l ukar form
ntu
%
-cjio jjio -tn
w w
-dne
The c h a r a c t e r o c c u r s o n l y i n t h e S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d "SjnEfef
yacjia, r e a l i s e d a s ( j a c n a ) or a s (jacinga).
The c h a r a c t e r ^ i s r e a l i s e d i n i t i a l l y a s ( g o ) ; and m e d i a l l y
as ( g o ) , w i t h n a s a l i s a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , a s i n
in. ^ ?f *U ^ If ^ ^
-kma -gno -gmo -ghn -tmo -dm -pn
The c h a r a c t e r ^ , tm, i s r e a l i s e d a s ( t t o ) , often with nasal-
i s a t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , as in "^TTlfl" , a t m a ( a t t a ) .
The c h a r a c t e r T\f , dm, i s r e a l i s e d a s ( d d o ) , w i t h nasalisation
1. See a b o v e , C h . 2 , 3 . i . b . 2. Words b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h i s c h a r a c t e r
are p l a c e d i n d i c t i o n a r i e s a f t e r w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w i t h O^f .
214 BENGALI SECTION
of t h e f o l l o w i n g v o w e l , e x c e p t i n words i n common u s e , s u c h a s
l v
- <SJ ^ **T
-nmo -nmo -nmo -mno
The f o l l o w i n g examples i l l u s t r a t e the r e a l i s a t i o n of consecutive
c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s , when t h e f i r s t i s ekar, i n a way s i m i l a r t o t h e
realisation of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s class:
kadebe(kad bo) t
kapete(kap' to) Junetame( J"un'tam)
Reading examples 1
^^TT 5 * ^ 3 ^*JTv3 ^ f e ^
c o n t e x t s a f f e c t s t h e q u a l i t y o f some o f t h e vowels.
a. R e a l i s a t i o n of c h a r a c t e r s w i t h yophola.
When an i n i t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s w r i t t e n w i t h y o p h o l a i t i s r e a l i s e d a s
as z e r o - y o p h o l a and t h e v o w e l o f t h e s y l l a b l e , e.g.
c h a r a c t e r i s r e a l i s e d a s t h e d o u b l i n g of t h e c o n s o n a n t represented
by the c h a r a c t e r w i t h w h i c h y o p h o l a i s written.1; e . g .
b . R e a l i s a t i o n of v o w e l s a f f e c t e d b y y o p h o l a .
An okar c h a r a c t e r p r e c e d i n g a c h a r a c t e r w i t h y o p h o l a i s realised
I f a c h a r a c t e r w i t h y o p h o l a i s a k a r , t h e vowel i s r e a l i s e d a s (ee) ,
nyayoCnsey)- - 1
dhyane( dhsen) vyakhyane(bffikkheen) kenya(konnee)
In t h e word^C^T^T > u d y o g o , a S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d i n w h i c h t h e
c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r a r i s e s from t h e j o i n i n g o f t h e p r e f i x
, ut- ,
w i t h t h e word C^ft^T > y o g a , the medial character i s r e a l i s e d as (djo) ,
t h e word b e i n g r e a l i s e d a s ( u d j o g ) . 2
T h i s r e a l i s a t i o n may b e c o n -
t r a s t e d w i t h t h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r w i t h y o p h o l a i n f<Pf5T,
v i d y a ( b i d d e e ) . N o t e a l s o "Sf?^ , s o h y o ( Jo j jho) .
R e a d i n g examples-^
<TT^ ^Tv5 C^rfnS\5t gSv5 C5otf3 CS^Jt S
This c l a s s of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s c o n s i s t s of c h a r a c t e r s combined
w i t h o n t o s t h o v o , c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h t h e Devanagari c h a r a c t e r s joined
with the ontostho character , vo . These c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s occur
o n l y i n S a n s k r i t l o a n w o r d s . When <^ , o r i t s m o d i f i e d f o r m , occurs
as t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r , i t i s r e f e r r e d to as
vophola(bophola). I t i s w r i t t e n w i t h some c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e f u l l
form, j o i n e d t o t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a r a c t e r by t h e m a t r a , a s i n iffi ,
dhvo, , hvo ; or i n t h e m o d i f i e d f o r m , added t o t h e f o o t of a
In t h e c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s o f t h i s c l a s s , n t s s t h v i s re-
garded as a s e p a r a t e c h a r a c t e r f r o m v o r g i i y b, a l t h o u g h i n t h e
a f t e r words b e g i n n i n g w i t h c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s formed by c o m b i n i n g a
consonant c h a r a c t e r w i t h a f o l l o w i n g .
i s e d as zero.; e . g .
^t^t w w r
The r e a l i s a t i o n , o f v e p h o l a , i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e above e x a m p l e s ,
r e s u l t s i n a s i m i l a r i t y o f r e a l i s a t i o n o f two o r more words w h i c h a r e
t h e same i n t h e s p o k e n l a n g u a g e and d i s t i n g u i s h e d o n l y i n w r i t i n g ;
e.g. , d h a n i i , and $fl<jp| , d h v a n i , r e a l i s e d a s ( d h o n i ) ,^
f*r3^T?T J i k a r o , and ^Wj.^ , s v i i k a r e , r e a l i s e d a s ( j i k a r ) , 2
Reading examples^-
The c h a r a c t e r s >F>\Sl 3, T , p
F,^f, , s
T,^I and ^
1 . ' m a s t e r ' and ' s o u n d ' , 2 . ' h u n t i n g ' and ' a g r e e m e n t ' .
3 . ' a r r o w ' , ' c r e a m ' and ' v o i c e ' . U. For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 2 9 .
5. C f . S a n s k r i t , C h . 3 , 3 . C I . 3 . i i i . a .
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 219
are o f t e n w r i t t e n i n t h e i r d o u b l e d f o r m w i t h r e p h l ; e.g.
t o the r e a l i s a t i o n of r e p h e , as i n t h e s e examples:-
Reading examples*r
l o a n w o r d s , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s g i v e n b e l o w .
e r s formed by j o i n i n g t h r e e characters:
5 * 5 -3T "5 W 1
dru dhruu Jru tru -r)gr -ndr -ktr -ndhr
Reading e x a m p l e s !
srm cm ^ t$ 5 ^ a t m fSs
c h a r a c t e r a f t e r which i t i s t o be r e a l i s e d , thus -
^ , kl , T , gl , $ , pi , $ , ml , $f , Jl . The
p a r t of a c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r , i t i s r e f e r r e d to as laphala(lophola).
Those w h i c h o c c u r a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b e l o w i n t h e r e a d i n g e x a m p l e s .
The r e a l i s a t i o n of c o n s e c u t i v e c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s , when t h e
i s a t i o n of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s c l a s s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n these
1 . For t r a n s c r i p t i o n , s e e p . 2 3 0 .
2 . Cf. S a n s k r i t , Ch. 3 , 3 . C I . 3 . i v . a . and b .
C O N J U N C T CHARACTERS 221
Reading examples-*-
Class U. v o r g i i y g c h a r a c t e r s j o i n e d w i t h p r e c e d i n g or following
u u s m 9 characters,
C h a r a c t e r s which o c c u r w i t h p r e c e d i n g "*f :-
-^ko ~?t 8
~?t n s
"~ l sr 8
~^P 9
-sph9 - s m 9
Words w i t h c u r s i v e forms:
^ ^ ^ ^ f N
"tr
sko skho st sth sn sp sph sm
r e a l i s e d a s ( s ) . N o t e t h e form of t h e c h a r a c t e r , stu .
The c h a r a c t e r s , Jm , and ^ , sm , kar or akar, are
realised initially as (J5) and (J"a) , a s i n t h e words ^Cf^f , JmJ*ru
(josru) and ^fjSJ^S , smark( J a r o k ) . These two c h a r a c t e r s , and ^ ,
sm , a r e r e a l i s e d m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y a s ( / J o ) , a s i n t h e words
'^'"Q' , uusm(uJ".fo) and \3~*t\ , bhsm(bho j Jo) .
c e d i n g uusm c h a r a c t e r s , such a s -
^ , -stv , , -t r s
> If -str , , -stv .
c o n s o n a n t c h a r a c t e r s , when t h e f i r s t is kar i n c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s , , in
a way s i m i l a r t o t h e r e a l i s a t i o n of c o n j u n c t c h a r a c t e r s of t h i s class:
" rr^|v5
!:3:
> asstsCaT'to) 1
f>*f*Tt > cJ"ma ( c o J"'ma)
Reading examples 2
s c r i p t , however, c h a r a c t e r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s
occurs i n E n g l i s h l o a n w o r d s .
^ n * r f * w r w r w l < N > ( w f r f a
and i t i s o f t e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e s y l l a b a r y a f t e r t h e consonant
characters. I t does n o t , h o w e v e r , b e l o n g p r o p e r l y t o t h e s y l l a b a r y ,
as i t r e p r e s e n t s a s y l l a b l e c o n s i s t i n g o f two c o n s o n a n t s f o l l o w e d b y
d i c t i o n a r i e s a f t e r words b e g i n n i n g w i t h ^ , kvo . I t i s r e a l i s e d
i n i t i a l l y a s ( k h o ) and m e d i a l l y a n d f i n a l l y a s ( k k h o ) . The r e a l i s a t -
these examples:
3j^r
kgnuto(khnuto) tiiksno( tikkhno) suuksmo( Jukkho)
i s r e a l i s e d a s ( o ) , a s i n Jff^T , J l o k s n o ( J l o k h n o ) j and i f ^ is
Reading examples 2
Three o f t h e nunasik c h a r a c t e r s a r e j o i n e d w i t h
J^T -hn -hn -hm
The c h a r a c t e r s ^ and a r e r e a l i s e d a s ( n h o ) , and t h e
c h a r a c t e r "5Jf i s r e a l i s e d a s ( m h o ) .
Reading e x a m p l e s 2
gsiws c * r 5 ^ r r c ? * r e f 5 *?ttow
( t o e h r o j j o i k a r , b o e b o p h o l a , khor]c(o t o )
( t a l o b b o J o , koe t o t a t e h r o j j o ikar)
( d o n t o J o , boe b o p h o l a t a t e reph)
( h r o j j o u , coe c h o e r o p h o l a , ontostho 0)
* ( d o n t o Joe t o e r o p h o l a t a t e d i r g h o
( t a l o b b o Joe h r o j j o i k a r , k h y o e akar)
ikar)
T r a n s c r i p t i o n of R e a d i n g E x a m p l e s 1
Chapter 2.
l.i. kg che ng pg
1
dg cjhg tg kho thg
ko cho no po do c|ho t 9
to kho tho
DO F
ngdg ngkhg T ^ 9 9
pgdg khgrg jhoro gh"]; pgthg tg^g
nod nokh -|;ok pod khor jhop ghof poth to{
kgtg bofo ghong pet gotg poto joro ngtg tgtg
koto boro ghono pofo goto poto joro noto toto
l.ii. kglg ghgrg malg pgrg bglg rgkg dglg rgthg phol
kol ghor mol por bol rok dol roth phol
joto
joto
1 . B r a c k e t s a r e o m i t t e d i n t h e p h o n e t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n i n o r d e r t o make
i t p o s s i b l e t o p l a c e t h i s t r a n s c r i p t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y b e l o w e a c h word
in the systematic t r a n s c r i p t i o n .
TRANSCRIPTION 227
at it ut am rn uun er or iid
*t it t am rin un er or- id
Class 3 . i
vaky khyat yogyota cygvgng cyutg jyoti jyetha
bakko kheeto joggota cobon cuto joti jeatha
Class 3.ii.
kvocit pokvo ucchvaso jval tvsra tottvo dhvonsa vilvo
kocit pokko ucchaj* jal tora totto dhonfo billo
iiJvoro svocche nvesr[ svode/e sorosvotii /vaso jihva
iJJor Joccho onne/on /odej /oro//oti /a/ jibha
Class 3 i i i .
a. terk muurkhe vorgiiyo diirghg varcc muurcchong s a r j j u vrn
torko murkho borgiyo dirgho barcco raurcchon / o r j u borno
korttgvyg
kortobbo
podarthg kerdd-]; rddh durnam ssrp smrpn dhrm msryyada
podartho kordot ordho durnam /orpo /omorpon dhormo morjseda
durlgbh
durlobh
230 BENGALI SECTION
Class 3.iv.
stgbdba spor/g
stobdho spor/o
g r a s t a b o l e i bheropuuro b h o j e r a m a j h a k h a n eo k s u d h i t e je"|;herere d a v i i
grosto b o l e i bhor'pur bhojer majh'khaneo khudhito jo{horer dabi
c a l a n o r o k o t h a n o y e , p a i p a y e k h a n e p a v c h a y e na s e k h a ne paniiyera
calanor kotha noy, paip j e k h a n e p o u c h o y na Jekhane paniyer