Chapter 1.2 Electrostatic

1
2
3
Electric Flux (E : N.m2/C)
is the product of the magnitude of the electric field and the surface area perpendicular to the field.
E = EAcos
The electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines penetrating some surface.11
E = EAcos
The flux is a maximum

when the surface is perpendicular to the field.
( = 0)
The flux is zero

when the surface is parallel to the field.
( = 90)
The electric flux is proportional to the number of electric field lines penetrating some surface.12
E = EAcos
In the more general case, look at a small area element.
E = Ei Ai cosi
E = Ei .Ai
In general, this becomes
E = lim Ei .Ai
Ai0
E = Ei .dAi
13
E = Ei .dAi
Assume a closed surface
At (1), the field lines are crossing the
surface from the inside to the outside;
< 90, is positive.
At (2), the field lines graze surface;

= 90, = 0
At (3), the field lines are crossing the

surface from the outside to the inside;
180o > > 90, is negative.
14
Electric Flux Through Closed Surface
E = Ei .dAi
The integral is over a closed surface.
This net number of lines is the number of lines

leaving the surface minus the number entering
the surface.
15
Gauss Law
is an expression of the general relationship between the net electric flux through a closed surface and
the charge enclosed by the surface.
The closed surface is often called

a gaussian surface.
Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 1855)

16
Gauss Law
E = EdA
The magnitude of the electric field everywhere
kq
on the surface of the sphere is E =
r2
kq
E = ( )dA
r2
kq
E = ( ) dA
r2 17
Gauss Law
kq
E = ( ) dA
r2
kq
E = ( )A
r2
kq
E = ( )(4r2 )
r2
E = 4kq 18
Gauss Law
E = 4kq
1
E = 4( )q
4o
q
E =
o
19
Gauss Law
qin
E = EdA =
o
qin : the net charge inside the surface.
E : the electric field at any point on the surface.
The net flux through any closed surface is independent of the shape of that surface. 20
Gauss Law

qin
E = EdA =
o
Since the electric field due to many charges is the vector sum of the electric fields, the flux through any
closed surface can be expressed as
qin
E = (E1 + E2 + )dA =
o
21
Gauss Law

qin
E = EdA =
o
Notes
- To use Gausss law, you want to choose a gaussian surface over which the surface
Integral can be simplified and the electric field determined.
- Take advantage of symmetry.
- Remember, the gaussian surface is a surface you choose, it does not have to coincide
with a real surface.
22
Gaussian Surface
Closed surfaces of various shapes can

surround the charge. Only S1 is spherical.
Verifies the net flux through any closed

surface surrounding a point charge q is
given by
qin
E =
o
and is independent of the shape of the surface.
23
Gaussian Surface
The charge is outside the closed surface with

an arbitrary shape.
Any field line entering the surface leaves at

another point.
Verifies the electric flux through a closed

surface that surrounds no charge is zero.
24
Spherically Symmetric Charge Distribution
Select a sphere as the gaussian surface.
For r > a (outside)

A = 4r2 and qin = Q
qin
E = EdA =
o
Q
E(4r2) =
o
Q kQ
Eoutside = 2 = 2
4r o r 25
For r = a (surface)
A = 4a2 and qin = Q
qin
E = EdA =
o
Q
E(4a2) =
o
Q kQ
Esurface = = 2
4a o a
2
26
For r < a (inside)

A = 4r2 and qin < Q
charge density is constant

=
Q qin
=
4/3a3 4/3r3
Q qin
=
a3 r3
Qr3
qin = 3
a 27
For r < a (inside)

Qr3
A= 4r2 and qin = 3
a
qin
E = EdA =
o
Qr3
( 3)
E(4r2) = a
o
Qr kQr
Einside = = 3
4a o a
3 28
kQ
For r a E=
r2
kQr
For r < a E= 3
a
29
Thin Spherically Shell Charge Distribution
For r > R (outside)

A = 4r2
qin = A = (4R2)
qin
E = EdA =
o
(4R 2)
E(4r2) =
o
R2
Eoutside =
o r 2 30
Thin Spherically Shell Charge Distribution
For r < R (inside)

A = 4r2
qin = 0
qin
E = EdA =
o
Einside = 0
31
Line Charge Distribution
Select a cylinder as the gaussian surface. The cylinder has radius r and length .
E perpendicular with dA
cos = cos90 = 0
then E = 0
E same direction with dA

cos = cos0 = 1
qin
then E = EdA =
o
32
Line Charge Distribution
Select a cylinder as the gaussian surface. The cylinder has radius r and length .

A = 2rl
qin = l
qin
E = EdA =
o
l
E(2rl) =
o

E= = 2k
2ro r
33
Plane of Charge
Choose a small cylinder whose axis is perpendicular to the plane for the gaussian
surface.
cos = cos90 = 0
then E = 0

cos = cos0 = 1
qin
then E = EdA =
o
34
Plane of Charge
surface.
The flux through each end of the cylinder is EA
and so the total flux is 2EA.
and qin = A
qin
E = EdA =
o
A
2EA =
o

E=
2o 35
Plane of Charge
surface.

E=
2o
Note:
E does not depend on r.
E is uniform everywhere.
36
Sphere and Shell Charge Distribution
A charged sphere is surrounded by a shell
Analyze
Construct a Gaussian sphere between
the surface of the solid sphere and
the inner surface of the shell.
Region 2
a<r<b
Charge inside the surface is +Q
37
Sphere and Shell Charge Distribution
A charged sphere is surrounded by a shell
Analyze
The electric field for each area can be calculated.
kQr
For r < a E=
a3
kQ
For a < r < b E= 2
r
For b < r < c E=0
kQ
For r > c E = 2
r
38
Electric Flux Through a Cube
E = Ei .dAi
For face 1 E = -El2

For face 2 E = El2
For the other sides E = 0
Therefore E total = 0
The field lines pass through two surfaces perpendicularly and are parallel to the other four surfaces.
39
Ex1.19 A very long charge rod, R = 30 cm, has a hole inside with
10 cm radius, a = 10 cm. The charge density is 10-9 C/m3. Calculate
the electric field at the position far away from rod center r1 = 20 cm
and r2 = 40 cm.
40
and r2 = 40 cm.
cos = cos90 = 0
then E = 0

cos = cos0 = 1
qin
then E = EdA =
o
V
E(2rl) =
o 41
and r2 = 40 cm.
at r1 = 20 cm
V
E(2rl) =
o
(r2l a2 l)
E(2rl) =
o
(r2 a2)
E=
2ro
9 2 2
10 (0.2 0.1 )
E= = 8.47 N/C
12
2(0.2)(8.85x10 ) 42
Ex1.19 A very long charge rod, r = 30 cm, has a hole inside with 10
cm radius, a = 10 cm. The charge density is 10-9 C/m3. Calculate the
electric field at the position far away from rod center r1 = 20 cm and
r2 = 40 cm.
at r2 = 40 cm
V
E(2rl) =
o
2
(R l a2 l)
E(2rl) =
o
2 2
(R a )
E=
2ro
9 2 2
10 (0.3 0.1 )
E= = 11.30 N/C
12
2(0.4)(8.85x10 ) 43
Ex1.20 Spherical charge, r = 10 cm, has a uniform charge
distribution. If the electric field at the point A is 8.6 x 104 N/C.
A) What is the charge density of this sphere?
B) Find the electric field point B.
44
qin
EdA =
o
2 V
E(4r ) =
o A
(4a3 )
E(4r2 ) = 3
o
(a3 ) B
E=
3o r2 45
at point A (r = 0.05)
(a3)
E=
3o r2
3 A
4 (0.05 )
8.6 x 10 =
12 2
3(8.85x10 )(0.05 )
4 12
8.6 x 10 x 3 x 8.85x10
= B
0.05
5
= 4.57x10 C/m3 46
at point B (r = 0.15)
(a3)
E=
3o r2
5 3 A
4.57x10 (0.1 )
E=
12 2
3(8.85x10 )(0.15 )
4
E = 7.65x10 N/C B
47
Ex1.21 A long line charge with density 3 C/m and a horrow
cylinder, r = 2 m are lied on Z axis. If a charge density of the
cylinder is 1.54/4 C/m2. Calculate the electric field at
A) r = 1.5 m
B) r = 3.0 m
48
A) r = 1.5 m
B) r = 3.0 m
at r = 1.5 m
qin
EdA =
o
l E = 3.6x104 N/C
E(2rl) =
o

E=
2ro
6
3x10
E= = 3.6x104 N/C
12
2(1.5)(8.85x10 ) 49
A) r = 1.5 m
B) r = 3.0 m
at r = 3.0 m
qin
EdA =
o
l + 2al E (cylinder)
E(2rl) = E (line charge)
o
+ 2a
E=
2ro
6 6
3x10 1.54/4x10 x2x2
E= = 8.76x103 N/C
12
2(3)(8.85x10 ) 50
Ex1.22 Figure shows a plastic rod with a uniform charge -Q. It is bent
in a 120 circular arc of radius r and symmetrically paced across an x
axis with the origin at the center of curvature P of the rod. In terms of Q
and r, what is the electric field due to the rod at point P?
51
52
dq
dE = k r
r 2
dq
dE = k cos
r 2
(ds)
dE = k cos
r 2
53
(ds)
dE = k cos
r 2
(rd)
dE = k cos
r 2
k
dE = r cosd
k 60
E = r 60 cosd
k 60
E = r sin
60
54
k
E = r sin60 sin(60)
1.73k
E= r
1.73k(Q)
E= l
r
1.73k( Q )
E= 2r/3
r
0.83kQ
E=
r2
55
56
57
HW A uniformly charged insulating rod of length 14 cm is bent into the
shape of semicircle as shown in Figure. The rod has a total charge of
-7.5 C. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the point
P, the center of semicircle.

Chapter 1.2 Electrostatic

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Chapter 1.2 Electrostatic

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1

The flux is a maximum

The flux is zero

In general, this becomes

At (2), the field lines graze surface;

At (3), the field lines are crossing the

The integral is over a closed surface.

This net number of lines is the number of lines

The closed surface is often called

Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 1855)

Electric Flux Through Closed Surface

Electric Flux Through Closed Surface

Electric Flux Through Closed Surface

Electric Flux Through Closed Surface

Electric Flux Through Closed Surface

Electric Flux Through Closed Surface

Closed surfaces of various shapes can

Verifies the net flux through any closed

The charge is outside the closed surface with

Any field line entering the surface leaves at

Verifies the electric flux through a closed

For r > a (outside)

For r < a (inside)

charge density is constant

For r < a (inside)

For r > R (outside)

For r < R (inside)

E same direction with dA

E same direction with dA

E same direction with dA

For face 1 E = -El2

E same direction with dA

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