AME 50531: Intermediate Thermodynamics

Homework Solutions

Fall 2010

1 Homework 1 Solutions
1.1 Problem 1:
CPIG air enters and isentropic nozzle at 1.30 atm and 25C with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. The nozzle entrance diameter
is 120 mm. The air exits the nozzle at 1.24 atm with a velocity of 90 m/s. Determine the temeprature of the exiting air
and the nozzle exit diameter.

At the nozzle entrance (State 1):

101.3 kPa
P1 = 1.30 atm = 131.7 kPa (1)
1 atm
T1 = 25C + 273.15 = 298.15 K (2)
v1 = 2.5 m/s (3)
A1 = (0.120 m) = 0.045 m
2 2
(4)
At the nozzle exit (State 2):
01.3 kPa
P2 = 1.24 atm = 125.6 kPa (5)
1 atm
v2 = 90 m/s (6)
T2 and d2 are unknown.

Because the nozzle is isentropic, we can use the isentropic relation for temperature and pressure to find the exit
temperature. For air, k = 1.4.
k1
T2 P2 k
= (7)
T1 P1
k1 1.41
P2 k 125.6 kPa 1.4
T2 = T1 = 298.15 K (8)
P1 131.7 kPa
T2 = 294.14 K = 21C (9)
To find the exit diameter, recall that m = Av. Then,

m = 1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2 (10)
Knowing that 1 = 2 ,
A 1 v1 = A 2 v2 (11)

v1 2 2.5 m/s
A2 = A1 = 0.045 m = 0.0012 m2 (12)
v2 90 m/s
Therefore, d2 = 0.020 m = 20 mm .

1
1.2 Problem 2: 9.47
Consider a steam turbine power plant operation near critical pressure, as shown in Figure 1.2. As a first approximation,
it may be assumed that the turbine and pump processes are reversible and adiabatic. Neglecting any changes in kinetic
and potential energies, calculate:
The specific turbine work output and the turbine exit state.
The pump work input and enthalpy at the pump exit state.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle.

We are given P1 = P4 = 20 MPa, T1 = 800C, P2 = P3 = 10 kPa, and T3 = 40C.

kJ
State 1: Using Table B.1.3, h1 = 4069.80 kJ/kg, s1 = 7.0544 kgK

State 2:
kJ
s2 = s1 = 7.0544 (13)
kg K
Using Table B.1.2,
s2 = 0.6492 + 7.5010 x2 = 0.8539 (14)
h2 = 191.81 + 0.8539 2392.82 = 2235.04 kJ/kg (15)
The specific work output from the turbine,
wt = h1 h2 = 4069.80 kJ/kg 2235.04 kJ/kg = 1834.76 kJ/kg (16)
The turbine exit state is a saturated mixture.

State 3: Compressed liquid, using Table B.1.1, h3 = 167.54 kJ/kg, v3 = 0.001007

State 4: Using the property relation for constant v,

w p = v3 (P4 P3) = 0.001007 (20000 10) = 20.13 kJ/kg (17)

h4 = h3 w p = 167.54 kJ/kg + 20.13 kJ/kg = 187.67 kJ/kg (18)

The heat transfer in the boiler is

qin = h1 h4 = 4069.80 kJ/kg 187.67 kJ/kg = 3882.13 kJ/kg (19)

wnet = wt + w p = 1834.76 kJ/kg 20.13 kJ/kg = 1814.63 kJ/kg (20)
wnet 1814.63
T H = = = 0.4674 (21)
qin 3882.13

2
2 Homework 2 Solutions:
2.1 Problem 1: 7.64
Helium has the lowest normal boiling point of any of the elements at 4.2 K. At this temperature the enthalpy of
evaporation is 83.3 kJ/kmol. A Carnot refrigeration cycle is analyzed for the production of 1 kmol of liquid helium at
4.2 K from saturated vapor at the same temperature. What is the work input to the refrigerator and the coefficient of
performance for the cycle with an ambient temperature at 280 K?

For the Carnot cycle the ratio of the heat transfers is the ratio of temperatures:

QL = nh f g = 1 kmol 83.3 kJ/kmol = 83.3 kJ (22)

TH 280
QH = QL = 83.3 = 5553.3 kJ (23)
TL 4.2
WIN = QH QL = 5553.33 83.3 = 5470 kJ (24)

QL 83.3 TL
= = = 0.0152 = (25)
WIN 5470 TH TL

3
2.2 Problem 2: 8.97
A piston/cylinder contains air at 1380 K, 15 MPa, with V1 = 9 cm3 , Acyl = 5 cm2 . The piston is released, and just
before the piston exits the end of the cylinder the pressure inside is 200 kPa. If the cylinder is insulated, what is its
length? How much work is done by the air inside?

The cylinder is a control volume of air. It is insulated and therfore adiabatic, so Q = 0. By the continuity equation,

m2 = m1 = m (26)

From the energy equation (5.11),

m(u2 u1 ) = 1Q2 1 W2 = 1 W2 (27)
From the entropy equation (8.37),
dQ
Z
m(s2 s1 ) = + 1S2gen = 0 + 1S2gen (28)
T
Pressure and temperature are known at State 1, but only pressure is known at State 2, so T2 must be obtained. Assume
a reversible process.
1S2gen = 0 s2 s1 = 0 (29)

State 1: Using Table A.7, u1 = 1095.2 kJ/kg and sT 1 = 8.5115 kJ

kgK

P1V1 15000 9 106

m= = = 0.000341 kg (30)
RT1 0.287 1380
State 2: From the entropy equation, s2 = s1 so from Eq. 8.19,

P2 200 kJ
sT 2 = sT 1 + R ln = 8.5115 + 0.287 ln = 7.2724 (31)
P1 15000 kg K

Then, use Table A.7 to interpolate and find T2 = 447.2 K and u2 = 320.92 kJ/kg.

T2 P1 447.2 15000
V2 = V1 = 9 = 218.7 cm3 (32)
T1 P2 1380 200
V2 218.7
L2 = = = 43.74 cm (33)
Acyl 5
1w2 = u1 u2 = 774.3 kJ/kg (34)

1 W2 = m1 w2 = 0.264 kJ = 264 J (35)

4
2.3 Problem 3:
CPIG air in a cylinder (V1 = 0.03 m3 , P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 10C) is compressed reversibly at constant temperature to a
pressure of 420 kPa. Determine the entropy change, the heat transferred, and the work done. Also accurately plot this
process on T-S and P-V diagrams.

State 1: State 2:

T1 = 10C = 283.15 K T2 = T1 = 283.15 K

P1 = 100 kPa P2 = 420 kPa

V1 = 0.03 m3 V2 =?

We know that m1 = m2 , so,

P1V1 100 0.03
m1 = m2 = = = 0.0369 kg (36)
RT 0.287 283.15
mRT 0.0369 0.287 283.15
V2 = = = 0.00714 m3 (37)
P2 420
V1 0.03
v1 = = = 0.813 m3 /kg (38)
m 0.0369
V2 0.00714
v2 = = = 0.193 m3 /kg (39)
m 0.0369

T2 P2 420
S2 S1 = m c p ln R ln = 0.0369 1.004 ln1 0.287 ln (40)
T1 P1 100
S2 S1 = 0.0152 kJ/K (41)
Now, to find the heat transfer and work done,
v2 0.193
1Q2 = 1 W2 = mRT ln = 0.0369 0.287 283.15 ln (42)
v1 0.813

1Q2 = 1 W2 = 4.312 kJ (43)

300 500

400

290
300
P (kPa)
T (K)

200
280

100

270 0
0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
S (kJ/K) 3
V (m )

(a) T-S Diagram (b) P-V Diagram

5
2.4 Problem 4: 12.97
Consider an ideal air-standard Stirling cycle with an ideal regenerator. The minimum pressure and tmeperature in the
cycle are 100 kPa, 25C, the compression ratio is 11, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 1000C. Analyze
each of the four processes in this cycle for work and heat transfer, and determine the overall perfomance of the engine.

v1
P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = T2 = 25C, v2 = 11, T3 = T4 = 1000C

From 1-2 at constant temperature, 1w2 = 1q2 = T1 (s2 s1 )

v1
1w2 = RT1 ln = 0.287 298.15 ln11 = 205.2 kJ/kg (44)
v2
From 2-3 at constant volume, 2w3 = 0

q23 = CV 0 (T3 T2) = 0.717(1000 25) = 699 kJ/kg (45)

From 3-4 at constant temperature, 3w4 = 3q4 = T1 (s4 s3 )

v4
3w 4 = +RT3 ln = 0.287 1273.15 ln11 = 876.2 kJ/kg (46)
v3
From 4-1 at constant volume, 4w1 = 0

q41 = CV 0 (T1 T4 ) = 0.717(25 1000) = 699 kJ/kg (47)

wNET = 205.2 + 0 + 876.2 + 0 = 671 kJ/kg (48)

Since q23 is supplied by q41 (regenerator),

qH = q34 = 876.2 kJ/kg (49)

wNET 671
T H = = = 0.766 (50)
qH 876.2
NOTE:

qH = q34 = RT3 ln 11 (51)

qL = 1q2 = RT1 ln 11 (52)
qH qL T3 T1 975
T H = = = = 0.766 = Carnot efficiency (53)
qH 3 1273.15

6
3 Homework 3 Solutions:
3.1 Problem 1: 11:36
Consider an ideal steam reheat cycle where steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 4.0 MPa, 400C, amd then
expands to 0.8 MPa. It is then reheated to 400C and expands to 10 kPa in the low-pressure turbine. Calculate the
cycle thermal efficiency and the moisture content of the steam leaving the low-pressure turbine.

State 3: High-pressure turbine entrance.

kJ
P3 = 4 MPa, T3 = 400C h3 = 3213.51 kJ/kg, s3 = 6.7689 (54)
kg K
State 4: High-pressure turbine exit. s4 = s3 h4 = 2817.77 kJ/kg
State 5: Low-pressure turbine entrance.
kJ
P5 = 0.8 MPa, T5 = 400C h5 = 3267.07 kJ/kg, s5 = 7.5715 (55)
kg K
State 6: Low-pressure turbine exit. Use entropy to find the moisture content x6 :
kJ
s6 = s5 = 7.5715 two-phase state (56)
kg K
s6 s f 7.5715 0.6492
x6 = = = 0.92285 (57)
sfg 7.501
h6 = h f + x6 h f g = 191.81 + 0.92285 2392.82 = 2400.02 kJ/kg (58)
State 1: Pump entrance. P1 = 10 kPa, v1 = 0.00101 m3 /kg, h1 = 191.81 kJ/kg
State 2: Pump exit. Pump is reversible and adiabatic. Assume incompressible flow.

wP = v1 (P2 P1) = 0.00101(4000 10) = 3.94 kJ/kg (59)

h2 = h1 + wP = 191.81 + 3.94 = 195.75 kJ/kg (60)

wT,tot = h3 h4 + h5 h6 = 3213.51 2817.77 + 3267.07 2400.02 = 1262.79 kJ/kg (61)

qH1 = h3 h2 = 3213.51 195.75 = 3017.76 kJ/kg (62)
qH = qH1 + h5 h4 = 3017.76 + 3267.07 2817.77 = 3467.06 kJ/ jg (63)
(wT,tot wP ) 1262.79 3.94
CYCLE = = = 0.3631 (64)
qH 3467.06

7
3.2 Problem 2:
Consider a 600 MW reheat-Rankine cycle steam power plant. The boiler pressure is 1000 psia, the reheater pressure
is 200 psia, and the condenser pressure is 1 psia. Both turbine inlet temperatures are 1000F. The water leaving the
condenser is saturated liquid. Determine the thermal efficiency of the power plant and the boiler mass flow rate in
lbm/hr.

State 3: HP turbine entrance. P3 = 1000 psia, T3 = 1000F, h3 = 1505.86 Btu/lbm , s3 = 1.6530 lbBtu m R
State 4: HP turbine exit. P4 = 200 psia, s4 = s3 = 1.6530 lbBtum R
. Interpolating, h 4 = 1297.58 Btu/lb m
State 5: LP turbine entrance. P5 = 2000 psia, T5 = 1000F, h5 = 1529.28 Btu/lbm , s5 = 1.8425 lbBtu m R
State 6: LP turbine exit. P6 = 1 psia, s6 = s5 = 1.8425 lbBtu
m R

s6 s f 1.8425 0.1323
x6 = = = 0.9264 (65)
sfg 1.8461

h6 = h f + x6 h f g = 69.57 + 0.9264 1036.11 = 1029.41 Btu/lbm (66)

State 1: Pump entrance, saturated liquid. P1 = 1 psia, h1 = 69.57 Btu/lbm , v1 = 0.016136 f t 3 /lb m
State 2: Pump exit. P2 = 1000 psia

wP = h1 h2 = v1 (P2 P1) h2 = h1 + v1 (P2 P1) (67)

Converting pressures into lb/ f t 2 , we get P1 = 144 lb/ f t 2 and P2 = 144000 lb/ f t 2 .

1.285 103 Btu

wP = 0.016136(144000 144) = 2.983 Btu/lbm h2 = 72.55 Btu/lbm (68)
1 lb f t

wNET (h3 h4) + (h5 h6) + (h1 h2 )

T = = = 0.4235 (69)
QIN (h3 h2) + (h5 h 4)
1 Btu/s
Wcycle = 600 MW = 5.687 106 Btu/s (70)
1.055 103 MW
Wcycle Wcycle 3600 s
m = = = 2.9033 107 lbm /hr (71)
wNET (h3 h4 ) + (h5 h6) + (h 1 h2) 1 hr

8
3.3 Problem 3: 11.45
A power plant with one open feedwater heater has a condenser temperature of 45C, a maximum pressure of 6 MPa,
and a boiler exit temperature of 900C. Extraction steam at 1 MPa to the feedwater heater is mixed with the feedwater
line so the exit is saturated liquid into the second pump. Find the fraction of extraction steam flow and the two specific
pump work inputs.

kJ
State 5: Boiler exit/turbine entrance. h5 = 4375.29 kJ/kg, s5 = 7.8727 kgK
State 6: Turbine is reversible and adiabatic: s7 = s6 = s5
kJ
P6 = 1 MPa, s6 = 7.8727 h6 = 3569.39 kJ/kg (72)
kg K

State 1: Condenser exit/pump 1 entrance. h1 = 188.42 kJ/kg, v1 = 0.00101 m3 /kg, P1 = 9.593 kPa
State 2: Pump 1 exit. P2 = P6

wP1 = h2 h1 = v1 (P2 P1 ) = 0.00101(1000 9.593) = 1.0 kJ/kg (73)

h2 = h1 + wP1 = 188.42 + 1.0 = 189.42 kJ/kg (74)

State 3: Feedwater exit. P3 = P2 , h3 = 762.79, v3 = 0.001127 m3 /kg The extraction fraction can be expressed as
m6
y= mtot . From the energy equation, (1 y)h2 + yh6 = h3

h3 h 2 762.79 189.42
y= = = 0.1696 (75)
h6 h2 3569.39 189.42
State 4: Pump 2 exit. P4 = P5

wP2 = h4 h3 = v3 (P4 P3) = 0.001127(6000 1000) = 5.635 kJ/kg (76)

9
4 Homework 4 Solutions:
4.1 Problem 1: 12.22
A Brayton cycle produces 14 MW with an inlet state of 17C, 100 kPa, and a compression ratio of 17 : 1. The heat
added in the combustion is 960 kJ. What are the highest temperature and mass flow rate of air, using properties from
Table A.7.1?

The specific heat varies; therefore it is necessary to go through the processes individually to find the net work and
highest temperature T3 .
State 1: T1 = 290.15 K, P1 = 100 kPa. From A.7.1, h1 = 290.43 kJ/kg, sT 1 = 6.83521 kJ
kgK
State 2: The compression is reversible and adiabatic, so from Eq. 8.19,

P2 kJ
s2 = s1 sT 2 = sT 1 + R ln = 6.83521 + 0.287 ln17 = 7.64834 (77)
P1 kg K

T2 = 642.36 K, h2 = 652.04 kJ/kg (78)

From the energy equation with compressor work in,

wC = 1w2 = h2 h1 = 652.04 290.43 = 361.61 kJ/kg (79)

State 3: Energy equation for the combustor,

h3 = h2 + qH = 652.04 + 960 = 1612.04 kJ/kg (80)

kJ
T3 = 1480.33 K, sT 3 = 8.59596 (81)
kg K
State 4: The expansion is reversible and adiabatic so from Eq. 8.19,

P4 1 kJ
s4 = s3 sT 4 = sT 3 + R ln = 8.59596 + 0.287 ln = 7.78283 (82)
P3 17 kg K

T4 = 728.36 K, h4 = 744.14 kJ/kg (83)

From the energy equation with turbine work out,

wT = h3 h4 = 1612.04 744.14 = 867.9 kJ/kg (84)

The net work is

wnet = wT wC = 867.9 361.61 = 506.29 kJ/kg (85)
The total power requires a mass flow rate of

Wnet 14000 KW
m = = = 27.65 kg/s (86)
wnet 506.29 kJ/kg

10
4.2 Problem 2: 12.36
A large stationary Brayton cycle gas-turbine power plant delivers a power output of 100 MW to an electric generator.
The minimum temperature in the cycle is 290 K, and the maximum temperature is 1600 K. The minimum pressure in
the cycle is 100 kPa, and the conmpressor compression ratio is 14 : 1. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of
85% and the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 88%. Calculate the power output of the turbine. What fraction of
the turbine output is required to drive the compressor? What is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?

Solve using constant CP0 . For an ideal compressor, s2 = s1 Implemented by Eq. 8.23
k1
P2 k
T2s = T1 = 290(14)0.286 = 616.4 K (87)
P1

wCs = h2 h1 = CP0 (T2 T1 ) = 1.004(616.4 290) = 327.71 kJ/kg (88)

For the actual compressor,
wSC 327.71
wC = = = 385.54 kJ/kg = CP0 (T2 T1 ) (89)
SC 0.85
wC 385.54
T2 = T1 + = 290 + = 674 K (90)
CP0 1.004
For an ideal turbine, s4 = s3 Implemented by Eq. 8.23
k1 0.286
P4 k 1
T4s = T3 = 1600 = 752.8 K (91)
P3 14

wT s = h3 h4 = CP0 (T3 T4) = 1.004(1600 752.8) = 850.63 kJ/kg (92)

For the actual turbine,

wT = ST wST = 0.88 850.63 = 748.56 kJ/kg = CP0 (T3 T4 ) (93)

wt 748.56
T4 = T3 = 1600 = 854.4 K (94)
CP0 1.004
To calculate the overall net work and the cycle efficiency,

wNET = wT wC = 748.56 385.54 = 363.02 kJ/kg (95)

WNET 100000 kW
m = = = 275.47 kg/s (96)
wNET 363.02 kJ/kg
WNET = mwT = 275.47 kg/s 748.56kJ/kg = 206.203 MW (97)
wC 385.54
= = 0.515 (98)
wT 748.56
Energy input is from the combustor,

qH = CP0 (T 3 T2) = 1.004(1600 674) = 929.7 kJ/kg (99)

wNET 363.02
T H = = = 0.3905 (100)
qH 929.7

11
4.3 Problem 3: 12.41
An air-standard Ericsson cycle has an ideal regenerator. Heat is supplied at 950C and heat is rejected at 80C. Pressure
at the beginning of the isothermal compression process is 70 kPa. The heat added is 700 kJ/kg. Find the compressor
work, the turbine work, and the cycle efficiency.

Identify the states:

Heat supplied at high temperature: T3 = T4 = 950C = 1223.15 K
Heat rejected at low temperature: T1 = T2 = 0C = 353.15 K
Beginning of the compression: P1 = 70 kPa
Ideal regenerator:
2q3 = 4q1 qH = 3q4 = 700 kJ/kg (101)

wT = qH = 700 kJ/kg (102)

353.15
T H = CARNOT = 1 = 0.7113 (103)
1223.15
wNET = T H qH = 0.7113 700 = 497.895 kJ/kg (104)

wC = qL = qH wNET = 700 497.895 = 202.105 kJ/kg (105)

12
4.4 Problem 4: 12.53
An afterburner in a jet engine adds fuel after the turbine this raising the pressure and temperature due to the energy of
combustion. Assume a standard condition of 800 K, 250 kPa after the turbine into the nozzle that exhausts at 95 kPa.
Assume the afterburner adds 425 kJ/kg to that state with a rise in pressure for the same specific volume, and neglect
any upstream effects on the turbine. Find the nozzle exit velocity before and after the afterburner is turned on.

Without afterburner: T1 = 800 K, P1 = 200 kPa, P2 = 95 kPa

With afterburner: v3 = v1 , P4 95 kPa

Assume reversible adiabatic nozzle flow, then constant s from Eq. 8.23
(k1) 0.2857
P2 k 95
T2 T1 = 800 K = 606.8 K (106)
P1 250

Energy Equation:
s
1 2 p J
V2 = CP (T1 T2 ) V2 = 2CP (T1 T2 ) = 2 1004 (800 606.8) K = 622.8 m/s (107)
2 kg K

Add the qAB at assumed constant volume then energy equation gives
qAB 425
T3 = T1 + = 800 + = 1392.63 K (108)
Cv 0.717

T3 1392.63
v3 = v1 P3 = P1 = 25 kPa = 435.2 kPa (109)
T1 800
Reversible adiabatic expansion, again from Eq. 8.23
(k1) 0.2857
P4 k 95
T4 = T3 = 1392.63 = 901.5 K (110)
P3 435.2
s
p J
V2 = 2CP (T3 T4 ) = 2 1004 (1392.63 901.5) K = 993.02 m/s (111)
kg K
Comment: The real process adds some fuel that burns releasing energy so the temperature goes up and due to the
confined space then pressure goes up. As the pressure goes up the exit velocity increases altering the mass flow rate
through the nozzle. As in most problems the real device is more complicated than we can describe with our simple
analysis.

13
5 Homework 5 Solutions:
5.1 Problem 1: 12.70
A gasoline engine takes air in at 300 K, 90 kPa and then compresses it. The combustion adds 1000 kJ/kg to the air
after which the temperature is 2050 K. Use variable heat capacities (Table A.7) and find the compression ratio, the
compression specific work and the highest pressure in the cycle.

Standard Otto cycle, solve using Table A.7.1.

State 3: T3 = 2050 K, u3 = 1725.71 kJ/kg
State 2: Combustion Process

u2 = u3 qH = 1725.71 1000 = 725.71 kJ/kg (112)

kJ
T2 = 960.5 K, sT 2 = 8.0889 (113)
kg K
kJ
State 1: Compression from 1 to 2: u1 = 214.36 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.86926 kgK , s2 = s1 From Eq. 8.19

P2 T2 v1
0 = sT 2 sT 1 R ln = sT 2 sT 1 R ln (114)
P1 T1 v2

960.5 v1
= 8.0089 6.86926 0.287 ln 0.287 ln (115)
300 v2
v1
Solving = 21.89 (116)
v2
Comment: This is much too high for an actual Otto cycle.

1w2 = u2 u1 = 725.71 214.36 = 511.35 kJ/kg (117)

Highest pressure is after combustion where v3 = v2 so we get

T3 T3 v1 2050
P3 = P2 = P1 = 90 21.89 = 13.46 MPa (118)
T2 T1 v3 300

14
5.2 Problem 2: 12.90
A diesel engine has a state before compression of 95 kPa, 300 K, a peak pressure of 6000 kPa, and a maximum
temperature of 2400 K. Find the volumetric compression ratio and the thermal efficency. Use the properties from
Table A.7.

Compression:
kJ
State 1: T1 = 300 K, u1 = 214.36, s1 = 6.869 kgK
State 2: s2 = s1 From Eq. 8.19

P2 6000 kJ
sT 2 = sT 1 + R ln = 6.869 + 0.287 ln = 8.0588 (119)
P1 95 kg K

A.7.1 T2 = 935.32 K, h2 = 972.90 kJ/kg (120)

State 3: h3 = 2755.78 kJ/kg, sT 3 = 9.19586 kJ
kgK

qH = h3 h2 = 2755.78 972.90 = 1782.88 kJ/kg (121)

v1 T1 P2 300 6000
CR = = = = 20.26 (122)
v2 T2 P1 935.32 95
Expansion process
P4 T4 v3
sT 4 = sT 3 + R ln
= sT 3 + R ln + R ln (123)
P3 T3 v4

v3 v3 v2 T3 T3 1 2400 1
= = = = = 0.1267 (124)
v4 v1 v1 T2 T2 CR 935.32 20.26

v3 T4
sT 4 R ln = sT 3 + R ln = 9.1958 + 0.287 ln0.1267 = 8.6029 (125)
v4 T3
Trial and error on T4 since it appears both in sT 4 and the ln function

1300
T4 = 1300 K, LHS = 8.4405 0.287 ln = 8.6160 (126)
2400

1250
T4 = 1250 K, LHS = 8.3940 0.287 ln = 8.5812 (127)
2400
Now linearly interpolate T4 = 1280.7 K, u4 = 1004.81 kJ/kg

qL = u4 u1 = 1004.81 214.36 = 790.45 kJ/kg (128)

qL 790.45
= 1 = 1 = 0.5566 (129)
qH 1782.88

15
5.3 Problem 3: 11.122
Consider an ideal dual-loop heat-powered refrigeration cycle using R-134a as the working fluid, as shown in Figure
5.3. Saturated vapor at 90C leaves the boiler and expands in the turbine to the ocndenser pressure. Saturated vapor at
15C leaves the evaporator and is compressed to the condenser pressure. The ratio of the flows through the two loops
is such that the turbine produces juse enough power to drive the compressor. The two exiting streams mix together
and enter the condenser. Saturated liquid leaving the compressor at 45C is then separated into two streams in the
necessary proportions. Determine the ratio of mass flow rate through the power loop the the refrigeration loop. Find
also the performance of the cycle, in terms of the ratio QQL .
H

From Table B.5.1, T6 = 90C sat. vapor P5 = P6 = 3.2445 MPa

From Table B.5.1, T3 = 45C sat. liquid P2 = P3 = P7 = 1.1602 MPa
T1 = 15C, h1 = 389.20 kJ/kg, h3 = h4 = 264.11 kJ/kg, h6 = 425.70 kJ/kg (130)
C.V. Turbine
kJ
s7 = s6 = 1.6671 = 1.2145 + x7 0.4962, x7 = 0.912 (131)
kg K
h7 = 264.11 + 0.912 157.85 = 408.09 kJ/kg (132)
C.V. Compressor
s2 = s1 = 0.9258 h2 = 429.89 kJ/kg (133)
CV: turbine + compressor
Continuity Eq.: m1 = m2 , m6 = m7 (134)
Energy Eq.: m1 h1 + m6 h6 = m2 h2 + m7 h7 (135)
m6 (h2 h1 ) 429.89 389.20
= = = 2.31 (136)
m1 (h6 h7 ) 425.20 408.09
CV: pump
wP = v3 (P5 P3) = 0.000890(3244.5 1160.2) = 1.855 kJ/kg (137)
h5 = h3 + wP = 265.97 kJ/kg (138)
CV: evaporator QL = m1 (h1 h4)
CV: boiler QL = m6 (h6 h5)
QL m1 (h1 h4 ) 389.20 264.11
= = = = 0.339 (139)
QH m (h
6 6 h 5 ) 2.31(425.70 265.97)

16
5.4 Problem 4: 12.112
A small utility gasoline engine of 250 cc runs at 1500 RPM with a compression ratio of 7 : 1. The inlet state is 75 kPa,
17C and the combustion adds 1500 kJ/kg to the charge. This engine runs a heat pump using R-410a with a high
pressure of 4 MPa and an evaporator operating at 0C. Find the rate of heating the pump can deliver. Overall cycle
v1
efficiency is from Eq. 12.12, rv = v2 =7

T H = 1 r1k = 1 70.4 = 0.5408 (140)

wNET = T H qH = 0.5408 1500 = 811.27 kJ/kg (141)

We also need specific volume to evaluate Eqs. 12.9 to 12.11
kJ
RT1 0.287 kgK 290 K
v1 = = = 1.1097 m3 /kg (142)
P1 75 kPa
v1
v2 = = 0.15853 m3 /kg (143)
CR
wNET 811.27 kK/kg
Pme f f = = = 852.9 kPa (144)
v1 v2 1.097 0.15853 m3 /kg
Now we can find the power from Eq. 12.11 (assume 4-stroke engine)
RPM 1 1500 1
W = Pme f f Vdispl = 852.9 2.5 104 = 2.665 kW (145)
60 2 60 2
For the refrigeration cycle we have:
kJ
State 1: h1 = 279.12 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.0368 kgK
State 2: P2 = 4 MPa, s2 = s1 , interpolate h2 = 323.81 kJ/kg
State 3: P3 = 4 MPa, interpolate h3 = 171, 62 kJ/kg

qH h2 h3 323.81 171.62
HP = = = = 3.405 (146)
wC h2 h1 323.81 279.12
The work out of the heat engine queals the input to the heat pump

QH = HPW = 3.405 2.665 kW = 9.07 kW (147)

17
6 Homework 6 Solutions:
6.1 Problem 1: 13.20
A 100 m3 storage tank with fuel gases is at 300 K, 100 kPa containing a mixture of acetylene C2 H2 , propane C3 H8
and butane C4 H10 . A test shows the partial pressure of C2 H2 is 15 kPa and that of C3 H8 is 65 kPa. How much mass is
there of each component?

P
Assume ideal gases, then the ratio of partial to total pressure is the mole fraction, y = Ptot

15 65 20
yC2 H2 = = 0.15, yC3 H8 = = 0.65, yC4 H10 = = 0.20 (148)
100 100 100
PV 100 kPa 100 m3
ntot = = kJ
= 4.0091 kmol (149)
RT 8.31451 kmolK 300 K

mC2 H2 = (nM)C2 H2 = yC2 H2 ntot MC2 H2 = 0.15 4.0091 kmol 26.038 kg/kmol = 15.659 kg (150)

mC3 H8 = (nM)C3 H8 = yC3 H8 ntot MC3 H8 = 0.65 4.0091 kmol 44.097 kg/kmol = 114.905 kg (151)

mC4 H10 = (nM)C4 H10 = yC4 H10 ntot MC4 H10 = 0.20 4.0091 kmol 58.124 kg/kmol = 46.604 kg (152)

18
6.2 Problem 2: 13.29
A flow of 1 kg/s argon at 300 K and another flow of 1 kg/s CO2 at 1600 K both at 200 kPa are mixed without any
heat transfer. Find the exit T ,P using variable specific heats.

No work implies no pressure change for a simple flow.

Pe = 200 kPa (153)

The energy equation becomes

mhi = mhe = (mhi )Ar + (mhi )CO2 = (mhe )Ar + (mhe )CO2 (154)

mCO2 (he hi )CO2 + mArCPAr (Te Ti )Ar = 0 (155)

1 kg/s (he 1748.12 kJ/kg) + (1 0.52) kW /K (Te 300 K) = 0 (156)
heCO2 + 0.52Te = 1748.12 + 0.52 300 = 1904.12 kJ/kg (157)
Trial and error on Te using Table A.8 for heCO2

Te = 1200 K : LHS = 1223.34 + 0.52 1200 = 1847.34 (158)

Te = 1300 K : LHS = 1352.28 + 0.52 1300 = 2028.28 (159)

Interpolating,
1904.12 1847.34
Te = 1200 + 100 = 1231.4 K (160)
2028.28 1847.34

19
6.3 Problem 3: 13.46
A mixture of 2 kg oxygen and 2 kg argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement at 150 kPa, 300 K. The piston
now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume. Find the final pressure, temperature, and the piston work.

C.V. Mixture. Control mass, boundary work, adiabatic and assume reversible.

Energy Eq. 5.11: u2 u1 = 1q2 1w2 = 1w2 (161)

Entropy Eq. 8.37: s2 s1 = 0 + 0 = 0 (162)

v1
Process: cosntant s Pvk
= constant, v2 = 2,
Assume ideal gases(T1 Tc ) and use kmix and Cvmix for properties.
kJ
Eq. 13.15: Rmix = ci Ri = 0.5 0.25983 + 0.5 0.20813 = 0.234 (163)
kg K
kJ
Eq. 13.23: CPmix = ciCPi = 0.5 0.9216 + 0.5 0.5203 = 0.721 (164)
kg K
kJ
Cvmix = CPmix Rmix = 0.487 (165)
kg K
CPmix
Ratio of specific heats: kmix = Cvmix = 1.4805 The relations for the polytropic process
k
v1
Eq. 8.25: P2 = P1 = P1 (2)k = 150(2)1.4805 = 418.5 kPa (166)
v2
k1
v1
Eq. 8.24: T2 = T1 = T1 (2)k1 = 300(2)0.4805 = 418.6 K (167)
v2
Work from the energy equation

kJ
1 W2 = mtot (u1 u2 ) = mtot Cv (T1 T2) = 4 kg 0.487 (300 418.6) K = 231 kJ (168)
kg K

20
6.4 Problem 4: 13.54
Carbon dioxide gas at 320 K is mixed with nitrogen at 280 K in an insulated mixing chamber. Both flows are at
100 kPa and the mass ratio of carbon dioxide ot nitrogen is 2 : 1. Find the exit temprature and total entropy generation
per kg of the exit mixture.

CV mixing chamber. The inlet ratio is so mCO2 = 2mN2 and assume no external heat transfer, no work involved.

Continuity Eq. 6.9: mN2 + 2mN2 = mex = 3mN2 (169)

Energy Eq. 6.10: mN2 (hN2 2hCO2 ) = 3mN2 hmix ex (170)

Take 300 K as reference and write h = h300 + CPmix (Tmixex 300)

CPN2 (TiN2 300) + 2CPCO2 (TiCO2 300) = 3CPmix (Tmixex 300) (171)

2 1 kJ
CPmix = ciCPi = 0.842 + 1.042 = 0.9087 (172)
3 3 kg K
3CPmix Tmix ex = CPN2 Ti N2 + 2CPCO2 TiCO2 = 830.64 kJ/kg (173)

Tmixex = 304.7 K (174)

To find the entropies we need the partial pressures, which assuming ideal gas are equal to the mole fractions times
the total pressure: h i
ci
Mi
yi = cj (175)
Mj
0.3333
28.013
yN2 = 0.3333 0.6666
= 0.44 (176)
28.013 + 44.01
yCO2 = 1 yN2 = 0.56 (177)
Sgen = mex sex (ms)iCO2 (ms)iN2 = mN2 (se si )N2 + 2mN2 (se si )CO2 (178)

Sgen 1 Tex 2 Tex
= CPN2 ln RN2 ln yN2 + CPCO2 ln RCO2 ln yCO2 (179)
3mN2 3 TiN2 3 TiCO2

1 304.7 2 304.7
= 1.042 ln 0.2968 ln0.44 + 0.842 ln 0.1889 ln0.56 (180)
3 280 3 320
kJ
Sgen = 0.1561 (181)
kgmix K

21
7 Homework 7 Solutions:
7.1 Problem 1: 13.73
Ambient moist air enters a steady-flow air-conditioning unit at 105 kPa, 30C, with a 60% relative humidity. The
volume flow rate entering the unit is 100 L/s. The moist air leaves the unit at 95 kPa, 15C, with a relative humidity
of 100%. Liquid condensate also leaves the unit at 15C. Determine the rate of heat transfer for this process.

State 1:
PV 1 = 1 PG1 = 0.60 4.246 kPa = 2.5476 kPa (182)
2.5476
w1 = 0.622 = 0.0154668 (183)
105 2.5476
PA1V1 102.45 0.1
mA = = = 0.1178 kg/s (184)
RA T1 0.287 303.15
State 2:
PV 2 = PG2 = 1.705 kPa (185)
1.705
w2 = 0.622 = 0.1137 (186)
95 1.705
Energy Eq. 6.10:
QCV + mA hA1 + mV 1 hV 1 = mA hA2 + mV 2 hV 2 + m3 hL3 (187)
QCV
= CP0A (T2 T1 ) + w2 hV 2 w1 hV 1 + (w1 w2 )hL3 (188)
mA
= 1.004(15 30) + 0.1137 2528.91 0.0154668 2556.25 + 0.00456 63.0 = 26.732 kJ/kg air (189)
QCV = 0.1178(26.732) = 3.088 kW (190)

22
7.2 Problem 2: 13.103
Use a psychrometric chart to find the missing property of: , , Twet , Tdry

a. Tdry = 25C, = 80% c. Tdry = 20C, = 0.008

b. Tdry = 15C, = 100% d. Tdry = 25C, Twet = 23C

a. 25C, = 80% = 0.016, Twet = 22.3C (191)

b. 15C, = 100% = 0.0106, Twet = 15C (192)

c. 20C, = 0.008 = 57%, Twet = 14.4C (193)

d. 25C, Twet = 23C = 0.017, = 86% (194)

23
7.3 Problem 3: 14.35
The Joule-Thomson coefficient J is a measure of the direction and magnitude of the temperature change with pressure
in a throttling process. For any three properties x, y, z use the mathematical relation

x y z

= 1 (195)
y z z x x y

to show the following relations for the Joule-Thomson coefficient:

v

T T T P v RT 2 Z

J = = = (196)
P h CP PC p T P

Let x = T , y = P and z = h and substitute into the relations as

T P h

= 1 (197)
P h h T T P

Then we have the definition of specific heat as CP = Th so solve for the first term
P

1
T h

1 CP
J = = = (198)
P h P CP P T
h T

The last derivative is substituted with Eq. 14.25 so we get

v

T
T T v
J = = P
(199)
P h CP

If we use the compressibility factor then we get

v ZR RT Z v RT Z

Pv = ZRT = + = + (200)
T P P P T P T P T P

so then
v RT 2 Z RT 2 Z

T v = v+ v = (201)
T P P T P P T P
and we have shown the last expression also.

v

T
T T v RT 2

Z

J = = P
= (202)
P h CP PC p T P

24
7.4 Problem 4: 14.77
Develop general expressions for changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy for a gas obeying the Redlich-
Kwong equation of state.

RT a
Redlich-Kwong equation of state:P = (203)
v b v(v + b)T 1/2

P

R a
= + (204)
T v v b 2v(v + b)T 3/2
From Eq. 14.30
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
3a 3a v2 + b v1
u2 u 1 = Cv (T, v)dT + = Cv (T , v)d T ln (205)
1 1 2v(v + b)T 1/2 1 2bT 1/2 v2 v1 + b

We find the change in h from change in u, so we do not do the derivative in Eq. 14.27. This is due to the form of the
EOS.
Z 2
3a v2 + b v1
h2 h 1 = CP (T , v)d T + P2 v2 P1v1 ln (206)
1 2bT 1/2 v2 v1 + b
Entropy follows from Eq. 14.35
Z 2 Z 2
dT R a/2
s2 s1 = Cv (T, v) + + dv (207)
1 T 1 v b v(v + b)T 3/2

Z 2
d T v2 b a v2 + b v1
s2 s1 = Cv (T , v) + R ln ln (208)
1 T v1 b 2bT 3/2 v2 v1 + b

25
7.5 Problem 5: 14.81
A flow of oxygen at 235 K, 5 MPa is throttled to 100 kPa in a steady flow process. Find the exit temperature and
the specific entropy generation using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state and ideal gas heat capacity. Notice this
becomes iterative due to the non-linearity coupling h, P v and T .

C.V. Throttle. Steady single flow, no heat transfer and no work.

Energy Eq.: h1 + 0 = h2 + 2 so constant h (209)

Entropy Eq.: s1 + sgen = s2 so entropy generation (210)

Find the change in h from Eq. 14.26 assuming CP is constant.
RT a
Redlich-Kwong equation of state:P = (211)
v b v(v + b)T 1/2

P

R a
= + (212)
T v v b 2v(v + b)T 3/2
From Eq. 14.31
Z 2
3a 3a v2 + b v1
(u2 u1 )T = = ln (213)
1 2v(v + b)T 1/2 2bT 1/2 v2 v1 + b
We find change in h from change in u, so we do not do the derivative in Eq. 14.27. This is due to the form of the EOS.

3a v2 + b v1
(h2 h1)T = P2 v2 P1 v1 ln (214)
2bT 1/2 v2 v1 + b
Entropy follows from Eq. 14.35
Z 2
R a/2 v2 b a v2 + b v1
(s2 s1 )T = + dv = R ln ln (215)
1 v b v(v + b)T 3/2 v1 b 2bT 3/2 v2 v1 + b
kJ
Pc = 5040 kPa, Tc = 154.6 K, R = 0.2598 (216)
kg K
RTc 0.2598 154.6
b = 0.08664 = 0.08664 = 0.0006905 m3 /kg (217)
Pc 5040
5/2
R2Tc (0.2598)2 (154.6)5/2
a = 0.42748 = 0.42748 = 1.7013 (218)
Pc 5040
We need to find T2 so the energy equation is satisfied

h2 h1 = h2 hx + hx h1 = C p (T2 T1 ) + (h2 h1)T = 0 (219)

and we will evaluate it similar to figure 13.4, where the first term is done from state x to 2 and the second term is done
from state 1 to state x (at T1 = 235 K). We do this as we assume state 2 is close to ideal gas, but we do not know T2 .
We first need to find v1 from the EOS, so guess v and find P

v1 = 0.011 m3 /kg P = 5059 too high (220)

v1 = 0.01114 m3 /kg P = 5000.6 OK (221)

Now evaluate the change in h along the 235 K from state 1 to state x, that requires a value for vx . Guess ideal gas at
Tx = 235 K,
RTx 235
vx = = 0.2598 = 0.6105 m3 /kg (222)
P2 100

26
From the EOS: P2 = 99.821 kPa (close) A few more guesses and adjustments gives

vx = 0.6094 m3 /kg, P2 = 100.0006 kPa OK (223)

3a vx + b v1
(hx h1 )T = Px vx P1v1 ln = 19.466 kJ/kg (224)
2bT 1/2 vx v1 + b
(hx h1)T 19.466
From energy eq.: T2 = T1 = = 235 = 213.51 K (225)
Cp 0.9055
Now the change in s is done in a similar fashion,

vx b a vx + b v1 T2
sgen = s2 s1 = (sx s1 )T + s2 sx = R ln 3/2
ln + C p ln (226)
v1 b 2bT vx v1 + b Tx

kJ
= 1.0576 + 0.0202 0.0868 = 0.9910 (227)
kg K

27
7.6 Problem 6:
Consider a thermodynamic system in which there are two reversible work modes: compression and electrical. So take
the version of the texts Eq. 4.16 giving dW to be

W = PdV E dZ, (228)

where E is the electrical potential difference and dZ is the amount of charge that flows into the system.
Extend the Gibbs equation to account for electrical work.
Find the Legendre transformation which renders the independent variables to be P, E and T and show how the
other variables can be determined as functions of these independent variables.
Find all Maxwell equations associated with this Legendre transformation.

Gibbs equation:
dU = Q W, Q = T ds (229)
dU = T dS PdV + E dZ (230)
Legendre transformation:

1 = T, 2 = P, 3 = E , x1 = S, x2 = V, x3 = Z (231)

F1 = U 1 x1 = U T S (232)
F1 = U 2 x2 = U PV (233)
F1 = U 3 x3 = U E Z (234)
F1,2,3 = U T S + PV E Z (235)

F(P, E , T ) = SdT + V dP ZdE (236)

Maxwell equations:
U U U

S = , V = , Z = (237)
T P,E P T,E E T,P

S V

= (238)
P T,E T P,E

S Z

= (239)
PE T,P T P,E

V Z

= (240)
E T,P P T,E

28
7.7 Problem 7: 14.113
A 2 kg mixture of 50% argon and 50% nitrogen by mass is in a tank at 2 MPa, 180 K. How large is the volume using
a model of (a) ideal gas and (b) Redlich-Kwong equation of state with a, b for a mixture.

a) Ideal gas mixture:

kJ
Eq. 13.15: Rmix = ci Ri = 0.5 0.2081 + 0.5 0.2968 = 0.25245 (241)
kg K
mRmix T 2 0.25245 180
V= = = 0.0454 m3 (242)
P 2000
b) Redlich-Kwong equation of state:
Before we can do the parameters a, b for the mixture we need the individual component parameters, Eq. 14.54, 13.55.
5/2
R2TC (0.2081)2 (150.8)2.5
aAr = 0.42748 = 0.42748 = 1.06154 (243)
Pc 4870
5/2
R2TC (0.2081)2 (126.2)2.5
aN2 = 0.42748 = 0.42748 = 1.98743 (244)
Pc 3390
RTC 0.2081 150.8
bAr = 0.08664 = 0.08664 = 0.000558 (245)
Pc 4870
RTC 0.2081 126.2
bN2 = 0.08664 = 0.08664 = 0.000957 (246)
Pc 3390
Now the mixture parameters are from Eq. 14.84

1/2 2 2
ci a i

amix = = 0.5 1.06154 + 0.5 1.98743 = 1.4885 (247)

bmix = ci bi = 0.5 0.000558 + 0.5 0.000957 = 0.000758 (248)

Using now Eq. 14.53:
RT a
P= (249)
v b v(v + b)T 1/2
0.25245 180 1.4885
2000 = (250)
v = 0.000758 v(v + 0.000758)1801/2
By trial and error we find the specific volume, v = 0.02102 m3 /kg

V = mv = 0.04204 m3 (251)

29
8 Homewrok 8 Solutions:
8.1 Problem 1: 15.20
Calculate the theoretical air-fuel ratio on a mass and mole basis for the combustion of ethanol, C2 H5 OH.

Reaction Eq.: C2 H5 OH + O2 (O2 + 3.76N2) aCO2 + bH2O + cN2 (252)

Do the atom balance

Balance C: 2 = a (253)
Balance H: 6 = 2b b = 3 (254)
Balance O: 1 + 2O2 2a + b = 4 + 3 = 7 O2 = 3 (255)

O (1 + 3.76)

A
= 2 = 3 4.76 = 14.28 (256)
F mol 1
O MO + N2 MN2

A 3 31.999 + 11.28 28.013
= 2 2 = = 8.943 (257)
F mass MFuel 46.069

30
8.2 Problem 2: 16.20
A container has liquid water at 15C, 100 kPa in equilibrium with a mixture of water vapor and dry air also at 15C,
100 kPa. How much is the vater vapor pressure and what is the saturated water vapor pressure?

From the steam tables we have for a saturated liquid:

Pg = 1.705 kPa , v f = 0.001001 m3 /kg (258)

The liquid is at 100 kPa so it is compressed liquid still at 15Cso from Eq. 14.15 at constant T
Z
gliq g f = vdP = v f (P Pg) (259)

The vapor in the moist air is at the partial pressure Pv also at 20C so we assume ideal gas for the vapor
Pv
Z
gvap gg = vdP = RT ln (260)
Pg

We have two saturated phases so g f gg (q = h f g = T s f g ) and now for equilibrium the two Gibbs functions must
be the same as
Pv
gvap = gliq = RT ln + gg = v f (P Pg) + g f (261)
P+g
leaving us with
Pv v f (P Pg ) 0.001001(100 1.705)
ln = = = 0.0007466 (262)
Pg RT 0.4615 288.15

Pv = Pg e0.0007466 = 1.7063 kPa (263)

This is only a minute amount above the saturation pressure. For moist air applications such differences were
neglected and assumed the partial water vapor pressure at equilibrium (100% relative humidity) is Pg . The pressure
has to be much higher for this to be asignificant difference.

31
8.3 Problem 3: 16.24:
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction H2 2H at a temperature of 2000 K, using properties from Table
A.9. Compare the result with the value listed in Table A.11.

From Table A.9 at 2000 K we find:

kJ
hH2 = 52942 kJ/kmol, sH2 = 188.419 , h = 0 (264)
kmol K f
kJ
hH2 = 35375 kJ/kmol, sH2 = 154.279 , h = 217999 (265)
kmol K f
G = H T S = HRHS HLHS T (SRHS

SLHS ) (266)
= 2 (35375 217999) 52943 2000(2 154.279 182.419) = 213528 kJ/kmol (267)
G 213528
ln K = = = 12.8407 (268)
RT 8.3145 2000
K = 2.6507 106 (269)
Table A.11: ln K = 12.841 OK

32
8.4 Problem 4: 16.34
Pure oxygen is heated from 25C to 3200 K in a steady flow process at a constant pressure of 300 kPa. Find the exit
composition and the heat transfer.

The only reaction will be the dissociation of oxygen

O2 2O, From A.11: K(3200) = e3.069 = 0.046467 (270)

Look at initially 1 mol Oxygen and shift reaction with x

ni
nO2 = 1 x, nO = 2x, ntot = 1 + x, yi = (271)
ntot
21
y2 4x2 1 + x 12x2

P
K = 2O = 3 = (272)
yO2 P0 (1 + x)2 1 x 1 x2
K/12
x2 = x = 0.06211 (273)
1 + K/12
1x
yO2 = = 0.883 , yO = 1 yO2 = 0.117 (274)
1+x

q = nO2 ex hO2 ex + nOex hOex hO2 in = (1 + x)(yO2 hO2 + yO hO ) 0 (275)

hO2 = 106022 kJ/kmol, hO = 249170 + 60767 = 309937 kJ/kmol q = 137947 kJ/kmol O2 (276)
q
q= = 4311 kJ/kg (277)
32

33
9 Homework 9 Solutions:
9.1 Problem 1: 15:70
An isobaric combustion process receives gaseous benzene C6 H6 and air in a stoichiometric ratio at P0 , T0 . To limit the
product temperature to 2200 k, liquid water is sprayed in after the combustion. Find the kmol of liquid water adder per
kmol of fuel and the dew point of the combined products.

The reaction for stoichiometric mixture with C and H balance done is:

C6 H6 + O2 (O2 + 3.76N2) 3H2 O + 6CO2 + cN2 (278)

O balance: 2O2 = 3 + 6 2 = 15 vO2 = 7.5 (279)

N balance: c = 3.76O2 = 3.76 7.5 = 28.2 (280)
With x kmol of water added per kmol fuel the products are

Products: (3 + x)H2O + 6CO2 + 28.2N2 (281)

Energy Eq.: HR = HR + xhf H2 O liq = HP + HP = HP + xhf H2 O vap + (3 + x)hH2O + 6hCO2 + 28.2hN2 (282)
Where the extra water is shown explicitly. Rearrange to get

HR HP 6hCO2 28.2hN2 3hH2 O = x(hf H2 O vap hf H2 O liq + hH2 O ) (283)

40756 78.114 6 103562 28.2 63362 3 83153 = x[241826 (285830) + 83153] (284)

525975 = x(127157) x = 4.1364 kmol/kmol f uel (285)

3+x
Dew point: yV = = 0.1862 (286)
6 + 28.2 + x
PV = yV P = 0.1862 101.325 = 18.86 kPa (287)
B.1.2 : Tdew = 58.7C (288)

34
9.2 Problem 2: 15.81
A stoichimetric mixture of benzene C6 H6 and air is mixed from the reactants flowing at 25C, 100 kPa. Find the
adiabatic flame temperature. What is the error if constant specific heat at T0 for the products from Table A.5 are used?

C6 H6 + O2 O2 + 3.76O2 N2 3H2 O + 6CO2 + 3.76O2 N2 (289)

3
O2 = 6 + = 7.5 N2 = 28.2 (290)
2
HP = HP + HP = HR = HR (291)
HP = HRP

= 40576 78.114 = 3169554 kJ/kmol (292)
HP = 6hCO2 + 3hH2 O + 28.2hN2 (293)
HP 2600K = 6(128074) + 3(104520) + 28.2(77963) = 3280600 (294)
HP 2400K = 6(115779) + 3(93741) + 28.2(70640) = 2968000 (295)
Linear interpolation TAD = 2529 K

kJ
iCPi = 6 0.842 44.01 + 3 1.872 18.015 + 28.2 1.042 28.013 = 1146.66 kmol K (296)

HP 3169554
T = = = 2764 (297)
iCPi 1146.66
TAD = 3062 K, 21% high (298)

35
9.3 Problem 3: 16.49
Water from the combustion of hydrogen and pure oxygen is at 3800 K and 50 kPa. Assuming we only have H2 O, O2
and H2 as gases, find the equilibrium composition.

With only the given components we have the reaction

2H2 O 2H2 + O2 (299)

which at 3800 K has an equilibrium constant from A.11 of ln K = 1.906.

Assume we start with 2 kmol water and let it dissociate x to the left then
Species H2 O H2 O2
Initial 2 0 0
Total: 2 + x
Change 2x 2x x
Final 2 2x 2x x
Then we have
2x 2 x
y2H2 yO2
2+12
1.906 P 2+x 2+x 50
K=e = = (300)
y2H2 O
22x 2
P0 100
2+x
which reduces to
1 4x3 1 1
0.148674 = or x3 = 0.297348(1 x)2(2 + x) (301)
(1 x)2 2 + x 4 2
Trial and error to solve for x = 0.54, then the concentrations are

2 2x x 2x
yH2 O = = 0.362, yO2 = = 0.213, yH2 = = 0.425 (302)
2+x 2+x 2+x

36
9.4 Problem 4: 16.54
A tank contains 0.1 kmol hydrogen and 0.1 kmol of argon gas at 25C, 200 kPa and the tank keeps constant volume.
To what T should it be heated to have a mole fraction of atomic hydrogen, H, of 8%?

21
y2H

P
For the reaction H2 2H, K = (303)
yH2 P0

Assume the dissociation shifts right with an amount x, then we get

Assume we start with 2 kmol water and let it dissociate x to the left then
Reaction H2 2H also, Ar
Initial 0.1 0 0.1
Total: 0.2 + x
Change x 2x 0
Equilibrium 0.1 x 2x 0.1
2x
yH = = 0.08 x = 0.008333 (304)
0.2 + x
We need to find T so K will take on the proper value; since K depends on P we need to evaluate P first.
n2 T2
P1V = n1 RT1 , P2V = n2 RT2 P2 = P1 (305)
n1 T1
where we have n1 = 0.2 and n2 = 0.2 + x = 0.2083
21
y2H (2x)2 200

P n2 T2
K= = = 0.0001016T2 (306)
yH2 P0 (0.1 x)n2 100 0.2 298.15

Now it is trial and error to get T2 so the above equation is satisfied with K from A.11 at T2 .

3400 K : ln K = 1.519, K = 0.2189, RHS = 0.34544, error = 0.1266 (307)

3600 K : ln K = 0.611, K = 0.5428, RHS = 0.36576, error = 0.1769 (308)

Linear interpolation between the two to make zero error
0.1769
T = 3400 + 200 = 3483.43 K (309)
0.1769 + 0.1266

37
9.5 Problem 5:
Consider the reaction of heptane and air:

10 C7 H16 + 20 (O2 + 3.76N2) *

) 300CO2 + 400 H2 O + 500CO + 600 NO + 700 NO2 + 800 N2 (310)

Find the most general set of stoichiometric coefficients for the reaction.

1


2





3

C 7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0




4

H 16 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
= 0/ (311)
5

O 0 2 2 1 1 1 2 0
6

N 0 7.52 0 0 0 1 1 2




7






8

Row echelon form:

1 0 0 0 1/22 34/1019 16/203 14/579
0 1 0 0 0 25/188 25/188 25/94 = 0/

(312)
0 0 1 0 15/22 103/441 1141/2068 175/1034
0 0 0 1 4/11 67/251 326/517 53/274

1 1
5 1019 6
34
203 7
16 14
8

1 0 0 0 22 579
2 6 7 8
25 25 25

0 1 0 0 0 188 188 94

= (313)
3 15 5 441 6 2068 7

0 0 1 0 103 1141 175
1034 8

22
4 11 5 6 7

0 0 0 1 4 67 326 53
251 517

274 8
From there the four stoichiometric equations can be written out
1 34 16 14
1 = 5 + 6 + 7 8 (314)
22 1019 203 579
25 25 25
2 = 6 7 8 (315)
188 188 94
15 103 1141 175
3 = 5 6 7 + 8 (316)
22 441 2068 1034
4 67 326 53
4 = 5 6 7 + 8 (317)
11 251 517 274

38
10 Homework 10 Solutions:
10.1 Problem 1:
Plot Ru versus T [300 K, 5000 K] for He, Ar, H, O, H2 , O2 , H2 O, and H2 O2 . Use the chemkin software package to
generate values of u(T ).

Helium Argon
12000 12000

10000 10000

8000 8000
/R [K]

u /R [K]
6000 6000
He

Ar
u

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Temperature [K] Temperature [K]

4 Hydrogen, Monatomic 4 Oxygen, Monatomic

x 10 x 10
3.8 4.2

4
3.6

3.8
3.4

3.6
uO/R [K]
uH/R [K]

3.2
3.4

3
3.2

2.8
3

2.6 2.8
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Temperature [K] Temperature [K]

39
 4 Hydrogen, Diatomic 4 Oxygen, Diatomic
x 10 x 10
2.5 2.5

2 2

1.5 1.5

uO /R [K]
uH /R [K]

2
2

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Temperature [K] Temperature [K]

4 Water 4 Hydrogen Peroxide

x 10 x 10
0.5 3

2.5
0
2

0.5 1.5

1
/R [K]
/R [K]

1
0.5
2
H O

H O
2

1.5
u

2 0.5

1
2.5
1.5

3 2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Temperature [K] Temperature [K]

40
10.2 Problem 2:
Consider a Hydrogen dissociation reaction,
H2 + H2 *
) 2H + H2 (318)
For this reaction
1
cm3 K 2
12
a = 2.23 10 (319)
mole s
= 0.5 (320)
cal
E = 92600 (321)
mole
Consider an isochoric, isothermal reaction in which nH2 = 1 kmole, nH = 0 kmole at t = 0, and for which T =
5200 K and P = 1500 kPa.
a) Formulate the reaction kinetics in the form
d H2
= f (H2 ) (322)
dt
b) Find all equilibria.
c) Ascertain the stability of each equilibrium point.
d) Use any appropriate numerical method such as Mathematicas NDSolve, MATLAB, or a straightforward Euler
method to integrate the governing differential equation from the initial state to the equilibrium state.
e) Repeat this using chemkin to generate the reaction rates and dlsode to integrate the differential equations.
f) Plot the Gibbs free energy, G = nH2 gH2 + nH gH , as a function of time.

Formulation of the reaction kinetics:

! !
d H2 N
v0 1 N v
1 k k
E
= v1 aT e RT k k (323)
dt k=1 kc k=1

1
m3 K 2
a = 2.23 109 , E = 387, 623.6 kJ/kmol (324)
kmol s
P0 1500 kPa
(H2 )t=0 = = kJ
= 0.034696 kmol/m3 (325)
RT 8.314 kmolK 5200 K
(nH )
V = 2 t=0
= 28.82 m3 (326)
rhoH2 t=0
1 1
dnH2 = nH nH2 (nH2 )t=0 = nH2 (nH2 )t=0 (327)
2 2

H =2 1 kmol H
nH = 2 (1 kmol nH2 ) , rho rho 2 (328)
28.82 m3
d H2

E v0H 0 1
= vH2 aT e RT (H2 ) 2 (H )vH 1 (H2 ) (H )
vH2
vH
(329)
dt kc
v0H2 = 2, v0H = 0, vH2 = 1, vH = 2 (330)
d H2 1 H2

E
= aT e (H2 ) 1
RT
2
(331)
dt kc H2

41
 E
k(T ) = aT e RT = 2.0532 107 (332)
N
i=1 vi

P0 G
kc = e( RT ) , G = 179564.2 kJ/kmol k = 0.14723
c (333)
RT
!
d H2 1 [2 (0.034696 H2 )]2
= 2.0532 107 H2 2 1 (334)
dt 0.14723 H2

Find all equilibria:

d H2
Equilibria are located at the points where dt = 0.

d H2
= 0 when H2 = {0, 0.0129, 0.0933} (335)
dt
Ascertain stability:
d2
H
For stability, dt 2 2 must be negative. Therefore,
= 0 is unstable
= 0.0129 is stable
= 0.0933 is unstable and non-physical

42