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Bohdan Mochnacki, Sylwia Lara, Application of generalized finite difference method in numerical modelling of moving
boundary problems, Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2003, Volume 2, Issue
1, pages 129-143.
The website: http://www.amcm.pcz.pl/
Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
Abstract. The application of generalized finite difference method for numerical modelling
of thermal processes proceeding in the solidifying casting domain is presented. The solidifi-
cation of pure metals and eutectic alloys is considered. In such case the solidification proc-
ess takes place at the constant temperature (the Stefan problem). From the numerical point
of view the solution of this task is very complex; in particular, in the case of 2D or 3D do-
mains; and in literature one can find the procedures enabling to avoid the difficulties with
the direct modelling of the problem discussed. The part of them consist in the substitution of
[ ]
the solidification point T * by the certain interval T * T , T * + T . In this way the sub-
domain of artificial mushy zone is introduced and the fixed domain approach [1] can
be used. On the stage of numerical algorithm construction and numerical simulation the
generalized finite difference method is used. In the final part of the paper the examples of
computations are shown.
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
T
H (T ) = c ( ) d + (T ) L (1)
Tr
(T ) = 0 T < T *
*
(2)
1 T T
L
zi = (3)
cL
Using the numerical methods we find the temperatures Tif at nodes Xi for succes-
sive times t f, f = 0,1,..., F. If at the moment t f temperature Tif drops below T*
then we accept at this point the temperature T*, while the temperature reserve is
decreased, namely
(
zi zi T * Ti f ) (4)
The same procedure is repeated in successive loops. If for the node xi zi < 0 we put
zi = 0 and next computations are realised without the temperature correction.
The physical interpretation of TRM is the following (see: Fig. 2).
The change of unitary enthalpy corresponding to the change of temperature from
T* to Tif found under the assumption that we consider the cooling of molten metal
equals
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
(
H i = cL T * Ti f ) (5)
(
L L T * Ti f ) (6)
L L
Fig. 2. Interpretation of TRM
cL
T * Ti f
cL
( ) (7)
The similar approach can be used in the case of solidification in the temperature
interval [2].
The remaining procedures mentioned previously are presented, among others,
in [3].
cL T > T * + T
L
C (T ) = cP + T * T T T * + T (8)
2T
c
S T < T * T
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
and we obtain
T0 , Te > T + : c0e = cL
T0 , Te T , T :
+
c0e = CP
T0 , Te < T : c0e = cS
cL (Te T + ) + C P (T + T0 )
T0 T , T , Te > T : c0e =
+ +
Te T0 (10)
CP (Te T ) + cS (T T0 )
T0 < T , Te T , T + : c0e =
Te T0
cL (Te T + ) + C P (T + T ) + cS (T T0 )
Te > T , T0 < T :
+
c0e =
Te T0
The similar formulas can be found for the case Te < T0.
Let e = 1, 2, ... , n denote indexes of the all adjoining nodes creating the star with
the central node 0. Then we define the thermal capacity at the central node as
1 n
c0 = c0e
n e =1
(11)
The numerical experiments done by Hsiao and also verified by the authors of
above paper show that such approach gives quite good solution of the Stefan
problem and the value of interval assumed [T , T +] is not very essential.
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
C (T ) dT = C (T ) dT C (T ) dT = H (Te ) H (T0 )
T0 0 0
(12)
and then
H (Te ) H (T0 )
c0 e = (13)
Te T0
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
A0 + c1 (T T0 ) T < T1
H (T ) = A2 + c 2 (T T1 ) T1 T < T2 (14)
M
A2 n2 + c n (T Tn1 ) Tn1 T < Tn
H A0
T0 + c H < A1
1
T
1 A1 H < A2
H A2
T1 + A2 H < A3
T (H ) = c2 (15)
M
Tn1 A2 n3 H < A2n 2
H A2n 2
Tn1 + cn
A2 n 2 H < A2n 1
B0 + 1 (T T0 ) T < T1
U (T ) = B1 + 2 (T T1 ) T1 T < T2 (16)
M
Bn 1 + n (T Tn 1 ) Tn1 T < Tn
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
where:
B0 = 0,
B1 = 1T1 = B0 + 1 (T1 T0 ),
B2 = B1 + 2 (T2 T1 ), (17)
M
Bn 1 = Bn 2 + n 1 (Tn 1 Tn 2 )
B0 + a1 (H A0 ) H < A1
B1 A1 H < A2
B + a2 (H A2 ) A2 H < A3
U (H ) = 1 (18)
M
Bn 1 A2 n 3 H < A2 n 2
Bn 1 + an (H A2 n 2 ) A2 n 2 H < A2 n 1
where
i
ai = i = 1,2,..., n (19)
ci
The course of function U(H) corresponding to the previous figure is shown in Fig-
ure 9.
So, the energy equation written in the enthalpy convention is the following
H ( x, t )
= div{grad[ A( H ) H + B( H )]} (20)
t
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
where
a1 B0 a1 A0
0 B1
A( H ) = a2 B ( H ) = B1 a2 A2 (21)
M M
0 Bn 1
an
Bn 1 an A2 n 2
3. Generalized FDM
T ( x, t ) m T ( x, t ) 2T ( x, t )
c = + + qV ( x, t ) (22)
t x x x 2
is considered.
The domain is covered by a mesh h (a set of nodes). Additionally we introduce
the time mesh t defined as follows:
0 = t 0 < t1 < t 2 < ... < t f 1 < t f < ... < t F < , t = t f t f 1 (23)
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
f 1 f 1
T 2 (x xi )2
(
T x, t f 1
) T (x , t )
i
f 1
+ (x xi ) + T2
(24)
x i x i 2!
f 1 1 f 1
(25)
T j f 1 = Ti f 1 + ( x T )i xj +
2
( x x T ) x 2j
i
where xj xi = xj. The approximations of the first and second derivatives at the
point xi result from the following quality criterion [4]
1
j
{
J = Ti f 1 T j f 1 + ( x T )i x j + ( xx T )i x 2j w j } = min
f 1
2
f 1
2
(26)
where wj are the tapering functions. The condition of the minimum functional J is
the zeroing of the derivatives J (Tx ) if 1 and J (Txx )if 1 , and we obtain the
system of equations from which the approximation of the first and the second
derivatives at point xi can be found. Using the explicit approach we finally obtain
the following equation concerning the internal nodes
Ti f Ti f 1 m
c = xTi f 1 + x xTi f 1 + qV (27)
t x
where xx and x denote the approximate values of xx and x. Using this equation
one can find the temperature Ti f . The formulas concerning the numerical form of
the boundary conditions and also the stability conditions can be found in [3].
In this part of the paper the examples of the approximations of the first and
second derivatives are shown. The 5-points stars (1D task) and the 9-points stars
(2D task) have been considered.
In Figure 10 the 5-points stars with different location of the central node is
shown.
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
In the case of such stars and different location of the central point we have found
the following approximation (the tapering functions wj are the same):
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
If we consider 2D problem and the star shown in Figure 11 then, for wj = const:
T1 + T2 T4 T5 T6 + T8
( xT ) 0 =
6 x
T +T +T T T T
( yT )0 = 2 3 4 6 7 8
6 y
6T 3T1 T2 + 2T3 T4 3T5 T6 + 2T7 T8
( xxT ) 0 = 0
5 x 2 (30)
6T + 2T1 T2 3T3 T4 + 2T5 T6 3T7 T8
( yyT ) 0 = 0
5 y 2
T2 T4 + T6 T8
( xyT )0 =
4 x y
The approximation of the Laplace operator we can also find using the control vol-
ume method. In particular:
the equilateral triangle mesh
T1 + T2 + T3 3T0
( T )
2
0
=
0.25h 2
(31)
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 6T0
( T )
2
0
=
4.5h 2
(32)
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
5. Example of computations
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
Fig. 15. Temperature field z = 0.2 m, T = 3 K Fig. 16. Temperature field z = 0.2 m, T = 4 K
Fig. 17. Temperature field z = 0.8 m, T = 3 K Fig. 18. Temperature field z = 0.8 m, T = 4 K
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
Fig. 20. Temperature field (30 s) Fig. 21. Temperature field (60 s)
Fig. 22. Temperature field (90 s) Fig. 23. Temperature field (120 s)
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Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
Summing up, the computations done by the authors of the paper show, that the
numerical procedures using the AMZ approach are quite effective and exact. The
generalized variant of FDM leads to the simple numerical algorithm in particular,
if the explicit schemes are taken into account.
References
[1] Mochnacki B., Suchy J.S., Numerical methods in computations of foundry processes, PFTA,
Cracow 1995.
[2] Hong C.P., Umeda T., Kimura Y., Numerical models for casting solidification problems, Metal.
Trans. 1984, 15B, 101-105.
[3] Lara S., Application of generalized finite difference method in numerical modelling of moving
boundary problems, Doctoral thesis, Czstochowa 2003.
[4] Hsiao J.S., An efficient algorithm for finite-difference analyses of heat transfer with melting and
solidification, Numerical Heat Transfer 1985, 8, 653-666.
[5] Mochnacki B., Pawlak E., Lara S., Numerical solution of 2D Stefan problem, Solidification of
Metals and Alloys 2000, 2, 44, 235-238.
[6] Mochnacki B., Enthalpy approach in numerical modelling of solidification, Part 1, Zeszyty Naukowe
Politechniki Opolskiej 2002, Mechanika.
[7] Mochnacki B., Pawlak E., Lara S., Enthalpy approach in numerical modelling of solidification.
Part 2, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Opolskiej 2002, 288, Mechanika z. 75, 133-136.
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