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98 Modern Metalworking
Layout Work
Figure 6-4.
A divider is designed to draw circles and arcs in
layout work.
B
6.2.3 Trammel
A trammel is used to draw circles and arcs
Figure 6-3.
too large to be made with a divider. See Figure 6-7.
Scribers are used to mark layout lines on metal.
AThe long bent point of this scriber is handy for A trammel consists of two sliding heads with
reaching through holes. BThis pocket scriber has a scriber points mounted on a long, thin rod called
removable point that should be reversed when the a beam. One of the heads is fitted with an
tool is not in use. The hexagon head prevents the tool adjusting screw. Extension rods can be added to
Figure 6-1. Common tools used to make a simple layout. from rolling when placed on a flat surface. the beam to increase the capacity of the tool.
97
Chapter 6 Layout Work 99 100 Modern Metalworking
Adjusting screw
Sliding heads
Beam
Scriber points
Figure 6-7.
A trammel is used to draw large circles and arcs.
Double square
Figure 6-8.
Figure 6-6. Hermaphrodite calipers have one leg similar to that Figure 6-10. The double square is more practical than the
To set a divider to a desired size, open the legs and of an inside caliper; the other leg has a replaceable A small surface gage. It has many uses in layout steel square for many jobs because the blade is
align them on a steel rule as shown. point for scribing. (L. S. Starrett Co.) work. (L. S. Starrett Co.) adjustable and interchangeable with other
Chapter 6 Layout Work 101 102 Modern Metalworking
Figure 6-18.
Figure 6-12. A plain steel protractor can be used to measure or lay
The hardened steel square has true right angles, both Figure 6-14. out angles requiring only moderate precision.
inside and outside, and is designed for laying out A combination set is designed for many different Figure 6-16.
lines that must be highly accurate. (L. S. Starrett Co.) types of layout work. Locating the center of a section of round stock can be Protractor depth gage. This tool can be used
accomplished by using a center head and rule. to check 30, 45, and 60 angles and measure
blades. See Figure 6-13. This tool should not be consists of a hardened blade (a No. 4 graduated slot depths. See Figure 6-19.
used where great precision is required. A double rule), a square head, a center head, and a bevel it possible to accurately measure or lay out Universal bevel. A universal bevel, Figure 6-20,
square has a standard graduated blade, a beveled protractor. The blade fits all three heads. angles. See Figure 6-17. The head also has a built- is useful for checking, laying out, and
blade, and a drill grinding blade. The square head has a standard 90 edge and in spirit level, allowing the tool to be used to set transferring angles. Both the blade and stock
The beveled blade has one angled edge for a 45 edge. This makes it possible for the tool to up work requiring angular cutting. are slotted, making it possible to adjust the
measuring octagons, and another angle for be used as both a standard square, Figure 6-15, blade into the desired position. A thumbscrew
checking hexagons. A drill grinding blade also has and a miter square. By projecting the graduated locks it in place.
two angled edges. One end is beveled to 59 for blade a given distance below the edge, the tool 6.3 MEASURING ANGLES Vernier protractor. When a job requires
drill sharpening. The other end is beveled to 41 can also be used as a depth gage. The spirit level extreme angular accuracy, the machinist uses
There are a number of angular measuring
and is used to check the cutting angles of machine built into one edge of the square head allows the a Vernier protractor. See Figure 6-21. This
tools employed in layout work in addition to the
screw countersinks. Both ends are graduated for tool to be used as a simple level. tool enables the user to measure angles to
protractor head of the combination set. These
measuring the length of the cutting lips, to ensure The center head has two extending edges 1/12 of a degree (5 minutes).
tools are discussed next. The accuracy required
the cutting tools are sharpened on center. forming a 90 angle. With the rule properly
by the job will determine which tool must be
inserted, the center head can be used to quickly
6.2.7 Combination Set used. 6.4 OTHER LAYOUT TOOLS AND
locate the center of round stock. See Figure 6-16.
Plain protractor. When angles do not have to
The combination set, shown in Figure 6-14, The protractor head can be rotated through
be checked or laid out to extreme accuracy, a
EQUIPMENT
can be adapted to perform a wide variety of 180 and is graduated accordingly. The head can
plain protractor will prove satisfactory. See Additional tools and equipment are
layout operations. A complete combination set be locked to the blade with a locking nut, making
Figure 6-18. The head is graduated from 0 to commonly used for a number of layout and
180 in both directions for easy use. inspection tasks. These tools help produce an
accurate layout and meet the precision required
for the job.
Figure 6-13.
The double square uses interchangeable blades, Figure 6-15.
making it more practical than a fixed blade square The rule and square head of the combination set can Figure 6-17. Figure 6-19.
for many jobs. It has a graduated blade, a beveled be used to check the squareness of two machined Angular measurements on layouts can be made with Protractor depth gages are used to measure angles
blade, and a drill grinding blade. surfaces. the rule and protractor head of a combination set. and depths of holes. (L. S. Starrett Co.)
Chapter 6 Layout Work 103 104 Modern Metalworking
Figure 6-24.
Right angle plates are used as square references in
layout and inspection.
Figure 6-26.
Figure 6-22. plate can be placed in almost any position to V-blocks are available in a number of sizes. They
Figure 6-20. Precision layouts can be made with Vernier height support round work for layout and inspection.
establish a perpendicular edge. The work is
The blade on a universal bevel is adjustable and can be gages and other Vernier measuring tools. commonly clamped to the face of the plate for
used to lay out and transfer angles. (L. S. Starrett Co.) (L. S. Starrett Co.)
layout, measurement, or inspection tasks. 6.4.6 Straightedge
Flat surfaces can be checked with a straight-
6.4.2 Surface Plate 6.4.4 Box Parallels
edge, Figure 6-27. The tool can also be used to lay
6.4.1 Precision Layout Tools A precise, flat surface is required for accurate Accurate surfaces parallel to the surface out long, straight lines. Straightedges are
layout work to be accomplished. A surface plate, plate can be obtained by using box parallels, manufactured from steel or granite in a wide
Precision layout tools are used when greater
Figure 6-23, is most frequently used to inspect the Figure 6-25. These tools are available in a number range of sizes. They must be carefully handled to
precision is needed to produce a layout. They
flatness of layout work surfaces. Most surface of sizes. Each tool surface is precisely ground to prevent nicks to the reference edge.
commonly include Vernier-type measuring tools,
plates made today are produced from granite, close tolerances for accuracy.
which were discussed in Chapter 5. See Figure 6-22.
These measuring and gaging tools are used to which is very stable and not affected greatly by
draw lines when specifications call for locations changes in temperature. 6.4.5 V-Blocks 6.5 MAKING A LAYOUT
to be accurate to within 0.001 (0.025 mm). Surface plates are primarily designed for V-blocks are used to support round work for Each layout job has its own specifications
layout and inspection work. They should never be layout and inspection. See Figure 6-26. These and number of operations. Before any layout
used for any task that could mar or nick the tools are furnished in matching pairs with operation can be started, the tasks and tools
surface. surfaces ground square to close tolerances. Ribs required to complete the job should be carefully
are cast into the body of the block for strength considered. Once a drawing is studied closely
6.4.3 Right Angle Plate and weight reduction; they are also used as and the necessary operations are determined, the
The right angle plate is used when a square clamping surfaces. V-blocks are available in a metal should be prepared and marked properly.
reference surface is needed. See Figure 6-24. The number of sizes. A drawing for a typical job is shown in
Figure 6-28. The following steps are used to
complete the layout:
1. Study the drawing carefully and then plan
the layout sequence, Figure 6-29.
Figure 6-23.
Figure 6-21. Most surface plates today are made from pink or
A Vernier protractor is employed to make precise black granite. Changes in temperature have less of an Figure 6-27.
angular measurements. In this application, a protractor effect on granite surface plates compared to older Figure 6-25. Straightedges are employed to lay out long, straight
is mounted on a height gage. (L. S. Starrett Co.) semisteel surface plates. (L. S. Starrett Co.) Box parallels. lines. They are commonly made from steel or granite.
Chapter 6 Layout Work 105 106 Modern Metalworking
Figure 6-28.
This drawing provides the information necessary to make a simple layout.