RETAINING WALLS

TEMBOK PENAHAN

Prepared by : Noor Khazanah binti A Rahman

Updated by : Isham Ismail
Simple concept of retaining walls
Typical details behind retaining walls
 definition
Is a structure designed and constructed to
resist the lateral pressure of soil
Required when it was desired change in
ground elevation that exceeds the angle of
repose of the soil
 Types of RW
Gravity wall
Cantilevered
Sheet pilling
Anchored
 Gravity wall
Gravity walls depend on the weight of their
mass (stone, concrete or other heavy
material) to resist pressures from behind
For short landscaping walls, they are often
made from mortarless stone or segmental
concrete units
Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat
flexible and do not require a rigid footing in
frost areas
 Cantilevered
Cantilevered retaining walls are made
from an internal stem of steel-reinforced,
cast-in-place concrete or mortared
masonry (often in the shape of an inverted
T)
This type of wall uses much less material
than a traditional gravity wall
 Sheet pilling
usually used in soft soils and tight spaces
which are driven into the ground
usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but
this may be altered depending on the environment
Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or
"dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face
of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a
rod
Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane in
the soil
 Anchored
An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in
any of the aforementioned styles but also
includes additional strength using cables or
other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it.
Usually driven into the material with boring,
anchors are then expanded at the end of the
cable, either by mechanical means or often by
injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to
form a bulb in the soil. Technically complex, this
method is very useful where high loads are
expected, or where the wall itself has to be
slender and would otherwise be too weak
 The concept,
Refer to a cantilever retaining wall
Is a freestanding structure without lateral
support at its top
It must resist the lateral pressures
generated by loose soils or, in some
cases, water pressures
 The concept,
There is a lateral earth pressure behind
the wall which depends on the angle of
internal friction (phi) and the cohesive
strength (c) of the retained material
Required a drainage system to release
hydrostatic pressure due to
groundwater behind the wall.
 Use of retaining structure
1) Protect steep slope from erosion.
2) Protect specimen tree stands from
fill or cut condition.
3) Facilitate vertical circulation at steps
or ramp structure
4) Facilitate vehicular access in
steeply, sloping wooded sites, such
as parks, camping areas or private
residences.
 Use of retaining structure
5) Maximize potential for development
and/or building area to accommodate an
extensive design program for school,
play fields, outdoor theater etc.
6) Extend the architecture of a building into
site and to express its functioning levels.
7) Achieve an integrate visual appearance
of the proposed development in relation
to the existing site and surrounding
development.
 function

Retainning structure at slope area (cut and fill)

Reduce risk slope failure
For basement area
To control settlement and movement
 Design requirement

to be able to resist the material held in position without

any movement such as falling, sliding and sediment
Acting as aesthetic structure to stabilize or strength earth
and rock slope
Control soils erosion due to surface water or under
ground water
Aesthetic value for environment
Erection Of RE Wall Panel At Jalan Bukit Kemuning
Erection of RE Panel at abutment B viaduct over Bulatan Jubli Perak
Rock Failure
Rock failure guided by discontinuity
Rock failure guided by discontinuity
Rock failure guided by discontinuity
 Rock
structures
The
stereographic
plot of potential
instability
analysis and
types of failure
mode (Hoek
and Bray,
1981)
Natural slope failure