Sela Alifia

1515100040
1. Membrane cell structure and its fuctions

Cell membranes are very importent structures to cells because the fuction as
barrier between the components of the cells and the outside enviroment. The cell
membrane is composed of a double layer of fat cells called lipid bilayer in which
membrane proteins
are embadded. The
structure of lipid
bilayer prevents the
free passage of most
molecules into and
out of the cells.

- Membrane bilayer
The lipid in the cell membranes combine two very different properties in a
single molecule: each lipid has hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a
hydrophobic (water-feraring) tail. The most abundant lipids in cells membranes
are the phospolipids. Molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic part are
termed amphipathic. Having a both o hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts plays a
crucials part in driving these lipid molecules to assemble into bilayers in an
aqueous enviroment. (Albert, 2013) .
The resulting membrane has two polar surface and a central hydrophobic
region composed of the hydrocarbon chains on fatty acids. So the polar heads are
oriented such that they interact with water and the hydrophobic region is
relatevely free of water. As a result the lipid bilayer firm a hydrophobic barrier
around the cells trought with water passes with great dificulty. The polar hedads
ionize in water and have close associations with water molecules. These polar and
ionic interactions serve to stabilize the membrane in the configuration (Bradley,
2009).

- Membrane protein
In animals cell, proteins
constitute about 50 % of
the mass of most plasma
membrane small
amounts of carbohydrate
found on some of the
lipids (glycolipids) and
.( Albert, 2013) many of proteins
(glycoproteins). Membare protein serve many fuctions. Some transport particular
nutrients, metabolites, and ions across lipid bilayer. Other anchor the membrane to
macromolecules on either side. Still other fuction as a receptor that detect
Sela Alifia
1515100040
chemical signal in the cells enviroment ad relay into inside of cell, or work as
enzymes to catalyze specific reactions at he membrane.( Albert, 2013)

2. examples of proteins membrane for transport are Na + pump that has spesific fuction
to actively pupms Na+ out off cells and K + in .( Albert, 2013)

a glucose transporter is an example o passive transport

protein. This protein changes shape when it binds to
molecule of glucose, the shape change moves the solute
to opposite side of membrane, where it deteaches, then
the transporter revert to its original shape. Some passive
transporter do not chane shape; they form permanently
open channels throught a membrane. Other are gated
which means they open and close in response to
stimulus such as a shift in electrica charge or binding to
a signaling molecule (starr, 2011)

- The enzyme found in membranes carry out diverse catalytic fuction. like adenylyl
cyclase with specific fuction to catalyzes the production of the small intracelluler
signalling molecule cyclic AMP in response to extracelluler signals ( albert, 2013)
Diacyglycerol kinase (DAGK) is an example of a membrane enzyme, the
mammalian DAGKs are peripheral proteins that dock on the membrane to access
their substrat ( Luckey, 2014)

- Membran receptors are integral protein that fuction in information tranfer by

triggering to ther binding of ligands, the largest and most diverse group of
receptor involved in signaling is the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) the
majority of these receptor respond to
ligand binding by activating hterotrimeric
guanine nucleotide binding protein ( G
protein) on the cytoplasmic surface of the
membrane whilw a few open ion channels
directly. The g protein transmit and
amplify the signals by triggering changes
in the concetration of secind messeger
such as CAMP (Luckey, 2014
- ctor (PDGF) receptor with special fuction is binds extracelluler PDGF and as a
consequence, generates intracelluler signal that cause the cell to grow and divide
.(Albert, 2013)
Sela Alifia
1515100040
Daftar Pustaka

Albert, Brunce . 2013. essential cell biology Fourth edition. USA :Garland Science,
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Bradley, J Timothy . 2009. Animal Osmoregulation. United State : Oxford University Press

Luckey, Mary. 2014 . Membrane structure Biology : with Biochemical and Biophysical
foundations. United States: shersidan Inc

Starr, Cecie., Christine A. Evers., Lisa Starr . 2011. biology : concepts and applications eight
edition . Canada : Cengage Learning , Inc