S U L P HU

RI C A CI D
HA N D B O O K

BY

T HOM A S J . ULL I V A N
WI T H T HE MIN E RA L PO I N T ZI N C CO M P A N Y , A S UB S I DI ARY
OF T HE N E W J E RS E Y ZI N C CO M P A N Y

F I DI
RST E I T ON

M cG R AW -
HILL B OOK C OM PA N Y, I N C .

23 9 WE S T 3 QT R S T RE E T . NE W YO RK

LO N D O N : HI LL P U B L I S HI N
6 a 8 B O U VE RI E ST E
G c
1m ) .

.
, . .

19 18
 B OO K

M A P L E
 P RE F A C E
c c c c
g i
As s u l ph uri a id is o n e o f the m ost im po rt a nt of he m i a l s ,

c k c i k
bein a n interm edi a te ra w p ro d u ct essent a l in m ost m a nu
. ,

g c c fc
fa ct ur i n g pro esses I thi n
,
the a ppea ra n e o f th s h a ndb oo

v c c
de a li n so lely with sulph u ri a id is well justi ed I n a t .
,

c c c
in a lm ost e ery industry s om e sul phur i a id is used a n d it

g g
h a s been a ss erted th a t the o nsum pti o n of sul ph uri a id by

T c c c c c c f
a n y n a ti o n is a m e a sure o f its de ree o f industri a l p ro ress .

g
his is ert a in ly n o t stri tly o r re t but sulph u ri a id o r m s
,

c f
the st a rtin po int of a n d is used in s o m a ny industries th a t there
,

x g f
is o nsider a ble ele m ent of truth in this sta te m ent A ew .

c g c ic c
e a m ples sh o win so m e o f its i m po rt a nt uses o ll o ws :

c c c c
( )
a F o r de o m p o sin sa l t s with the pro du ti o n of nitr a id ,

fc g c g c
hydro hl ori a id a n d so diu m sul ph a te thus indire tly i n the
,

ic k c ig
m a nu a ture o f s od a a s h s o a p
,
l a ss ble a hin po wder et
, , ,
.

( b ) F o r the pur a ti o n o f m o st inds of oi l in l ud n petro ,

ck g c g g v g
leum a n d t a r o i l s
.

gv g
( 6 ) F o r pi l in le a nin ) iro n oo ds pre io u s t o tinnin

g g c g c
or a l a ni zin
.

c x g x
(d) As a dryin a ent in the pro du ti o n of or a ni dyes on ,

g
whi h the te tile industry depends t o a l a r e e tent .

gc g
(6 ) F or renderin s o luble m inera l a n d a nim a l ph osph a te

c f c
( superph osph a te ) fo r m a nures ;th us a ri ulture a bs o rbs l a r e

c i c c
a m o unts ,
a nd o nsequently oo d st u ff s a re a ff e ted by

fc c c f
u tu a ti o ns n the supply o f this im po rta nt he m i a l .

c c c c g
(f ) F or t h e m a nu a ture of nitri a id rom C hi l e s a l tpetre :

g c c c g c c f g
nitri a id a n d sulph uri a id to ether a r e used in the nitr a ti o n

g c c
of o r a n i substa n es su h a s ly erine a n d ellul ose o r m in

fc g
nitro ly erine a n d nitro ell ul ose m a inly used in t h e m a n u
- -

a tur e of e x p l osi v es n ow in r ea t d em an d S o , a 00 pi o us .

3 8748 :
Vi P RE F A C E

ic c c x v
g g
supp l y of su l phur a id is a n a bs olute ne essity for the e pl osi e

x v
industry a n d a n y sh ort a e in this supply w ould m e a n a sh ort a e
o f e pl osi es

gx i g
.

c c x c
With o ut m ultiplyin e a m p l es of th s n a ture en ou h h a s been ,

c
s a id t o indi a te the om ple ity o f m o dern industri a l o nditi o ns ,

f c g c
the inter a ti o n o f on e industry o n the o ther a n d n a lly t h e ,

c i
o ten o bs ure but hi hly i m p ort a nt p a rt pl a yed by sulphuri
, ,

a id a s a n ulti m a te a n d a bs olutely essenti a l ra w m a ter a l o f

ig i c iig
these industries .

Ow n t o the en or m ous a m oun t of l ter a ture o nt a n n d at a

c c c fc
k g f fc
o n sulphuri a id it h a s be o m e m o re a n d m o re di
,
ult for the

c cc c v
busy w o r er t o a ther r om this m a ss of liter a ture the a ts ,

c c g i
whi h a r e o f pr a ti a l interest a n d use t o h i m M u h a lu a ble .

f cc
m a teri a l is o f little use be a use it is s a t t ered thr o u h the l ter a

T c k k
ture a n d is there o re in a essible .

c fc
he publi a ti o n o f this h a ndb oo wa s undert a en a s a n

c c
a tte m pt t o o v er o m e this di ulty a t l e a st in p a rt T h e S cOpe ,
.

h a s been li m ited a l m ost entirely t o nu m eri a l d a t a in a s m u h

c c g c ,

cc T c v g
a s su h d a t a a nn o t enera lly be a rried in m ind but m ust be ,

f g c
re a dily a essible for use he S pe i a l in esti a t o r w o uld
.

k
pro b a bly a lw a ys pre er t o g o t o the o ri in a l s o ur e fo r the i n for

c cc T
m a ti o n he wishes s o t o republish a l l m a tte r o f this ind w o uld
, ,

c c f g
be unne ess a ry a n d i m pr a ti a ble he a tte m pt h a s been .

c c v f c k
m a de t o sele t a n d t a bul a te o nly th a t whi h is o f a irly ener a l

c
interest a n d utility a n d pr odu e a o n enient re eren e b o o

c g g
o f nu m eri a l d a t a .

c cc v c c c g v
I n Colle tin the t a bles on l y th o se ener a ll y a d a pted t o .

gv g c c
A m eri a n pr a ti e h a e been sele ted When spe i ra ity .

f
is i en in ter m s of the B a u m de rees the s o a lled A m eri a n ,
-

c g v cc
S t a nd a rd h a s been a dhered t o Where a di f erent B a u m .

c f c
s a le h a s been used in a t a ble the ures h a e been re a l ul a ted
,

k ck g
t o o n o rm t o t he A m eri a n S t a nd a rd A l m o st a l l o f the t a bles .

g f c v v g
of B ine a u Ko l b Ott o Win ler M essel Kn i et s ch Pi erin
, , , , , , ,

g c ic
L un e I sler N a e
, ,
et h a e been o m itted a s they h a e l on
,
.
,

s i n ce b ecom e obso l ete a s fa r a s bein of pr a t a l v a l ue for use

 P RE F A C E Vi i

g ic c ic c ig
fc cc c v
in enera l Am er a n p ra t e A l l m ol e u la r w e h ts a s .

cc f c g
we l l a s the a to rs for the a l ul a ti on of a n a lyti a l results h a e

T c g g v
been a l u l a t ed r om the I ntern a ti o n a l A t om i Wei hts o f 1 9 17

c f c i i c
he m o le ul a r wei hts a n d o ther ures h a e been

cc
a rried ou t urther beyond the d e im a l po nt th a n s ne ess a ry

c v k c cc c
fo r m o st a l ul a ti o ns .

c g v cc
G r e a t a re a n d p a in s h a e been t a en t o s e u re a ur a y

v v c
'

and o m pleteness o f d a ta All ures h a e been a l ul a ted

.

v v c
se er a l ti m es a n d it is h o ped th a t the err o rs h a e been redu ed
,

Ho w e er err o rs h a e und o ubtedly rept in

g c
t o the , ,

c c v
a n d the a uth o r w o uld rea tly a ppre i a te n o t a ti o ns o f a n y o f

c c k
these whi h m a y o m e t o the re a der s a ttenti o n with a iew

g vv
t o their o rre ti o n in l a ter r eprints o r editi o ns of the bo o .

c c c c
A l a r e a m o unt of tim e a n d l a bo r w a s in o l ed in the prep a r a

f c c T c
tio n of thes e t a bles in a s m u h a s it w a s ne ess a ry t o o lle t
,

f g
d a t a rom m a ny widely s a ttered s o u r es he S o pe o f the .

f c
rst issue there ore is r a ther m o re lim it ed th a n o ri in a lly
, ,

c x f
pl a n ned but i the de m a nd fo r the pub l i a ti o n ju sti es it th e
, ,

T x c
s o pe will be e tended in uture issues .

f c ck g g
he a uth or w is hes t o e press h is a ppre i a ti on t o the m a ny

c f i c v c c
riends w h o a ssisted in he in pr oble m s re a din the m a nu ,

vc
s ri pt a n d proo , a n d g vin g m u h a lu a ble riti is m a n d

LL T
ad i e .

HO M AS J . S U L L IV A N .

r
D E P UB , I
M a ch 1 , 1 9 1 8
.

.
 C ON T E N T S

IN TE RN ATI O N AL A TO M I C WE I G HTS

H
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H
M C o m m on M et h ods of Det e rm i ni n g

-

o re F

C o rrec t i o n s t o b e A p p l i ed . N
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A ME R AN

e rees
Sp
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AR

B a u m Co
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rres nd n ec c r viti s
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ME H YD RO M ETE R
po g to D g
po i g t o S p i
e

G
Ba um
a e
m

h

O

peci c r vi ties rresp ndi g e g rees T ddle

ORM U LA
S
S U LP H U RIC C D
G

ULP H U RIC
a

AL ULATI O S
Co o n to D wa
d
i
-

ET O D S E M PLO Y E D AB LE
N E OM AT R E
N CL U OF

C A I

SPE CICID
FIC G RAVI TY ULP H U R IC C D N I T RIC CI D
F S FO R US E IN S A CI D C N
s
a

DOPTED AN FACTURING CHE MISTS SSOCIATIO

DE R I TI
SC P ON OF M H IN PRE PA RI N G T HE T S OF

OP S A I ,
A ,
AN D HYDROC HLO
RI C A ,
A BY T HE M U

A N

27
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49

SULPHURIC CID
51

A 94 1 00 PE R
0

C E TE T
0 0

H280 ,
N

RC N H280 4
.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

61

C ent Free.
71
74
76

PE R C ENT 79

ix
D . SO : 81
 C ON T E N T S

S ALPGESHURIC CID C P DI G V C PA G E

ULP U IC CID C P DI G V
U A PE R EN T 8 0 3 C ORRES ON N To E EN P ER ENT
H2804 . 85

CID C LCU I F SP CIFIC G VI Y B L I I G

S H R A PE R ENT H 8 0 4 2 C ORRES ON N To E EN PE R

DI FU I D D IC DCS GI SULP U IC CID F S L I

A A L AT ONS ,
US E O E RA T T A ES E ST MAT N
,

L T ON AN ON ENT RAT ON O F H R A To ORM O U T ONS

T ab lele ixing
O A N Y ES R E TREN TH
f or M
ixing59 B a u m

89
94

leI F ixing
T a b f or M

I U F u ULP U I C I IC CID F FI I

60 B a u m

CI LI PG I II S ULP
T ab
S
C LLU DIC I CIDD CID D

f or M 66 B a m e 96
F O RMAT ON O M X T RES O H R A N D N TR A S O E N TE

L II G F I U SU P PU IC SCIDULP U IC CID
OM OS T ON ( S o A E M X E A ) -

BO N P O NTS -
H R A

GP IF F UILIB IU YDI P IC I U
M E T N P O NTS UL H R
-
A
T ENS O N O A Q EO S V A OR
H R A

UU DD SSULPULP UU ICIC CIDCID BB I BBLL DU D SULP U

S TREN TH OR E Q R M W T H A TMOS HER M O ST RE
P RE ARAT O N O THE M O N O H RATE -

U DU SULPI U V UII DI F SULP U UI D IDSULPI UU IC CIDG

PO N S H R A O TA N A E F ROM 1 00 P O U N S H R
PO N S H R A O TAI NA E F ROM 1 00 P O N S 80 3

H R RE Q RE T o M A K E 1 00 PO N S

F L CI D I U
PO N S H R A

C LCULI I G U C D G I G C
T HE Q ANT T ATI E E ST MAT ON O
T EST OR T OTA A S NB R N ER AS G D DI
H R D OX E N B RNER AS
.

C leC C
A AT N THE PER E N TA E S 0 2 O N VERTE TO 80 3 WHE N THE
80 2 N T HE B RNER AN EX T ASES I s KNOW N AS USE N THE

ICLLICLSULPC IPD I I F D Y G F GF
ONTA T PRO ESS 1 13
-

Ta b . 1 15
AS ROM THE ROASTI N O

I C L P I I F Y F U I F UL
T HEORET A OM OS T O N O R

PU LIU V ULP U IC CID

M ETA
T HEORET A
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C H ES
O M OS T ON O D G.

C
R AS ROM T HE OM ST ON O B S
123

i r gen cids eleniu e

UU I IVV D LY II FI ULPF U ICD CID D I CI SUL U IC
A T A TI E H R A
d n rsenic
Q T E S T s S 12 5
N t o A
S m L a Ir o a n d A

CID LY I F I D CID D I D ULP U IC CID

Q AN TI TAT E A NA S S O S H R A
Q ANT T ATI E ETERM N AT ON O L EA I RON AN Z N N PH R ,

C LIB I IC LF S B L G CI CU F D C C D
A

I CL
T HE A NA S S O M XE A AN N T RATE S H R A

SCIU C UB U C D CUBC
A RAT ON O TORA E T AN K S AN T AN K ARS
M ATHEMAT A T A E R M ERE N E AN A RE A O F
E ROOTS
C R ES ,

Q ARES ,
ES S Q ARE AN ,

D E M A LS O F A F OOT F O RE A H V6 4 I N H
 C ON T EN T S xi
CL I G UL C C PA G E

Ile I UID U UC I G G
DE I MALS OF A N I N H F O R E A H % 4 1 77
B E T N R ES 1 77

LG GD IG
A N TI F REE Z N G L Q
-
S F O R PRESS RE AND S T ON A ES 1 78
Ta b . 1 79
F A N ES A N D F L AN E F I TT N S 1 80

e pl Ftesittings rilling t nd rd
T m a fo r D P essure Fl nged l es
S a a and Lo w r a Va v
1 82

eneri esl i ensi ns

and

nd rd Fl nged Fittings tr ight

. 1 83
G a D m o of St a a a
S a

ener
enerG l
l ii ensi
S z

ensi ns
ns
a tt
Dm nd
nd rd
rd Reducing ees
Reduc ng L ter ls
o of r sses
S a a T and C o
1 84
1 86

eneri esl i ensi ns xtr e vy Fl nged Fittings tr ight

G
G
a

a
Dm
Dm
o

o
of

of
S
E
a a

a H a
i
a
a a .

S a
18 7

ener
enerG l
l i
S z

i ensi
ensi ns
ns
a xtr
Dm
xtr He vy Reducing ees
He vy Reducing L ter ls
o of E r sses a a T and C o
1 88
1 90

Te pl te rilling xtr He vy Fl nged lves F ittings

G a Dm o of E a a a a 19 1

AST RON IP E
Weight st ir n Fl nged F ittings
m a s fo r D E a a a Va and 19 2
of Ca -
o a 19 3

in l Weigh t st ir n P ipe With ut Fl nges

C -
I P

WRO UG HT I RON TE E L IP E
t ndN om
rd s r n P ipe
a

t nd rd i ensi
of

nsCa o o a 194
-

S
S Ca t i S D m 19 5
a a -
o a a o

t nd rd Wr ught Ir n teel P ipe

AN D P 19 7

xtruble trxngtr Wtrr ught

S
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a
a

S
ng Ir n
Wr ught Ir n
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teel P ipo

teel
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Pipe
an

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and S e
19 7
199

SC E tEndD rdI I creGS ed Fitt ngs

t nd rd utside i eter teel ipe
Do E a S o o o and S 2 00
S a a O D am (0 D ) S. . P 201
RW F T T N 2 02

ME RIC A RIGG S STAN D ARD A P ER TRAIG HT IP E

xtr S
He vy cr ed F ittin gs
S i
a a w . 202
E a a S ew 203

D IP
A N B FO RT AND S P AN D LO C K
HREA S
N UT T D 2 04

S D D I I C P
LE A P E 2 06

B CU P Y I I C DU S 2 07

TAN AR 9 A N D 9 S E R E S B R K HA ES
208
F I RE R

IUI CL U IC CU Y
O E K NO TS A N D B T HES AN Ho w T o M A K E T HEM -
2 10

IG
U S . STOMAR WE G HTS A N D M EAS RES
. 2 13
M ET R M EAS RES . 2 14

C P hrenheit
I degrees unitsIC SC L
E Q V A E NTS OF M ETR AN D S TOMAR ( U S ) WE HTS . . AND

2 16
O M AR S ON OF T HE RMOME T R A ES 2 19
Fa as 2 19
Xi i C ON T E NT S

entigr
C de a egrees
D nits as U .

DEMENSPIERAT
T Y O F S O LU TI O S O F S ULP H U R IC CID
ensity lu e
W ATE R

U RE C ORRE C TI ONS E T O F ULP H U RIC CID D

D and Vo m

M I E D B Y THE YD ROMETER
N A

SSPPEE CIFIC RAVI T Y O F ULP H U R IC CID

T To P E RC N S A ETER
N

G
CIFIC GRAVITY OF UMING SULPHURIC CID
H
S A

D
F A

I N EX
 I L IC IG
I N TE R N AT O N A A TO M WE HTS ,
1 9 17 l

A nt ny
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27
1 20
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2
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it n r diu
.

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74 96 N o ( a m em

isr nuth N itr gen

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sxygen
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B m 2 08 . o . 14 . s
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P ll d u
. . .

B ro m In e 79 O 16 g

P h sph r s
. .

1 12 a a i m 106 u

Pl tinu
. .

13 2 o o u 31 g

P t ssiu
. .

40 am 19 5 w
P r se dy iu
. . .

12 o a m 39 s

R diu
. .

140 a o m m b

Rh diu
.

a m 22 6 o

Ru b idiu
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

o m 102 o

Ruthen
.

m g

riu
.

i um 101 a

celeniu
ndiu
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

Sam a m o o o o o o o o o o 1 50 p .

S a m

ilil cern
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S m o o o o o o o o o o o 79 . m
S i o 28 w
diu
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

S v 107 g

trlphurntiu
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

So m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 . g
S o m 87 a

nt lu
o o o o o o o o o o .

Su 32 g

eerluriu
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

Ta a m 18 1 m
b iu
o o o o o o o o o o .

o T l m 12 7 m
hh lriuiu
t . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

T m 15 9 . w
T a l m 2 04 o
:
6

hu iu
.

8 o
o T o m 2 32 .

6
0
T l m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 68 . m
8 1 18 . u
9 48 w
$
.

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n diu
. .

b 0
[ 2 38 . N
b Va a m

Y tterb iu
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24 3 2
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54 93
.

2 00 6
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19 18 .

ea r
ere
 S U L P HU RI C A CID HA N D B OOK
S P E C IF I C G RA VI T Y
D e iti n of th e T e rm

Sp ec r vity
i G of a L iqu id

The density liqu d is dened the weight unit v lu e

n o c a

The spe c i gr vity rel ti v e density

of a i as of a o m .

the liquid in questi n re ferr d

c a ter ,
or t h es y n on y m o u s m ,
a ,

density s e subst n c e whi c h is t k n unity T he st nd rd

18the r ti the density
a o of the of o ,
e to

subst n c e e pl yed is w ter xi u density (

of om a a e as . a a

4 C

a m its o a at ma m m . or

M re n eth ds eter n ng the peci r vity Liquid

C om m M of D mi i S G of

ter Here we h v e v essels un k n wn v lu e

o o o c a s

but either h v in g rk the ne ck h v in g gl ss st pper

1
y . P cn om e .

a of o o m ,

with c pi l ry h le T hus the py c n

a a ma on ,
or a a o

c nst nt v lu es nst nt te per ture is bt ined by the

a a l a eterso . de h ld om a re ma to o

c nst nt te per ture use in deter n ti n

o a o m . Co a m a o a a id

the py c n eter is wei g hed e pty lled with w ter lled

of a b th a of o a m a . F or a mi a o

with the liquid u der c nsider ti n T he wei g ht

om m ,
a ,
and

eter f ul nus the wei g ht the e pty py c n

n the o a o . of py c n om

the wei g ht the w ter it will h ld T his wei ght

w ter l of a mi eter is Of m om

the wei g ht the iquid th t the py c n

equ l a to of a o .
,
co m

gives us the spe cic gr vity the liquid

ed
pa r to of
eter will h ld l a om o ,

v ty B
a of .

the b l n c es the ri ght h nd h lf is di vided int ten

2 h W t
. M o r, l iu es ph a , S a rt or s, S p eci c -
gr a i al a n ces

In

equ l p rts fr the f u c ru

a a the be -
a a of a m o

uspended fr
a a om the p int suspensi n l
the m to o of o at

et while wei g ht the ther end c ts c unt rb l n ce

end the beOf am this end
. S
the be is the om of am

pu l mm a at o a as a o e a a .

the b l c e is destr yed by the bu y n c y

4 C

When the plu et is i ersed in w ter
mm the equilibriu
mm a at .
, m

wei g ht equ l th s f r c e in gr s
of a an the w ter o o a of a . T o

the wei g ht the v lu e w ter displ c ed ( whi c h is

adjust the equ libriu i m , a a to i o a nd am

the v lu e et) is hu g fr
e u l
q a to of o m of a a

eq l ua to t he plu o m of
the p int mm n om o of
2 S ULP H URIC A C I D HA N D B OOK

weig ht is n own a s the un t we ht a n d is

i

k i ig
c g g cv

suspensi o n .

g c g
a lled a rider Other riders wei hin respe ti ely
.

c i
of t h e wei ht of this rider o n stitute the set of wei hts used with

c f c
these b a l a n es With their a i d the density of a liqu d ca n be
.

i c T
dire t l y re a d o r om the b a l a n e be a m .

3 Hydr om et er s
c ck c g c T c
.
hese nstru m ents onsist of a spindle.

g gg c
sh a ped oa t with a ylindri a l ne ,
o nt a inin a s a le hey .

g v g g
a r e wei hted a t their l o wer end thus brin in the enter of ,

g T c k
ra ity v ery fa r d o wn a n d insurin a n upri ht p o siti o n when ,

g c
oa tin hey depend up on the prin iple th a t a b o dy will sin
.

g c g
in a l iquid unti l en ou h liquid h a s been displ a ed s o th a t the ,

T g
wei ht of the displ a ed liquid equ a ls the wei ht of the b o dy .

k k ck i v
he wei ht a n d v o l u m e a r e s o a d justed th a t the instru m ent ,

g k ck g
sin s t o the l ower m a r on its ne n the he a ies t liquid t o be

c g
tested by it a n d t o the hi hest m a r on its ne
,
in the li htest
liquid t o be tested by it A s the density o f a liquid h a n es with .

c c c c
the te m per a ture the liquid sh o uld a lw a ys be a t the te m per a t ure
,

a t whi h the hydr o m eter w a s a li b r a ted or pr oper orre ti o n

m a de

ret n p ied pe i r vity eter i ti n

.

c c g v c
Co r c io s to b e Ap l in S c c G a D m na o s

c i
To o bt a in the true spe i r a ity of subst a n es their densities ,

at 4 C o m p a red with the dens ty of

.
,
and in va cu o, m ust be

c c c c g vi i f i
4 C

wa ter at . in va cu o .

c v f
F or te hni l use spe i r a ty s requen t l y deter m ned a t
a ,

g i
a ny o n enient te m per a ture a n d re erred t o w a ter of either , ,

g k
th a t s a m e te m pera ture or t o w a ter a t 4 C the wei ht n a i r ,

.
,

c c c c k
bein t a en a s a b a sis .

c c f
I n purely s ienti a l ul a ti ons w a ter is t a en a s st a nd a rd a t ,

g c c c g v

4 C while in o m m er i a l l a b o r a t ories the st a n da rd is o ten in
.
,

i g
the nei h b o rh oo d of o nsequently spe i r a ities

ic f x T g
deter m ned by these st a nd a rds do n o t a ree A s the tem per a .

c ic v
ture of w a ter n re a ses r om 4 C it e p a nds he wei g ht bein
.
,
.

c c
onst a nt with n re a se of ol u m e the density is l o wered
,
I n ,
.

f g c
the a se of w a ter this in re a se of o lu m e with rise of te m per a ture
v

v i v i
is n ot uni or m but h a s been deter m ined with re a t a re Kn o w
,
.

in g the rel a ti e dens ty Of w a t er a t a r ou s t e m p era tures , the

 S P E C IF I C G RA VI T Y 3

v lu gr is bt ine by t k ng the recipr c l the dens O

ity T he e x p nsi n liqu ds bein g ppre c i ble c nditi ns
o me of a am a d a i o a of

sh uld l w ys be gi v en with the sp c i c gr vities

. a o of i a a , o o

o a a e a

Thus 12 fter the spe c ic gr vity ure e ns th t the

.

C a a g m a a

the subst n c e
.
,

th t the unit v lu e c p red with the

w a s 15 C

te per ture
m a Of
the ti e the deter a . at m of

m in ti n a o and it a o m of wa s om a

wei ht unit v lu e
g of a w ter i i rly o fter m Of a at 15 C

S m la a

gr vity g ure e ns th t here the c p ris n is

.

wei g ht unit v lu e subst n c e

the s p eci c -
a ,
m a a om a o

p red i th the wei g ht unit v lu e

t he of a Of 15 C

ma de with o m a at

NV E S I O N O F D ENS I T Y
.

of a 4 C

com w w t r m of at

C
a o a e .

Pre ed in reducing re dings hydr eter gr du d indi

O R B A S IS 1

crefteerred terspeci cspeci

a
ar
gr vity
ed
en s i t y
te
fo r

per peci
ture
or ed st nd
u se
rd
unity te per
the ture
b is
a
a
at a S
of a om
a a
a
m
t
a e
a
to
T

n ther st nd rd te per ture reference te per ture

, ,

t o wa at a m a T as to as Of

he f ct r given in nit the si x th deci l pl ce ultipl ed b y the

, , ,

a o a a m a t, and m a t

density gr ity re d ng gi es the c rrecti n be ppl ed the

, .
,

T a o A ( u s of ma a ) m i

re d ng reduce it the required b sis

,

o r S p eci c -
av a i ,
v o o to a i to

upp se hydr e er indic tes speci c gr ity

i
it is required
a to to a .

20

kn the c rrecti n in rder th t it sh ll indic te peci c gr vity

S o a om t a av a t
C .
,
an d
4

then
to ow o o o a a a S a a t

T t
h the hy dr eter
is , if indic tes c rrectly peci c gr v ty i Of

then the re ding the instru ent ill be by

a om a o 3 S a at
20
0
at a of m w t oo l o w X
4 1 5 56

indic ti n the hydr eter of

A co rr ec t i o n o f m us t , t h erefo re , b e a d ded to t he

ker sing st nd rds indic t ng E ishes gr du te

a o om .

Or , i f a m a u a a a i D
3
C w . to a a a
S6

hydr eter indic te density referred ter 22 the t 20 C

4 C

(D 4 )
re d gsuppthese stthendst rdnd rdustre dsc rrect d by use the f c t r
om to a a . to wa at .
,

a in of a a m be o e of a o

The c rresp nd ng c rrecti n is

S o a a a .

rrec ted re ding

The t b le is c lcul ted
Co
o

en gl ss
o

a
i o o X

nitedp tes ure u t nd rds r r editi n rch

a a a fo r J a 1 611 1 a .

1
St a U
B a Of S a a Ci cu l a N O 19 , 5 t h o M a

ure u t nd rds the s ke u i f r ty the s e

,
.
,

30, 1 9 16, 40

bb re i ti n ith p r per t per t r b sis b th density spe c

. .

N OTE : T he B a of S a a fo r a of n o mi , us e am
a v a o , D, w o em a u e a ,
f or o an d ci
 S ULP H U RI C A CID HA N DB OOK

w m @ m w
k
a 0 o
m m o m
m m
m m o
u S h w 3
. w
v
o
m m m m
+ 1 . + + +

w m H v
8
n o
w Ew
O
N
o
m w
e
n :
o
w 5 a e
Q + l
.

E
a

: H H H
Q T
+ + T +

m e

d
a n

a :
8
Q

m
a
i
n m m
n 3 Im

;
o
w Q 3
o
m
g
m a
m m
n e

m 2
w 4 I M
3
e m
a Q o
g
d S
o
E
m :
0
S 3
N
l : O

l
S a
d m
.
T
T
+

m m w H
m
. m . n m
m
l
l

m m w m m
m e m
:
.

m m
O 5
W : : m
m
Q

m a
m
m
a m
n e
o
w
o
6 S ULP H U RI C A C I D HA N DB OOK

c c
v g x
B y m e a ns of t he stirrer w hi h re a hes t o the b ott om of the

T g
essel the liquid S h ould be th or ou hly m i ed
, .

i
he hydr o m eter is sl o wly i m m ersed in the liquid s li htly b e

f
yond the poin t where t oa ts n a t ur a ll y a n d then a ll owed t o

T c ig
oa t reely .

f f
he s a le re a d n sh ou l d n ot b e m a d e unti l the l iquid a n d

g c c g
hydro m eter a r e ree r om a i r bubbles a n d a t rest .

fc
I n re a din the hydr om eter s a le the eye is pl a ed S li h t ly b e

fc c g T
l ow the pl a ne of the sur a e Of the test liquid ;it is r a ised sl o wly

c c k
until the sur a e seen a s a n ellipse be om es a str a i ht line
,
he ,
.

g
p o int where this line uts the hydr om eter s a le sh oul d b e t a en

g c x v
a s the re a din o f the hydr o m eter .

c g c c
I n re a din the ther m om eter s a le err ors of p a r a ll a a re a oided ,

g
by S O pl a in the eye th a t ne a r the end Of the m er ury olu m n

c g T g
the p orti ons on either side of the ste m a n d th a t seen thr ou h the
a pill a ry a ppe a r t o l i e in a str a i ht line he line Of si ht is .

then n or m a l t o the ste m

cctherding the ure u t nd rds t hen the p int gure
.

b el
N OTE :
ow ) n ot
A o
p int is the b e n ted the re ding
to
B
B a of
to
S a
o
a ,

as
,

a
o A (see

T
o on e .

I t n u en c e
In of em per a ur e.

c g
o rder th a t a hydr om eter m a y cor

c
r ect l y indi a te the density o r stren th

f g
of a spe i ed l iquid it is essenti a l ,

th a t the li quid be uni or m thr ou h

f
o u t a n d a t the st a nd a rd te m per a ture .

g f
T o insure uni o r m ity in the liquid ,

kg v T
stirrin is required sh ortly be ore

g c
m a in the o bser a ti on his stir .

cc i f k
rin S h o uld be om plete a n d m a y b e

g g c v
well a om p l she d b y a per or a ted dis o r spir a l a t t he en d of a

f i
r od l on en ou h t o re a h the b ott o m of the essel M oti o n Of .

this stirrer r o m t op t o b ottom ser ves t o d sperse l a yers of the

T
liquid of di ff erent density .

i
he liquid sh ould be a t ne a rly the te m per a ture of t
i n g a t m os phere , a s ot her wi s e i t s te m per a tur e W l l
 H YDROM E T E RS

ig v c g i
c
'

dur n the Ob ser a ti on a us i n n ot only di er en ces n density

,

c v f
but a ls o d oubt a s t o the a t ua l te m pera ture When the t em .

g
t t wh i h t h h d m t is bs r ed di r m the
'

e a u r e a e y ro e er O e er s o
p r

st a nd a rd te m per a ture Of the instru m ent the re a din i s n ot truly

cc g ,

cc g c c g
the density a o rdin t o t h e b a sis Of the in strum ent or the qu a l ity

c f f g g
o f the liquid a o rdin t o per ent or a rbitr a ry s a le but a
. ure ,

f c v x
whi h di f ers r om the n o r m a l re a din by a n a m ount dependin

c
o n the di f eren e in t em per a t r e a n d o n the rel a ti e ther m a l e
p

f k c c
pa nsi o ns of the instru m ent a n d the p a rti ul a r liquid .

I the l a tter pr o perties a re n o wn t a bles of o rre ti ons for ,

v c c
t e m per a ture m a y be prep a red fo r use with hydr o m eters a t

x f
a ri o us te m per a tures . S u h t a bles sh o uld be u s ed with a uti o n

c f f
a n d o nly fo r a ppr o i m a te results when the te m per a ture di f ers

g
m u h r o m the st a nd a rd te m per a ture or r om the te m per a ture

fc
Of the surr o undin a ir .

v c c f c
'

In u en ce of S urf a ce T en s i on S ur a etensi on e ect s on h y

.

c v fc c c
dro m eter O bser a ti o ns a re a o nsequen e Of the d o wnw a rd o r e
ex
fc
erte d on the ste m by the ur ed sur a e or m enis us whi h ,

c c g
rises a b o ut the s t ern a n d a f e ts the d epth Of i m m ersi on a n d
,

c i c i
o n sequent s a le re a din .

vg f fc c
'

B e a use a hydr o m eter will ndi a te di eren t l y n t wo liquids

fc c c c
h a in the s a m e density but di f erent sur a e tensi o n a n d S in e ,

f c
s u r a e tensi o n is a spe i pr o perty Of liquids it is ne essa ry t o ,

g v
spec i y the li quid for whi h a hydr o m eter is intended .

fc f
A lth o u h hydr o m eters Of equi a lent dim ensi o ns m a y be co m

c c c
pa red with o ut err o r i n a liquid di eri n g in sur a e tensi o n rom
, ,

c c fc
the spe i ed liquid o m p a riso ns Of dissi m il a r instru m ents in su h
,

c g fc cc
a li quid m ust be
'

orre ted fo r the e ect Of the sur a e tensi o n .

f fc c
I n m a ny liquids spo nt a ne o us h a n es in sur a e tensi o n o ur
o r m a ti o n Of sur a e l m s of i m purities , whi h m a y

c v i i
the a pp a r a tus the liquid or the a i r
, ,
.

c c g c v c c
o m this a use a r e a o ided either by the use Of l qu ds

cc c fc
su h h a n es whi h h o we er require o rre ti o n
, , ,

v ig f k g
of the results by a l ul a ti o n or by the puri a ti o n of the sur a e
,

by o er o w n i m m edi a tely be o re m a i n the Obser va ti on .

8 S ULP H U RI C A CI D H A N DB OOK

This l tter eth d is e pl yed this B ure u testin g

in sulphuri c c id s luti ns l c h l s luti ns
a m o m o a t a for h y dr o m

cc plished by c usin g the liquid ver w fr the p rt

et er s -
a i o o and a o o o o , a nd :

the pp r tus in whi c h the hydr

a om a to o o om a 0

r pidly r t tin g pr peller whi c h ser v es ls

a a a eter is i ersed by s l om mm a ma

The ccur cy hydr eter bserv ti ns de

a o a ostir the liquid a o to .

ny c ses up n the c le nliness

l nC ea l i n es s
a a of om O a o

the liquids in whi c h the bser v ti ns

pends in ,
m a a the instru ents
,
o a of m am

I n rder th t re din g s sh ll be uni f r repr du c ible

of de O a o a re m a .

surf c e espe c i lly

o a a a o m and o ,
t ht

cle n th t the liquid will rise unif r ly er g e int

a the hydr Of eters the ste
om ust ,
and a of m ,
m bl
.

i per c eptible
a ,
so a o m and m o ai

The re diness with whi ch this c nditi n is ful lled depend

m the ste lm on m .

ewh t up n the c h r c ter the liquid c ert in liquids

a o o :

str n g l c h li c i x ture dhere

s om a o a a of ,
a ,
s u cl

ery re dily while with we k que us s luti ns su g r s lt

as iner l ils
m a o and the ste
o a o o m ,
a to n

cids l c h l s c rupul us c le nin g

V a ,
a a o o o of a ,
a s

se c ure the n r l c nditi n

a ,
and a o o the ste is require
,
o a Of m (

B e f r bein g tested hydr eters th r u g hly w shed i

in rder o to o ma o o .

dried by wipin g with c le n line

o e ,
om a re o o a

cl th
s p oa and
w ter rinsed a , ,
and a a

If be used in que us s luti ns whi c h

o .

dipped int str n g l c h l

to a o o o do n o t a dh

dry with s ft c le n linen c l th

the ste s m a re i edi tely ipe o o a o o and mm a W
a o a o

D RD D R E ER
.
, ,

ERI AM CA N S T A N A B A UM E HY OM T

L i uids He vier t h n ter Wa

The nuf cturing he ists Ass ci ti n the nited
( q a a )

t nd rds h v e
M C of U Sta

a a m o a o

s c le b sed the f ll win g rel ti n spe c i c gr v i

and the U
nited t tes B ure u S a a of S a a a ad

B aum a a on o o a o to a

pe c i c g r v ity

60
S a at O
F .

6O
or

pe c i c g r v ity

60
S a at 0
F .

60
 B A UM E H Y DROM E TE RS 9

The f ll win g hist ry o o the B a u m es a l e is ta en ro m Ci rcu l a r

o of c k f
N O . 59 issued by the United S t a tes B urea u of S t a nd a rds A pril 5 , ,

19 16 :

re ti n bet een speci c gr ity u de g rees repre ented b y

the f r ul s gi en d pted b y th s ure u in hen it rst t k up

T he la o w av and Ba m e s

the questi n testing hyd eters th t ti e e ery i p rt nt nu

o m a v was a o i B a 1 904 , w oo

f ct rer hydr eters in the ni ted t tes using this rel ti n

o Of r om . At a m v m o a m a

theTheb sisriginthese ei stru

of

ents
B a um
le st such their cl i U S
a u om a w as a o

rly his
of

t ry the sc les been d ir b ly

as a n m , or a t a was a m .

tre tciences
ed b y Pr f h Fl delphi h ndler in p per re thd sbepf reperthe N ti n lbe crededilyy

o and a o of Baum a h as a m a

a o C . . . C a a a a o a o a A a m

vhereil bplert s thee teri l prep

of S
nterested
at P i

in the tt r it be ell i clude

i n 188 1 As i m ay
a a . a n ot a

red b y Pr f h ndler
who i n
a a a to om a re m a e m ay w to

The sc le rst pr p sed used b y nt ine u

a a of m a a a o . C a .

F ench che is t in fr this beginning h ve c e

B a um e a was o o and A o B a m e,

sc les th t h ve b een prep red since th t ti e The directi ns

'

a r m 1 768 , and om a om d i e ren t

hispecis scc le erethe rstc nditi

,

given by thuugh i ple

B a um
published in in
a a a a a m . o

ns ssu e
L A va n t

B a m e f o r m p r od u c i n g a w

e sily repr
1 768 , a n d
a
o

duci
bet en the
S m

b le
, a

ois
re n o t

sc str
les nge setthere
.

up f re th t
b y di ferent b servers Th t
It n ot s n a ,
, a nd

o ,
o

a
o
'

d i eren c es
a m d
oo
a re n o t

ap

this divergence
pe a red
did ctu lly ccur is ell sh n
Baum
b y the l rge nu ber
we a as f O . a

sc les
sc les u li s uids
B a um th het h ve
vier
a

thbeen used
n ter a r f h ndler f und
a

a
a o

di f erent .
w
P o .
ow

C a o
a

23
m
f
of

scc le nl tquidsBa d recti

fo r

heme

q
nsier th setting
n ter
i up his
he sc
used le
a

o st s te
lutith n
f ort sthe
a

iuhydr
wa

chl et
ride r .

a a a fo r om e

b le s lt c nt inin g p r s lt b y eight p rts

a fo r i av a wa a o o of od m o

ter b y eigh t H e descri bed the lt being ery pure very dry
( om m o a a ) o a 15 a ts of a w i n 85 a of

st tes th t the experi en ts e e c rried in cell r in hich the and

wa w . sa as V

te per
an d

ture Re u ur e uiv len t

w ou t
a a m r a a a w

The p int hich the hydr eter s nk in the per cent s lt s lu to I Z 5 O

m a w as 10 a m , q a . or 54 5 F . .

tis ne te perrkedture therkedp int Thehichspitces nkbetineendistilled ter the

o to w om a 15 . a o

am

divided
was m

nt m
e u l
a

p rtsa

degrees
w as m
d
and

visi ns athese
the s
o

e p
len ints
gth
to w
a
a

w
wa
t wo
at

was
w ere exhertendedkersbey nd the hydrp inteters s n beg n devi t fr the
i o 15
o
q a a

15

or

o .
, and i o Of am

p
c ed u re o utl
rtly
Ot
ned
inten by u
ti n l
m
i the
a

in cdevi
urse ti ns of

ti b ei g
e
B au m
B a m e,
l d
e u
dy b t p rtly ccident l
p inted
om

ny a o
oo

n , no
a to
o ,
a e

a
om

a
p ro
a

d erent sc les ere in use

and a o a ,
and o of m ,
as a r a o ou t ,
m a

Th s c nditi n led gre t c n fusi n in the use the

i ff Baum a w .

c le

i o o of a a i rs to a o o of

B a um s a .
10 S UL P H U RI C A CID H A N DB OOK

r F c nsider
om a t i n t he v ri t i ns t h t ccurred i t
thc uldt s be ed ne bnsy desininpleg rules repr
o

ducing
a

the
o

sc le
of

re s
ex n eviden
ctly th a

nt a o a o w as oo

givenof

by sh uld i f p ssib le b e
nd
a om m a a o a m o a a

f und his e ns re dily pr ided b y ssu ing th t xed rel ti n

o o e t he m B a um o , o ,

hdeuld exist b e t een the sc le the gr vi t y sc le s e

o T m a wa s a ov a m a a a o

nite
o

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M
m A o m o S s A
. m o s m m s n m m v 9 n
H
O w m m m m w v a
O
aaE2
. . . .
3 85 a
. . . . e 2
.
a
s S 8S m m m m m m n

g
b
d
m w w m m
m
aaaE3
. . . . .
3 aaa
. . . . e e a8S S
. SS m SE E m .

O
za a E a m
c h
m

m
a
m o
. . . . .
3 a
. . e 8 3S
a
n S S S BS S S m
w o
i m

o

t
a
m m
g
20 S UL P H URI C A CI D H A N D BOOK

TW A DD LE HYDRO M E TE R
lly d E gl
ti p i vity
( G en er a in and )
t
use n

degspecieesc Twgr viddltye

M e h od s of C on v er n g S ec c G ra to D egr ees
1 . L et :c = r a .

y a .

1000y 1000
113
5

Thi s method beusedfor val u e below ove

2 . Or a: 2 00 ( y

theguredecim lmulpoitniptlytwoing gures

3 .

and
a to the
m ay

the rem inder bri g ht stri k i n g a

a ny

y 2
,

.
M

th ti l
speci c gr vi t y
M e od s of C on v er n g D egr ees Tw a dd e to

1 . L et
degrees Tw ddle
x
y
5y 1000
a

a
.

r
1000

2 . O a: 1

The degrees i n Tw ddl e s hydrometer be r direct rel ti n

2 00

ship unmi
to thest speci c g vi t y the b si s of the system bei n g l n

a a a a o

k
specic gr vit of
a nd bl e a
si n
a cea

y
ever ,
egree
ra

equ to ,

di eren
y d e i n a

is a l a ff c
p ai
22 S UL P H URI C A CI D H A N D B OOK

N O M E N C L A TU RE O F S UL P HU I C A C I D R

S ul phu icci d shows de i t e el ti o n between the speci c

ge siviertyto detestrength
ra

mi n e up
the
and to
r

speci c g pera

cent
vi t y th n the it
strength i s much
ci

d
a n r a

H2S 0 4 As

webeikerngth nso m nydegcentees ne thely lw ys spoken of sol d

. .

a r ra a a s

hydrometer bei n g
,

a a p er a re ar a a and

thei n strumentgene l y used determi n i n gthespeci cgr vit

.

as of a r B aum B aum

The p in cip l strengths such cids

,

ra fo r a y .

r a of a a re :

De g r ees B aum S p i gec c r via t y P er c en t . P er c en t . H2 80 :

In the M nuf cturing hemists ssoci tion the

ni t ed S t tes greed set v lues for degrees C
1882 a a A a of

U
thei equi
tsliblghte ch ngee guson
r v
H2 S 0 4 l e nts
T
a

l In the ssoci tion dopted the

b ot The
a

S equiv lents show

a
on a

1904
of a

A
B aum
a a
and

from the t bl e those v l u es h ve been

.

a of F r and a H2 O4 a a

used i n thi s country eve si n ce e m ny speci l y

.

a a of 1882 and a a

quite genedeg eesl y usedthe incontiwhincenth h divefehigenthe setv luesvinluspeci es for c In G e and
'

r . r a a ,

ra on a f r of a

grherevitcorresponds
y S th n those used he e i n st nce
,

B aum r 18 all a r a

and

per cent
H2 O4
i n e m ny to F or

a a r a 66 B

per cent
. .

to H2 8 0 4 and G r a

The k ciciddsis lsosometi knownmes spokenvit iol so m ny strengths

.

98

per cent
.

a s o i l of (O )a n d

66 a a r V

ci d cont i n i n g per cent bei n g

. .

of w ea er a a re of a s a

c l ed per cent
.

0 . V .
,
a 60 B

. a a . H2S 0 4
a . 0 V . .

x100
 E N C LA T URE P H URI C

Th s however very common rep rti g tot pro

N OM OF S UL A CI D 23

ducti o n i
uses of sulphuric
equst ndv ledntstrengthcert thein qutot ntil tmount
,

or cid i t,

i s frequentl
is

y ciofd be ngorsome
n ot

y st ted bei
other
an g . In o n

a as
a l

the s me of a of

i a to a a a 50 or 60

throducti
a

at contonsined inl otheoftenst tedeported

ar

a qu ntitytons ofthe st ted streng h

,

a
a a

a
H2 S 0 4
of
.
i
a
a

t
as

hen ci d becomes st onger th per cent

.

P a re a s r as S 03

p k i t i n te ms ofspeci c gr vi t y or degrees woul d

.

W an a r an H28 0 4

bef l ci o us percent i d pr ctic l y thes me speci c

.
,

to S ea of a B a um

gr vispoken
ty of centm ny percidcent s between per c nt
r

c
'

a a as a has a a a

sulphuric ci d per cent

.

a as 100 per A and 1 00 e

cid beincentg commonl y c l e d the mono hyd te T hi cont in

. .

a re a s so a a ;100

per cent
. .

S
a a ra s a s

di s sol v es the mono hyd te fum g ci or

-
.

100 per H2 O4

Olineg white
m Ifumes t is c l when ed fumiexposed
ng citod becthe use theleum escthepe ermformn
. .

S 03 .
in -
ra in a d
u a a a 8 03 a s,

nrstpr
me whicticch lmethodsofm been used extensi v el y i n thi s co ntry si n ce the
.

a ir O is G a

ki n gi t we e e m n the e m n
.
,

a h as u

nomencl ture f equentl y dopted he e It lso kno n in

,

a a a r G r a and G a

eThem nye thoedhwuseys st oftin gittheiol strength fumi g cid

r

a wa s r a r . is a w
G r a as N r a n Oil V r

The per cent f ee di s sol v ed

.

a re r e a of a of n a :

The cen tot l

r

1 of r ( ) 803

The equi v l e nt cent per cent Th t the

. . .

2 pe r t of a S 03

perwere entdded to combi per centne with theit woulf eed m ke if s icient w ter
. . .

3 . a p er . 100 . H28 0 4 . a is
c of 100 H2S 04 a u ff a

or i n st nce ci d cont i n i n g cent free woul d

. .

a a ll 80 3

cont percent
in tot l would m cent ctu l content
r .

F a an a a 2 0 p er

ke percent i f suf ci e nt
.

a a a of per S 03, and a a H2S 0 4

wtherefoter wee ebe cddedl ed to combi n e wi t h the f ee It m ght

.

of 80 and a H2S 0 4

per cent per cent or per cent

. .

a r a all r S 03 i

M ixed cid is the technic l ter for mi r of st on

.
,

r a 20

cid nitric cid

. . .
, ,

a a m a x
tu e r g s ul

ph uri c a a nd a .
24 S UL P H URI C A CI D HA N DB OO K
F ORM UL A S F OR U S E I N S UL P HURIC A C I D C A L C UL A T I ON S

y By ff ii gg idi tt t t gthgth v t
-

(B n on um n ac d i s m ea n all s ren s u n d er p er
t c en
-
.

( um n ac is m ea n all s r en s o er p er cen 80 3 )

The following f ctors were c lcul ted f om molecul r

.

a a a r a

80 3
0 8 1%
H280 4

igigig
H
a agig
8
36
80 06
11 18 . 016 4 44 38

a:
cent
To Ca l cu l a te P er C en t S Os N z A ci d
'

.

on -

f um ng

or
Per
Per cent .

.
H2S O4 X
H28 04

cent
To Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t Hg S O A ci d
'

.
4

N 0n -

f u m 2n g

or
Per
Per cent .

.
803
X

per cent
To C a l cu l a te P er
100 . H2S O4

cent per cent

To

or

or
Per
Per
Per
cent
cent
.

.
H2S 0 4
H28 04 X
S Os X
. S 03
 S ULP H U RI C -
A CI D C A L C UL A T I ON S 25

centper centS tot l

Ca l cu l a te P e
r C en t C om bi n ed Hg O F umz
n g A ci d
'

To .

Per E O4 X

cent combined
.
2

100 . a S 03
Per . S 03 X

To
per cent tot l
C a l cu l a t e P er C en t Hg S O4 Fu m i n g A ci d

.

( 100 a S 0 3)

cent f ee
.

or

cent combin d
100
Per
p er . r

e
S 03
H2 0 X

cent combi ed cent comb ned

.

or

Per . n H2 0 X p er . i H2 0 )

S
cent tot l
C a l cu l at e E i a l en t 1 00 P er C en t H 2 O 4 F umz
ng A ci d
'

To qu v .

cent tot l Per

Per
.

.
a

a
S 03
80 3 X

T0
cent f ee
C a l cu l a te P er C en t C om bi n ed S Os Fu m i n g A ci d

.

( 100 per r 8 0 3)

oror cent
.

Per
Per
Per
cent combi.

.
n ed
H28 0 4 X

cent tot l per cent f ee

.

a S 03
H2 0 X
. r

To
cent tot l
C a l cu l a te P er C en t F r ee S Og Fu m i n g A ci d

.

( Per a S O3 X 8006

cent tot l
.

or

or
( Per
( Per cent
cent tot
tot
.

l
l
a

a
80 3

cent
803
combi n ed
X

cent totcentl per cent combined

.

or Per . a S 03 ( per . H2 0 X
or Per . a S 03 . 80 3
or
. 1 00 Per . H2 80 4
26 S UL P H URI C A C I D HA N DB OO K
cent f ee
To Ca l cu l a te P er Cen t . T ota l S Os
Fu m i n g A ci d

( P er . r S O3 X 8006

or cent free per cent f ee per cent free

( Per S 03 X

quicent
v lentf eeper cent per cent
per centcombined
.

or ( 100 . r S 03) . 8 03
or E a . 1 00 . H2 S O 4 X
or Per . r S 03 . S 03

T0 C a l cu l a te Wei g h t Cu bi c F oot A ci d

S pec c weight per cubic

p er

60

w te )
i g r a v 1t y a t
F . C X
6O

a r at 60 F . 1b .
)

To

(W eight cid per cubic foot X per cent

Ca l cu l a te Wei g ht S O3
of a
p er Cu bi c F oot
. S O3 ) 100)

To C a l cu l a te th e E qu i va l en t P er C en t a n d Wei g h t .
f
o

Thecidequiof v lent per centperincent per cent of

S t ren g th A ci d af C om p a red to A n other

is H28 0 4)

a . 66 B . .

an a

60 B (7 HZS O4) :

per cent
. .

X 100 66 B e

co esponds to speci c gr vi t y the pounds

. .

equiv lent to cu ft is

and as 60 B . rr a ,

of

66 B of

a 1 6O B :

lb
. . . .

X X . 66 B .

N OT E .
Whil l l ti t i i gith q iv tl kt
e it i t gth
a s c er a n n e u a en s of n on -
fu m n g ac d, s r en s

ceh t

u s ed for t h e ca cu a o n s ca n e er be a en a s p er c en o r of p er

lt l l ti g tf i g l id qxpiv l dt t qthiv lh t ld t t
. .

H28 04 .

If ca cu a n um n -
ac e u a en s , s r eng s s ou be u sed in er m s

of

c en
to
t.
a

H2 80 4
p er c en
.
. S 03 u n ess e r ess e in t he e u a en p er c en . of 100 p er
 NTR D T R
M ETH O S O T
I O UC O Y 27

PRE P A RIN G TH E
S E I I G R A IT S
DE S C RI PT I O N OF D E M PL YE D IN AB L E S
OF P

M A A T RI
AN D
C F C V Y OF UL P HUR I C A C ID N I T R

HYD RO C HL O RI C A C I D A D P T E D B Y THE
I C A C ID

,
O , ,

S
N UF C U N G C HE M I S T S A S S O

ER SO
C IA T I ON O F T HE UN I T E D T A TE S 1

BY W C F GU N

T
. .

he ener l hemic l ndi n g th t

IN T RODUC O RY

methods of ysi s we e bei n g used i n thei r v ri o us works

C o in p a n y ,
'

T G C a a m an y di eren t

reof luniiz ngc tion dvto nttheges riteunifo mftermethods subm tted the t sk
a

a nal r a and

c ef i n vesti g ti o n
,

a i t h ea a a of r i a

methods best d pted were sel e cted by the const nt ex

,

a w r A ar ul a t he

mi n ti o n new methods described i n the l i ter ture wel l

.
,

a a a nd a

bystituted
originorl modirese ched these methods from t me ti m e
,

a a of a as as

form
a

The need soon

ar

bec
gr vi t y t bl es no two uthori t i es greei n g not
,

me pp ent a re

a
i
a ar
to
fo r
s ub

un i

onrespondi
y n gthepercent e dis greement between speci c g vi t i e s
.

s p eci c a a a a ;

ge composi t i o n when reduced to the s me

-

l wa s r a ra a n d cor

stst ndnd rdsrd but modul temper tures etc we e used

a a di
a

er en t i, a r
a

as

The prep r ti o n of st nd d t bl e s of the speci c gr vi t y

, , .
,

a a

correspondi g composi t i o n i t h other useful d t under

.

a a a ar a a and

t cidken forTheniMtricnufcidcturihydngoc hemi

a
n

lo icstscid ssocim onition Of thesu phnitriced

a r
,
w
h r a a m
a

a
a,

and
wa s
l u

St te he rin g e orts while the work in progress f e

, ,

a a a C
A a U

isnvndstigd titonbles ccepted the t bl e s they were compl e ted

.

a s a o f o ur ff wa s a t r

the ssoci ti o n the c se of the su phuric

, ,

e a a a as as

ciI stid ttuteble theyempl o yed rof T l b ot of the M ss chusetts

,

ta ar a Of a a In a l

Technol o gy B oston expert whosen me ppe s

.

a a P H P

witTheh the tt blethes writerdesigneduthori t y

,
. . . a a a

n of of as a a ar

pri m ri y b sis for les which

, ,

a of as a

l rgel y governed b the degree they so useful

.

s a a re a l as a a sa

for controll ng proces es yt ki g ccount

are

1
J ou r
a

.
i
S oc C hem I n d
. pp .
stock
s

.
,
y

J ul
,
etc a n

3 1 , 1 905 ,
a
B a um ;
of

. 78 1 7 90 -

.
,
a re a l

.
28 S ULP H U R I C H A N D B OOK

Thewerecidcs refullymmoni used were the pu est o bt in b e

A CI D

necess
and
a

The i m ex
pa

ri mi
and a

t i ens edi n comme i m pu i

ci
a t i
l e sp
a

oductspu i ed when
such
f or r
r

and
a

r
a l c .
p .
,

v ri ble qu mntinufty cturing thei

y
r pu u
i t y i s becomi n g mo e pro

ar r a r a re a

p ocesses i m p ove m ny subst nces

.

a a a a n d, as r r

mt bldees wouldl hgevescmore

n o u n c ed a s

a on a le beipngcticne llyv lue ifitthey wedeemed

ar
a a

e b
r

th
sed ar t the
upon c p
r

wa s
,
a

a
a

compounds to sci e nti c meri t they possess i t

,
. .

a a ra a a r a

islwneedlys beess refer ed this t such

c .
p .

to
essenti
.

say a posi
As

l t i
a v e b sis to which they
a ny

a
m ay

ca n
,

r
of a

the a
n l y tic l a

Of
a gr vi t y determi n ti o ns de
an

tetempemin tituonse detethemicoefn tiocinent boiOf lexping poinsinotsn well ol w nce

A ll
r

a a n d s p eci
a .

c
-
a

a ( or a
a

a
,

for
ra

men working independently

cu l a t i o n s a n d cl e ic
r

l work
)
,

were
r
r

performed
a
a

two
,
experi
of

e nced by
,
as as all ca l

E TE T
.

g vi ty dete mi n ti o ns we e t ken com

S PE C IF I C G -
RA VI TY D RM I N A ION S

pccount
red with w tteken di erences The workOf tmospheric done in winpressure te no 60 F

A ll s p eci c -
ra r a r a at .
,

GO F r and

a a r at wa s

tempe ture which ver ged bout mm

.

a wa s a of ff a or

The pp r tus used i n thi s wo k c c ei s sl e r 65 F

ra a a a 760 a nd

etethe toph vingwhichc pil r sismde l holtubee which tted lwiowed th thegl ssliquid toin
. .
,

a a a r wa s a 5 0 . . G p i cn o m
r a a a a y a rm a a ca p ,

exptime ndp eventiwithoutng llossooseniwhingletheweithermomete the s me

-

of wa s a a a

greoundd bleto tot the neck the bottl

r g hi n g eThe the
g mometer
du ted to which r or Ca p , at a

f equentl y checked g i n st
. r ,

wa s r of wa s ra a

st Bndeforde mthermometer
,

a nd a a and wa s a a a

ki n g determi n ti o n the w ter content the bottle

r

a a

st ccur tel determi n ed checked from ti m e to ti m e

.

r a a a a of

duri
wa s
n g seri
r

e s Of
thec refulbottlly ecltogether
a
a

determi
wi t h na

theti o ns
the
y

mometer obt i n the

a

glw ter
ss contentand

were T O a a

e ned dri e d wei g hed The ccur cy Of t he

.
,

r and a ca p

b l nce w i ht w r stem tic l y checked g inst

a

a a and
a

e
,

g s e e
and

s y a
.

a
( a a

a a a
 K
S ULP H U I C A C I D R HA N
temper ture the bottle lleomdwithdioppsstilt ebld ew ofterthe volweiumeghed
30 DB OO

a wa s a and

wfortere ch di ferent temper tu es the i n c e se i n vol u me Of

,

K

SO F

70 and Fr
at a of

c lcul ted If the bottl e not exp nded

.

a at f a r r a 50

thewithsuccessi v e di erences i n wei g ht should h ve corresponded

,

10 F

a wa s a a had a

the di ferences i n vol u me but i n e ch c se the di erences

. .
,

ff a

inmountweightlesswerebeinlegssdueth ton thethe expc lculnsitedon Ofexpthensiglonss bottlw eter Thethe

f
a a
,

a
a

a
a

of a
ff

rOfsults showed th t gr m e ect exp nsi o n

,

a a a

bottl e g m which would m ke

.

of

e a 1 F a ff a

diccuerencec of dete minspecitionsc vinoty correcti whichonis lessbeenth nm thede

.

50 -
c c
. . . 100 ra a a

ff of g ra a

it l t t r in o c lcul tions b sed upon

,

a ra y ou r r a ,
and ha s a

f or

l tikeo s ofT Sblt en of tomicThe eifolghtslowing st nd ds were

.

A n a y i cal De e m a ti ns.
All a a a re a

F W C ar
a A W
1 901 0 16

prep ed by the methods to be descri b ed S odium c rbon te

. . .
,

Pr epa r a n a da r d s
a ar

ihegnitedted red tohe const t to const nt wei g ht sodi u m c rbon te

.

ar : a a (a )

a
at

at
l ow
5 72 F nt
perSocentiumsulphur oic t cid sulphuThisicst nhyd

wei g ht mmoni
i d e
a

u m
sulph sulph ni l i c
ate ci d
a

;
a
; a

a
a

;100
( b)

nd d p ep red f om
.

r a ; r a r ; a a

theprocesspurest obtspeciin bll ye sodiseleuctedm bicfor bonus byte mpdeomibynentthe mmoni

. .

d Ca b na e ( ) a .

a ar wa s r a r

a a ar a a a a

turer
sodium chloride
. ur O n
and

l y si s showed
a i t to
a cont a

i n i n ddi t i o n to some a
a r

a
m a n u fa c

t t
qq ii ll tt
Per c en . Per c en .

S i Oz e u va en Na 2 C 03
F 8 2 0 3 A 120 3
C a C Oa
M g C 03
.

. .
e

e
qq ii ll tt
u

u
va
va
va
en

en

en
N 3 1200 :;
Na
N
2

a 2C 03
00 3

The
mc rbon i
a
m puri t i e s th t ti t r t bl e by ci da
c lci u
gnesiteumdiscplrbonce tes x ctl equiv lent to the sodiumm a
a

,
a e r
a re e a
a a

y
an

a
a ,
a and

a a a d .
 EFF T E
b ut gr ms Of sodium bi c bo te were w shed i n a
CO I C IE N OF X P A N S I ON 31

funnel A
h
I t then dri e d
o

vi n g a porcel
200
i na pl a

te unt
protected l enti
a r el
from y f eeci from
d
a

g ch
ses oride
neli
ar

y
na

r
a

g ound kept i n se l e d bottl e unti l used b ut g ms

.

100 C

wa s at a a

bicm derbonte te thushe tprepuntiredl the weiheghtted in constpl tintnum disthen h

.
, ,

r ,
and a a . A o 20 ra

of ar a a was a a a at

5 gttentimson quickl
ra
o a

di r ected
w as y r ed

to ccur
the
a

tel
method y ,

wei
and a g
hehed ti n g n
sodiu l y sis
a

c rbon ur was
for
a

a a
,
an d
O

for i n st nd rdi z i n g esul t s we e Obt i n ed depend

.

wa s Of a
m a

igiving ng thethe gtempe tu e Of i g ni t i o n the i g hest temp r tu e

a

a t e, a a v a fi o u s r r a

e test l k l i n i t y or bout per cent gre t

, ,

on ra r h e a r

th n theesulltowest correct I t em in ed to be p oved whether the high

,
'

r a a a a a er

whether i n he ti n g to the h gher

.
,

a r a r or

tempewhethetu e theredlohess tinoverweightB unsen due meto w decompo ter giivtenion of

.

l ow r wa s , and a i
ra r ( a a a ) a was Off ,

or

s odiInumrefec rbon ri n g te
to
a
r

i n
theto sodi
l i ta

e u mture oxi d e
sever l c rbon
referenc dioxide
s were
wa s

found and a
a s

upon ithen quoti ignintigontheof work sodiumOf c rbon te I p

.

ra a e

icke i n g s ys hen sodium

r
-

a a M en de eeff , v o l l

cg gedbon te In fused b ut per cent of c bon d oxide

. .
,
.

52 5 , P a :

W

unge s Methoden vol I p

r ,

ar a is a o 1 ar i i s di s en

efe ence m de to ticl e i n

.

L Un t ers u ch u n g s

a 83 ,

pst nd dibyz tiunge i n whi c h he s ys th t od i n tended for the

. .
, , .

r r is a an ar Z ei t s chr f A n g ew C hem 189 7 ,

oinf the hecidstimust not be he ted h gher th n

. . . .
,

522 , L a a S a

n g i s c r i e d thi s temper ture

.
,

of a i 3 00 C

a ar a a a

sufnor ciewnt telengthleOftift behime noned yetbe su ethsodiut mneioxitherde been

.

and a a r on a t a fo r
a m ay r a b i ca r b o n

fo Smedi r ho ppent if the heportitingonisofc rritheedwtoshedlow red dheietd

,

ate a r is ,
and no has
r as m ay a a a a a

bioccc rbon te c reful l y he ted i n pl ti n um cruci b l e wi t h

.

od u m Ca b na e (b)
A a and r

silyzedon l stirring to const nt weight immedi tely

.

a a wa s a a a a

a a at 5 72 F a an d a

o l Ten g ms of the st nd rd ci d to be
.
,

an a

hesm ein lfterss weidescrighibnedg tuwere quickl y ccu tel y wei g hed i n
.

Am m ni um S u ph a t e
ra a a a (

be voidi ng bsorption of moistu e from

.

r a ) and a ra a

a ll g a ,
a a r
 R K
thedish tmosphere fter rin sin g the s mpl e in to rge pl tin um
32 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N D B OO

it
a

beenthefreshl y m
di s de
ti l
wa s
e sl
d i g
tohtlf y ee
a
.

mmoni
i t f
A

om csi l
l i cwi t h ammoni
uri n g ev th
por t ti
a

o n
a

a a
a la
a
a

a ha d

ste m b th the di s h kept covered by l rge funnel

,

r r a D a a

p otected from ci d fumes mmoni dded from ti m e

.

on a a wa s a a

totiftermeve porit tionfound th t thes l t bec me cid ev por ti o n

,

a nd r a A a wa s a

the di s h d i e d i n b th to const nt
.

as wa s a a a a on a a

weiSgulht ri ci
.
,

A a a wa s r an air a a

23 0 F
t revi e wi n g the

at

work of icke i n g i t occurred to us th t

.

ph u c A d ( 100 P er C en H2 80 4) In

itciwould be possi b l e to m ke some pure cent sulphuric

. .

P r (J ou r Chem S oc 1 890) a

dour otherth tmethods the n lysis ickethiisngwould shown serve th tsuithet blcurve e check
. . .
,

a 100 p er .

a and a a a of as a a

them ximelmumting point per sulcentphuricTheciefod nee rb st tincent re ches

,

on P r has a of

g wi t h ci d
.

Of a a 1 00 p er a a

lightly lcent ess th npoint pershoulcentd be re chednothein recryst slightlyl imozinge when th
.

a at 100 . r r ,
y ar an a

S a 100 and a r r an

theshowsuccessi v e c ops Of cryst l s obt i n ed from both ci d s shoul d

.

1 00 p er a a a

the s me per cent sul p huric ci d Thi s ctu y the

.
,

r a a a

c seSt rting with liters chemic y pure sulphu ic cid pu e

a
a . a . wa s a a ll

redi s ti l e d sul p huric nhyd i d e dded unti l n l y si s the

.

a 2 of a ll a

strength so to obtcentin smThel bottl e sh ken du i n g c ys

r ,
r

a r wa s a on a a

c yst l s when the bottl e

, ,

wa s p er wa s a

hp rcellf fulin lpl tec ystttedls themothe l i q uo i n ed through

. r r

t a l l i za t i on as a a r a and

ove the mouth the bottl e h vi n g

,

wa s a Of r a r r wa s d ra Off

glthroughsstubewhichp ssingth
a

a
o

a
a

dri e dougha

wi
a

t h i t s
strongcenterto sulphuric
r the bottom
r

ci d Ofthe dmi bottl

t ted e of and a

when
sever lthe
hours bottl e tempe i n verted
a ir

ture sl i
wa s
gBy d ining the cryst l s
htl y bove the mel t i n g poi n t ra
a wa s a

a fo r
,

thethenmother l i quor enti el y removed hese c yst l s were

.

a at a ra a

mel t ed recryst l i zed d i n ed desc ibed bov

,

wa s r T r a

The cryst l s thus cont i n ed were mel t ed rec yst l i zed

.

and a and ra as r a e

dr ine n cr t s b ing melt d kept in se led

.
,

a a ,
r a and

a d , t he a l ys a l e e and a a
 COEF F I C I E N T 0F E X P A N ON
ottl e unti n l y zed ite s Of cid we e p ep e
SI 33

b
ipngep ed inperexcentctly thes sulphumeicm cinned omtheth sc these ofst cidnd rd
l a a . T w ol
r a
r

Fr
a r

i
r ar

a
d,
a
a na l yz

was

ingS uperi centh s liphue ic nother cid method used check

. .

r ar a a a r as in a a an al yz
u r a

st d rd the ti t ti o n su phuric ci d formed by the

. .

ul ph r c An ydr d
A as a on

ddi t i o n of w ter ent su phuric nhydri d e To do

.

an w as ra Of l a

thnhyds equiide edfreespeci l c e Obt i n s mpl e Of s lph ic

ou r a

t o 100 p er c l a

from w te fte Obt i n i n g i t to i t i t h

a a . .

i a ar
rs t to a a a u ur

wfollteows without loss of nhydride The pl n dopted

r r e ,

a r a r, a hd ,
a r a ,
mi x w
a a a wa s as

uming s phu ic ci d cont n ng per cent free

a r .

ditigshtlti lyedove the deltempe

F
l at

i v ery
u

ture
tube
a
l

of nto
l ow
the l o
etort
r

g necked a

few sk
cryst
ra tti
l s n g ai

i
i
a
40
n
.

a
803 w a s

pdiotxidessiup espentm ngThen rstte werec c dded to oxidi e su phur

-

r r A a of

of the di t l te were re ected

.

o a m r a a a a z a ny l

A bout
t bout c c were di s ti
led e ectic cngin the ordi stn fewy dicubic
2 00
r e

l e d ove .

Then
centi mt i s
eters c c col l ered
cti
25
sg
.

r
. s

h
i la
200 w as
j
i
.

s ti l i n g sk to the del i v ery tube

. . . . .

il r j r and n

which se l e d the Open end of test tube w ch been

,

a 1 00 an ar a

d wnright ingln thee thuscenterfo mingbentreceivtheer constsoonicted pthert dismost

.
,
.

of wa s a a hi ha d

ti l
-

ra ou t and at r a al

timonk ingtothethewhol ske pp compl e ted the neck se l e d thus

, ,

to a a a As as la

tus ti g ht B y w rming the k

,
r .

a wa s wa s a

cool ng the ecei v er bout gr ms of sulphuric

,

a in a a ra a ir a as

nhyd de we e di s ti ed ove i n to the l tte which then

-
.

t o 14 O F

and i a 20 a

se Sledl thei i constricted p rt h vi n g a sl i ght v cuum

. r ,

a ri r ll a r, wa s

i looki n g th ough the l i t of o g nic cids

r

a at a a a

for ccountth t would be sui t bl e sulph i ic cid deci d ed upon

.

u ph a n l c Ac d
In r s r a a

i t s bei n g monob si c ci d wi t h h gh mol e cul r

.

on e a a an l a wa s

weisitioguht cTheyst l zic nlgewid thout wcidter recryst dryingl wizedthoutth ee times
,

on a of a a a a i a

r a li a an d dec o m po

nely ground dried in b th to const nt

,

. s o a c .
p . a wa s a i r ,

and a ir 2 30 F

,
an a at . a
34 S ULP HU R I C A CI D N OO HA DB K

the comp ri s on the bove c reful l y p ep red compounds

A N A LIIS I S O F S TA N D A RD S

as sttested
nd rds liimtepus ities found
F or
a a 2
a

su phuric
r

to be
of

cid
of op

p we
ctic e lused
y free
a

Thil s ci d a

a
r

r
a

kept se l e d when not i n use i t s pe cent ge composi t i o n bein g

. .

wa s for r ra a a nd w as

determi n ed fol l o ws
, ,

a r a

So i m r o t i v e g ms freshl y i g ni t ed odi u m
,

as :

c mountOfst
a rbon te prepnd redrd cid bove
d u

a
Ca b
a

sl
na e

ghtl we
y i ne quickl
( )

excess
as a
a

y wei
the
.

hed F
out
mountrequi r
ra

ed
r
of S
an d an

forw shedneutrinltoiz tion sk conteiginheding ithen sodism ul mweigrbon hing tetube fter
, , ,

a a a a ,
i of a

a a wa s w a a and

boicidlingfortit mitedn towitexpel

a

15
h
a

c rbon
a

sodi u di
m o xide
hyd theexcess
oxi d e
a

usi n gof
a u phuric ca a

S l
. A

i n dic tor sho t stem funnel pl ced i n the neck

.
,

a wa s ra N /2 r p h en ol p h

Ofthethest ndskrdto pcidevent l o ss whi l e boi l i n g upl i c te n l y ses

,

t h a l ei n as a A r wa s a

b thi s method g ve per cent Of

.

a r D a a a of

sulSpohuricium cid on t ive gr ms sodium c rbon te pre

.

a a a y a .

pin reddetermibovebyhe ti n g const nt wei g ht wereused

.

d C arb a e (b )
F a a a

n i n g the strength Of st nd rd ci d bservi n g

.
,

a as a a at 5 72 F t o a

ex ctly thecents mesulcondi t i o ns descri b ed bove we Obt i n ed

.
,

ou r a a a O

p huric ci d
.

a a a a 97 4 1

o i m S ul h t The mmonium sulp h te drie d to con

.
, ,

p er a

tc tornt weightquickly weigheddescribed bove cooled in desic

. .

Am m n u p a e .

a a

a t 2 30 F

S a as a wa s a

The s l t then di s sol v ed i n w ter the sm l mount

.
, ,

a and

free cid present i n dic ted by meth l or nge ti t ted

.

a wa s a and a l a of

wimmoni
th tothewei
a

N sodium hydroxi
/3
g ht boved e ,

g
as

veddi n g equi
percent v l e
a

nt wei
thestrength g
A ht an
y a

a
,
wa s ra

of

ofthe sulphuric ci d The mount ci d ti t r ted l e ss th n

.

a a a a as

cent wi t h methyl or nge sh p end poi n ti s Obt i n ed

.
,

a a of a a wa s a

dupll hi c tei n ilysis g ve t cent sulbout phuric grcidms of

.

per .
( a a ar a ) .

A a a a 9 7 4 1 p er a of a

ciboved crystwer l iizedtr f uome into thecentbottomsulphuric cid descri bd

. . .

Su p ur c Ac d ( 100 P er C en H2 80 4) A

6 a

of sm weighed tube
. .

a , a r p er . a , as e

a , e n o d c d a a ll
 T RDS
byubberm bus b The long glst ssm stopperd oppingthentub inmserted ni int the tube ith
A N A L YS I S OF S A N DA 35

ea n of a e m ed r e a p ul a e d w a

theinto wholc sserol

e weieghecont ifterningwhich the ci d c reful y w shed
-

l a w as

col d w ter ti t ted i t h sodi u m

r .
,

d, a a was a l a

hydroxide a

thessummethodsol ua

ti
too nbe usi n
desc g phenolphth
ibed
a

ei i n ic tor ccord ng a

a
,

l
an d

n as
ra

d a
w
a i

ngt s ci d to be per cent su p huric cid usin g

, ,

to r

thecompo itionsoluthetionstst ndnd drdizedcid duplthi cs teb sidetes determ ne the

.

A i hi a 100 l a and

n ti o ns g ve
.
,

N a OH a a on i a to i

9 7 39
per
s

cent per s ent

phuri sulphuri
of

c ci d cc ci
si ndg
a

thi sci d
st cryst
ar

nd d l i
exzed ctl f
a

y om ,

a
a

A
rm i

a
a

r
a

isn lphuric
the precedcid ng our st nd rd cid n lyzed per cent
. . .

. ul a . U a ar a as

i a a a a a

S i i The tube cont i n ng t he su phuric

.

hydri d e wei g hed pl ced i n gl ss stoppered bottl e con

u .

ul ph u r c An h ydr d e
a i l an

tlevelining theboutw t rc c ofwtheterb ttlTheti p b oken bovethe

.

wa s and a a a

e se l e d fter st ndi n g i n
-

a a 100 a was r Off a

w therm pltubce d ysbsotheb suld byphuricthe wnhydri d e di s ti l ed out

. . .

of a e and o a A a a

te thus mi x i g wi t hout
.

a a fo r 3 a a had

l o s sulphu ic nhyd i d e The gl s tube d i e d

,

Of e and was a r e a r, n

weih veghedthe weightdeducti

a ny s Of

Of s n g
lphuric
a n d, thi wei r

nhyd g ht i from
d e
a

the
The wei
resul g ht
t ng bove
r

cid we. as was

a
r and

diwelutede tit tedlitewith sodiumc chydme oxisuredde oliuthtiothen usidivni ging burette
, ,

a u a r . i a was
to 1 r and 300 a w d

i n dic to bo ng out c bon di o xide O b servin g

. .

r ra r s p h en o l p h

the ssumme ngconditi o ns i n st nd r izi n g

,

t ha l ei n as a r, il i ar and

A
sa

the
thedetermsodineumthehydroxide i sulphuric sol u nhydri
ti o n st d e
nd
as

be
di z ed bsol
on u te
thi s
a

b
a usi
si s tog
a d
to
.

a an d n

st engthcentOfofthesulphuric st nd rd cidcid it fou d to be

,

,
a ar a ,

i r a a a was n

S l i i Twenty gr ms this cid pre red

,

an d p er a

dhydscribed bove we e ti t ted usi n g bout c c of sod um

. .

u ph a ni l c Ac d
a of a pa as

oxide soluti o n phenolphth l e i n i n d c tor Obse i n g

.
,

e a r ra a 95 i

condii tions st ndntrdizureing withusisulnphutheic o ciiumd h ssumi n g

. .
, ,

r a as i a and rv

dro i
, ,

al l as in a a r a . A
t h e a c d t o b e 100 per ce . p ,
an d g S d y xd e
 S ULP H U I C A C I D R HA N DOK
solutistonn strdnd cirdiziet found
this b tosisbeto determincent
e the ofstrength of
36 B O

a a

cidRec pitul tion composition Of st nd rd sulphuric cid

ou r

a
a da a
d
sul p huric
,
d
wa s
on a

p er .

ferred to the st nd rds employed

.

a a of a a a re

all a a :

S od i b t
g it d h t t t ight
um ca r on a e

(A )I n e at l ow r ed ea to con s an we

B H t d
( ) ea e at 5 72 F

. to c on s t t ight
an we

Am m on i lph t um su a e m th d
e o 97 4 1

t lph i id p p d f id lightly
.

un d t lph t i
1 00 p er
er
c en

100 p er
. su

c en
ur c a c

id p p f
re a re ro m ac s

id lightly
97 40
.

100 p er
o v er t c en

100 p er
. su

c en
ur c a c re a r ed r om ac s

9 7 40

lph hyd d
.

97 4 0
Su
.

u ri c a n ri e

lph ili id
97 43 .

Su an c ac .

The c ose
exceptionprovided g eement
l between the bove st nd ds with
is onlythewhstt ndtherdswrithemsel
a

ter veshiwere
r

s ssipust ents Theex a

a

and
a ar

a
,

a
on e

nexperilyticencel methodsempl o yed to be desc i b ed yi e ld esul t s

,

p e ct ed, a a r

h n s th t enti r el y i n ccord ncewi t hthe bove

.

a a a and r r In

gures
Thelowbrednormhe t res ltinivesti
.

a
d a d

n theg ctedse folodilowsum c rbon te ignited

a l u
a a re

a of
a

S
a

a a
a

bout gr ms sodi u m c rbon te we e he ted to const nt

'

at a a wa s a as :

weii ghtshowe it to ont ingr ms usederforc ntn sullysishuri thecist nd end

ac
A

d
at
20
5 72 F
d

a

.
,
and
of

c
10
a
a
a

p
a

e
a

.
r

p
a

of

c a d
a

.
a

ar

T
 R
S ULP HU I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
fter he tin to redness
38

A g
qq i i l l tt
a

gr a m s Na 2 C 03 a re e u va en to g r a m s Hg S O;
g ra m N a 2 C 03 a re e u va en to g r a m H 80 4 2

h ti d qi l t
9 2 503
. gr a m s H280 4

B efore ea n g t o re n es s :

d li ity
gra m s N a c
I n c rea s e a l k a n
a r e e u v a en to
du e t o N 3 0 f or m ed
a

2
g r a m s H 80 2 4

q iv l t E u a en to p er c en t . o f

Ifthe fo nd been the resul t decomposi t i o n

sodiumperbiccentrboninstete dtheof in cre sedper centlk linitfound
C 02
a
u
a y ould h ve be n
,

a
ha d
a a a

as
of

w a
of

B y he t
. . .

'
a

2N 3 HC O$ N 8 2 00 3 C O: H2 0

qi l t
.

44

tti d N a HC Oa
g ra m 00 2 f ou n d a re e u va en t o 0 02 2 8
. g ra m .

qi l t
Af er h ea n g to re n es s :

h ti g d
gra m s N 21 2 0 0 :; a r e e u va en to 9 2 44 7
. g ra m s H 80 ; 2

B f e or e ea n to re n es s :

q iv l t
g N ra m s a 2 00 3 a r e

e u a en to . g ra m s

q iv l t
g ra m N a HC Os a re

e u a en to g ra m

d lk li ity ti
qi l t t
I n crea s e a a n du e t o f o rm a on .

or of N a zC Oa f rom N a HC 03
'

e u va en to p er c en . Of

It thus i n dic ted by thi s experi m ent th t the rbon

dioxide formed is the result ecom ositi n
is
into ca

a a

of d p of N a 2C 03
'

o
'

N 8 30
 A N A L YS I S OF S TA ND RD S 39

s mp e of sodi u m c rb t prep ed by dryi n g const nt

A

wein glysiht s howed inchee tedsed untilk l liit ty equiv

A a

at
l
5 72 F

complleenttely fus d per
wa s
a

a
on a e , ar

ha d
to
e an d
a

centIf rbon dioxidem dignesi sengugedc bon tes p esent in the uri
.
, ,

a a S an r a a a ni a to
of Ca a

c rbon te we e enti el y converted nt oxides when i gni ted

. .

t ha ca l ci u m and a m ar a r p

at lccounted
ed

ow red hefor t onl per cent in cre sed lk l nity wou d be

a a r

y
r i
a
o

a a i l

These resul t s consi d ered together wi t h the close greement

a .

between the very otherconvi st ndncirdsng guments so ium c frbonvor teOf iprgn tedp ring
a .

,
a

a a and d a a i at

st Sndt rd rsodi mi c bonve tegiinngththes mrenneults obt i ed from the in

5 72 F .
,
a re ar a e a

a u ar a i a r

di erent st nd ds enume ted bove excepti n g sodi u m c rbon

a .

a n da d Ac d A ra s a n

ig pertedcentredness i t s pe cent ge composi t i o n found be

-

ff a ar ra a a

sul p hu ic ci d
,

a te ni to r a w as to

Th s ci d or i t s equi v l e nt used for st nd rdizi n g the

,

97 4 1 r a

cembrusticcedsodin ththeset t blempl o yed n l ic l det r i ti o ns

. . .

i a a wa s a a

The bu a

ette used e s a a

ch m
wa s

ber b urette gr u ted

a
fo r all a a yt a e m na

from c c i n c c re d bl e c c The
.

was a 100 c c a a d a

burette st nd dized between by wei g h ng mer

r -
. .

9 5 1 00 M and a a to % 00

cury de i v ered every c c c c the merc r

O
-

. .
. .
, . .

wa s a ar 95 and 100 i

weibegh dccureveryte to c c cthec eThedinbugs ette gr duf equentl

e
l
MO ; tio s werey clfoue nedd . .

r a
,
and fo r 1
and
.

a
.

a n
u y w as
n

wideterth st nongtiosuln phuric cid th t it dr in e perfect y for e h

. .

to a a M 00 . . r wa s r a

r a so a a d l ac

S r S i o S olut o T his so ution pre

,

mi a

pOfsuch
red f strength
om thc ustic sod pur ed by b ry m e
.

t a n da d od um H ydr x
i de i n l wa s

t g ms st nd rd ci d req red c c
-

a r c p a a, i a t a, and was ad

ustic sod puri ed by lcohol s t bl e thi s p rpose

. .

a 6 ra of a a a ui 95 9 8

ippet doesr ncenot dr istn prope l y i n the b ret e but p oduces oi y

. .

Ca a a is n ot ui a f or u

nd rdize thi s soluti o n usi n g methyl or nge

,

as a r u t an l

indicccurtortely bout r ms of the st nd d ci d were qu ckl y

,
r

a a a T a a

weighed out d luted with bout c c cold

. o a ,

as a ,
a 6 g a a ar a i
and a a , i a 400 . . di s
 S ULP HUR I C D NDBOOK
HA

l ed w terThe c usticc c sod solutiperon cent then

tidded solutirunon ofmet y or nge
40 A CI

ccessc ch mbeen
a
a a nd 1

ber b urette until few tenths Of cubic centimeter ex

a
.

i n f.

omof a

the
a
%0
wa s
.

r
h l a

100

dded fter mi n dr i n i n g the bu ette

.

a a a

ethedsod Stsoluti nd rdon ulphuricdded from cid strength bout equi v l e nt

. .

ha d a and a 3 a r w as

burette unti tr ce ch nged

-
.
,

r a a a s a of a a to

theis shcolrperor inthetitrsoltiuntig ofrom

n f omlkyellinloewtoto ciord ngeth n The end p in t
.

a wa s a a l a a a

of r a . o

t kenc c S titr tion

a a a a a a vi ce ver s a .

H2 S O4 H2 O4 2d

equiv lent c c sodium hyd oxide solution

a a

. . N a OH

thermometer kept i n the st nd rd sol u ti o n the

a to 1 . . r .

temper A
ture
corded theinnecess w ch the
m kingy acosubsequent
a soluti
at o n ti t r st
ti o n
hind
wa s
rdi z ed
othe tem wa s
a a

a a
,
and

wa s re

The correctiodescri
p er a t u re
and

ecti o n a

ppl i e
n bedtemperboveture determic nc edof wisolthutitheon pic
,

f or
d to
ar the re di rr

a
n g wa s
wa s
a

a
a t a ny r

a .

found to be bovec c temper tot rebe subtst ndctedrdizwhen the tem

,

n om et er , as a and for 100 wa s

i n g dded
. .
,

1 F

ra

whenuplbelicowte titr tions g eed within c c Methyl or nge

. . .
,

p er at u r e w as a t he a u of a a ,
and a

used i n ti t r ti n g ni t ric ci d h drochl o ic ci d

.

D a a a

mmoni
a r . .

wa s a a y r a and

To t nd rdi e wi t h phenolp hth lein bout gr ms Of the

,

a a

stc ssend olerd contcid were ccur tel y wei g hed poured nto
.

S a a z a a 6 a

i n i n g bout c c col d w ter cid bei n g

,

a a a a a ou t and i a

ricubic
a

nsed centi
frommetersm l phenol
r

weighpnghthbeleikern solntoutionthe cg sserol

a
a

a
a

m e l ii
t ene
25 . .

a
of

i
a ,
all

a
a

dded the sodi u m hydroxi d e soluti o n run i n fro the

.

of ( 1 ra p er r )

c c ch mber burette unti l wi t hi n bout c c the end

a

wa s a and m

poidioxide
nt The soltheutitiotnr tionthennishedboilebyd forcuttimingnthetoremove c bon
,

100 a a of

drops f om the
-
. . . .

wa s 5 ar

tipcolor theThiburette unti l f cti o n Of d op produced f i n t pi n k

. .

and a r

s tint c refull noted n l ses run to

,

of a ra a r a a

. wa s a y ,
a n d a ll a a y t he
 N RI C D T BL
me end p i n t B y bo li ng ex ctly min provision
IT -
A CI A E 41

mg deeed thiunnform drc c in of the burette uplic te tit tions

sa

f or
o

i
.

a n
i for a 5
D
.
,

a
w as

l e the l i ts burette re di n g we e p ced c c

a . ra

wi

when methyl or nge used c c phenolphth l e in

a r . .

Wh i mi of a r la at

yetwo kingwiinl dependentl shown ytheverctugedl dupmuchic cltesoserobt ined by two men
. .

a wa s , ,
and . . f or a ,

as be a a l a a

i i i B e The div d ng bu ette referred to under

, ,

a a

stdivindd ngdizisolguwitiothn s lphu i nhydri d e desi g ned ccur t l y

r

D v d ng ur tt e
i i r

I t consis ts burette the top of which

.

a ar n u r ca is fo r a a e

dburette
rawn tois a cthpieel ry bent
i a

a downw d the stop

kthe th d p ss ge bein g connected
a a
.

cock and the of a

ar ; of
is

verti c l tube the top of w ch i s funnel

-

r wa y co o ir a a

lwerengg thedu burette ne l ter sks with sm l necks

-

to a a at hi a fo r
li

ti m es to ted by runni n g from the bu

the skto poi n t i n the neck Th s poi n t
ra a ette .

su ci e nt numb
O an d 2 i -

r
a

a f
a

er

ctoreful
of

a l y
thiThes mmountchecked i n su
ll
bsequent it
rk w ter del ve ed by the burette weighed
a

,
an d
a

lw ys l e d a

u s e,
.

wa s a
i
a
w as
l

the wei g hts checked wi t hi n g m the

.

a Of a i was

weigrghtmsof l quid burettem def upl toInvolmeumesuritheng eouto wouldequivbe lent Of

r ,

and ra ,
or of

on e u a an a

gr Them t bles desc ibed in the orde in w ich they were

.

5 a of a i a ,
rr r

p red du ing peri d of ne ly ye s

.

a a re r r h pre
a r a o ar 3 ar .

NI TR I C A CID T E AB L

The ni t ric ci d empl o yed f ee f om nitrous hyd o

-

chloricsm l cids ect thethe resideterm

c .

a
p
due nuptinonsev porTh stioncid used for
.

and
a wa s
o
r

a
r

a at
an d

2 12 F

was
r

s concentr
mples upted by distil in g forwittheh pustronge s mpl e s thi s ci d
, .

t oo a to a ff i a i a was

e gl ci l phosphoric ci d
.

al l

a t o 4B B and r a a

p t ssiu per ng te the l tter prevent thefo m tion

.
,

wa s a l r a a a

an d o a m ma an a a to r a
,
 S UL P HU R I C D NDBO HA

ni t rous ci d per cent nitric ci d the strongest

42 A CI OK

of

s mounts
a mple obt niintrous ble cid bove this point the cid cont ined l rge
a
a

a
.

f or a
. a

a
wa s
a a

The g vi ty dete mi n ti o ns we e m de descri bed

,

a of a

bove the s me ti m e the picnometer l e d

.

s p eci c ra r a r a as

gg oundm gls mplss stoppere weiwhich ghed pin evented sm l lweiossgwhingle tube h vi n g
-

a and at a wa s a 6 to

wei g hi n g
, ,

8 ra a wa s a a a a

distopperofthetube
luting The s mplwieth gl dissfolutedk whiithle wimtermersedi by removi n the
-

r a r hi and

n c s erol e
-

a wa s w a g

cont i n i n g pproxi m tel y c c w te The ti t r ti o n

.

a a r a a s

then m descde usiibedng imethyl

a

n
a

st nd o nge
di z i n g i n dic
a

to Observi n g
ra the
4 00 .

as
. of a

a
r .

r,
a wa s
co n

l o w n T m er ture fter determi n i n g t he speci c

,

di t i on s r a ar

gr vity ther diisede ent st engths theemplpicnometer oyed weighedthe temlike

.

Al a ce f or e p a .

A

a of ff r r at 60 F

wise c lcul ted f om this dfound t theto lbeow uninceform tempe gitureven
.
,

t o 70 F

p er a t u r e w a s a .
,
and ;
a t SO F f or

r a a a a ra

strength ci d the determi n ti o ns were m de

.

wa s a a and wa s fo r a

fromThe foltolowing determin tions were m de from these the

,

of a . A t 43 B . a a

90 F

50

tcorrespondi
ble cnglculpercent ted bygeincomposi
te pol titioonn thebeingspecic culc grtedvittoy cor
.

a a ,
and

a wa s a a r a a a nd

respond wi t h e ch
,

a al a

rom the the co espondi n g speci c g vi t y

a 0 25 B

l ted b the formul

. .

F B au m rr ra wa s c a l cu

a y a :

egrees D
S peci c gr vity
B a um 14 5
14 5
a

The
icorng espon i n s bi l i t per
determiedn witiothnstheweredi dierenti
ta
a
ce t
y of 9 6 ni t ic cid i s gre t th t
fcultl ofto theobtt inble thithoses poiselnt ected gree
n .

.
r a

a ,
so

and
a a a

r d ff a a at .
 NI TR I C A CI D
-
T LE
AB 43

1
Th es e t i
de ti
Sp i g v tyerm n a on s a re t he a

t
v er a g e of r es u l thhi th h
ts a c ec k ed withi
l t
n

The fol owi n g wi l how the comp r ti v e sen ti v eness of the

ec c ra i and pe r c en .
, t he reco r d o f w c h as been os .

nre dilyticng l determ

a a a
l

del c n
te ti o ns g vi t y determi n ti o ns
hydrometer
i
l S
a

thermometer gr du
s p e ci c
a

ra
a si

a and

ted to in terms of specic gr ty

-

a of a i a B a um an d a

1 F

a .
, a vi :
44 S ULP H U I C A C I D R HA N DB OO K
HYD RO C HL OR T E
The purest hydrochl o ric ci d o bt in b e tested for
IC -
A CID AB L

f ee chloThe rine esulwephue onlicy tcidces iresimpuriduetieupon

c .
p .

s r

which eva por

woul ti
d o nfect
and
a a a l w as
a a at

the detethemisn mpltionses lebove ss th n the errothis s cidm nipulconcentr tion ted b
r ,

of af

2 12 F . r r ra ,

a a r of a a

dihydstilochloric
ing it intocid po thetionstrongest cooled ins mpl ice we upon ter which per cent
r .

F or a a 22 B . a wa s a y
a r a

gpoinvittbubbl
y determi n ti o n could be Obt i n ed bove thi s
. .

r a wa s a a s p eci c

e s wer formed in t hepicnometerwhen w rmed

60 F

ra a a at A

to The specic gr vit

.

of g as e a

60 F
ow nce for temper ture were

dete mined found in the ctosebeOf uninit fico mcid eThech strength l ow nce temcid
.

a y a nd a ll a a

as a r a a a fo r

were m de from to
r .

p er a t u r e wa s r for a of a ;

fter m ki n g the bove dete mi n ti o ns the thermometer 90 F

det em i n a t i on s 50

22 B a

theboutpicnometec c wwiterthdrin wnl whige lec thesserolbottle thus e ivoidi mmersed i n

. .

A a a r a of

whidilultee diciludtimng de The

700
bottl e
r

of
wa s

c reful l y a

w shed
a

an g l o
the
arss a
wa s
a

up to l i t e s i n sk st nd dized g i n st the
,
. .

wa s a a ou t and

c c di v i d i n g bu ette po ti o ns thi s soluti o n were t ken

.

a a 2 r a a a ar a a

wior tngeh the buusedette intidict tortion thewitsh mesodicondi

1 00 . .
,

r for um hydroxi
r

t i o ns d
and

used
ra e i nMeth l
st nd
r of a

bei n g cl o sel y fol l o wed bout c c sodium hydroxide

.

a wa s as a a a

solchluotiicon cidbeing usedn forlyzede chby dete mi n ti o n s mpl e hydro

,

a r di zing a 98 of

preci p i t ti n g wi t h si l ver ni t r te
. .
,

a r a A a of

theesulsitslvObter chlinoedridbye ctitlculr tiotedn to h drochloric cid checked the

.

r a wa s a a a a and

a a y a

r a a .

By S il v r ri
e ch o l d e By ti rt a t i on

2 9 9 8 p er
.
p er tt c en

cen
.

.
HC l
HC l 3 0 00 p er
.
p er c en

c en
tt .

.
HC l
HC l
46 S ULP H URI C A C I D HA N DB OOK
R T E
The su phuric cid used speci c gr vi t
S ULP HU I C A C ID -
ABL

free from
trth cen enough hydrochl
c .

o
p
ric ni l
t ric ci d s
residueto uponect eveitherporthetionspeciThec grimpuri
. a

mmoni
and

t i e s wereg ve
l e ss
wa s
a and a a and
a y ,

a
wa s
a

of

deteThemin tions gr vity determin tions were m e described

a

a
a ff vi t y or
a

n l
a

tic l .

a a a y a

bove except th t i n b i n gi n g the temper ture to the

r .

s p eci c a a a d as

pidegrees
cnometerbelow imme sedthtot thethe neck i n a be ker w ter a few
-

60 F

a r a

t mper ture rose s ow bein g

a ,
.
,

wa s r a of a

theThes mel ionwsidncee outsitempede whentu ec ppedevery between e

60 F .
,
SO a a l ly ,

a and a

determined theIt follofound wing degrees

.

10 F

for f or

a ra 50

to be pr ctic l y
a r .

B a um

and 90 F wa s at :

unir fngeo giventhestrength ci d the resul t s b sed

.

66 , 63 , 5 7 , 5 1, 44 , 3 6, 2 9 , 2 1 , 12 wa s a a

t bl e gi v i n g the correcti o ns even degrees

.

rm fo r a of a and a re a on

bei n g c lcul ted from these resul t s by i n terp l ti o n

,

40 F

a a of a at

S mples we e t ken f om the picnometer for n lysis

.

B a um a a o a

mount ci d wei g hed e ch ti m e which would requi r e

.
,

a r a r a a a n d an

between c c sod sol u ti o n i t h the we kest

,

a of a wa s ou t a

ss memplecondi
a s motionse diluused
a
95
te st indn strdndsodrdisoluti
and

r
100

i n g o
wi nt
.

used
of

h phen lphth lein

.

a a but the a

a
. W
wa s
a

werTheclboioselliyngObserved i n c ses
,

a as a a z o a

necked
e

sk poi
usi nngt dete
bout mi n ti
c o
c ns Of were c d m i n de
e i
chrn all

c se ca

a c ong
certi
.

a a 2 00 l

thermometer ccu te suspended i n the ci d

-
. .

a a 100 a i a a A

sm l pi e ce Of p rcel i n pl ced i n the bottom the k

. . .
,

ed a ra to 1 F wa s a

to mef cilit te theboilintemper

g Theture skrecordeg duwhl y hebo tedl n with rst free
. .

A a o a wa s a of as

a a a wa s ra a a a

perceptibl e
.

a and a d en i i g wa s

The fol l o wi n g determi

tcobleespondic nlculg petedcentbyigenterpol
.

n ti o ns were
ti o n m
the de
speci c from these the
gr a

vi t y the a and

composi t i o n bei n g c lcul ted for e ch

,

a wa s a a a a and

e ree from ch fr
,

rr r a a a a

d g B a um

0 64 -

and for ea % B . om 64 -

66 B .
 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D T LE
rom corr spondi g specic g vi
-
AB 47

l te by formul egrees
F t he B a um t he t y wa s c a l cu

gr v ty
e n ra

14 5

deg ee Tw d e c lcu ted by dividi n g

a d t he a : D B a um 14 5

p rt of specic g ity
s p ecl c a i

T he r ad l wa s a la t he d eci m a l

a t he ra v by ,
 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA R N DB OOK

The fol owi n g wi l how the comp ti v e sensi t i v e ess of the

48

an lthere
ytic l didetengOfmindeltiiocnste the hydrometer
a a
l
gr vi ty dete min ti o ns
r

thermomet r a
S
s p eci
a ra

c a
n
r a

gr du ted to in terms specic gr vity

-

, .
,

and a a a B a um and e

of a

a a 1 F .
,
a :

20 Sp .
gr . Sp .
gr .

50 Sp .
gr . sp .
gr .

66 Sp .
gr . Sp .
gr .

Thefol
Of the t blesl o wi n g chemi
a
s ts my :
ssi s t nts i d ed i n the p ep r ti o n ,
a a ,
a r a a

BS BS
W
J G. M
. P KE
E L E N DY
.
.

BS
M
RN ,
.

,
O .

BS
.

B
.
N
A .
. A L A U R Y,
.

J L TKA ,
. .
. .

BB O BS
H A R D EE C H A M B L I S S ,
. S .
,
PH D . . A . B IGE L ow , . S .

H ISH P A F WA Y B S
S BS M
. . . . . .
,
. .
,

W W .

T B
. A N DE R S ,

I
. . H P E RRI A M
. .
,
PH D . .

S uchmerit theset bles possess is l rgely due to these gentle

. LYN T O N RI G G S ,
F C F C S
. . .
,
. . .

men but more especi

chwho gesh red withp trtici p l y
ted to
i n M r B ishop who immedi t
as

most of the determi n ti o ns

a

a
a

ha d a e

he writer the prep r tion of this p p r

.
,

ar of , a n d a a a , and

a a a a e .
 TR
II
N I IC A CI D 49

N TR C A CID
BY W . C F E RG US O N
.

15 62
. H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

H
H
I

t

H
H
H
H
2 5 24
. H
H
H
H
H
H
H

h

H
H
H
H
 D ND OO
II
50 S ULP HUR I C A CI HA B K
N TR C A CID
( Concl uded)

4 3 50 .

3 8 50 . 5 7 65 .

r v
r r rv
ec r
Sp i g i t y d t m i t i w m d t GO F
c a e e m d w i t h w t t 60 F
na on s e e r rr a e a

r r r r co a e a e a

rr v t
p i g i t i t h p di g d g l l t d by th
.
, .

F m tho e s ec c me w
a es , e co es on n e ees eu e e ca c u a e e
f ll w i g f m l

r r v r
o o n o u a : 14 5

r r rr
D g B m 14 5
p i g i t y r ees au
s ec c a
B m h yd m t
au f wi t h t h i t b l m
o e e s t b g d d b y th b f m l
o r us e s a e us e a ua e e a o e o u a
wh h f m l h ld lw y b p i t d t h
,

l
A t m i w ig h t f m F W Cl k t b l f 19 01 O 1 6
i c o u a s ou a a s e n e on e s ca e

rr vv
.

o c e s o . . a e s a e o . .

A W RT R UR

rv
LLO A N CE FO E M PE AT E
0002 9 p i g ty
A t 10 2 0 B
1 F or S ec c a i
00044 p i g it y 1 F
. . .

20 3 0 B -
or s ec c a
0006 0 p i g it y
. . .

30 40 B 1 F or s ec c a

r tv t t r r t
00084 p i g
. . .

40 ty 1 F or . S ec c r a v1 .

t
A U H R Y W C F R U T O IT E G S ON
Th i t bl h b pp d d d pt d S d d b t h M f t i g Ch m i
. .

s a e as ee n a o e an a o e as a an a e a nu a c u n e s s
A i i f t h U i t d S es W II B W R
s s oc a on o e n e L M R a . . O E , AS . . O GA N ,

HE N RY HO W A RD A RT HU R W YM A N
A G R
, .

OS E N G A RT E N
r kM
. . ,

N ew Yo . a 14 1 9 03 . E xecu t i ve C o m m i t t ee .
 DRO LOR D
HY CH I C A CI 51

BY
ROC OR
W RG U
HYD
.
IC
C
HL
. FE
A CID
S ON

1 006 9 . 15 . 1 1 154
.

0140
I . 15 . l 1 1 76
.

H 02 1 1. 15 . 1 1 1 97
. 23 .

H 0284 15 H 12 1 9

. . .

H 03 5 7 H 1 24 0

. 16 . .

03 7 5
v . 16 . H 124 8
. 24
l 03 9 4. 16 . H 12 56
.

16 H 1 2 65
t
- 04 13
M
. . .

-
u
043 2 . H 12 7 4
.

- 04 50
H
. 16 . H 1283
. . 39
- 04 6 9
r . 16 . H 129 2
.

H 04 88 . 16 . H 13 01
.

16 . H 13 10
.

16 H 13 19
t

05 2 6-
u
. .

-
r 054 5 17 . H 13 2 8
.

17 . H 13 3 6
.

17 . H 13 4 5
.

H 13 5 4
.

H 17 . H 13 63
.

H 17 . H 13 72
. . 07
17 H 13 8 1

I
- . . 8 . 62
H 17 . H 13 9 0
. . 41
17 H 13 99

t
- . .

H 17 . H 8 . 16
H 18 . H 14 17
. 8 . 34
H 18 . H 1426
. 8 . 52
H 18 . H 14 3 5
. 8 . 70
H 144 4

I
- 18 . .

H 18 . H 14 53
. 8 . 61
H 18 . H 1462
. 8 . 78
H 18 . H 14 7 1
. 8 . 42 8 . 95
H 18 H 14 80 8 13

H
. . .

18 . H 14 89
. 8 . 78
18 . H 14 98
.

H 1 5 08
. 8 . 16
H 1 5 17
. 8 . 34
H 15 26 8 52
t

09 85 - 19 N
H
. . .

- 1006 19
O
O H 1 5 35 8 70
H
. .

-
H
102 7 19 H 1 544
H
. .

l 104 8 19 .
J
C H 1 5 54
.

>
H 1069 19 . O H 1 563
.

H 1 5 72
I
1 1090 . 19 . K .

1 11 11 . 19 .
O
O H 158 1
.

1 1 13 2 . 19 . H 1 5 90
.
52 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
HYD R O C HL O R I C A CID ( C oncl u ded )

3 5 40
3 6 16 .

25 5

ity t i ti p ith t
.

S p eci c g r a v d e e rm n a o n s w ere m a d e a t 60 F , c o m a red w w a er

pll i i iti l
p i
-
.

a t 60 F

t
.

F ro m t h e s ec c g r a v es t h e co r r es o n d n g d eg r ees B a u m w e r e ca l cu
.

a ed b y t h e f o o w n g fo r m u a :

f
A t o m 1c w eIg h t S
p i
WAN ClE k t Ebl E R A R E
r om
g v
F C ar

e s a
s
e of
ec c
1 901
ra ty
O 16

ggrr
. . . .

A L L OW FO RT M P TU

fo r 1 F

10 1 5 B

or 0002 S p

ERGU
. . . . .

15 2 2 B

. or . 0003 S p for 1 F . . .

22 25 B

or 00035 S p g r f o r 1 F

Thi t bl b pp pt t by
. . . . .

R A U T HO I T Y W C F ON
t i g h i t i ti it R t t
. . S A

s a v e has een a ro ed a n d a d o ed a s a S a n da rd t he M a n u fa c
C on o f t h e Un S

em s s A s s oc ed

RTH U R
ur n a a es

E R
.

W H B OW E J A S L M O R G AN ,

RT
. . . .
,

AR H N Y HO W D, A WYM AN
R
.

A . G . OS EN GA EN ,

N ew Yo r k , M ay 14 , 1 903 .
 ULP HUR A CID 11 A N DB OOK
'
S
'

54 IC

GU
S U L P HU R I C A C I D

BY W . C F ER
. S ON AND

HJ P . T A EROT

I
02 .

N 08 .

O
O 13 .

A 21I
- .

!
J
C . 28
J
'

O
I
K 45 .

O
O . 55
D
C . 89
K 74
I
77

H
. .

11 . 89 61
O
O .

1 0902 13 . 01 D 49
C .

14 . 13 O 39 .

15 . 25 11 30 .

1 1 15 4 16 . 38 . 23
17 . 53 13 . 19
18 . 71 14 . 18
19 . 89 15 . 20
1 1 508 21 . 07 16 . 23

22 . 25 17 2 7 .

23 . 43 18 3 4 .

24 . 61 19 4 2 .

25 . 81
27 03

p i ity d t i ti p ith t
.

S G ra v e er m n a w er e m a de a t 60 F

com a red w wa

p i viti p ig
ec c on s .
,
er

at GO F .

F ro m t he S ec c G ra es , t he c o rr es on d n d eg rees B a u m w ere ca l
14 5
Cu l a t ed b y t h e f ol l o w m g f orm u l a : Deg rees B a um 14 5
S p eci c G
bv f o rm u lSp ihi gh f vity l h l l y itpi i l t
w o rm u a s d wa be ed on t he l
ft t i gh lb
a o e a , c ou a s r n s ca e .

66 B Oil o f V (O
t i ight f l k t lt
. ec c ra r o .

1 cu . . w a er at 60 F . we s . av .

A om c we ro m F W C

b e of 1 901 O 16

t t t
s . . ar e s a . .

H2 8 0 4 p er cen .

Per c en . Per c en Per c en .

H2 8 0 4 O V . . 60

0 V . .

60

50
 S U P URIC
S ULP HUR I C A CI D 55

GU L H A CID

BOT
APPRO I M A E B OILI I
C . F ER S ON AN D H . P . T AL
X T N G P O N TS

5O B .
,
29 5 F .

60 B .
, 386 F .

6 1 B .
,
4OO F .

1
62 B .
,

4 IS P .

2
63 B .
,

43 2 F .

3
64 B .
,

45 1 F .

4
65 B .
,

485 F .

66 H

538 F
5
.
,
.

6 IFE KE D I
P O LN T S
7
8
9

H 5 74 8.

H 62 7 2.

H 66 79 .

1 1 353
. H 704 4 .

1 1 73 6 H 7 2 58
1O 2
. .

H 2 105 H 74 7 2

.

. .

H 7 700
A

p 2 5 13
. .

H 2 95 1 H 79 59

. .

3 44 1 H 8 1 17
A

p . .

3 94 7 H 8 19 4
i

y . .

H 4 307 H 82 7 5

v
. .

4 66 7 H 83 54

p . .

H 4 822

i t g th h l h v th i p t p iti
.

dt i d y h i l yi
A c ds
s ro n er 66 B d e rcen a g e co m

UTH ORI TI ES R GU H P T ALB OT

an . s ou a e e r os on s

e er m n e b c em ca an a l s s .

y
W
T hi t l pp v d d pt d t d
A -

. C . FE S ON ; . . .

t i ti
a b e

fa ct u ri n g C h em i s
has
it d t t H R
been
s

a

A s s oc a
ro e

o n of
an d a

t h e Un
o e

e
as

S a es
a s a n da r

.
b t he M a nu

W
HE N
.

R .

Y
B OWE
HO W A D R
OR G N
,

RT RR OWENMGANRTE N
,

J AS . L M . A ,

A HU Y A ,

A . G . S ,

Execu t i ve C om m i tt ee
l t df ik lt
.

1
C a l cu a e ro m P c eri n gs
res u s, J ou r .

Lon C hem S oc
. . .
,
v ol . 5 7, p . 3 63 .
 S ULP U I C
56 S UL P H U RI C A CI D HA N DB OOK

H R A CI D ( Con t i n ued)

. 2 083 28 . 28 75 3 6
. 30 . 34
. 2 1 85 43 . 29 . 53 76 . 31 . 69
. 2 2 88 45 . 30 . 33 .

. 2 3 93 47 . 32 . 05 77 3 0
. 34 . 39
. 2 500 33 . 33 77 . 35 . 76

. 2 609 52 . 34 . 63 78 . 16
.

. 2 7 19 35 . 93 79 33. 3 8 55
.

. 2 83 2 37 26 80 03. 3 9 98
. 32 .

. 2 946 38 . 74. 41 . 33 .

. 3 06 3 61 . 39 . 92 81 4 7
. 42 .

36
5
. 3 18 2 63 . O 4 1 27
. 82 2 2. 44 2 8
. . 41
. 3 3 03 42 . 82 9 7. 4 5 74
. 37 . 95
. 3 426 43 . 74 . 4 7 20
. 39 .

. 3 55 1 71 O . 45 3 5
. 48 . 41 . 13
77
D
. 3 67 9 C 46 72. 85 3 2. 13
. 42 .

76
J

. 3 8 10 . N 4 8 10
. 86 1 3. 5 1 61
.

. 3 94 2 49 47. 86 . 5 3 08
. 4 6 16
.

47 92
A

4 078 81 87 87

. . O . . .

. 4 2 16 52 26. 88 6 7. 49 7 2
.

. 43 56 87 H . 5 3 66
. 89 5 4. 51 .

. 4 500 55 07.

. 4 64 6 92 O
< . 56 48. 9] . 35
. 4 796 95 0
< . 57 . 92 . 28 57 33.

. 4 9 48 59 32. 93 . 23
. 5 104 102 . H 75. 94 . 20 61 .

5 2 63 105 0 62 18 9 5 20
:
. . . .

108 0 63 66 68 3 1 65 7 2
1
. 5 42 6 . . 21. . .

. 5 59 1 111 00
. 65 . 13 9 7 24. 69 8 9
.

. 5 76 1 1 15 N. 66 . 63 98 30 . 71 .

. 59 3 4 1 18 . 68 . 13 99 38 . 73 1 1
.

. 61 11 12 2 N. 100 . 48 74 . 74 . 10
. 62 9 2 12 5 m. 1 01 61 76 . 77 .

64 77 78 07 80 2 3
I

. 12 9 U. 1 02 . 77 . .

D
. 666 7 13 3 O. 103 . 95 79 . 79
. 6860 13 7 N. 105 . 16 81 . 54 85 7 5
.
 ULPHURIC
S ULP H URI C A CI D 57

S A CI D ( C on t i n u ed )

ALLO AN E C RT E MP UR
ER A T E
gr
W FO

02 9 B 0002 3

ggrr

At 10 B

. 01 . sp . .

At

20 B

03 6 B . 01

. 0003 4 Sp .
gr .

30 B 03 5 B

ggrr
At . . . Ol

. 0003 9 sp . .

At 40 B 03 1 B 0004 1 sp

. . . 01 . . .

02 8 B

g
gr
At 50 . . . 01

. 0004 5 sp . .

At 60 . 02 6 B . 01
'
. 00053 sp . .

At 63 B . . 02 6 B . 01
'
. 0005 7 sp . .

At 66 B O2 3 5 B . 01
'
. 00054 sp .
gr .

77 3 6
.

79 .

81.

05.

86 3 0
.

88 .

9 3 12
.

95 .

9 7 70
.

95 .

98 .

101 .

105 3 3
.

108 8 9
.

1
C al cul a ted from Pi i
c ker n g s res u

lt s ,
J ou r . Lo n C hem S oc
. . .
, v ol . 57, p . 3 63 .
 K
S ULP U I
58 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

H R C A CID ( Con cl u ded )

De g
B aum
r ees
S
gf
60

ec i
ty
a

0
F
c
g
De r
Tw ddl
a
ees
e
P er c en t
H2 8 0 4
.
W e g tl t
1 ft
a g
9
m
f
P er
O .
ce n t
V .
.

in 1 cu . ft .

60

64 %

100 00
 D
S U P URIC
S ULP H URI C A CI 59

L H A C I D ( Concl ud ed )

P er t ce n .
P d
cubi f
ou n

c
s

oo t
P er ce n t .
P d
cu
oun

bi fc
s

oo t

106 40 .

1 10 10 .

1 14 05 .

1 18 .

123 .

12 4 4 9.

1 25 89 .

1 29 .

13 0 7 5.

65 % 1 3 2 70.

65 % 1 34 .

66 13 7 .
60 S ULP H U I C A CI D R HA N DB OO K
per cent
S UL PHU I C A CID R
94 100
. H2S 0 4 1

H B B I S HO P

he ci d used i n th s t bl e prep red from per cent

. .

sulddiphuric
T
ci d which
a

strengthened to
tperioncentfumif eeng cid mintode byportid stionl iofng fuming
a per s
i
cent
phu
wa s by
a

ic the
ci d
wa s a

100
c .
p 95
. .

per ce t ci d
, .

a of a a i ul a

The n l ci d tested for i m puri t i e s resi d ue upon ev po

r

( 70 S O3 ) 95 n .

r a c p a

tion lechlss othrinne thenitersensitivsulenessphur ditheoxidedete min pertioncent which

. . . .
.

a a wa s ; a ra

and )

The n l y tic l g vi t y dete mi n ti o ns the

.
, ,

wa s a of a

lwitowh thences metempeccur cytu e werein them sulphuric de in the scimed t mblennerdopted
r .

a a a and S p eci c -
ra r a ,
and

a l a f or ra r a a a and

by the M nuf ctuperingcenthemists ssoci ti o n the speci c g vi t y

,

a a a as a a a

bei n g t ken st nd rd
-

a a r C
A a ra

The ctu l dete m n ti o ns we e m de wi t hi n few hundredths

,

and H2 S O4 a as a a

Ofa per cent the poi n ts gi v en i n thet bl e the even percent g

. .

a a r i a r a a

bein g c lcul ted b interpol tion

. of a ,
a e

a a y a .

A ll o w a n ce f or t pr r
em e atu e

66 B

. 9 3 19 . At 9 4 p er cen tt . sp .
gr . 1 F

.

tt

At 96 p er c en . sp .
gr . 1 F .

At p er cen . Sp .
gr . 1 F .

A t 100 p er cen . sp .
gr . 1 F .

1
W W COTT t d
. . S :

S an a rd M e th do s Of C h i l ly i
em ca A na s s,

1 9 17 .
 D NDB OO
SULP U IC t
62 S ULP HU R I C A CI HA K
H R A CID

0 B .

100 p er cen . H2 80 4

H 0069 .

H 014 0
)

N .

R -
H 02 11
N
.

H 02 84
)

O . M Nd i . 21
N H 03 5 4 M Km 28
I
. .

H 04 3 2. 38
O
O . . 37
H 05 07 .
D
O 98 . . 45
11 H 05 84 P 61 55
H
. . . .

13 . H 0662 . O 25 . . 66
:
o 42.

14 H 074 1 O 89 77 q 21
I
. . . . .

H 082 1
D o
16 O 55 89 02

H
. . . . o .

H 09 02
I o
18 . . K 22 . . 01 o 85.

H 09 85
I
19 . . 68 5 1. K 91 . . 13 o
c 69.

21 . H 1069 . 04.
O
O 60 . . 25 o 53.

23 . H 1 15 4. 69 5 7.
D 30
C . . 38
24 . H 12 4 0. 7 0 10. H O 03 . . 53
26 . H 13 2 8. 70 65 . HO 78 . . 71
28 . H 1 4 17. 21. HH 5 6 . . 89
30 . H 15 08 . 7 1 78. H[\ 3 5
D
. . 07
32 . H 1 600 . 72 3 5. Hw 1 4 . . 25
33 . H 169 4 . 72 . Hw 95 . . 43
H 1 78 9 Hh 77
-

35 . . 53. r . . 61
37 . H 1885 . 74 13 . HO 62
i
. . 81
H 1 9 83 HC 5 0
b
39 . . 7 4 74. . . 03
41 . H 2 083 . 36. H 40 . . 28

HO 3 2
O
43 53

2 185
- 76
H
. . . . .

45 . l 2 2 88. 7 6 64. HDC 27 . . 79

47 77 3 0 NO 2 2 05
i
- 23 93
H
. . . . .

77 NH 2 1 33
- 2 5 00
H

. . . .

52 . l 2 609 . 78 64 . NN 2 3 .

J
NO 2 7
O
79 3 3 93
l

I 2 7 19. . . .

H 2 83 2
) .

. 80 03 . N a 35
s
. . 26
H 2 94 6
I

. 80 7 4. NO 4 2 . . 58
H 3 063
D
61 . . 81 47 . NO 5 5 . . 92
H 3 182 . 82 2 2. NN 70 . . 27
d
U 3 3 03
-
I
. 82 9 7. NW 8 7 . . 63
H 3 4 26 WO 07

68 5 2 . . 83 74 . .

H 355 1 o
31
t

02 . . 84 5 2. o r .

73 58 . H 3 67 9. 85 3 2. wO[ 54 .
 R
S ULP HU I C A C I D R 63

O B
S UL P H U
.
-

100 p er
IC
cen t
A CID
. H2 80 4

O m 0 O m 0 0 0 0
O m 0 O 0 0 0 0
O m 0 O w 0 0 0 1
O m 0O w 0 0 0 1
O m 0O w 0 0 0 2
O m 1 n
O 0 0 0 2
O w 1 m
O 0 0 0 3
O m 1 m
O 0 0 0 3
O m 1 w
O 0 0 0 4
O m 1 m
O 0 0 0 5
O u 2 m
O 0 0 0 5
O w 2 w
O 0 0 0 6
O m 2 m
O 0 0 0 7
O m 2 m
O 0 0 0 8
O m 3 m
O 0 0 0 9
O u 3 m
O 0 0 0 0
O 3 a
O 0 0 0 2
O 3 m
O 0 0 0 3
O 3 m
O 0 0 0 5
O 4 m
O 0 0 0 6
O 4 m
O 0 0 0 8
O 4 m
O 0 0 0 1
O 4 u
O 0 0 0 3
O 4O 0 0 0 6
O 5 m
O 0
0
0

O 5 u
O 0 0 0

O 5O 0 0 0 4
O 5 m
O 0 0 0 0
O 6 m
O 0 0 0

O 6 m
O 0 0 0

O 6 m
O 0 0 0

O 6 m
O 0 0 0 4
O 7 m
O 0 0 0 7
O 7 m
O 0 0 0

O 7 m
O 0 0 0 6
O 7 m
O 0 0 0

O 8 m
O 0 0 0 5
O 8 m
O 0 0 0 4
0 0 0 4
 K
ULPHtURIC
64 S ULP H URI C A CI D HA N DB OO

S A CID
0 B

.

100 p er c en . Hg s O4 ( Con t i n u ed)

40 86 1 3. 33 . 82 4 1 43
.

41 86 9 6. 35 . 11 4 3 02
.

42 8 1 56 87 . 36 . 46
43 67 . 37 . 83 46 . 34
44 1 4 35 6 89 . 39 . 22 48 . 05
45 40 . 49 . 81
46 91 . 35 42 . 12 51 . 59
47 1 4 7 96 92 . 28 43 . 62 53 . 43
48 93 . 23 45 . 10 55 . 30
49 94 . 20 46 . 71 57 . 23
50 95 . 20 48 . 32 59 .

51 . 21 61 . 25
52 1 559 1 97 . 51 . 70 63 . 33
53 98 . 30 53 . 47 . 49
54 99 . 38 55 . 28 67 . 71
55 100 . 48 57 . 13 69 . 98
56 101 . 61 59 . 04 72 . 32
57 102 . 77 61 . 04 74 . 77
58 103 . 95 63 . 77 . 30
59 105 . 16 65 . 23 . 91
60 1 7 05 9 1 06 . 40 67 . 46 82 .

61 107 . 66 69 . 81 85 5 1
.

62 108 . 72 . 31
63 1 7 683 1 10 . 29 75 . 03 9 1 92
.

64 111 . 65 78 . 07 95 .

1 12 . 78 . 93 69
.

1 12 . 34 79 . 82 9 7 78
.

1 806 8 1 12 . 69 80 . 78 98 9 5
.

65 1 13 . 05 81 . 81 100 2 2
.

65 t g 1 13 . 40 82 . 101 55.

1 13 . 76 . 14 103 07.

1 14 . 12 85 . 52 104 7 6
.

66 1 14 . 47 87 . 08 106 67.

1 14 . 87 . 97 107 7 6
.

1 14 . 80 89 . 03 109 .

1 14 . 93 . 07 1 10 3 3
.

1 14 . 99 91 . 05 111 .

1 15 . 91 .
53 1 12 13
.

1 14 . 99 91 . 99 1 12 69
.

1 14 . 91 92 . 87 1 13 76
.

1 14 . 70 93 . 63 1 14 70
.
 UL PHtURIC
R
S UL P HU I C A C I D 65

S A CID
0 B

.

100p er c en . Hg s O I
( Con t i n ued)

H o
5
0
8 o
3
8 b
1

. 74 9 b
8
. 34 8 b
. 93 8 b
. 52 8 b
. 10 H0 0
o
o
. 25 b
. 82 b
b
. 87 b
. 37 b
. 87 b
. 35

. 01 2l . 7

g . 57
H O
O . 70
HG
D

HA I
-

HO 67
D
.

HN
HN 1 9
J

HH 3 5 .

HO 4 5 . w
O
C . 40 H Q H) w
. M w
K0 o
mo W U5 M :
l
ww m
mr M T G} m
1% m . w
u
1M . m nw3 2
ma m I KH E
m 1m i n
MI m
 R N K
S U P tURIC
66 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA DB OO

L H A CI D

0 B p e r c en . HzS O 4 ( Con cl ud ed )

40 61 . 93 53 34 .

41 63 . 69 55 3 9.

65 . 57 .

67 . 28 59 .

69 . 6 1 86.

70 . 12.

72 . 72 43.

74 . 55 93 . 12
76 . 37 7 1 20. 95 . 40
78 . 22 73 . 97 . 70
76 2 1. 100 .

81 . 78 85 . 102 .

83 . 86 104 . 74
85 . . 33 1 07 . 15
87 . 72 87 . 17 109 . 57
89 . 67 . 10 1 12 . 01
91 . 63 93 . 11 1 14 . 46
93 . 67 96 . 26 1 17 .

95 . 74 99 . 52 1 19 .

97 . 84 1 02 . 89 12 2 . 21
100 . 106 . 124 . 91
1 02 . 27 1 10 . 10 1 27 . 74
104 . 67 1 14 . 05 13 0 . 75
1 07 . 30 1 18 . 34 134 .

1 10 . 12 3 . 14 13 7 . 76
111 . 15 124 . 49 1 38 .

1 12 . 12 5 . 89 13 9 . 98
1 13 . 05 12 7 . 14 1 . 22
1 14 . 14 12 9 . 03 14 2 . 57
1 15 . 30 13 0 . 75 1 44 . 02
1 16 . 65 13 2 . 70 14 5 . 71
1 18 . 19 134 . 14 7 . 63 1 68 .

1 19 . 98 13 7 . 14 9 . 87
12 1. 02 138 . 74 15 1 . 17
12 2 . 31 140 . 41 1 52 . 78
12 3. 142 . 05 1 54 . 39
12 4. 89 14 3 . 61 1 56 .

12 6. 17 14 5 . 08 15 7 . 61
12 6. 46 14 5 . 32 15 9 . 22
12 8 . 75 14 7 . 68 1 60 . 82
 RI C
APPRO IM A E I
S UL P HU A CI D 67

X T B O I L I N G PO NTS

De g r ees Baum

A LLO W AN EC F O RT E MP U ER A T RE

0002 3
gr
SP
'

g r

O5 2 B g
: gr
r
0004 1 S

ggrr
. .

4
. . . .

0
. 00034 sp . . 0 65 3 . 0006 1 S . .

0003 9 Sp gr 0007 0 s p

; gr
. . . .

O56 B 000
a
gr

g
. .

*
. .

r

S 050 B 81 gr
3
. . . .

00053 8

04 7 B 6 S
i
33 g r
. . .

O4 7 B 00 3

ggrr
. . .

.

04 2 B 7 SP

:g r
. . .

9 6 per Ce nt t .

H2 80 4
.

.
00054
00053
sp

sp
.

gr
.

.
.

g
0009 7 S p g r

r
0009 5 s p
.

0005 2 009 4
0
per c en . . sp . . Sp . .

. 0005 2 Sp .
gr . 0009 4 sp .
gr .
 OK
SULP URI C
68 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB O

H A CI D 1

50 62 B
.

H 5 2 63
. . 20
I

I

H 5 2 79
.

5 2 95
.
.

.
30
40
H 5 3 12
. . 50
H 53 28
.

H 53 44
. . 71
H 5 3 60
. . 81
H 5 3 76
. . 91
H 53 9 3
. . 01 63 3 6
.

. 11 63 5 1
.

H 54 2 6
. . 21
H 5 44 2
. . 31 63 . 81
H 5 4 58
. . 42 63 . 95
H 5 4 75
. . 52 64 . 10
H 5 49 1
. . 62 64 . 25
I

I

H 5 5 08
.

5 525
. . 83 64 5 2
.

H 5 54 1
. . 93 64 6 9
.

H 5 5 58
. . 03
H 5 5 75
. . 14 64 . 98
H 559 1
. . 24 65 . 13
H 5 608
. . 35 65 . 28
H 5 62 5
. . 45 65 . 43
H 564 2
. . 56
H 5 65 9
. . 66 65 .

H 5 67 6
. . 77
H 5 693
. . 88
H 5 7 10
. . 98 66 1 8
.

H 5 72 7
. . 09 31.

H 5 744 19 66 4 5
5 3 30
. . .

H 5 7 61
. . 30
H 5 778
. . 41 78.

H 5 7 95
. . 52 66 9 3
.

H 5 8 12
. . 62 67 .

H 583 0
. . 73 67 2 3
.

H 5 84 7
. . 84 67 3 8
.

H 5 864
. . 95 67 .

H 5 882
. . 06 67 68.

H 5899
. . 16 67 83.

H 5 9 17
. . 27 67 9 8
.

1
T he
t h e v a lu es for t h e t
v a lu es for t h e ev en
en t
d dg
hs of a
e rees w ere
l
eg ree ca cu a e
tl kt d f
a en r om t he p di g t l
rece

b y m t erpol a t l on
n

.
a b e and
 K
ULPHURI nCID d d
70 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

S C A

50 -
62 B .

( Co cl u e )

o
o O H 6667
. 103 95
H H 6686
. 104 . 07
N H 6705
. 104 . 19
O
O H 672 4
. 1 04 . 31
P
I
-
H 6 744
. 104 . 43
H 6763 104 56

O . .

G H 6782
. 104 . 68
H 6802
I
K . 104 .

W H 682 1
. 104 . 92
D
C H 684 1
. 105 . 04
D
( O H 6860
. 105 . 16
H H 6880
. 105 .

N H 6900
. 105 . 41
O
O H 6 9 19
. 105 .

P
P H 693 9
. 105 .

N
C H 69 59
. 1 05 . 78
H 69 79
D
O . 1 05 .

H 6 999
I
K . 106 03 .

W H 7 019
. 106 15 .

O
C H 703 9
. 106 28 .

H 7059
)
C0 . O . 106 40 .

H H 7079
. 106 53 .

C
{ H 709 9
. 65 .

O
O H 7 1 19
. 106 78 . 9
A H 7 13 9 106 3
H
. .

J
C H 7 1 60
. 107 03 . 3
G H 7 180
. 107 1 6 . 8
H 7 2 00 8
I
K . 107 .

W H 7 22 1
. 107 4 1 . 3
D
Q H 72 4 1
. 107 5 3 . 8
HO H 7 2 62 8
5
0 . 107 .

H H 7 282
. 107 7 9 . 8
M H 7 3 03
. 107 9 2 . 8
O
O H 7 3 24
. 108 05 . 9
P H 108 18 9
H
-
.

O H 7 3 65
. 108 3 1 . 3
Q H 73 86
. 108 44 . 6
H 7407
I
K . 108 5 7 . 6
W H 74 2 8
. 108 70 . 8
D
Q H 7 44 9
. 1 08 83 . 8
H 7 4 70 8
3
0o
t O .
 F UM I N G S UL P H U I C A C I D R 71

F U M I N G S UL P HURI C A C ID
SU LI
l e r comme ci l i d used
ity coefcient exp nsion low nce temper tu e
C a

and
r ai n ac

of
n l y tic
wa s l speci
T .

a
c g v
J . L

(a l
V AN
all a

a
a

for
a ,

a
ra

g vi ty dete i tio ns were m de com

r

pgr edity bthl wncetebeing used a Sdetetoriusminhydro

ar
S pe c i
wi
c -
ra

at
rm n a

ti o ns t tic
T ee sep ar
a at

s a s p e ci

te s mpl e s e ch gi v en poi n t g eed determi n ti o ns

a r c

av fo r all a
h a

The spec c g vity ent B B ishop

a a r . r
.
ra a at a a r o n a ll a .

i ra of 100 p er c H2 S 0 4 ( H )

Thi s t bl e con t ucted me ns of obt i n ng quick

. . .

a n lybesischeckedpl ntwicont
a
a

for
t h ol a
wa s
i s ve
cent y s ti ss

f
ofthe ct r

tiyt tifumi
and

o n n
n gl y ci
s sd as a

r a
a

a or as
a i
a

S ight devi tions be due impu ities lw ys present in

r

ma y in p e r . ra a a i .

l a m ay to r a a

tO P er ce n

8 1 63
. v
S
FI X E D P O I NT S
: Sp i g
ec

1 83 9 1
c ra it y

. 84 8
. 8 53
. 865

D
.

H 900
.
8 77
88 7

H 9 11
.

1 9 22
.

1 9 34
.

1 9 42
.

R
1 9 58
.

A t 82 p e r c en tt F
.
O S O; p e r de gr ee C .

83 pe r
84 p e r
ce n

cen tt .

.
S O;
S O;
p er d egr ee C
p e r deg ree C
.

tt
85 pe r cen . S O; I 0 001 10 p e r degr ee C
. .

86 pe r cen . S O; I 0 001 1 5 p er deg ree C

. .

8 7 per cen

t 80 3 0 0012 0 p e r degr ee C
I
I

. . .

88 pe r cen .
I pe r deg ree C .
 D N K
UMI G SULPHURI C
72 S UL P H U R I C A CI HA DB OO

F N A CID

1 18 44 .

O
O
k n
1 18 50 . 1 00 13.

Ok
Oa 1 18 63 . 100 3 6.

O k
O q ' 1 1 8 75 . 100 .

O F-
O I m 1 18 88 . 100 8 1.

OR
OH
o H 908
. 1 19 00 . 1 01 03.

O
O
V
O b H 9 10
. 1 19 13 . 101 2 6.

O
O M p H 9 12
. 1 19 2 5 . 101 4 8.

ON
OC i
o H 9 14
. 1 19 3 8 . 101 7 1.

OR
OC b
a
H 9 16
. 1 19 50 . 1 01 9 3
.

O
O U i
s H 9 18
. 1 1 9 63 . 102 16 .

O
OC
N

n
H 920
. 1 1 9 75 . 102 3 9.

Ub H 92 2 102 62
a
O
O . 88 .

O
OC Rk r
H 9 24
. 12 0 00 .

O
OO b
I o
H 926
. 12 0 12 . 103 .

WU o H 92 8
. 12 0 2 5 . 1 03 2 9
.

O
O Ob H 9 30
. 12 0 3 7 .

O
O Q L
- H 932
. 12 0 50 . 1 03 75.

O D
O O i
o H 934
. 12 0 62 . 103 9 7.

O D
O Ob
o
H 93 6
. 12 0 75 . 104 2 1.

DG s
C H 93 9
. 12 0 9 4 . 1 04 .

WO H 94 2
D
1 2 1 12 104 77

' o . . .

O
O Nb H 950
. 12 1 62 . 105 8 1.

W\
y t lli z d
H 9 58
I
n
' c . 1 2 2 12 . 106 8 1.

Cr s a e at 15 .

t 18 O

a .

a t 35 C .

id thiy t tlliz gtith tly t i lid ti lidi itht iliy h t p l d

i t t
Ac of in
1
s s r en on r em a n s so u on m o m en ar w en coo e

t
t o 18 C

. Cr s a a on s a r s a n d t he ac so es w r s e of em era

26 C

u re a n d rem a n s c on s a n at .
 R
UMI G S ULPH URIC ACID
F UM I N G S ULP H U I C A C I D 73

p i vity v i t p t
F N

S ec c g ra at a r ou s em e ra u res d eg ree s C .

1 85 9

1 86 7
1 88 7 1 866

1 89 1
1 895

1 89 7
1 901
1 9 05

1 92 1

Cr yt
s . 1 9 50
 RI C K
UMI G S ULPHURIC ACI
74 S ULP H U A CI D HA N DB OO

tf it
F N D

Pe r c en . r ee S O; a s un s

O 8 1 63
. 8 1 63
. 18 3 7. 100
H 81 81. 80 8 1
. 18 1 9. 99
18
D

N 82 . 80 . . 98
79 18 1 7 82 97
O
C 82 18. . .

82 3 6
. 78 3 6
. 17 .

m 8 2 55
. 7 7 55
. 17 4 5. 95
m 82 73. 76 73. 17 2 7. 94
z
s 82 9 2
. 75 . 1 7 08. 93
o
o 83 10. 7 5 10
. 16 . 92
83 2 8
. 74 2 8
. 16 72.

83 4 7
. 73 4 3
. 16 5 7
.

72 65. 16 3 5
.

7 1 83
. 16 17 .

84 02. 7 1 02
. 15 9 8.

84 2 0
. 70 2 0
. 1 5 80.

84 3 9
. 69 3 9
. 15 6 1.

84 5 7
. 68 5 7
. 15 4 3.

. 75 6 7 75
. 15 2 5.

15 .

85 12. 66 12. 14 .

85 30. 65 30. 1 4 70.

85 4 9
. . 49 14 5 1.

85 67. 63 6 7
. 14 .

85 86. 62 86. 1 4 14.

86 . 62 .

86 2 2
. 61 22.
 RI C
M G S U P URIC ACI
F UM I N G S ULP H U A CI D 75

t it
FU IN L H D
Per cen . free S O3 as u n s ( C oncl u ded )

26 . 41 s . 41 74 105 .

. 59 s . 59 73 106 .

28 . 77 a . 77 72 106 .

29 s 71 106 .

30 . 14 s . 14 70 106 .

31 . 32 s . 32 69 106 .

32 . 51 a . 51 107 .

33 . 69 s . 69 67 107 .

34 a 66 107 .

35 a 65 107 .

36 . 24 s . 24 108 .

37 . 43 s . 43 108 .

. 61 s . 61 62 108 .

. 79 s 61 108 .

. 98 a . 98 109 .

. 16 s . 16 59 109 .

s . 35 109 .

a 109 .

45 7 1
. 109 .

1 10 .

. 82 111 .

32 . 1 13 .

. 49 1 15 .

16 33 1 18 .

8 16
. 120 .

12 2 .
 R K
UMI G S ULPHURI CID
76 S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

F A

tttl it
N C

Per cen . o a S 03 as un s

100 00

18 00

17 70. 1 00 82.

78 2 1
. 1 7 60
. 9 5 81
. 1 00 .

77 77. 17 50 95 2 7
. 1 01 07.

77 3 2
. 1 7 40
. . 72 1 01 19.

76 . 17 30. . 18 1 01 3 1
.

76 4 3
. 17 2 0
. 93 63. 1 01 4 3
.

75 9 9
. 1 7 10
. 93 . 1 01 .

75 . 17 . 101 68 .

. 10 16 . 92 . 1 01 .

74 . 1 6 80
. 9 1 46
. 1 01 .

74 2 1
. 1 6 70
. . 91
73 77. 16 . . 37
73 3 2
. 16 . 89 82.

72 . 1 6 40
. 89 2 8
.

72 4 3
. . 73
7 1 99
. 16 20. . 19
71 55. 1 6 10
. 87 65.

7 1 10
. 16 . 87 1 0
.

70 . 15 .

70 2 1
. 1 5 80
.

69 77. 15 70.

. 32 15 .

15 .

68 4 3
. 1 5 40
.
 RI C A
UI ULP U I C ACI
S UL P H U A CI D H N D B OOK

F S H R

t o tal
M N G D

Pe r c en t . 80 3 as u n i t s ( Con cl u ded )

87 .
O
C 3 4 13. 53 77. 1 2 10
. 107 68
88 O . 3 4 67. 53 3 3
. 12 8 . 107 .

88

88
.

.
H
3
0
3 5 22
3 5 76
36 3 1
.

.
5 2 88
.

5 2 44
.

5 1 99
.
11 8
11 8
11 8
.

. 63 69.
107 9 3
108 05
108 17
.

3 6 85. 5 1 55
. 11 8 . 63 1 5
.

88 .
n
c 3 7 40. 5 1 10
. 11 8 . 62 . 1 08 4 1
.

5 0 66 11 8
s

88 c . 3 7 94. . . 62 06.

88 q . 38 . 50 2 1
. 11 8 . 61 5 1
. 108 .

4 9 77 11 8 108 78
o
88 . o 3 9 03. . . .

88 . w 3 9 57. . 33 1 1 10
. . 43 1 08 .

89 o . 4 0 12. 4 8 88
. 11 . 59 . 1 09 03.

89 . w 4 0 66. 4 8 44
. 10 90. 59 3 4
. 109 1 5.

89 . w 41 2 1. 4 7 99
. 10 80. 5 8 79
.

89 .
o
o 4 1 75. 4 7 54
. 10 70. 1 09 4 0
.

89 p 42 3 0 4 7 10 10 60 57 70
n
. . . . .

' o 4 2 84. 4 6 66
. 10 50. 5 7 16
. 109 .

46 2 2 10 4 O
a
89 . c 43 3 8. . . 56 62. 109 7 6.

89 . x
r
43 9 3. 4 5 77
. 10 3O. 56 07. 109 89 .

89 .
o
o . 47 45 3 3
. 10 2 0
. 5 5 53
. 1 1 0 01
.

89 .
o
c 4 5 02. 44 88. 10 1 0
. 54 98.

4 5 56. 44 4 4
. 10 . 110 2 5.

91 O . 5 1 01. 39 99. 4 8 99
.

92 O . 56 4 5. 3 5 55
. 43 5 5
.

93 C . 61 . 3 1 11
. 38 11. 1 13 9 3
.

67 3 4. 2 6 66
. 3 2 66
. 1 15 1 5
.

95 0 . 72 78 . 22 2 2
. 2 7 22
.

78 2 3. 17 77
. 2 1 77
. 1 17 60.

97 O . 83 67 . 1 3 33
. 16 33.

98 C . 89 1 1. . 89 10 89.

99 O . . 56 . 44
100 C. 100 .
 RI C A
I ULP U I A I
F UM I N G S UL P H U CI D 79

FU M N G S H R C C D

E q ui v a l en t per c en t . 100 p er cen t . H2 80 4 a s un i t s

. 56
. 11
. 67
8 1 96 . 22
. 78
. 33
82 2 0 . 89
. 44

. 56
. 11
. 67
. 22
. 78

. 89
. 45

. 56
. 11
. 67
. 78
10 . . 78
10 . 67 . 33
11 . 11 . 89
11 . 55 . 45
12 .

12 . . 56
12 . 89 . 11
13 . . 67
13 . 78
14 . 22
14 . 85 3 4
15 . 11
15 55
'

16 .

16 . 83 5 6
16 . 89 83 1 1
17 . 33 82 6 7
17 . 78
18 .

18 .

19 . 11 80 8 9
 A
UI ULP U I A I u
80 S ULP H U RI C CI D H A N D B OOK

F M NG S H R C C D

E qu i v a l en t p er c en t . 100 p er c en t H
. 2 80 4 as n its ( Con ti n ued)

104 .
104 . m
104 . m 20 . 44
104 . q 20 .

104 . m 21 . 33
104 . o 21 . 77
105 . o 22 . 22
105 . w 22 . 66
105 . m 23 . 11
105 w 23 55

. .

105 .

105 . m
105 . a
105 . q
105 . m
105 . o
106 . o
106 . w
106 . w
106 w

.

106

.

106 . m
106 . q
106 . m
106 . o
107 . o . 11
107 . H
107 . m
1 07 . w . 44
107 . 9 . 88
1 07 . m . 33
107 . a . 77
107 . q . 22
1 07 . m . 66
1 07 . w . 11
108 . o . 55
108 . H . 99
108 . w . 44
108 . m . 88
1 08 . p . 33
108 m . 77
1 08 . m . 22
108 . . 66
 U I ULP U R
S P E C IFI C G -
RA V I T Y T ES T 81

Eq u i v a l en t p er c en t
F
.
M NG
1 00 p e r
S
c en t H 8 0
H
.
IC

2
A CID
4 as un it s ( C on cl ud ed )

. 71 s . 89
. 35 s . 45
s . 01
. 62 s
. 26 s . 12
. 89 a .
67
a . 23
. 16 s . 78
. 81 s . 34
. 45 a
s . 45
. 72 s . 01
. 35 a
. 73 D
Q . 12
O
. 10 O . 67
I

. 47 K . 23
D
. 85 O . 79
J

21 34

. O .

. 59 O
97
s
.
FV . 46
J
. 33 O . 01
. 71 N . 57
N . 12
. 45 H
O
O

A
S P E C IFIC G R VI T Y T E S T S UL P HURIC A C ID

ULLI
-

p er c en t . S O:

acco nt o the e lar eci c ra it of sul phuri a id

T J S VA N

c gravi t y c ann o t b e
. .

bet ee n ce nt
On u f irr gu sp g v y

e o determ nin g the strength pri n ci p l e of thi s tabl e

.
c c

w and per ec i sp

ibse tused
o dil te s h a i ds t o a st ength where spe i c g avity may
.

us d f r i T he

The tabl e e xtended wh h

.

ce nt
u uc c r c r

very
over conveni e
agai
.

nt
n o plant use Strengths
is

be determined by usin g d re t gravity

f r ent to pe r
p er
. 8 03
c 80 3
ic is
or

readings ver cent d uti o n test cannot be

. .
,

m ay i c s peci c -

. O per . t he il
6
 P
UL H U RI C K
used wi t h acc racy as the sudden evol u ti o n of heat upon mi i n g
82 S A CI D HA N DB OO

wiforeth may
waterb auses l o
c

st the
u
sol u ti o n to spl a sh about and some there x

The tabl e i s alcul a ted for mi i n g equal vol u mes wate and
,

aciLdetat The fol l o wi n g formul a i s used

,
.

c x of r

1 5 56 O
density water at

. . :

spe i gravity of acid

of

A 15 56 C
. .

wei g ht i n
B c c c, C .

15 56

D per entage in mi t re
C of 80 3 B

Then E
'
speci c gravi t y
c

of mi ture correspondi
S 03
n
xu
x g to D
D 1 00 0

The temperature
speci c gravi al
t yl o wance for eac h egr e entigrade is
A + B

If the specic gravity of the dil uted

d e C

soluti
above o n i s observed add atbel any
o w the
deduct fol.

l o wi
the nofg gi v en
orresponditemperatures
n g
graviSpetyiccorrecti o n Then consul t the tabl e nder the capti o n
,

1S 5 6 C


c s p eci c

gravi t y the di l u ted soluti o n the val u e of the

. .
, ,

orre ted spe i gravity

.

c of fo r
c c c c

cc rrc c a
.

0
0
Spe i gr vi ty
o e t i on

0101

01 1 7

01 3 3
014 1
 R
S P E C I FI C O A V I T Y T E S T
-

H 5 06 1
. ; .
i s

s H 53 54 .

H 507 2
. s H 53 63 .

H 508 1
. s H 53 72 .

H 5089
. s H 53 8 1.

H s H 53 8 9.

H 5 108
. s H 5 3 98.

H 5 1 17
. s H
H 5 1 20
. s H 5 4 17.

H 5 12 7
. s i H 54 2 4.

H 5 13 7
. s ' m H 54 3 1.

H 5 14 7
. s '
a
o H 54 3 9.

H 5 1 56
. s i
n H 54 4 9.

H 5 164 H 5 4 58
w
. s b .

H 5 173
. s '
n
c H 5 4 67.

H 5 183
. s k x
H 5 4 75.

H 5 1 92
. s b
o
H 54 84 .

H 5 1 96
. s E g H 54 85 .

H 5 200
. s E
D H 54 9 3.

H 5 209
. s E
D H 5501 .

H 5 2 18
. s L
-
H
H 5 22 7
. s
a
s H 5 5 18.

H 523 7 s H 55 2 6
a
. o .

H 5 2 47 m H 5534
-

. e .

H 5 256
. e m
c H 5 54 2.

H 5 2 64
. s t
n
H 55 5 1.

H 527 1
. s g
g i
l
- . 5554
H 5 27 3
. e k l

II
- . 5563
H 52 83 s H 5 5 77
l

55 90
. i .

H 5 29 1 n

.
o I .

H 53 01
. e k p
H
H 53 10
. s
i
h H 56 1 6.

H 53 19
. s k >
H 5628 .

H 53 2 8
.
D
C
0
0 H
H 5336
. 82 . H 56 5 2.

H 53 4 3
. H
 P
UL H U RI C HA N DB OK
hun dred cubic centimeters of ac d at and
84 S A CI D O

water at are a conveni e nt amount to i 15 5 6 C

T wo 2 00 c c

btai n the temperature both the acid and water If they

. . . .

m ix

of 15 5 6 O

vary from use the amounts gi v en bel o w for the vari o us

. . .

O of

temperatures cal ulated as follows

.

at
,
c :

spe i grav ty at
2 00 ( s p eci ity
'

c g ra v

i

c c t C .

10 C

cc
. . cc
. 23 C

. c c
. . 2 00 O
O c c . .

11 24 2 00 $
12 19 9 9 25 ' o 2 00 P r

13 199 9 26 L
a-
200
C

14 27 o
2 00
1
' o O
>
15 19 9 9 28 i
u 2 00 O
x >
2 00 0 29 b 200 O
s I
16 2 00 0 30 ' o 2 00 K
17 31 k x
2 00 K
I

NH
18 32 b
o
2 00 m
19 33
o 2 00 D
C

34
)

20 200 2 N ON o O O
)

'

21 35 . 1 2 01 .

22

theThetemperature
E xa m p l e
samp
i s
A e
found acid
to be l drawn
of from is a storage tank a nd

emperature the water to be used i s

.

30 C

fter consul t i n g the pr edi n g tabl e s to ascertai n the amo nts

.

t of

toareusemi fored those

A

and temperat
the mi t reres
then
ec

ool
u ce c
d acid and water cc
u

The speci c gravity of the mi ture i s fou d to be and

. . . .
,

x xu c

theTtemperature at the ti m e of i t s determi n ati o n

.

x n

he corresponding speci c gravity corre tion at is

20

c 20

per ent corresponds to spe i gravity

c . S O3 c c .
 RI C OOK
L P RI C A CI
86 S ULP H U A CI D HA N D B

t rr p i g v pr t
SU HU D

Per ce n . H2 S 0 4 co es on d n to e en e c en a g es

35 .

3 6 75
.

3 7 98
.

39 20.

4 0 43
.

4 1 65
.

4 2 88
.

44 10.

45 33.

46 55.

4 7 78
.

49 .

. 23
5 1 45
.

5 2 68
.

53 .

55 13.

56 3 5
.

5 7 58
.

5 9 03
.

60 2 5
.

6 1 48
.

62 7 0
.

63 9 3
.

65 15.
,

66 38.

A C ID C A L C UL AT ION S U S E OF S P E C IFI C G A
R VI TY T A B LE S E S T I

orre ti o n o tem erat e m st be made when

-

, ,

M A TI N G S T O C KS , ETC .

the
C

the
specic gravi
c

s p eci c
-
t y
f r
an e ampl
. e i
p
l u
Asstrati
ur

n
gravity tables be put suppose t required
m ay
gxt
u

:
he
i is to
 T
alstoragelatetankthe thenumber of pou ds of sul p huri aci i n
A C I D C A L C UL A I ON S 87

fo low ng data bei n g given 50 B

cu n d

alculati n g the vol u me i n the tank we nd ft at a

c . c . a

l i :

temperature
,

C 2 100 cu

sampl e taken from the ta k and spe i c gravi t y de er ned

. .

38 C

of

imade
n the forlaboratory shows at orrecti o n must
.

b
A n c t mi

temp rature i n order redu e i t 33 C

C

56 S8 B e

for w hic h the tabl s are co structed

. . .

e to c to t h e t em

di eren e
per a t ur e
e
n :

33 ff

Fromthetable underthecaption l owancefort m rature

c

igreet seenentithatgradetheandallowance for for each de

Al e pe

that the corre ti o n for

i s D04 7 B

is 60 B

the aci d i n questi o n i s abo t betwe n these poi n ts

. . .

i s G 050 B

C c 5O B

theTheallocorre
wan etiforon eafor htemperature
degree entigrade verynearly
. . .

As u m i dw a v e ,

c c C 18 D04 8 B
. .

c is

the standard t mperat re i s l o wer than the

O 84 B
. .

temperat
a n d as

amount m re
u

tat bew hi h the

added c
e

of the
B aum su

mpl e,

taken th s a w as i

The of the acid at is then

,

us .

15 5 6 C

B a um . .
, ,

5 7 72 B

The of the a i d at the t m erature of the acid

. .

in the tank is al lated 38 C

B a um c .
, e p

di erence
,
c cu ,

38 ff
X 1 08 B

and the density the a id is lowered the temperatur

. .

as of c as e is

at 5 6 64 B .

. 38 C

.
 UL H U RI C P K HA N DB OO

The easi e st way to obtai n the spe i gravi t y correspondi n g

88 S A CI D

to this degree is by interpolating the given data c c

spespecici gravity
B aum :

gravity

57 B c c

di ference
.

56 B .

dif erence
f

0 064 B

speci gravi t ycorrespond

. .

ing to c

Then as cu ft are in the tank the pounds are

56 64 B .

2 100 . .
,

If t is required to alcul ate this acid on basi s the

2 14 , 9 33 1b

2 100 X X . 57 72 B
. .

pounds i
correspondi n g to i s easi l y found by

c a 50 B

inter olating from the table

.
,

of

50 B . 5 7 72 B
. .

perper cent
cent
p .

58 B 50 B

per ent dif erencedi erence

. . .

57 B . . 50 B .

c . 5O B . ff

O 72 B f

per cent aci d cor

. .

respondilnbg toof acid 50 B

1 17 . .

5 7 72 B . .

If it is required to al ul ate a pounds basis the per

X . 50 B .

entage i n a i d i s alcul a ted from the tabl by

on S O3

interpolation
c c ,

80 3

c 5 7 72 B . . c c e

perper entent
.

58 B c S Os

di eren e
. .

57 B . c . S 03
ff c

X
per entlb correspondi g to c . 8 03
. S 03 .
n 5 7 72 B
.

.
 K S UL P H U RI C HA N DB OO

ow many p unds per cent and how

90 A CI D

many pounds
E
per
xa m p l e 2

lb of per nt .
nt mus be m ed to obtain
.

H
of

ce .
o

ce
80 3 ?
.
of

S 03 t ix
. S 03

X 5 5 , 74 6 1b .

Y 14 , 2 54 1b .

X Y 70,000 1b .

D il utio
of a D it o t of S t o S olut o u
P ro uc ng a Gr at o t o Dilut S olut o
3 .

d i
n

e er
e n

Am
e

un
Am
of a
un

m
a

re
r n g er

e i
i
n.
n, th s

Let X quantityof dil ut ngsolution thatmust b adde

strength
strength
A of
of sol
desi u ti
r o
ed n to be
soluti o ndi l u ted i e d

strength
B
di l u ti n g sol u
D quanti ty of solution to be dil uted
C ti o n of

X total quantity of correct d sol ution

D e

X D(A
B C
B)

E many pounds
be addedper cent lb of per nt
xa m p l e 3
to
. a
Ho w
.
cent mu
make a whole t of

ce . 8 0 3 130
per . S O3
.
s

of
. S 03 ?

X
D X
lb
lb per e t ent .
.
p er c
c n
.

alcul
C a ti n g the sa me e ampl e by rati o s where
amountamplesdiluandting solshowution that must be added the x X

lb per ust
,

nt
of

be mi ed witcenth lb of cent to make whole

.

E x 1 2 . of ce . S O3 m
x .
p er . S 03 a

of p er : S Os .
 D I L U I ON T E TR T 91

herefore we have the ratio

A N D CON C N A I ON

T
X
X lbs per ent that must added
o t ti o of a D e it o nt of a W eak S olut o
. c . be .

th u G ate o t a o o t at
4
us
. C n cen r a

Pr od ci n g a
n

re r
n

Am
e Am
un
u

of M re C
er

n cen r
i
ed
n,

Let X quantity strengthe ing solution that mu t be

added
strength of strengthen ng sol u ti o n
of n s

strength
streng h
A
Bof
of desi
sol r
tied
o n sol
to ti
be o n
corre ted
i
u

quanti t yC
of sol u ti o n
D X total quantity of correcte solution
~

D be corre ted
t u

to
d
c

X D(B C)

ow many pounds per ent must be

A B

added per ent lb of per nt make a whole of

E xa m p l e 4
to
c
.

.
-

S 03 ?
. ce
of

. S 03 t o
c . S 03

Thi s may al s o be calcul a t d by rati o where X the amo nt

D X

of strengtheni
ampl e s n g
and sol u ti o
show n that mustlb be addedper
e

cent must
, u

beof m edperwitcent h lb of per cent to make a whole

.

E x 1 2 . of . S 03
ix S 03

Therefore we have the ratio

. .

. S 03 .

X
X lb per ent that must be added
R t gl D il ut o o n rat o of
. c . .

5 .

ph ur i c iec a n

Ac d to Fo m S olu o of any D r S eng The

e

gin therestwoe presleft ihanng thecorners

M et h od f or

strengths r

the two sol u ti

ti
o ns
ns

are wri
i

t ten
n an d C
es i
n ce

ed
t
tr
i n

th
S ul

of arectangle and the gure e press

-

u x s of

-
d ,
x
 UL H U RI C P K
t e esi r e strengt i s pl a ced on the i n terse ti o n the two
92 S A CI D HA N DB OO

i ng h
diagonalss btrathits rectangl
d h e d of

the g res the di a gonal s the smal l e r from

c

of

thediagonal
la ger andThesewrigures
te the resulthent atindicate
the otherwhatendquantithetirespecti v e
.

N ow u c u on

e s the
,
,

r of

solhorizontal
tion whosestrength given theotherend therespe ti v e
,

of

l i n e must be taken to obtai n a sol u ti o n the desi r ed

.

u is on of

strength
c .

, of

E
ent To
and
xa m p l e 5 make
a a
per per
cent

ent aci d acid
we by mi
prepare i
then g an
abov
65 S 03 x 80

g there whiperh indinta aesidthatandwe have to take parts by wei g ht

. c .

p e r c S O3 60 S O3 e

parts by wei g ht per cent

. .

u c c t 5

a idrto obtaipartsn partsan per entof the andper nt parts

of

c
80 ce
20
. c

acid of
(5
15
15 ) 65 ce
of 60 .

perS ppose
cent it is desiwilrediftomi ed give partro eedaas folperlows ent
. .

O 950 of 80 c . a 60
S O3 x 1 of 65 c S 03

l b per ent
. . .
, ,

m i x5 00 1b P
X
u c :

lb per cent
.

5 00 960 12 5 80 S O3
X
. c .

5 00 3 75 . 60 . S 03

S upposeit is req ired to knowhowmuch per ent must

5 00

beentadded per nt to make a whole per

t o 5 00 1b
u

80 ce S O3
60 c . S 03
of 65

ro eed as follows
. .

c . S 03 .

lb per nt
P c :

500

r
5 00 1500 . 60 ce . S 03

X
S upposeitis req iredto knowhowmu h per ent must
O 1
% 5 00 1 500

becentadded to lb per cent to make a whole of

. S 03 .
5 00
u

. 60 . 8 03
c 80 c . S 03
65 per
 K R
us ng t h s metho t must a so be assumed that both acids
94 S ULP HU I C A C I D HA N DBOO

usedIn
in mi ing
i

beunnealculated are
di
x
i

feren es unl
i n e ss the
temperature coef i e nts
d i

Thi s e pansi
however o n l
c of x
c

essary as very
this calculation l ixi
c accurate resul
fo r
t s may
f
be obtai n
c

ed wi t hout .
, ,
is

l h ri i
.

ivi g p r t g by vv ril tr vgthri tr trg gthi k ith

T ab M g 59 B

e f or n .
1
Su p u c Ac d
G n e c en a e ( o um e ) of a ou s s en s wea a ci d to us e w

t t a ou s s en s s on ac d
H280
c t tr a c

59 B .
p er c en . S 03 p er cen .

P er en . 80 ; i n s on g id

78 .
I

i

78 N .

79 .
P r

80 O .

I
80 K .

81 . W
82 O . 32 9
82 G .

83 . w
H

sc 5

m th
1

on
It i s a dv
s on a cco u n
i lt
sa b e

of
to s

its
hipm h l t rr r zii g t i t
uc
or s o e

ow e f
59
ee

n s ea d of 60

du ri g
n t he w itr
n e

n po n .
 DI L U I ON T A N D CON C E TR T
N A I ON 95

T ab l f or Mi xi g lp ri i
60 B

Su hu Ac d

ivi g p r t g lri tr t ri tr tr thi k it

e n . c

G n e cen a e (b y vo u m e ) of v a o u s s en g s wea a ci d to use w h

t t
v a o u s s en g h s s on g ac d

60 B 80 3 H2 8 0 4

c r ac
.
p er c en .
pe r cen .

P er en t . in s t ong id

75 3 . 76 Q .

77 N .

77 .
D
C

78
T
. U

79 N .

79 . W
80 N .

81
I

. U

82 . W

93 2

1m1 0 1m1 0 1mr 0

96 S UL P H U RI C A CI D HA N D B OO K
l ixi g l ri i
Ta b f or M 66 B

S u ph u Ac d

ivi g p r t g by vv lri tr v grith trkgthi it

e n . c

G n e c en a e ( o um e ) of a ou s s en s s t ro n g a ci d to use w h

t
a ou s s en s w ea ac d

66 B c en t H28 0
c t tr a c
.
p er c en .
p er .

P er en . S Os i n s on g id

85 9 85 O 79 < .
D

78 h
I
8 5 5 84 K . r

77 K
I
8 5 0 84 N .

77 H
I
84 6 83 K .

76

O
83 9 83 -
. O
O
83 1 82 75 . O

82 4 8 1 74 .
O
O

8 1 5 80 73 O .

I
80 5 7 9 71 K .

2 78 70 N .

77 6 76 i

7 5 8 74
b
O

F O RM A T ION F
O M IX T URE S O
D EF TEF IN I
S ULP HU I C A N D N I
C OM P OS I T I O N
R TR I C A C ID S O F
( So ll ed M ix ed i
A c ds

i ed acid i s a commer i a l term general l y meani n g a

-
ca

turesed inniman tri andfa ts rilpnhurig proa esses

x
ids S nh mia ount t res arethee tensirelavtielvye m ix

M c ,

of c u c c uc xu x

hidigluhte osta idoftheconcentrated ni t ri a id ompared wi t h that the

.

u u c u c O of

con entrated acid i s di l u ted wi t h a weak sol u ti o n

. cc

c c c c of

the a i d i n stead with water usi n g a mi n i m m

,

c c

onWaterentrated and a ma ximum quantity dil ute nitric a id

,

of c of u

as s h isalseldom used
, ,

c c of c

ulate the q antities acids necess ry

.

,
uc , .

E xa m p l e 1 .
-

C c u of a to
98 S ULP H U I C A C I D R HA N D B OO K
HN O; (a dd tt E N Oa )
P er c en t .

as p er c en .

H2 80 4 ( a dd
c en t f t ikg lph ri i i im
. um n
as

su
p er
u c ac
c en

d
.

,
H28 0 4 a n d
a m n u m of
as

w hi h
2 0 p er
c

is t o be a en )

Thelbtankof thein whiremaihnthes acid

.
i s to be mi ed al r eady
a previous of the omposic tion
c ontai
of
n s m ix
x
c
c

P er en t .

H2 80

S ol u ti on .

x lb H
lb
N 03 calcallleedd oo
f r

lb calin tank
led o
.

x . H2 80 4 f r
x H2 0 f r

iinn tank
.

x
lb
1b HN O3

tank
.

x H2 S O4
.

x
ThusRequiwe have
14 3 1b H2 0 .

tankr ed lb : S
:

l b H2 O4 l b E N O3 H2 0

ToIfbetheaddedattempt werelb made to calculalteb the weights lb acid

. . .

In : 14 3

: H2 804 HN 03 .H2 0

add by the revi o us method i t wou d be seen that the meth d

. .

of to

would not work as too

sulcentph ric acidwouldand have
'
p
much
hence abeniused water would
tri a idompl be
stronger added
than with,

he
per
l
t
o

fumi n
u

g sul
HN 0 3
p huri a i d wi l have to be
,

employed e te the,

to hence
c

to
c

c m i x;

Thus
.
,

c c

l b per cent
.

lb added with the per cent

35 1 H2 0
. . H2 S O4

lb remaining
. .

H2 804
35 1 . H2 0
 T F ORM T RE
d di n g t s water wi t h the nitri a id wouse nfromthefol
d ca l for stronger
A I ON OF M IX U S 99
!

itri a id than per cent

A hi
lowing c c l l a

l b and sti l add

n c c . E N Os , as is e :

X perthe nt required
1 00
. HN 03
ce . E N Os
H2 0 l to
to co m

G oi g ba k the origin al g res aft r th s preli ary

l
p et e mix .

latia idonrstw chcalcu atishown

n

hi
c to
the ne essi t y of si n
ng the weight pernitricenta id betoadded
h as g fumi n g su phu
u

c i e

u
i m in
l
ca l c u

r c

c ; l

lb added with the per cent 1b

. add
H2 0
of

c
c

. HN 0 3
to :

ut the o y lslbfor wilbl beof water hence

. .

HN 0 3
B

wathe eracimust be
mix

taken
nl

with fumi
c al

n
2 23
g ua phded ri i n a e
H2 0
i d ess owThi s .

d
,

xc

d al r eady in the tank the fol l o wi n g quanti t i e s ofaci d must

. .

t up s l u c c N to

be added
.

lb per ent
H2 S O4
HN 0 3
H2 0 lb per cent
per cent .

. 1 00
1 00 c .

.
H28 04

E 20

In ad ing lb of lbperof sulphuri

d nt
c there
acid to remaiadd n onl
Toy ce HN 03

adjust proporti o n and not add more a id than cal l e d for done
. .

bythe addin tricng acifumid ngThes lphperrienaageid whstrength

h takesof upthe thesulphuri waterc from
. .

s c is

requisite i
u u

c
c

t
c

a id ic
c

per ent
.

is
X
The percentageperof ent in per ent S 03
1 00

X c
c .

H2 S 0 4 i s
HzS O ,

In perperentent the percentage of

.

X
c .

c H2 S 04 S 03 i s

I n per cent f ming s ph ric aci d ercenta e of S

.

per c n
.

20 . u ul u th e p g O ;i s
( 1 00 2 0) 20 e t .
 R
S ULP H U I C A C I DK HA N DB OO

Then to make l b per cent from

1 00

per nt fuming and per cent requi e

,
. of . H2 S 04

lb per
ce . . H28 04 r :

ent fuming sulphuric a id . 20

per cent
c . c ,

S o to make the add to the a id already in the tank

14 , 2 3 3 1b . .
m o,

llbb perper cent cent

,
m ix, c :

HN 03

lb per cent
. .

H2 S 0 4 . .

The amount per cent fumi n g to use may be alcul a ted by

H2 S 0 4 . .

another
added i nmethod
e ess Where
calculate it i s found
of

many
20
that
pounds per
.

wi
cent l be
wi l 22 3 1b of
c

H2 0

be necessaryX to take uplbthifrees water and t i contained in

. .

xc ,
h ow of 20 .

lb per nt
.

22 3 991 S 03 h s is

per cent fumi n g sul p huric a i d equi v alent per

.

20 ce

nt per ent
. .

20 c is to

The addi t i o n these l b per ent corresp nds to an

.

ce 1 00 c H2 80 4

addition X
. . .

of 20 c o

l b of per cent
. .

of

l b
yet toowbecaladdedlate how m h per ent and per of per nt S that are .
.

1 00
1 00
ce .
.

H2 O4
H2 S O4

centt wil be required prepare this lb per

.

N cu uc 20 c . f u m In g
H2804 to 1 00

i s frequentl y desi r ed to prepare a from

. .

ce n H2 8 0 4

aamounts
mi ed acidsulpalhurireadyand nitric handa byid addibrinngg itto upit thetherequidesisriedte
. .

Ex m ix

a m p le 3 It

.

x on

c oncentrati o n Thus
of

miinedgredia identsoritmaybe it may

thatafter be req
addi i
c

nr ed
g to
the forti
al f y
ulated a sp
amountsnt c to
u
to

e

make bat h mi ed a id that the mi ed aci

.

x c c c

resul t i n g does not anal y ze up spe i cati o ns I must then

,

of to a c of x c x d

be adjusted a further addition of decient constituent

by
to
t he
c . t
.
 UL P H UR H A N DB OOK

av equations
1 02 S IC 4 01 1)
.

T h pi gfo
i
f e weSh e(t he fb l l o w i n g :

( 1) x(0 601 2 ) .
y ( 0 97.5 ) 600 1b .
m o,
( 2 ) x( 0 2 0 2 3.
) z( 0 905 )
. 2 2 5 1b HN 0 3 .

( 3 ) x( 0 1 9 6 5
.
) y ( 0 02 5 )
. z( 0 9 05 ) . 1 75 1b H2 0 .

31 ( 00
6 x(0 6 1662 )
.

S ubstituting these two equations in equatio n

we obtain
z (22 5 x(0 22 3 54 )
.

0 l 9 65x 0 015 4 2 x 175

lb of the mi ed a id hand to take

. .

0 159 84 x
. 13 6 .

S ubstituting in equation
x . x c on .

to take y ( 600 l b of per ent . c . H2 S 0 4

S ubstituting in equation
.

to take z ( 22 5 lb per ent . of c . HN 0 3

Therefore for ea h lb the desired mi ture use

.

1 000 of x
ix i t
c .

M e d ac d
:
p er c en . H2 S O
p er c en t . HN 0 3

The
deni t e rati o
amounts these
mi val
ed es
aci d may
or
of

to be used
corre t aei t her
denite
u to amount p r ep a r e a

spent acid nowi n g the rati o s per lb the quantities

.

of x c of

requisieltite ng anypointweigihts understood

a id are readi l alculated

K

to b the temperature
. .

for of c yc
whi c h the mercury of the thermometer di p pi n g i n to the ol i di fy
.

M e to

ingI lishould
quid ribesesnotiandcedat thatwhiclarge
h it remai
q n
anti s
t i constant
e s fumi n g a i d su h
,
s

ascce rists iinhtransportati o n vessel s frequentl y do

.
,

t u of c c

the iven data

,

x ,
n ot

a o d w t g ,
 T N OF S ULP HUR I C A CI D
storage se aration oftenbeintakes pla e i n the a i d rysta s of
M EL I N G P OI TS 103

orrespondingl y di
a

erent g formed
melti
differen t con cen t r a t i on
'

g
p

poi n twh ch o rse po s c

i of
c

S u
, c l
s ess
-
a

The gures gi v en i n parentheses i g ni fy the mel t i g poi n ts of

, , ,

c ff n

fres y ma e fum ng acid whi h has not p lymeri ed

.

s n

hl d i z

P RIC
,
c o .

B O IL I N G I NT S S UL P H U
O ,
A CID
L
( u n ge B er 1 1 3 7 0)
,
.
,

5 1 01 56 13 3 82
10 1 02 84 22 7
15 62 . 14 7 86
20 105 65 88
25 67 . 16 1
30 1 08 70 170 91 26 8

35
1
1 10 72 1 74 . O 92
40 1 14 74 93
45 76 1 89 94
50 124 78 199 95 29 5
53 80 2 07

1 00 p e r c en t bg e in s t o bo il t 2 90

and ri s es t o 338

( Ma rig )

T OF
. a na c

p gi v es the fol l owi n g melti n g

M E LT I N G P OIN S S UL P HU I C A CID R

poiperncent
ts su phuric acid non f ming and f ming from to
K n i et s ch (B 673 , 1 901 ,
of

S 03
l ,
. 4 100)
-
u u 1 1 00

lti r zi g i t lph ri i m
. .

N
m t hy r t m lti g p i t t
g Me and

iFr t f
fr z g p i t
s of s u d

U rn n ee n po n u c ac a re n o t t he sa e .

T he on o d a e ( 100 p er c en

t r i ti H28 0 4 ) fo r n s a n ce h as a ee in o n
-
.

of a b o u

t t t l i t p l i g gr lly b gi

0C d 1O C

. an a e n o n of . om my ow n de e m na on s ,

fr z li ith ri t p r t r r i t t
S 0 3 fo r a du a t 18 C

p er c en . o a n s a n c e, u o n coo n ,
a .
,
e ns

to
l r l y f r zi g p i t
di
lti gp i t

ee e , s o es w a s e of em e a u e a nd em a n s con s an at 26 C .

gi v lti g p i t t mp r t r h r li fyi g li i
18

w ou d ea b e t he ee n o n and 26

t he m e n o n . Kn i et s c h

r i i tl t b l
es hi s m
em a n s co n s a n
e n

lti gp i t l
.
o n s as

l
t he

f y ti l it r h
e e a u e w e e t he so di n qu d

f r zi g p i t l it g it t fr g t ry t l tr
An ac d c oo ed e ow i ts m e n o n wi n ot s o i di un ea c es i ts
ee n o n u n es s be a a ed o r a a m en of a c s a in o d u ced .
104 R
S UL P HU I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
S UL PH U RI C A CID , M ELTI N G Po I N T s

o
o
m w
)

N 38 .

O
C E
o 10 23 p .

-
L
P 15 11 .
o
o

m m
t
20 12 .

13 o 25 30 o
'

. . c

l
k I
- b 30 59 m .
-

m b
o
E
n
25 a . 35 78 .
o
o

o
t b i
o 1 0 13 . m 40 92 .
o
o

HO '
l
x o 0
1

+2 . w 45 '
z
o

11 i
o o 0
{ 22 . m 50 83 .
o
o

12 l
o o
o 37 . 55 65 .

-
r

13 i
a
x m 44 . m 60 33 .
a
o

14 b o
o 50 o . 65 33 g .

15 b
o
' w 46 . m 48 . m
16 p m 75 17 N 63 o
)
o
O i
O
O 30 . . .

- w z
17 i
P
b N 15 g . 80 22 O
. 71 . c

18 i
o i
o O 12 . m 85 33 O
. 91 p .

H w
z
19 i
o
x b N 23 o . 90 34 O
. 93 .

20 i

- i
o 0
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. 96 .
o
o

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u
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n
c O 73 . m 40 O
. 1 04 o .

22 b o
93 m
J

c N .

23 l
o N 93 o .

73 a 85 ( 3 0 6)
O
O . .

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61 6 33 p .

62 8 ( 59 0)
63
4
6

3
65 5
66 5
1

67 9
68 5
 A R
CI T I
106 S UL P HU I C A CI D H N DB OOK

U RI U
R i illi t r r ri l pr r
S U LP H C A D E NS O N OF AQ E OUS VA P O R
( C on t i n u ed)
ea d n gs in m m e e s of m e cu a ess u e

P er c
H28 0 4
en t . P er c en

at s.
A p p rox
ima
eg ee
d r
B um e

7 5
 TE F QE R
E illi
N S I ON O A U O US VA P O 107

UR I C E OU
R i t r r ri l pr r
S ULP H A CI D T NS I O N OF A QU S V A P O R ( Con cl uded )

ea d n gs in m me e s of m e cu a es s u e

44
46 3 7 55
43 3 9 19
50
52 a
54 m 8
56 45 71 a 0
53 s 4
60 s 1
62 78 2
.

64 5 2 24 . 8
66 2 5
.

63
70
72
74
76 7 5
73 5 7
30
32

lp ri i t gt i i ri m t tm ri i t r
i ety three thousand po nds of s lph ri a i d wi t h an e
Su hu c A c d S r en h f or Equ l b u wi h A o s ph e c Mo s u e
l

x
posed
N n

s
ileadn strengthrface
u of
from
-

sq ft per
1 2 60 depth
ent after
u

had
an d a de
standi nre
g i ned
u

a
u

of
c

10 i n
c ,

pan prote tedb bblfromed rthrough

in for a days S ept
. . .
,
c as

86 t o H2 S 0 4

l i t er sampl e thi s a i d
c .

c a 42 ( 9 t o Oc t 2 1,

conse uti v e days when the sol ti o n was tested and fo nd

, ,
. .

A i r wa s u 2 of c

contai n per cen The average temperat re

-

for 7 c u u

the lab ratory the average vap r of the air tests

,

to t H2S O4
. . u of

w a s 74 F )

(7
t r th mi l l i p
o .
, o

1
W W
. . S C OT T ; S

a n da d Me od s of C he ca A n a ys s,

19 1 7, . 502 .
 S ULP H U I C A C I D R HA N D OOK
was gram per stan ar cu bic foot The average
1 08 B

humi d i t y
ageyearstemperaturefor S eptember and ctober was per cent the ver
The average humi
H2 0

d i t y for the past O

d d
68
.

was per cent the average temperature

.

62 F

. 33

72 . 57 F

Pr p r ti hy r t t
ne hundredper cent cannot be made by on entrati n g
e a a on of th e M on o d a e ( 1 00 P er C en . H2 8 0 4 )

ais weaker
O

abo t a i d perThe
cent
c strongest aci d obtai n abl e by con.

entrati
H2 S O4
o n c c

I may be prepared by strengthening a weaker a id with

.

u H2S 0 4

f cimid nbetween
g sulphuriaboutacid per cent and per nt crystallize
. .

t c S O3
or u c

at a litfrom tle belthiows strengthnea hundred per may be

.

A 98 100 ce

id by cool i n g i t to below and

. .

0C O

c en t a ci d oh
'

separati n g the crystal s whi h form at about that temperature

. .

t a i n ed c 0

melting them and recrystallizing a few times c

.
,

P OU NDS S ULP H U RIC A CID OB T AI N A L E RO M 100 P OU ND S S U L P HU R

c
B F

R ry
ra
e ove

G d

4 18 1 7.

60 B a u m 33 4 78 .

t

66 Baum 328 26 . 2 4 6 20 .

9 8 p er cen . H2S 0 4 .

fr
1 00 p er c en t . H2 80 4 .

10 p er
2 0 p er
c en t
c en t frr
.

. f
ee

ee
S 03
S 03
.

3 0 p er
40 p er
1 00 p er
c en t
c en

c en
t tfr
.

.
ee

ee

S 03
S 03
80 3
.

. 2 2 4 52 .
 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
i n a wi e nec kb ottl e an co ore b u a n s arch
1 10

solan uaspitionratorThibys bottl

t a i n ed
:
a si pe i
hon s
d
conne
-

Waterted wi
i s t
sihp l
honed a rger bottl
from c
d
e
thi tted
s i n to
l

a
d
a
l e by dd i g t
as

bottle
5 00 c graduated
c
soon as cyl
the i n der drawi
contai nnged thei n the
.

through
gas enters thethe reacti
iodi o
n n
e g as

sola timtieonthethelifree i o di n e i s converted i n to hydri o dic acid and after

-
. .

As S 02

quid wi l b e decol orized whi c h at l ast happens very

.

suddenl y
take place as follows
s
and can be very accura el:
y o b served reacti
t
,

o n . T he

thi s process no escapes unabsorbed i f t he reaction

21 S 02 2 11 2 0 2 H1 H2S O4

bottl In
e i s
thelittlesollonger constantl y haken
ution is Thebut faivolnutmeas it general heoperati
S
l
S 02

y o
dinmaybestoppedwhen
s appears T
shaki n g a
water i n the cyl i n der read
.

on

I is equal to that the asp ra e wh ncr a by that

of is off

theWhen several absorbedtestings have been ma e the eco or ze quid

. .

t of g a s i t d en i e se d
of S 02

after ahasshortbecome time soagailanrgeturnsthatbliutedecomposes because then itstanding s percentage

.

d d l i d li

and
,

lireplberates i o di n e Thi s l i quid must then oure away and

, ,

of H1 on

acedestiwimthatifresh n g b water
rner
.

and
gas starch
the usual c arge n react on
be p d

bottlce ciswater and adelititlnormal i o di n sol u ti o n al o ng wi t h about

.

F or u h i t he i

hundredth
3 00
normal
10 cc

iodi
.

n
.

ee starch
of

sol u ti o sol
n isu c

ti o n
usual
-

l y Ten
used cubicfor centi
sti m matieter
e

n g
thebe usede it gas If the gas very rich in should
. . .

-
e

x is 802 , 20 2 5

lculgramsat o atof R ulandt barometric ne ter ofpressure su phur io i mme weighs

.

Ca i n es s. O li l d xd

D eci normal io din e sol tion contain s grams i o di n e per

-

0C of 760

a

lIiterwhich isachan ceqbiivalcentient mtoeter solugram tion contain under gram

. .

-
u

E u c of s

standard conditions
.

u 8 02 c c
. .

cen in
.

Let x p er t S 02
.
g as
 S P
UL H U R D I OX I DE IN B U N E R RGA S 111

c c used N
I

c c used
a
TO
. .

I) . .
g as
109 4 a
x
.

S in e calc ations are under standard conditions it wi l be

T h e
b 1 09 4 a
.

c
necess ry to convert
onditions using the formu
c

,
ul

the vol u me obtai n ed i n thela

tests sthese to
l

P

w

V measured
observed

vol u me
barometri
760 ( 1

press re
0 003 67t )
.

temperat re of

P c u

aq eo s vapor pre sure at t mperat e of test

t u g as .

For all pra ti al p rpo es h wever th s al ulation may be

w u u s e ur

negleected t Io i Solutio To prepare iodine solu

c c u s ,
o ,
i c c

tiabout
on weighgrams out potassigramsum iofodidepurewiresth bwater i ed iodisingnejustDenoughissolve
.

Pr pa r a i on of d ne n .

N 10
u l m

to putst rituntiin soll compl

utionetelyladce theolvedweigFhedil wiiodithnewater in thtos solluittieron
.

25 u

P i

To prepare i o di n e sol u ti o n ei t her wei g h grams

.

an d i i ss 1

isolodiuntieondiandssolvdeluandte d lulteiter liter take c c of the

. .

N / 100
i to 1 or 100 N / 10

I odin e sol u tion shou d be kept in cool place and prote ted
.
, .

i to 1

from di r e t sunl i g ht Wel l toppered dark ol o red glass bottles

.

l a c

are s tablateo ontainSers ut o o prepare take ab ut

ui
c

c
.
s -
c

grams arrow root sta ch and wi t h water a th n paste

.

Pr epar i n of ta r ch S ol i n. T

o 3

lboialceabout
this iantoha about a l ter boi l i n g water and conti n e to
,

r mix to i

f hour fter cool i n g add a few drops hl o ro

-
.

P i of u

form which
stoppered bottles preserves and
l

.
prevents souri
.

it n gA
eep i n wel l . K
c
 S UL P H UR K
E rr p E i
1 12 I C A CI D HA N DB OO

R ICH S
t R S O2
l tr

T ST FO

r s as t
g vo u m e o f w a
a
Per c en . S 02 co es on d n to e

10 cc
.
Bu
. .
r
13
ne

I
g
s ol u ti on 10 cc
. .
E i
_
I
xtg
S I s ol u i on

05
06 . 41
07
08 2 55
09
10
11

. 75

12 0 . 90
9 20
24

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
 K R

form two of the contracti o n due the formati o n

1 14 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

sorption of is equal to 803

S 03 to

and nal volume is

3

aX
t he 1

If equals the fra tion that the is the

2 2

equal s the quanti t y unconverted

5 c S 04 of

i ii jg
(
b 1
) 2
o f

e it gas and X
x

r reducing to its simplest form

a

O
2a
2b
X

nd equals the per cent of converted

2a
3ab

r let perper cent

cent conversi o n
A 100X . S 02

2 . O x
a

0
i
per cent in e it n roaster .

.
S 02
802 x g as
g as .

1002
( 2 a 2 b)
x
200a sa b
 S 02 C ON V ERTE D T O S 0: 1 15

PE R C E NT 802 C O N E RT E D
as
. V To

P er ce n t . 80 2 i n e xi t g

81 4
93 4 91 . 86 8 82 3
93 7 91 Q .

91 .
D
Q 89 9
92
J
. O
D
92 . O

92 .
D
C

93

.
-

93 t .

93 a .

93 . m
97 0
. 91 O .

J
91 . O

91 .
D
C

0
0
1

0 91 . W
H
3
0
0 0 92 .

J
92 . O
I

95 O . 92 O . 91 .

I
95 N . 92 K . 91 .

95 .
O
O 92 .
D
C 91 .

95 A . 93 . H 91 .

R
95 C . 93 .
O
O 92 .

95 .
D
O 93 .
R
I 92 .

I
95 K . 93 O .

95 . W
95 .
O
C

98 0

98 ] 93 4
1 16 S UL P H URI C A CI D HA N DB OO K
CE NT S 0 2 C O N V E RTE D S O s ( Conti n ued)

c as
. T O

P er en t . 8 02 i n e xi t g

a
'

O
O
O 72 1 .

D 73 h

t
C . I
-

81 O .
D
C 74 . C qo o
o

81 .
O
O
1
\o t
O
O 75 K .
I
KH o
I z
m
82 .
D

C
J

O ;
:
76 K .
I l
x QN o
o
o
o

x
'

l
77 QO
D
o
O - J o
83 O p 8 C c '

. .

83 D 78
I l
x I
KA o b
e
. Q . O c -
n

M 79 .
O
O m I
KCn m i

85 .

i
- h
t 80 O . i
s NO
D l
x o
H J' N m
I

85
b
. C
o

86 .

I
- 81 .

h
I
O
\O w k x

I
s
86 82 O Ko o
T
. U 85 O . . c e

87 O . 82 . @ I
Ko
c
s
c m
o
87 .
P
V 85 .
O
O o c c
o

I
87 K . 86 . 83 .
O
O c o
c i
n

86 . 82 8 .
0
0 h
87 . b 6
6 0
0 I
O
(

m 0D -
87
9
. 3 85 e .
\
0 [
i
i
i

s
89 87 85 82
o
3

b
. . C 2 . u .

89 . 6 Q
85 O
5
89 86
3

. 0 6 . .

8 86 .
1
0 85 .
R
I
-

I
6 0
89 O . 2 86 . 0 85 K .

89 .
O
O 86 . H
86 A
1
89 Q . 6 . I

89 .
O
O 87 .
0
0

88 .
1 18 S ULP H U RI C A CI D HA N DB OO K
PE R C E N T S o z C O N V ERTE D s oy
( Con t i n u ed)

c as
. T O

P er en t . 80 2 i n e xi t g

97 . 95 .
R
I 93 .

o

m
I
97 95 93 92 K
I

. . U . .

95 .
I
K 93 . m 92 .
D
C

97 . 95 .
O
O 93 o . 93 O .

97 .
n
i
t 95 .
D
C 94 o . 93 N .

c
n
95 . O 94 . w 93 . W
97 . m 95 . 94 . w 93 Q .

97 . m 96 . w
97 .
s
o 96 . w I
O

q 96 . p G
97 q . 96 . m I
K
97 .
o
o 96 . m O
O 94 o .

97 .
o
o 96 .
z
c O
C 94 . w
97 .
o
c
I

- O w
t
o 96 . b
o
O 94 . w
H
-
97 .
o
c c
o
94 m .

n
98 o . 96 . t
o N ' c

98 o . 96 . b W 94 a .

98 o . 96 . o Q 94 q .

98 . w 96 . i
P I
- O
o

98
I
a
96
t

. i
- . b U
98 H 96 m D

m
. . C

I
98 o
. 96 . b K
I
98 . 97 . C
o
K
98 . 97 . L
R -
O
C
O
O

98 . m i
S O
C
O
O

98 .
0
0 h O
C
D
Q

O
9
98 . 0
9
98 . 0 O
98 .
0
0 H
98 . 9
5
H
 S O: C ON V ERTE D T O S O;
(

1 19

CE N T S 02 C O ERTE D S Or
( C on ti n ued)

ct as
. NV TO

P er en . S O: i n e xi t g

1 m3 w9 m9 m 0 s 0
0 w0 a 1 m2 w 3 e 3
2 w3 m4 5 m 6 a 6
4 m 5 m6 w: w 8 a 9
6 m1 m3 m0 m 1 m 2
3 m 9 m 4 m2 m 4 a 5
9 m 4 m3 m4 a 6 a 8
1 m3 m 5 m7 a 8 a 0
92 1 . 3 m 5 mJ m9 w 1 n 3
5 9 R 2 4 m 7 m9 w 4 a 3 m 5
6 0 R1 4 6 m3 m 1 m3 m 5 a 7
6 1 R3 5 7 m 0 m2 m 5 w 7 a 9
6 2 R4 6 9 m2 m4 m1 w 9 a 2
6 3 R5 m3 m 6 w 3 m
.

8 6 1 a 4
6 4 E 6 9 2 m 6 m7 m0 w 3 a 6
6 5 R7 0 3 m 6 m 9 m 2 w 5 a 8
6 6 R8 1 4 m7 m 1 m4 w 7 a 0
6 7 R9 2 6 m 9 m2 m 6 a 8 a 1
6 8 E 0 4 7 m0 m 3 m J w 0 a 3
6 9 R1 5 3 w 4 m 5 w 2 a 5
7 0 R2 6 9 m3 m 6 m 0 m 3 a 7
7 1 R3 7 6 mE m3 m 4 m 5 a 8
7 2 R4 8 4 m5 m 9 m2 m 6 m 0
7 3 R5 9 2 w 6 m 0 m4 w 8 w 1
7 4 R6 0 3 m7 m 1 m5 m 9 m 3
7 5 M 6 0 4 m3 m2 m 6 n m 4
M 7 1 5 m 0 m4 m3 n m 6
7 E 8 2 6 w 1 w 5 m9 n m 7
8 M 9 3 7 w 2 m6 m0 m m
9 R0 4 3 m
w 3 m 7 m 1 n n a
12 0 R
S ULP H U I C A C ID H A N D B OOK

PE R C E NT S 0 2 C O N V ERTE S Os ( C o n ti n u ed)

c as
. D T o

P er en t . 80 2 i n e xi t g

81 N
J
o o
82 N . . b b
82 .
D
C 81 Q . 80 u . x
r

o

82 .
O
Q 82 O . 81 . w ' w m b
c

83 .
O
O 82 .
-
b 81 . m '
s

o
r
x c
o

m
D
a-
83 . C 82 N . 81 . c
o
i
o

83 .
D
C 83 . H 82 . w b
o
b
w
a
'

84 N .
J

83 .
B h 82 . m k r
i
o b
I a
84 . O
T
83 K . 82 o . i
-
i
o i
e

84 . W b 83 . m n
i m b
o

85 . H 84 .
O
O 83 . m x
r
o L
A
-

85 .
P I
- 84 .
U
C 83 .
o
o o i
o l
s

85 K .
I
84 .
D
C P a
o b
b
b
o

85 .
O
C 85 N . i
p
-
m i
o i
e
-

86 N . 85 .
P -
34 .
i
x t
o i
o i
s
i

86 . -
85 . 34 .
o
c b
w
'
r
x
86 O . 85 . 35 . m b
o
' o
86 .
D
C 86 . 35 .
p t b t
o

87 86 35 q o
. I
- . . b

w
87 .
O
O 86 . 35 .
o
t b

33 3 87 .
N
C 86 . 86 . i C
o

39 0 87 86 s
I
87 K b
n
. . .

39 2 87 .
O
C 87 . 36 . o b
o

k
w
39 3 87

o

88 . r
- . l 36 . o b
D
39 5 88 .
D
87 . C 37 o . u
39 7 88 : 87 .
O
O 37 . m o
c

39 3 88 O . 37 . m w
z
90 0 88 N . 37 . c
s
it

90 1 88 .
0
0 37 . x
r b
c

88 .
1
U 37 o . c
i
x
o
c
12 2 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO K

C E NT C ON V E RTE s oc
( Con cl u ded )

c c as
. D To

r
P er en t .
P er en t . 80 2 i n e xi t g
Bu r ne

0
n
4
-
0 1

0
0
i

x 0
0

0
u
1
0 0
0
0 a

91 O .

91

. I
-

D
91 . b
O
91 . O
b
91 H c 89
C
. .

D
91 . O 91 .
-
r

91 K .
I
91 . m 89 .

91 . W 91 .
o
c 89 . i

-
91 91 m
b
.
O
C . 89 . O

92 O . 91 . m
92 . H 91 .
a
c 89 .
o
c
r
92 N . 91 .

- 89 .
o
c

D
c
92 . N 91 . c
 COM P OS I T I ON OF D RY GA S 12 3

c
o
u
c
h
?


8
0
n HH 3
e
g m
xHO
y
81
O
t
n
e
C
r
e
P

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
 12 4 R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N OK
DB O

n
e
g
H
x
y

O
t
n
e
C
r
e
P

3
Per
9 10 11 12
t r 13
i i
Cen S ul p h u D oxde
14
12 6 R
S UL P HU I C A C I D HA N DOK B O

r
oi l the aci d i f free from ni t rogen wi t h ro of n tric acid
I on

totiono ofidizepotassi
B
x the iurmon thiDocyanate
ilute a little redallocolor
,

w to cool proves and add

t presence
,

a sol u a d p . i

of iron
.
,

. A he

r i
.

t he presence nascent hydrogen both

A s en c

arseni and
M a r s h T es t

arseniydrogen arseni
uretted ihydrogen
c o us compounds
In

i s evol are
v ed reduced andof

arsi n e or ,

s slowl y generated from zi n c and i l u te sulphuric

,

) A s H

acipassed
d boththrough materia apilsecebeioftube
ng freewhifromh arsenic he i s sui n g i s
3 .

H d

produce
,

one two constricted pl a ceshasi n been

i t s l e drawn
ngth c out soon to . T g as
so as

thein amed
air is e pelle from the apparatus the ssuing hydrogen
x
or

d i
. As as

is

smal l quanti t y of t he ac to b e t ste then n ro u d

,

and a pi e ce of cold whi t e por el a i n depressed upon t ame

.

A id e d is i t d ce

I f any arsenic is present a rich brown bla ck metalli c lookin g

c he

stai n wi l be deposi t ed The deposi t bei n gvol a ti l e and the ame

.

very hot the stai n wi l agai n di s appear i f the ame i s al l o wed

-

impiIf nthege fordrawnmore thantube imoment two on the same spot

.

to

s heated near of the constricti o ns

,

a or

themirrorarseniwiluretted hydrogen wi l be decompose and an arsenic

.

ou t on e

be deposi t ed i n the
-

tb
d

y
sulbe ppreci
H rog ul
hidepigastatedpassed
d en is

through h
p de T The aci d di l u te
If any arseni is present it wil
es t
u

and
e .

hydrogen
is d

as yellow arsenious sulphide

-

. c

A 2S 3

TT E
.
,

The quanti t ati v e anal y si s of sulphuric aci d vol u metrical l y

T HE QUA N I A T IV A N A LYS I S OF S UL P HU I C A CI D R

iformed
s made byby means titrating aa weistandard ghed quantinormal t y sodi Theu m ti t
hydro ration i d e sol
,

i s per
,

tisoluti
on which is control l e d by a standard normal sul p huric a i d
.

of x u

on an results are either e pressed ent per

-

-
c

d x as p er C . or
 Q TT T E
ent I n the foll o wing methods all al ulations wi l
UA N I A IV A N A L YS I S 12 7

fore presper centper cent The ifmethods

x
. H2 80 4

s as
.

des red
of S 03 may .
easil
.

H2 S O4
y b e tended i .
c c

e x
l be
to

t r rm i
The streng h of the standard normal s l p huric a id sol u tion
S a n da d No al Ac d

mate
is edx by
standardchemical for l y p
aci dre
i m sodium
t

tric and arb al nate

k al i m wh
etric
u h is the
volumetric u ti c o
u

ic
-
c

analysis P r ti i m r t .
e

od umbicarbonat madebytheammonia sodaprocessmay

of S od Ca bo n a
b
r ep a a on u e

obtainedS
i n e ceedi
i

ps esphatnt areands sodium gl

ica magnesi y pure u mform
x
ammoni The a ni m puri
e

arsenic t i e s l that
i m e may
sodi u be
m
-
e

chl o ri d e With the e ceptio n of si i a and

.

r e il

meod umthebi imarbonate

purities sevmayralbetimreadi l y removed by washing the
, , , , ,

ul e x l c

es wi t h cold water and decanti n g

.

li

theble bicarbona
s

supernatante solutTheonwashing
i c

ea hwashi
i s onti n gfromthe
n ed unti
i
e

lof

the
materi
c ol
a l i s di f cu l t l y s u

free fromremoval chlorineleaveso ani mex cheedioridengly pthere priprodn ipalct imThepurity
t .

s d l
c

is
u

carbonat i s then dri e d b tween large lter papers i n a hot air

, as u ,

an d its c u u bi

ovenott eprotentil tedu edfrom a id gases at and kept in a ealed

.

e e -

100 C

c c s

Sodium arbonate is made from this p re sodium bica bonate

.
,

b l u

byweigightn tiinnganinelea triplatioven num cruIf ibla eonstant at t mperatureconstant

s .

c u r

i
oven i s 2 9 0 3 00 C

c

to

notbathavail a bl e a i m pl e oven may b im provised by use a s nd

.

and a sheet iron or cl a y yl i n der shel l o ered at the upp r

c c . c -

s e of a

endtemperatuthermometer
e and A
at the passi
same n gti through
m e
-

erve t s ash stiel

r d
rer regi s
c

i ters
t the
should hi
c v
i
e

b st rred o casional y The s nd ou side of the ru ibl e

.

r s s as as

should
e

tents reach
enti
i

r the
el y same
surrou l e vel
c

by the bicarbona
atmosphere
l
e .

i n
of si d e
comparatiso the
a

v el y
on t he t
t
c c

co n

even tem ratur

as

is n de d an

pe e.
 RI C K
S odium arbonate inten ed standardization of a ids sho ld
12 8 S UL P H U A C I D HA N D B OO

nottemperat
be heated re over
a
c

su ci e nt l and
e ngth i f heati
ofti
300 C
m

n
e g is
d

to carri
ho e
for
d rs on at
onstantthi s c u

weicarbonate
ght wil b water Obtaiinsedleftandbehind mayand beyetsureno sodithatumneiotheride
.

u f or f (1 5 u )c
e on e bi

c arbon
arri e d di o to
x i d e
a has or

been
red formed
heat Whi as l emay
the happen
carbonate i f iheati
s sti ln ghot i s x -
or

plaweigehiabout
c

n g bottl
on

egrams
s each
eep
2
i ni n
l ow

a several
desi atorsmal up l tared
to the
.

glass
ti m e stoppered
wei g h
ing andtesttitratipngritaly ldiowissolngveplabout enty gram time in water which ought
c -

. K cc of

of to 000 1

tothisyisoleld tiaoperfectl y l e ar col o rl e ss soluti o n If afte a idif ing

.
,

To for u 5 s

n wi t h ni t ric acid no
chlpureoride silver nitrate the salt may be taken as suf ciently
u

or
opal c

e s en ,

e i s
,
aused by bari u
c mc
.

c
.
r c y

For e ceedingly a curate work the material analyzed and

,

alcaused
lowanbye anymadesuch imimp purirititeisesis that sti l remai n The error
.

x c is

p rposes i t
c

may be negl e cted

f or
so smal u l that al l pra tical fo r
.

hemi al l y p re sodi u m arbonate prepared by rel i abl e

,

manufaforturerhouris suasaieprentlyautip oren but should be ignited at

.

C c u c a
c f c u 290

3 DO C 1 c

t r zi t r i
. .

Wa h ea h weighed amount sodi m carbonate titrated

S an da di n g th e S an da d A c d

nto a beaker
iorange s

3 50 0
as
c

an 0 and
i n add
dicator enoughwatertodi
and the cold sol s
u sol
ti o v
of

n e u

sodiethyl m
(a s
M
)

arbonatetheisindioloator red justIf per eptimuchblyisyelsedlow theby addi n g drop

-
. .

is u s ed of

isharp
ntense andchange
t wo of

the transipitnioktakes
c

n too piplank eononlney when

c . col
c

o r wi l
tralizatiall othen wiarbonate
t oo be
l be less utoou
a or

hase cessbeen acined tralizedto and theis added

. A
u
to
solutionthislsigishtlney essaryto drive c

a cl di
c

ed An

al l the carbon di o ide The sol u ti o n i s then heated to boi l i n g

.

x of 1 as c

to aid in expelling the pon heating the color fades but

ou t x
0 02
.

U ,
 S UL P H U I C A CI D R K
HA N DB OO

Ti t rate an al i q uot porti o n the newl y pre are so uti o n

13 0

agai n
standard st a alwei
k al gihedsol uquanti
ti o n i st y
at handsodi iut m
of

may arbonate
of

si m i l a
c

rl y be i f p
accurate
empl or

o yed
d l

forstrength
e amimayningnowthebeprovi
x
made s i o nal aci d djustment A to nor mal
Thus far standard sol u ti o ns hav been considered bei n g
.

justed to normal i t y al ul a ti o ns are si m pl i ed to a great

.

e as ad

tent
just by
normal usi n
i g
s a normal
matter
.

sol
of
C
u ti o ns
considerabl
c

but e to
di f adjust
cul t y sol u ti o ns
I is a general
to be ex

practice to al ul a te the strength of the standard sol u ti o ns not

,

attempti n g to have the normal i t y more than appro i m ate the

.

c c

ecalculact astrength however always bei n g known and used i n al l

,

ti o ns
,

Follo wing is given the method for calculating the grams

, ,

per cubic centi m eter i n the standard aci d sol u ti o n The grams
.

S 03

reduced
S 03 per cubic
to per centi m eter may be used
nt normality For instan e normal sol ution
di r e tl y i n c calcul a tions
.

or

contains
soluti o n i s found
ce
gram
to
.

contai n per
S 03 cubic gram
.

enti
per m eter
c
c

ubic
, a

S uppose
centi m eter 2
'

Then the per cent norma ity of this solution would be

.

c .

. l :

ololeeculculaarr weiweigghtht
0 9 868N
.

M S 03

gram neutralized by gram

M N a 2 0 03

Let gram per cubic centi m eter i n standard aci d

S O3 1 N a 2C 0 3

x
grams
cubic centi
S 03

m etersneutral
N a 2C 03
standard i zed aci d neutral i ze cubic
centi m eters aci d cubic centi m eters al k al i i n back
a

b d (

titration
a X
.

552
)
x

Ii s necessary know the rel a ti v eb

strengths the standard
acid and alkali solutions that the value of the alkali solution
t to
so
of
 Q TT T E A N A L YS I S

used i n produci n g the de red neutr l i zati o n may b ascertained

UA N I A IV 13 1

W hen
cubic the
cent two soluti
meters o ns are
subtra eti actl
o n ofy eq
the val
al e
al nt
i uscubic
si

d centi
from m
the x eters
acid
a

ui
e .

usedegiactlve ytheeqcorrect
to
s

v
i

ent amount
the alka aci
i d
readi used
n
,

g
k
sho I f the sol utions are
d
c

b mu tipli d
of
e

byto aq faalitorze the two ceFort relatimon in thede ermi a id nsolingutitheon ireln aorder
.

n ot x ui al l ul e l e

between
e u
c

the acid
of

al k
i t s per

al i we nd i t requ res
n

c
.

ce xa m ti
alka o ni e,
to
t
c

neutral i ze aci d
.

an d i of l

The factor then would be

. .

to 30 c . c . of .
0

30
m
The temperat
thee tipansi re of the standard cid should b obser ed at
me ofonitiss stand rdizatic c onorfor future usegram The peroefcubic
u

a cient a e
c
v

entimeter per degree entigrade for average laboratory tem

.

of x . . S 03
c C
p er a t u r es
E xa m p l e:
We gibi ht t m t r i
of N a g C Oa u se d 2 g r
am s

Cu
C ub i tilkmli t ril lktrli l z
c cen

c cen
i e e s ac

e e s a
d
a
use

u se
d
d
i
cc
c c
.

.
.

tr
mp r t r i
c c . . a a w l n eu

d
a i e 30 c . c . of a c d ( fa c o )

X

Te e a u e of a c 23 C .

2 X
t m yr i H d xd e

normal sol u ti o n of dium hydro i d e contains grams

S an da r d S odi u o

essenti
N a OH
aper
l l ter
have the
i
ol gram
ti o n jper
st cubic
norm enti m
but eter
for si mI is not
so

pl i f yi n g
x
c ) t

calacidulatioossins bitle shou d nearly equ v ent the sta dard

.

to s u u al

c l be as i al to n

as p .
 R K
S t ndard sodium hydro ide is prepared by dissolving
13 2 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

matel
adjusted
a
y to50grams
proper per
strength
N a OHl i t er
Thi s The
x

sol u soluti
ti o n o
i sn may
control then
l e d be
by
a pp r o xi

standardi z i n g agai n st the standard sulphuric aci d sol u ti o n usi n g

.

methyl orange as i n dicator

.

Run quantity the standard al kali into the titrating vessel

-

addolora dropowortitwotrateof withethinthedi atorstandard whi haciwidl gitoward

ve a yelneutral
low strawiza
.

a of ,

c c

tiretteon drop
c .

unti l by
N

a drop
fracti othen
n a utti
dropn g the drops
produces
c

afrom
pi n k thecolti
o p
r of the ,

bu

from O bserve
the ti the
m e temperature
i t s standardizati the
of

ostandard
n use the ofa i
gi d
v enandcoefi f i t
ci evar
nt es
of c
.

e pansi o n and cal ul a te to the temperature observed at the ti m e

i

of

x
the alkali standardization c

Let gram equiv le nt per bi entimeter standard

of .

x
algramkali per cubi entimeter standard a id
S 03 a cu c c

b cubic centi m eters

S O3
standard
cubic centimeters standard alkali used a id used c c

c
c

X
c
a b
x

bserve the temperature of the standard l k al i at t he time of

6

iitss standardization for fut gram

O
re use Theequivalent per ubice pansicention
u
a

coei ci en t o f x

meter per degree enti g rade average laboratory tempera

.

cc or S 03 c

tures
. .

C fo r

G ram per cubic centimeter standard acid at

E xa m p l e:

S 03 23

Temperature acid at time of alkali tandardiz tion

s a 27

27 23 4
X
m e er t nd r ci
t s a
4

a d a
gram
d at 27 C
cubic

enti
.
803 per c
 K R
S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

rawi n g t hrough a sodium hydro ide so ution only

13 4

ttihmuse puri
om m en d
f yi n g the ai rd
from and
saturating the air with moisture aci d fumes and at the
C 02 same .
-
x .
l ,

rt
i fty cubi c centimeter burettes gra uate n enths with
Bu e t es

a hme eyerk passi

F
a

can n
beg e ti r l y around the tube
held that the marks appear to be a straight
-

n e are very conveni

,

e nt d d i t ,

ireadi
ne drawn across the tube thus l e sseni n g chances error i n
.

T so

tenths n gwoul dnebehundre cubi entimeter buret es graduated in

too
O
l o ng for d
onveni
,

e nt mani
c c

ul a tion t
of

I n e tremely accurate work where it i s desired to have a

-
.

c p

iThetratichamber
on of located to in the theupperchamber burette is conveni e nt
.

orti o n of the t be hol d s

,

t 75 100

and the lower portion drawn out i n to a uni form bore tube
.

p u 75

holdingurettes shoulisdgraduated
25
be connected to the reser oi r standard
solutiurettes
ons by shoulmeansd ofbeanallarmowedat tothedraib ne min before taking
.

B v of

as

readi
B

m ter
e
n gs
.
Readings sho ld be in hundredths of a cubic centi
.

M readers are of great value

en l s cu s
u
2

.
.

r i mp r t r
hermometers may be sus ended from the stop ers of the
Obs e v n g T e e a u e

reservoi
T

he r s
burette may be water jackete
p

wit h a arge glass tube

p

andThethethermometer
thermometermaysuspended al o ng si d e the burette
.

T d l

be i n serted i n the upri g ht siphon tub

-

of

from the reservoir at the base of the burette

.

it ti l
Whibetet ada porceltedain fordishesitratin ves capaci t y or casserol s
T ra n g V es s e s

a re s p t l acc unt cle

( 500 c
g
-
. c .

se s on
)
o
4 in -

of
.

t he
e

ar
 Q TT T E A N A L YS I S

white backgro nd enabling the a alyst the end point

UA N I A IV 13 5

u ,
n to s ee

r p ri tr lt
ethyl orange may be prepared by di s sol v ing gram of the
P e a n g In di ca o So u i on

reagent
M
per
henolphthal i t ere i n water
may b prepared by dissolving gram of the
l of
1

reagent per liter of neutral per cent al ohol

.

P e 1
95 . c .

t ih i
f i Tared glass stoppered conical shape wei g hi n g
Me h ods of We g ing Ac d

bottl
about
N 0n
s eabo-

t c
um n g

grams c capa
ea
u

h
.

i t

tiy
15
t are
rati o n very Wash
,

onveni
i to e
c nt
the ti t
-

Wei
rati g
n h
g
,

c
-

vesselF dil ute touming a idcmust c andbetitonned rate during weig ng and
-
. . .

to 2 fo r c . n

1 5 0 2 00

nti l di l uted wi t h water wi t hout l o ss of I f the a id is

. .
,
.

um i n g
F c hi

whol l y or pa tl y rystal l i zed heat moderatel y unti l i t be omes

. c

u S 03 c

lfariquidremovand d fromthoroughl y before sampl i n g i d whi h is not

.

c c

real i n omposi t i o n would give

r ,

mi x Ac c

min achstopperedin thibottls operati o n S uch a id sho ld be weighed

.

S O3 o ff t oo

e c

u S 03

analyzed quantithistywayof anweaker e and mi ed ian thi

i d s
at wi
a t h known
temperat
.

x and
e e
from x a tly
c u

c
ou t

a i d that wi l remai n l i q ui d at ordi n ary

a

ur 30

temperatures can be formed f course the amount of di l u ti n g

a c

t o 40 C In

cid fewaddedmethods wil havefor toweibeg itaken i n to calcul a ti o ns

. c

n g fol l ow
.

L R i t Th s cons sts of a small bulb with a

.

A h :

scapiopl cocky tatbeeachis covered

t
1 . un g e

end thewitube
-

t
ey

h a
P
from
ground
p e

one
te
bei
l
.

i gn g
ht
-

capi
glass l a y wh
i
The h
i
r

ithes weistopghedcockwithnethet pithepette ap The whol e apparat s i s wei g hed

-
.
,

ar u cu p ic

l a ry cl o sed and the air i n the

on

bulb e ha st d by appl y i n g s cti o n at the other pper t be

.
,

x to c i is

thetubestopis thencockdippis cldosedi toththes sealaciding theb sampl vacuumed theThelowercapistop l ary
-

x u e u (u ) u ,

-
u .

e n to e ,
 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D K HA N D
ock then Opened and the aci d wi l be drawn i n to the bul b The
13 6 B OO

landowerthestopwholoe kagaiis ncloweisedghedand theTheapipipl ette

c

c c ary covered
i s empti
c

ewi
d t h
by the
pla cup
i n g
.

thethe aciapidl toaryrunnder water Openi n g both stop cocks and al l o wi n g

-

then washi n g thoroughl y D ilute to

.

c U

and ti t rate
,

ou t , 15 0 t o

G la t t o S ome chemists use glass tubes ent

.

2 00

inintodi theerenttubeshapes for wei g hi n g fumi n g acid The a id i s drawn

.

2 ss ub e Me h d.
b

by appl y i n g su tion and empti e d by submergi n g

-
.

ff c

nder water and al l o wi n g to run by gravi t y reg lati n g the

.

outlatingowtheby plowa ingwater

u

a ngersometiovermestheusedend toOf forthe etubethe acidby reg

c
ou t ,
u

or u

Gla ul et o the bulb method thin glass bul bs

of c ou t

abo t capa i t y are used The bul b s have a api l a ry

.

3 ss b b M h d
In

tube from two si d es about i n l o ng which i s sealed and

-
. .

of u c c

used as a handl e and the other about i n l o ng These b lbs

.

on e yz

may be easi l y madebyan amateurglassbl o wer fter wei g hi n g

.
,

3 u

thethe bullongb tubeheat imoderatel y over l o w alcohol ame then pla e

. .

n to the aci d to be sampl e d and al l o w to cool

.

a c

The contracti o n the ai r upon coo i n g i l draw the acid i n to

, ,

thewipebultheb aciDdraw careful to lygrams S eal the end with the ame
.

of l w

wito talh loabout

.

water Off

i n aandwel l wei2
g h
stoppered I nsert the b lb along
bottl
.

e large enough u
,

w the b lb to be pl a ced l o osel y Give the bottle a vigor

.

50 cc

shake as to break the bul b sudden vi b rati o n o curs

-
. .
,

from the conta t of the a id wi t h the water and l o uds

.

ou s so A c

rifumes
se whiareh wicompl l beetelabsorbed by l i t tl e shaki n g When the
.

c c c of 80 3

api l ary
c

tubes wi t h ya absorbed
glass rod Open
Wash thei n tobottl
a

the e and
ti t rati nrg sh
vessel the .

c u
S 03

dilutedvantages
to of the bulb and timethodtrate
,

c .
,

150 2 00

onveni e nce i n handl i n g compa ed to the awkwardness

.

A :

of
1
theTootherfacilmethods
. C

i t ate dryi n g the tubes or pi p ette

as

requi r es that
r

they
be rinsed in alcohol followed by ether then heating dry air
.

2 .
,

, , ,
 K RI C
If the temperature of the standar al kali di ers from the time
13 8 S UL P H U A CI D HA N DB OO

imaktisngstandardizati
of

calculations o n adjust the temperature

.
correction d ff

Grams acid weight of sample

E xa m p l e:

ubi
Temperat
C centi
c m
re eters standard
(

standard alkal
alkal i i used )

Gram eq ivalent per cubic enti

of 22 C

u

meter standard alkali

.

S O3 u c

at 26 C . 0 039 844
22 C

26 4 0
X
. .

4 0 00004 4

X X ent
0 039888
40 100
S 03

Thusfar al l operations have been carri e d on under the

p er c ,

tienton operati
that noons andis present
calcul
S O2
a i
tino the
ns sulphuric
must be e a i d
tended If is pres
accordi n g to c S 02
as s um p

theSulphur
indi atordiousedide dissolves in water forming s lphurous acid
.

,
x
c

When phenolphthalein is sed an indicator the reaction is

.

x u .

u as

Wi t h methyl orange the poi n t neutral i t y reac hed when

H2 8 0 3 N 3 2 8 03

thehalf acidmuch
salt alkali for hasneutralbeenization
N a HS Oa formedas thus
,

when requi r i n g
phenolphthalonl y
of

e one
n
is

used as i 13

D etermine the amount of present by titratin g a separate

H28 03 N 3 11 8 0:; H2 0

sampl e wi t h i o di n e usi n g
point is reached when a blue color is observed
N / 10 starch an i n di ator
S 02
The endas c .

Let cubiccenti
per nt meters used cc
.

x
a
ce

grams acid in sample

. S 02
N / OI
1 gram ;1 . 802
 Q UA N TT T E
I A IV ANA L YS I S 13 9

x
a X X 100
b
80 3

U sinerg phenol
s o.

cent p hthal e i n
total a idity per cent X
a t al ent
:

P S 03 as c ( S 02

sinerg cent
methyl orange
. .

c u p e r c S O3

as total a ity per aenttual perX nt

. .

U :

P . S 03 c id ( c . 80 2

Ifi t d sired late f ming a i d per ent free no

c ce . S 03 .

bei
ulaspresent
80 2 n g
is
present
e

for it ishould the formulas

t o cal
gi v encu

nder the caption

u

n sulphberi calacidulatedcal ulatifolonslow maybe used If

us e
,

u c c
Form
c

u
as

c . 80 3 ,

802

ethyl orange is used as indi ator

-
.

is c as s :

Total a idity er entent

E xa m p l e .

M c :

c p e r c . S 03

ctual total x
P
c c . 802
Per en t .

A s os (2

ombiFnreed
C e
H2 0
X
S 03
S 03

Therefor the com osition the a cid would

B eS OI

e p of c be:
t

Free
P er en .

H2 S O4
S 03
80 2

QUA N T IT A IVE D T E ERT M IN A T

S U P HU IC A C ID
L
I ON
R
OF LE A D , I RO N A N D ZI N C IN

Weigh
grams of the aci d and di l ut wi t h equa vol me
Lea d

of w ter wi vo ume of alcohol on coo n the lea

a
100
an d t ce i ts l
.
e

Up
a n

li g
l u

d
 R
S UL P H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO K
settl e s as a w hite precipitate sul phate Filt r directly on an
14 0

asbestos mat i n a tared G ooch cr cible wash several times with

ilute alcohol ry an weigh as lead sulphate
of

u ,
. e

gram gram b
d ,
d d .

1 Pb S O4 P .

Wei g h grams the acid ad a few dro s hydrogen

Ir on

pero
which xide to o idize the iron ake al kaline by addin g ammonia
wi l preci p
100

i t ate
x
the i r on
of

heat boi l i nM
g and
,

l t
d

er D is
p of

solwashve witheth pre ipwateritate from the l t er wi t h di l u te sulphuric aci d

.

l to

add about concentrated sulphuric

, .

acithoroughl
d and ypassandthrough pure zi n c shavi n gs Wash the latter
,

h ot 10 cc

then ti t rate wi t h otassi u m ermanganate

.
,
.

Thiso vis nigs best employed peran lemiter irica solution repare by dis
.

p p .

as p l p d

sample
l
1 cc . . gram
564 m g
Fe or per cent Fe a gram
. KM n O4 .

. on 1 00 -

i
.

Weigh grams acid dil ute to about neutral i z e wi t h

Z nc

ammonia and l t er
100
the
thethe precipitotatesettlwieth hydrochloric i r on ass through
D ecant the supernatant li quor D is sol ve
Off
,

Pgas al l o w 4 00 c . c .
,

H2S

a i d neutral i ze wi t h ammo i a
.
,

Zn S

add hydrochl
a smal amount ammoni u m chl o ride and an cess
. .

c n

o ric aci d D il ute to about c c heat to boil ing

, ,

l of ex of 10

and
cc
ti t rate whi l e
nitrate on a spot plate as indicator
. .

wi t h potassi
h ot
.

u m ferrocyanide usi n g
.
uranium 250 . .
,

T HE A N A L YS I S OF M IX E D A CID A N D N I TR TEA D S UL P HURIC

i edacidaci and tnihetritechanicalid name for a m ture str ng

A C ID

m
h
M

in ti
p u ri c
a
x

on of
d is
The anal y si s
an l w r i e whi h be
H2804 HN O3 ,
c i n clcu des he
. deter
d o e o xd
ix

s c
of

m ay
t
o s ul

ca l
 P H UR H A N D B OOK

winthl y drop by drop thethere gent being dd d r pidly st

14 2 S UL I C A CI D

ticompl
N 10 K M
end poi
n O4 ,

n t i s ppro
on etetheoxidend itison toThebe sltiotrw tisoonthist ticompl
me must
as ched he
be l owed
a

re a

a
e

a
a at

T
r an d

ao

e ted when pi k
a .

at apt a a f or

colorgr isnicobtminttered this tlsdoes not f de i n mi n

a a a n

o oxi d zed by hence wi l i n terfere

.

a a a 3

imf present If org nic m tter is p esent the titr tio n should be
.

O a a a i KM n O4

KM
de with re cts iwiodithnenisolt ousutioncid nit te follows
n O4
.

N
a
/ 10
a a

r a
.
r

or a ra
a

as :

2 KM n O4 5 HN 0 2 3 H2 8 0 4 K 2804 5 E N O3
3 H2 0 2M n S O4

4 KM D O4 5 N 203 6 11 2 8 0 4 2 K 28 0 4 4 M HS O4

Therefo e c c grgr mm
5 N 20 5 6 H2 0

r 1 N / 10 K M n O4 a N 2 03

gm
. .

a N 20 4

The sol u ti o n i s st nd dized g i n st sodi u m ox l te

ra HN 02

Re cti o n
KM n O4 a ar a a a a .

a :

5N a 20 2 0 4 2 KM D O4 8H280 4
K 28 0 4 2M B S O4 5N a 2 80 4 8 H2 0 .

The
E

The tot
tot l
l ci
xa m p
d i t
le
a y

i
ftern terms
ev
.

po ofti
a

o n i
M ix
s
ed

found perbe
cent per ce
a ci

td a n a l ys i s

80 3
f ree 8 03 a b s en t
to
.

The per cent

,

a S Os a a ra

To c lcul te the composition of the m xed cid

.

N 2 03 .

cent
a a i a :

The mount of cidity nit ic cid is

p er . HN 0 3 HN O2 as 80 3 .

a a as r a :

2 HN 0 3
803
X per cent 33 2 1 . HN O3

HN O; a s HN Q3 .
 A N A L YS I S OF M I X E D A CI D 14 3

2 HN O3
X cen t

he mount nit ic cid p esent

per
N 203

cent
T a of r a r is :

HN 0 3

mount sulphu ic cid p esent is

p er . .

T he a of r a r :

H28 0 4
cent S X p e r H? O4

om these gures the n lysis of the mixe cid is

. .

803

Fr a a d a :

By
N 2 03 '

di er en ce H2 0

per cent .

E
Nitric cid in the presen e of free is ssu ed to be the
xa m p l e
a
.

M ixed a ci d a n a

c
l ys i s f 8 03 p r es ent
r ee

80 3 m
.

The tot l ci d i t y terms of found be cent

a

The tot l perftercentev por ditioneren pere cent

84 82
a

a
a

80 3
2
a
in

.
a

80 3
a
80 3 i s

ff
82
c .
to
.
84 p er .

N 20 5
X 2 p er cent N 2 05

te per cent
80 3
. .

Wa r 1 00 ( 82 .

H28 0 4 68
 S UL P H U I C A C I D R HA N DB O
om these gu es the n lysis the mixed cid is
144 OK

Fr r a a of

ree
a :

H2 80 4
F 8 03 l
l

cent
N 2 05 2

1 00 00 p er

P t it t th
. .

The p i n ci p le the ni t omete method for the dete mi n ti o n

Du on N r om e er M e od

ni
between
of t rogensul p cids
r

hu i
ic n sulphu
cid
a ic nici
of

t d ogen micids ed i
r

ncidthe i sa the
presence
r

e cti
ando n x a
r a

me cu y This converts nitrogen cids into

r a

r a and r a of

r r . all a N O:

The e r sever
p niovedted St betestheit imost
a re l types ccur ni
te t romete
a s
conveni the e ntof

in ont
f ct h i nvi n
the g r Du P a

s now p ctic l y ccepted the s nd rd

,

r to a a and a

nit ometerin ppnitromete tus Thewo knitedByuse St tesgove nment usesit ex

, ,

U a ra a a as ta

thi s pp tus di r ect

a

r a a ra U a r

eectidionngs inthepervolcentume betoobtst indnedrdwicondi thouttiorecou se to

.

cl u s i v el y all r r of a a ra

ns c lcul
.
,

r a m ay a r co r

tioThens suchpp tus consi requistsred wigener th o ditinngbulb y nit omete s c c c p c

.
,

r of of g as a a and a a

as a re r ar r r

itying with icts reseies twovoir gl connected wi t h he vy w l e d ubbe tub

.

a a ra of a a D of 3 00 a a

ss stop cocks i s shown i l u st ti o n

. .

E a a r r

ithes igtwoht ngle stop cock communic ti n g with ei t her the cup
r

D as in ra

c pi l y exi t tube i s the ch mber re di n g

. . a rr a -
.

a wa y a or

butedettef omc librtoted to recentd in percent ges ni t ogen g du

0 -

a ar C a a

di v i d ed i n to hund edths
r a .

a of r and ra

tween c c must be gener ted to obt i n

r ,
a a a

a 10 14 p er on e r Be

re diinngfo m itos thetheungre didung tedbu compens ti n g bu ett ve y si m i

r .
,
-
.

and of g as a a a

ette i s the l e vel i n g bulb

. .

B ra a a r e r

whichi s connected wi t h wi t hhe vy w l e drubbe tubi n g

a .

l ar r C A

byst ndthe gld pssessuconnecti o n B y r ising lo wering this bulb the

r a .

B an d C a a r

uring
a ar ea

r the
b u r et t e t h a t m a y
r
systemr of be obt
be us d in pl ce of whe e wider n e
y .

i n ed e
i s a

m me ay s a
or

C
a

r
.

a
F a

ra
a

g
 S ULP H U I C A C I D R H A N D B OOK

St i g t The pp tus h vi n g been

14 6

a rmentngedis st nd thedizedv riousfolplowsts lled with me cu y the

ra
a n da r d

and
zi n t h e A ppar a
a ar
us .

a a ra

r
a

i n s t ru

to c c sul p huric cid d wn i n to the gene

r ,

a ar as :

r ting bulb through

a
20 30

cocks the .

cup . of

cl o sedthe s methe ti m
bulbe a

bout
weland

l
a re

at
ra

shoverkenintothithes thoroughl y desicc tes the whi c h i s then run

, a

2 10 c c of a ir ; c and d a re and

compens ti n g burette unti l the me cury i s bout

. .

a ; a air

on a l
thecompens e vel wi t h
two beitinngg held the i n the per
s me cent rel mti v e kposi
a

tthe
i o n re di
fter n g burette
which the ar on
r

a
a

bu ette i s se l e d by cl o si n g stop cock

.
,

a a a

further qu nti t y of i s desi c c ted i n the s me m nner run

,

a r a o ff a A

ithentocock
the re isdithen
ng burette so to l l up to bout the s me m k
-
.

a air a a a and

ci d b
w cl
a

o
ter sed i s tt sm
ched l
to gl
the ssexi t tube
tube
and a las

l e
ofthe d wi ret h di n ga a
a

U
a ar

sul
;

bu ette when themercurycol u mns b l nced theencl o sed

-

p h u ri c a ( n ot a ) a a a

air coolecidd down

r ;
the cock i s c eful
b l nces in the tube the mercu y col umns in
l y opened b when ar the sul a re a a

an d
an d

both burettes the s me l e vel then the i n e ch i s

,

p h u r i c a a a U and r

under the s me condi t i o ns tempe tu e p essure re d

-

a re a t a air a on e

itemper
ngis nowm def omtheburette theb romet ic p essu e
,

a of ra r and r A a

ture c refully noted using the fo mul

.

a r and a r r r and

a a r a :

t)
Vt

The volumeis found

this encloThesed cockwoulis d goccupy mm pressure
P ;2 73

and

m ipul ted
20 C
so

to b i n g themercury i n cl
i o
n sed the
bothburettes reservoi
to
a ir

the r b a a
at 7 60
an d
.

swelmel levelstrip in ptheperre isdinow

ng burette to the c lcul ted v l u e
. .

A an a as r

rette the evel

A
the
and

mercuryp sted on
of the
the compens
st nd
a

r izti n
a

ti g
o n i s a
a a

a
a

bu
as

complheetebetter most r pid method of st nd rdizing is ll

.

at l of and a a d a

theprevicompens ti g ch mber wi t h desicc ted st ted i n the

.

T an d a a a to

ous method then to introduc i to the ener tin ch m

a n

and
a

e n
a air as

g a
a

g a
 E
berw ter grthemcupof pu rienpotsed ssoutumwinitr te di s sol v ed i n c c of
A N A L YS I S OF M I X D A CI D 14 7

m k nginthree
a
1 a

four w shi n gs t h
of i
is
t ecr

c
ch be su
ng phuric
dr
a

wn
i

sepci d 20
a

66 B

2 to 4
l
.

a
.

to the bu b The gene ti n g bul b i s then sh ken

. . .
, ,

a i or a a l ot i a

vigorously c e b iforme g t ken Then th t stopcock i s open unt l

, a

r a t el y l ra a

cl o se cock repe t the

.

ar e n a a d i ap

shintokingthe metwosurimin gnbuutesetteTheThegenecolutedmns in isboththenburet nsferred

, ,

p a r en t l y a ll g as is d d an d a

tes
.

a f or ra g as ra

b l nced stth ipt thep reperdinisgp urette i s per cent i n

.

r
t ar e

sted the compens ti n g burette

a .

a a so a a b at ( N

the levelBy thisthemethod me cuthey temperthe ture st d dizp esstionreisre d ngs

.

KN A r of a a on a

at of r r and an ar a a c co m

and theki c lcul tions The voicidded weighed the mount being gov
p l i s h ed .

a a a re a
a an d r u a i

erngenerd byting bnitbrogenIf contentfree tris present s erred theinto thecid cups oulofdthebe
.

M a n g t h e T es t
a is , a

e its and an f

mThexeds mplftere weigrhiwnng iwintoththe bulb

i
a

a
ul

per centthe cupr gentthensulprhuric

. a ny

n ed ci
i d
t h 95
80 3
ea
a h
a

three four w shi gs of per cent sulphuric ci d the ot l

. .

a is d a ; is i s w

quentersntitthey beib nbg whenc cdr w ngre theshouldcid iben exe cised th t no
a
or a

20
n 95
Ca
.

r
a ,

a
t a

air

To gener thete the is fothemedbulbt kinshg ckenre thvigtorousl y unti l

. .

ul a i a

stop cock
.

a g as , is a ap

been left open thi cock is then clo sed the sh kin g rep ted
p a r en t l y a ll g as r a a a d has

for ctwoc minutes The rese voi then lowered unti l bout
-

; s and a ea

bulb
60
hemercury
e i l
of

rem i n c
thenc suf cid
ci e
.

nt sp l e
ce
and ft i n the gener
c c
20 ti n r

g r

of a
A is
a re
a

If much merc ry left in the bulb the m x ure wil be so

. . . .

T r w a a fo r 2 2 0 of g as

tlongicktithmet witl wible requi be founded fordi cul t to compl e te the re cti o n
. . . .

t oo u is i t
h

then cc r te results
a

the resi d ue
ble folbelohelw d in suspension by the mercury th t
g a s i s li a
i
to
to settl e r ome of f
and s
a

so
,

a
a

heftergenerw itedti g couplnowe trminsferr d to the re di n g burett

,

i a u a

n utes to l o w c ol i n g b th
.

T a g a s is a e a e,

burette b nce th t in the compens ti g tube the

an d a

s are
a n

a a l
a

d, so
of

a
a fo r
a n
o ,
o
 P H URI C K
mewithcuthey colcoluumnmn inisthe e ldievelngbuwitette h thethep pee dimngiks thentwelkenl
14 8 S UL A CI D HA N DB OO

r r on a a r ar ,
as as

r a r r a a :

HN 0 3

B u ette e ding
N

eight cidt ken r r a

The gene ti n g bul b should be ushed wi t h per

W a a

cent testsulpshould
N 0t e .

hu ic cilwd ysftebeevem ydedeteto seeminwhether

r a
ra

a tion the gl ss stop

r r r a
ou t 95

cocks ti g ht They wi l h rdl y em i n so wi t hout g e sin g

. .

A a a a a

occso sion lvoid

a
a re

y withv selg einsee butthi

a
.

getti
a

n gs oughttobedoneve
into the bo e i fysl
i
a

t i g htl
comes y r a

r
r a

in cont ct with cid t oublesome f oth wil be fo med

, ,

as to a a ny r a r ,
fo r
a a ,
r r r .

l h t th
imit icxedcidcid by tibet estitiomn witedth qufe rous ntit sulph
tively teininsulthephuricp esencecid
F err o u s -
su p a e M e od

N r a m ay a a a a

and

strongsulphu
mediumi
of

n
a

ic
whichtheti ci dtr Thest
ti o ni sa

peongsul
ra

formed p hu ic
Thi cid
s i s
method used the
checks
r
r

r
a

a
r

as

thebe obtnitrometer method ve y wel l ve y ccu te esul t s

.

ra r

i n ed
.

and r a ra r m ay

The following equ tion rep esents the re ction t king pl ce

r

a .

a r a a a :

det i l e d p ocedu e the n l y st i s efe ed to S cott s

4 F S O4 2 H2 8 0 4 N 2 03

St nd d M ethods hemic l n lysis

F or

a r r a a r rr

a ar of C a A a .

RA T I ON R T T RS
ne the probl e ms often conf onted i n cid pr ctice i s the
C A L IB OF S T O A G E A N KS A N D A N K CA

accu
these
O
te c l i
merel
rab ry ti o
of

of n
upa

i g sto
ht cylge
i
a

n d t icnks
l sh pe t
thenksol
of c
u s
tion i s hen
very ra a
r

and
a

a
a

ar W

simple but when the c linder bumped ends lies on

.

a re r r a a ,

,
y h as and it s
15 0 R
S UL P H U I C A CI D K HA N DB OO

i ti
lcul te the height of the segment decim l fr ction
D et erm na on of V ol . A

the di meter the t nk onsult the following t ble

Ca a as a a a of

nd the correspondi n g coef ci e nt

of C and
'

a a a

Vol A
the t oe
nk
(C ci
le nt
ed
f
to S qu reof di meter X ength of t nk
over h l
)
f c cul
(
te the volume
a

of
.

a ) (L a )

thecyli nder
empty sp ce de uct this from the tot l c p city of the
.

If a is l on e -
a , a l a

a and d a a a

Then .

V ol A . Tot l c p city cy inolume

( a der empty sp ce
a a of l
(V
)
of a )

. 02 1 . 004 03 . 01093 . 06 1 . 019 72

. 00012 . 022 . 004 3 2 . 04 2 . 011 3 3 . 062 . 02 02 0
. 0002 2 . 02 3 . 004 62 . 04 3 . 01 1 73 . 063 . 02 068
. 00034 . 024 . 004 9 2 . 012 14 . 02 1 17
. 02 5 . 005 2 3 . 012 5 6 . 02 166

. 02 6 . 005 5 5 . 012 9 7 . 02 2 16
. 00078 . 00587 . 04 7 .
01 3 39 . 06 7 . 02 2 65
. 0009 5 . 02 8 . 006 1 9 . 013 82 . 02 3 16
. 001 14 . 02 9 . 006 5 3 . 014 2 5 . 069 . 02 3 66
. 0013 3 . 03 0 . 00687 . 014 68 . 070 . 02 4 17
'

. 00153 . 03 1 . 007 2 1 . 05 1 . 015 12 . 07 1 . 02 4 68

. 0017 5 . 03 2 . 007 5 6 . 05 2 . 015 56 . 072 . 02 5 2 0
. 001 9 7 . 03 3 . 007 9 1 . 053 . 01 601 . 073 . 02 5 7 1
. 002 2 0 . 03 4 . 0082 7 . 01 6 4 6 . 074 . 02 62 4
. 002 44 . 03 5 . 055 . 0169 1 . 075 . 02 676

. 002 69 . 03 6 . 00901 . 056 . 0173 7 . 07 6 . 02 7 2 9

. 002 9 4 . 03 7 . 009 3 8 . 05 7 . 01 7 83 . 077 . 02 7 82
. 003 2 0 . 03 8 . 009 7 6 . 018 3 0 . 078 . 02 83 6
. 003 4 7 . 03 9 . 01015 . 05 9 . 01877 . 079 . 02 889
. 003 75 . 01054 . 01 9 2 4
 CA L I B RA T I ON OF S TR ET
O AG AN K S 15 1

. 02 998 1 16 0508 1 15 1 0745 9 18 6 . 1 007 7

03 053 . 1 17 05 1 4 5 15 2 . 07 5 3 1 187 . 101 5 5
. 03 1 08 1 18 . 05 2 09 . 102 3 3
. 03 1 63 1 19 . 05 2 74 . 07 6 75 189 . 103 12
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t ti
lcul te the height the po tion the spheric l segment
De erm i n a on of Vol . B

decim l f ction the d meter the t nk onsult

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as a a ra of ia of a C

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engthc p citt ynk
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4 772
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12 7
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.

62 5
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1
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62 9 55 87
1
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 R K
F I R CL ES Q ARES BES Q A E
1 66 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

C IRC M ERE CEU F N AND A

C
REA O
UBE ROOT S
C
-
,
S U
( C on t i n u ed )
,
CU ,
S U R AN D

34 O
00 000 83 10 2 39 6
1 0
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82 1
1 3

34 . I 9 13 2 7
. 81 . 0 . 83 9 5 2 . 2 4 24
64 688 8480
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 TE T LT L
EA R R ES Q ARES BES Q E
MA H M A ICA A B E 167

C I RC U M F E B E N CE AN D AR or CI CL ,
S U ,
CU ,
S U AR A ND

( 3 UB E 3 L Kn mr 4hn ui nu zd )

21 00
37 . 03 41 811
37 . 87 848 6 09 9 1. 3 3 3 82
.

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.

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76 3 76
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37 .
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9 3
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 R D
R ES Q ARES BES Q ARE
168 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N B OOK

C IRC M ERE NCE AN REABE OR

U F D A
CU
F CI
oa r s
CL ,
S U
( C on ti n u ed)
,
CU ,
S U AN D

12 5 66
3
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0 . 4 2 00
12 5 9 8 93 422 8
5 3
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12 6 2 9
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0 . 4 2 56
12 6 6 1 56 82 7 3 4 82 42 85
0
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0
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12 7 2 3 25 25 3 63 9 4 34 1
5 0
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1 2 7 55 62 36 3 7 18
3
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1 2 7 86 3 7 96 4 3 98
3
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1 28 1 8 64 3 8 75
3
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12 8 4 9 82 81 4 4 54
3
0
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.
p1 HO 12 8 8 1
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5
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pH K 4 677
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4 807 4 760
5
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l
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96 7 503 8
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5
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 S ULP H UR D K
REABE O R ES Q ARES ES Q ARE
170 I C A CI HA N DB OO

C I RC M ERE CE
U F N AN D A
CU
F
Ro a
CI CL
r s
, S U
( Con ti n u ed )
,
C UB ,
S U AN D

46 0 . 00 000
46 1 . 1 44 83 . 181
46 2 . 1 4 5 14 . . 12 8 6 79 7 1.

46 3 . 14 5 4 6 . 65 84 7
46 4 . 1 4 5 77
. 93 344 6 81 17 . . 5934

819 1
1
46 146 23
3
. 0 . 0 .

46 54 82 64
9 3

. 0 14 6 . 0 .

46 4 83 3 7
0
14 6 87 563
3
. . 0 . 0 . 601 1
46 0
14 7 21 23 2 84 1 0
3
6037
3

. 0 . 0 . 0 .

46 14 7 57 709 84 84
3
.
9
2 . . 0 .

47 O 14 7 000 85 56
5
. . 94 0 .

47 147 34 862 9 6 1 14
3 0
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47 N 74 8702
3 0
. 1 48 . 0 . 0 . 6 13 9
47 8 17 87 75
5 0
1 48 6 165
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47 hr 0
. 1 48 . . 60 0 . 6 1 90

47 8 75 89 2 0
3 0
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47 1 76 89 9 3 0
624 1
3
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47 6 2 67
9
333 9 065
5
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. 01 . 0 . 0 .

47 3 52 0
9 13 7 62 9 2
3

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. . 51 0 . 0 .

47 239 9 2 09
3
63 1 7
3
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48 o 9 2 82
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48 15 1 1 1 11
4

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48 . m 1 5 1 42
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)
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48 . m 1 5 1 74
. 25 D
C . 9 4 98 . 64 1 8
48 .
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. 84

48 45
1
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48 . 1 5 2 68
. 08 . 2 56 . 9 7 14
72 2 3 71 3 03 9 785
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0
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.

48 . 1 53 62. 05 6 99 2 8
.
 TE T T LE
ES Q A ES BES Q ARE
M A H M A I CA L A B 17 1

C I R CUM F E RE CE
N AN D A
CU
REABE RO
F
oo m
C I RCL

,
S U R
( C on ti n u ed )
,
CU ,
S U AN D

00
45 81 77 1

49 1 57
65 . 86 7 84

3 75
3
42 25 . 0 . 67 17
6 742
3
16 . 93 6 0 .

3
47 3 0 . 6 767
99 2 67 9 1
3
82 0 .

3
65 . 4 99 0 . 68 1 6

7 8
3
82 8 0 . 7 084
73 25
3
72 8 0 .

7 5 63
3
19 8 0 .

8
3
0 . 779 8

0
8 0 . 803 0
82 5 9
3

. 01 8 0 .

q
. 76 8 s 54 9 8
a
08 8 8 709
3
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1 3
97 8 ~ . 68 11 0 . 89 3 0

7 460
3
8 . 0 . 9 14 9
3
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87 40 9 5 79
3
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9 79 1
3
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8 . 02 07
8 . 04 1 2
8 . 06 15
8 . 08 1 7
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 R OK
EUBE ORFOOTI RSCLES S QUARES UBES QUARE
1 72 S ULP H U I C A C I D HA N DB O

C IR E EN E
C UM F R C AN D AR
C
A C
-
,

( Con cl u ded)
, C , S AN D

000
8 1 000
8 000
8 000
8 000

8 000
8 000
8 000
8 000
8 000

(3 400 8
8 000
8 000
8 000
8

8
8
8 000
8
8

8 000
8 000
8 000
8 000
8 000

8 000
8 000
8 000
8 000
8 000

. 00 8
1 74 S UL P H URI C A C I D HA N DB O OK
E ASO
D CI M L F A F oo r
'
FOR E A CH IN .

( C on t i n u ed)

. 5 83 3 . 83 3 3 . 9 167

. 5013 . 5 84 6 . 75 1 3
. 5 02 6 . 5859 . 669 3 . 75 2 6 . 83 5 9 . 9 193
. 503 9 . 5 872 . 67 06 . 75 3 9 . 83 72
. 505 2 . 5885 . 67 19 . 75 5 2 . 9 2 19

. 5 89 8 . 67 3 2 . 7 5 65 . 9232
. 5078 . 5 9 11 . 67 4 5 . 7 5 78 . 84 11
. 5 09 1 . 5 9 24 . 67 5 8 . 75 9 1 . 8424
. 5 104 . 59 3 7 . 677 1 . 84 3 7 . 9271

. 5 117 . 59 5 1 . 6784 . 76 1 7 . 84 5 1
. 5 130 . 5 9 64 . 67 9 7 . 7 630
1 1
64 . 5 14 3 . 5 9 77 . 68 10 . 7643 . 8477
. 5 15 6 . 59 90 . 682 3 . 7 65 6 . 84 9 0 .

. 5 1 69 . 6003 . 683 6 . 7 669 . 85 03

. 5 182 . 601 6 . 684 9 . 7682 . 85 1 6
. 5 19 5 . 602 9 . 68 62 . 7 69 5 . 85 2 9
. 5 2 08 . 604 2 . 687 5 . 7 708 . 9 37 5

. 5 22 1 . 605 5 . 6888 . 7 72 1 . 855 5

. 52 34 . 6068 . 69 01 . 77 3 4
. 52 47 . 608 1 . 69 14 . 774 7
. 5 2 60 . 609 4 . 69 2 7 . 7 760 . 85 9 4

. 5 2 73 . 6 107 . 69 4 0 . 7773 . 8607

. 5 2 86 . 6 120 . 69 5 3 . 77 86 . 862 0
. 52 99 . 6 13 3 . 69 66 . 77 99 . 8633
. 5 3 12 . 6 14 6 . 69 7 9 . 78 1 2 . 864 6

. 5326 . 6 15 9 . 69 9 2 . 782 6 . 86 5 9
. 53 3 9 . 6 1 72 . 7005 . 7839 . 8672
. 53 52 . 6 1 85 . 7018 . 78 5 2 . 8 685
. 5 3 65 . 6 198 . 703 1 . 7 86 5 . 869 8

. 5 3 78 . 62 11 . 704 4 . 7878 . 87 1 1
. 53 9 1 . 62 24 .
705 7 . 789 1
. 62 3 7 . 7070 . 79 04 . 87 3 7
. 62 5 0 . 7 083 . 79 1 7 . 875 0
 IDEXI I AI AJ LS 17 5

D ECIMAL OF A
S F oo r
'
FO R ACH
E %4 IN .

( Con t i n u ed)

. 04 30 . 1 2 63 . 29 3 0 . 3 763 . 4 5 96
. 12 76 . 2 109 . 29 4 3 . 3 7 76
. 04 56 . 1 2 89 . 2 122 . 2 9 56 . 3 789 . 4 622
. 04 69 . 1302 . 2 135 . 2 9 69 . 3 802 . 4 63 5
O

. 04 82 . 13 15 . 2 148 . 2 9 82 . 38 15 . 4 64 8
. 04 9 5 . 13 28 . 2 16 1 . 2 99 5 . 3828 . 4 66 1
. 13 4 1 . 2 1 74 . 3 008 . 384 1 . 4 6 74
. 05 2 1 . 1 3 54 . 2 188 . 302 1 . 4 688

. 1 3 67 . 2 201 . 3 03 4 . 3 8 67 . 4 701
. 05 4 7 . 13 80 . 22 14 . 3 04 7 . 3 880 . 4 7 14
. 05 60 . 13 9 3 . 22 2 7 . 3 89 3 . 4 72 7
. 05 73 . 1406 . 2 2 40 . 3 073 . 3 906 . 4 74 0

. 0586 . 1 4 19 . 22 5 3 . 3 086 . 3 9 19 . 4 7 53
. 05 99 . 14 3 2 . 22 66 . 393 2 . 4 766
. 06 12 . 144 5 . 3 1 12 . 3 94 5 . 4 779
. 062 5 . 14 5 8 . 22 9 2 . 3 12 5 . 3 958 . 4 79 2

. 14 7 1 . 2 3 05 . 3 13 8 . 3 971 . 4 805
. 06 5 1 . 14 84 . 2 3 18 . 3 15 1 . 3 9 84 . 4 8 18
. 14 9 7 . 23 3 1 . 3 1 64 . 3 99 7 . 4 83 1
. 06 7 7 . 1 5 10 . 2 3 44 . 3 17 7 . 4010 . 4 844

. 15 2 3 . 23 5 7 . 3 19 0 . 402 3 . 4 85 7
. 0703 . 2 3 70 . 3 2 03 . 403 6 . 4 870
. 07 16 . 15 4 9 . 2 3 83 . 3 2 16 . 4 883
. 07 2 9 . 1 56 2 . 2 3 96 . 3 2 29 . 4062 . 4 89 6

. 07 4 2 . 1 5 76 . 3 242 . 4076 . 4 9 09
. 1 5 89 . 24 2 2 . 3 2 55 . 4089 . 4 9 22
. 0768 . 1602 . 24 3 5 . 3 2 68 . 4 102 . 4 93 5
. 07 8 1 . 16 1 5 . 2 44 8 . 3 281 . 4 1 15 . 4 94 8

. 07 94 . 1 62 8 . 24 6 1 . 3 2 94 . 4 128 . 4 96 1
. 1 64 1 . 24 74 . 3 3 07 . 4 14 1 . 4 9 74
. 08 20 . 1 65 4 . 2 4 87 . 4 1 54 . 49 87
17 6 S ULP H URI C A CI D HA N DB O OK
E A S OF
D CI M L A F oo r
'
FOR AC E H

. 543 0 . 62 63 . 709 6 . 79 3 0 . 8763 . 9 596

. 62 76 . 7 109 . 79 4 3 . 87 7 6
. 62 89 . 7 122 . 7 9 56 . 8789
. 54 69 . 7 13 5 . 7 9 69

. 5 4 82 . 63 15 . 7 14 8 . 7 9 82 . 88 1 5
. 54 9 5 . 63 2 8 . 7 16 1 . 79 9 5
. 5 5 08 . 63 4 1 . 7 1 74 . 8008 . 884 1 . 9 6 74
. 552 1 . 63 54 . 7 188 . 802 1

. 6367 . 7201 . 803 4 . 8867 . 9 701

. 554 7 . 63 80 . 72 14 . 804 7 . 9 7 14
. 5 5 60 . 63 9 3 . 72 2 7 . 889 3
. 55 73 . 6406 . 72 4 0 . 8073 . 9 740

. 5 5 86 . 64 19 . 72 53 . 8086 . 89 19 . 9 7 53
. 55 99 . 64 3 2 . 809 9 . 89 3 2 . 9 766
. 5 6 12 . 72 79 . 8 1 12 . 89 4 5 . 9 779
. 5 62 5 . 64 5 8 . 72 92 . 8 12 5 . 89 5 8 . 9 79 2

. 563 8 . 64 7 1 . 7305 . 8 13 8 . 89 7 1
. 5 65 1 . 7 3 18 . 8 15 1 . 89 84 . 9 8 18
. 5 664 . 64 9 7 . 73 3 1 . 8 164 . 89 9 7 . 9 83 1
. 5 677 . 65 10 . 7 3 44 . 8 17 7 . 9 010

. 5 690 . 65 2 3 . 73 5 7 . 8 19 0 . 902 3
. 5 703 . 653 6 . 7 3 70 . 82 03 . 9 03 6
. 5 7 16 . 654 9 . 73 83 . 8 2 16
. 5 72 9 . 65 62 . 73 9 6 . 82 2 9

. 5 742 . 6 5 76 . 74 09 . 8242 . 9 076

. 5 75 5 . 65 89 . 7422 . 82 55 . 9089
. 5 768 . 6602 . 74 3 5 . 82 68 . 9 102
. 5 78 1 . 66 1 5 . 744 8 . 82 8 1 . 9 1 15

. 5 79 4 . 74 6 1 . 82 94 . 9 12 8
. 5 807 . 7 4 74 . 83 07 . 9 14 1
. 5 820 . 74 87 . 83 20 . 9 1 54
 K
S ULP H U I C A C I D R HA N DB OO

imivniutede b the result is the sp ed the belt in feet per

1 78

D y 12 and e of

To
shcircumf
a
n
ft centerencess by
Fi
.

g of B elt M ul tiply the dist nce betwee the

topulletheys result one h lf the sum of the
d Len t h
r 2 a n d a dd
.

a

a
n

Toumberin of Revome utie on u Mle ultiplecey the dito meterk theRpuluiley

-

e of
f
t h e t wo .

F d Di a t r of P l yN s s ar y M a e Any eq r ed

thethe number
N
spe d revolutiis known
e
o nsof

wby its revoluti o ns di vide by

ich
w hi h
l

the other pu l
s

y i s equi r e
a of

and
,

to Torun in i meter of riving ulle Multiply di me er

, ,
of at h l r d

drirevolvenutipulon leythe d ivrevoluti o n di v ide the product b the

.

F d D a D P y
t of

i n g pul l e y
. a

by its s and y
'

To i Revol uti o of iv n u le
of

M ul tiply di meter of

r

ddi ivmeter
en ullethey byd iitsinrevol u ti o n di v ide the product b the
.

F nd n Dr i gP l y a

g pul l e y
-

r p and y
a

To
together i n the
Fthedi ro
meter m
of

d t
the en
rol l h
A pp of
rv
B elt ng in Roll
the hol e i
x
i
n the a e

center i
L
n
.

gt i
.

a A dd

inches M ul tiply by the number c ils in the roll then

.

a of and

mulfeettiply bybe ting in theTherolresull t il be the pproxim te number

,

. of o , an d
W a a

of of l .

T REE RPR S S UR A N D E E T E
sulphur c ci d i s good nti freezi n g l i q uid to use
AN I -
F ZI N G LI QUID S F O S UC I ON G A G S

ingr pevitmy nentp essure f ezing oigngest This cidI f g speci

33 B i
A
c

a a ve

i s to
-

ge
.

r a r a n d s u ct i o a : a has a

beBendm thede tubes

with twothesepb rttomte rigtubht :esngleconstruct re
fol l ows p

a of an d a o f 97 F a a

s so they m et oi n
-

a aa fs s
gla as :

with rubberfrictitubion ntg pe irethif sst then connecti wr p witohn ordimn dey elthect
,

on o at a e
j
and w a
1
a ar

resirubbersts we ther
t r i ci a n
the cid wi l h ve but l i t tl e cti o n on the

s a In way a 18 a a

o obt i n w ter re di n gs from the cid re di n gs i t i s

.

a and a a a

of course necess ry to mu ti
T
p l y by
or ges where high suction p essures to be re d
F
.

g a
,
a

a
a

l
a

and r
a

a re
a

a
,

,
 T REE LI Q
mercury ithverysps citisfc ctory
g vity of freezing point
AN I -
F ZIN G U I DS 179

w a e ra an d a of

N REE CI E O O T OERTSE OR TO T O RO PARESS RE A ES EA S

is a a

TE C E O WAT R
.

A TI F
-
Z N G S LU I N F S UC I N AN D U G G . R DI G N

IN H C D IN A PP IM IN H F
r v r
IN S NV X S E

33 B

. su lph i u c ac id s p i gr i t y
ec c a f i gp
ee zn oint

M r
e cu r y S p i g
ec c r vi
a t y fr i gp i
ee z n o nt

1 1
21 6

1 91 6
 1 80 K S UL P H U RI C A C I D HA N DB OO

E E TT
M uch confusion resulted in the p st due to the v rious
FLA N G S AN D F LA N G D FI IN G S

st nd ds engngeneediminensig socionseties bolting doptedthe bymem icnun

a ar for a
has
and
a ,

a
a

S ociety M ech nic l ngineers the M ster S te m i

fa ct u r er s and r In 19 12 , A r a

terS St itndters d ssoci tiinonthedopted wh t i s known The

.

of a a E and a a and Hot

Wa F
s me ye r A
meeti n g m nu

a a a as 19 1 2

i n o k i t y the M nuf cturer s S t nd d

U a ar and a a at a of a

promul g ted he di s dv nt ges h vi n g two st nd ds

. .
, ,

fa ct u r er s N ew Y C
r a a a ar

in exiS Mstence weretheimmmedinuftelctuy recogni z ed commi t tees the

,

wa s a T a a a of a a ar

e suni t edi n comp omi s e known

.

a and of

theo e me ic nmeri S t nd rd be e fective fter

,

A E and a a r r a r

c St n The fol l o wi n g notes ppl y

. . . .

as A r a a a to f a J a n 1, 19 14

to the t meric n S t nd rd for nges nged ttings

. .
,

N t s on th e A an a dar d .

a

A and

dd t h i lb y di i
a a a a a :

cen tt d fd xtg lh vl y t l g t t ligtht liz d i

(a ) S
er -
an

to -
ar

a ce a s r e
and e x

y
u ar e
ra ea

b ow s
vy
of
redu c n

ar
ge
es s ra
ow s ca r r

s e
t he sam e m en s o n s

yl g d ttii g i l f f ki g pl g t tth ight izlb f thi

.

S an ar and e ra ea ees , c r os s es a n d a er a s , r e uc n g on ru n o n l ,

t Wdh d l g i i i tti gx pt phi ki d fSh ll

c a rr sam e d m en s on s a ce -
to -
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 S ULP H URI C K
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 TT
ERA E S O S O A PARATTERREDUCI G ATERALS H ORT B OD
FLA N GE D F I I N GS 187

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1 88 S ULP H URI C A CI D HA N DB O
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2 18 SULP H URI C A C I D HA N D B OO
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Q 1 14 45
J -
. C G
r

M 1 15 46 . H O
m 1 16 46
D
I
. K O
D
1 17 47 H
J

O . N
D 1 18 W
I
C 47 . K
+0 6 48 O
. h 1 19 I . O N
N O 120 48 D m
#
. C

O 12 1
D
49 q0
0 O
97 N

H
O I . # O .

97 W
I
21 K N 122 D
I
-

t
. O .

21 H O I
. [ K 12 3
0
0 N 124 51 H . O 98 D
. C
D
\
[ m 12 5 51 K
I
Q
k
.

19 .
{
v
-
J
O 12 6 52 N . H 1 00 O
.

18 O D 12 7 52 W Q

w
. C .
.

18 N P 12 8
- O
. h 53 O . N
17 .
O 12 9 53 D . ( W
17 . w 87 3 O O 13 0
)

16 . 88 3 H H 13 1 55 O .
 R K
AR entiS N rOFde deE reesO EsTunits
R C A ES
S ULP HU I C A C I D HA N DB OO

C OMP I O T H RM M I SC L
C g a g a

O m
O
'

F 154 . u

26 Q . 1 56 . w
i
s 28 .
P
v
-
1 58 o .

30 N m
a

b . 15 9 .

c
o
32 O . 16 1 . m
O :
' o 33 . O o 1 63 .
s
u

m w
J

35 C .
h
p 1 65 .

s 37 P w 1 67 o
m
. r .

b 39 N . o 1 68 .
o
o

b
o
41 O . m 1 70 .
a
c

' o 42 .
O
O m 1 72 .
s
u

w 44 G .
s
r 1 74 . w
s 46 X
w 1 76 o
m
-
. H .

' o 48 N . o 1 77 o
:o
o
o
50 O
a
o . o 179 . o

51 O u
s
b . O c 18 1 . u

i
o 53 .
D
O
-
e
p 1 83 . w
55 Q . m 1 85 o .

H
57 N m
J

. o 1 86 .

59 O . m 1 88 a .

I s
O o
60 . O t
I
C O 1 90 .
s
y

62 G .
-
m 19 2 . m
64 B . I
o
t 19 4 e .

+1 . 66 N . o 1 95 . m
68 O . m 1 97 a .

69 .
O
O m 19 9 S .

m w
J

71 s 2 01

. O .

73 .
P I
-
m 2 03 o .

75 M o

10 .
P
I
-
.

12 N .
J
77 O . m
14 O . 78 .
O
O m
15 .
O
O 80 G . a
17 O . 82 .
R I m
19 Q . o
0
21 N . 0

23 O .
 LP R K
D E N S I T O F O UT I O N S O F U LP H U R IC AsisT
2 22 SU H U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

lculated fhydr
rom ometers indikcatint gbl centdoptedsulphuribc aacid ( H280 4 )
A CID 2O O

Y S L S 1
.
2

(C a D r J Do m A t he fo r s t a n d a r di
3
. . e s a e . as

za t i on 20 C )

of p er . of at .

0 9 9 82 3
. H 2 185 0 . . 4 9 818
. 005 06 H2 2 2 669 . 5 0904

H
. 01 178 H 2 3 492
. . 5 1 9 99

H
. 01 83 9 H 243 20. . 5 3 102
. 02 5 00 H 2 5 15 4
. . 5 4 2 13

H 2 599 2 H 5 53 3 3
8
0
t

t 8. 3 16 . .

564 60

t

03 4 3 2 683 6

7685
r . I
- . l .

H 57 595
A l

I 0 7. 452 i . 2 .

H 05 2 16
. H 2 85 4 3
. H 5 873 9 .

H 05909 . H 2 9407. H 5 9890 .

. 06609 . 3 02 78
l

l
0 8. 61 4
62 2 1 3
t

. 07 3 14 . 3 1 15 7 l
- .

H 63 384

H H
. 08026 . 3 2 04 3 .

. 08744 . 3 2 9 38 H 64 5 60 .

. 09 4 68 . 3 3 84 3 H 65 73 8 .

H 3 4 75 9 669 1 7

A
10199
t

3 5 686
. r
- .
n .

1 09 3 6 68095
t
A
t . I . v
- .

H 1 1 67 9
. H 3 6 62 5 . . 69 2 68
H 1 24 28
. H 3 7 5 74 .

H 13 183. H 3 85 3 3 .

7 2 7 17

13 9 4 3
t

3 95 05
s

v . r . .

1 4 709 H 4 04 87
t

r . .

H 1 5 4 80 H 4 14 81
7
. .

H 162 5 8 42 4 8
50
I

. t .

H 1 704 1 43
t

. I . 3

M 1 783 0
. . 44 5 3 0
H 1 8 62 4
. . 455 68
I

-
. 19 423 . 466 15

H
H 2 022 7 . 4 76 73
H 2 103 6 . 4 8 74 0 87
 LP R
E l SulT t O L UT I O S O F P H U RIC CID AtheT b s s
S U HU IC A CI D 2 23

rhydr r eters in dikcatint blg per c entdoptedsulphurica acid at

D N I Y or S N S UL A 1
( H2 80 4 ) 20 C

.
2
( C on cl u ded)
(C a c a ed f om D . J Do m
. e s

a e .
3
A as i fo r s t a n d a r d i
za t i o n of om . of 2D C

.
)

under
1
ener
F or al
ca pti o n
g mo re e x tensi ve
ulphuri c i
u se el
t he ab o ra te
per cent
t and a rd ables
sh o uld
and

S T

al ays be re ferred t o
edition M arc h

t he , S a c d O B

.

100 . H2 8 0 4 ,

w
2
nitedp tates ureau ta dards r r o
U S B
.

of S n ,
Ci cu l a N . 19 , 5 t h ,

den
3 0, 1 9 16,
ity values
s
.

thi
28
t able a re nu m eri c lly
.

g r a ity th s te m per ature re ferred w a ter

T he in s
unity
s am e as spe c i c a t he

r i
r p 4 C

v at to at as

k
. .

3
Wi s s . Ab . der K a i s e l i chen No m a l E i c h u n g s Kom m i s s i on , 5 ,
- -
. 13 1 ,
 LP R B K
EMPERATURE MIONRREED CTIONSDRTOOMETER ETNATNDOARF D UALPT H URIC CI DETER
2 24 S U HU I C A CI D HA N D OO

T C PE RC S A D 1

al c ul a ted f rom s am e d at a a s pre c edin g t ab le a ssu m i n g en a

.

HY (S 20 C )

2
BY

g l a ss the ma teri a l used t able sh o uld be used with cauti o n

.

(C t he t he J

a pprox i mate results when te m per a ture di ers m u c h f rom

,

T he a nd

temperature from temperature surrounding air

as .
,

for t he ff t he st
a rd t he of t he )
e m e r t u re d e gree s e n t igr d e
or .

T p a in C a

Ob
c
se r e d
v
ent
l ,
u tr c rr c n rv
p er 0 5 10 15 25 45 50 55 60

c nt
.

H2 S O4
S b a tf m b o O se e d A dd t o ob ser e d p e
pe e t v er .

. 16 0 35 0 59 0 86 1 5 1
0 59 0 49 0 36 0 2 0 0 24 0 50 0 79 1 11 1 5 8 2
0 92 0 72 0 51 0 27 0 29 0 60 0 93 1 28 1 5 2 02
1 39 1 06 0 72 0 36 0 37 0 75 1 14 1 53 1 93 3 2
1 64 1 23 0 82 0 41 0 41 0 82 1 24 1 65 2 07 2 5 2

1 65 1 24 82 41 4 1 0 82 1 22 1 62 2 03 2 4 2
1 56 1 17 0 78 0 39 0 3 8 0 77 1 15 1 52 1 2 3 2
1 52 1 14 0 76 0 38 0 3 7 0 74 1 11 1 4 8 1 84 2 2 2
1 54 1 15 0 76 0 38 0 3 8 0 75 1 13 1 50 1 0 6 2 2 2
0

1 72 1 30 0 87 0 44 0 4 5 0 90 1 36 1 0
83 2 3 1 2 0 3

1 76 1 34 0 92 0 44 47 0 93 1 42 1 93 2 44 3 0
1 84 1 41 0 96 0 47 0 50 1 00 1 51 2 04 2 58 3 1
1 94 1 48 1 00 0 50 0 53 1 06 1 59 2 18 2 78 3 4
2 05 1 57 1 06 0 53 0 55 1 12 1 74 2 36 3 0 3 7
2 20 1 67 1 13 0 57 0 61 1 23 1 88 2 57 3 3 4 0

2 36 1 80 1 22 0 62 66 1 35 2 08 2 84 3 7 4 65
2 54 1 95 1 32 0 67 0 73 1 50 2 31 3 2 4 1 5 2
2 75 2 12 1 44 0 74 0 81 1 67 2 59 3 6 4 7 6 0
3 01 2 31 1 58 0 82 0 89 1 86 2 91 4 1 5 6
3 27 2 53 1 73 0 91 0 99 2 10 3 4 4 9

3 57 2 78 1 93 1 01 1 13 2 44 4 1
3 91 3 06 2 13 1 12 1 32 3 00
4 29 3 38 2 37 1 26 1 64
4 75 3 77 2 69 1 46
5 29 4 26 3 12 1 76

4 88 3 65 2 19
5 68 4 42 2 90

under
1

theener
F or a l use
ca pti o n
g mo re e x tensi v e
ulphuri c i
el ab o r a te
t he
c ent
t a d a rd ables
sh o ld
d

S n T

a lw ays be ref erred t o

an

S ac d

O B 100 p er H2 S 0 4

nited t a tes ure a u t a nd a rds r editi on

,
.
-

. , u

arch
.

2
U S B of S ,
C i r cu l a N o . 19 . 5t h .

M p
3 0, 1 9 16, . 29 .
 S UL H UR P K
A E ELunF e slerR T UR
2 26 I C A C I D HA N DB OO

O F ULPH
e
T B L I .

SP CI IC G AVI Y S IC A CID
g ,
I ,
and N a f
1 1

so
D eg D eg
at
F B a um T w a d d el l
in N ew
803 . H2 8 0 .

0 07 . . 09 O 001
.

O 83 . O 007
.

H 57 . O 01 3
.

N 30 . O 019
.

e
t . 47
J
O . 03 O 02 5
.

a 07
O
1 02 5 . O O 03 2
.

m 67
-

. P I . 49 O 038
.

n
I
I . 27 O . 23 O 04 4
.

-
1 04 0 s . 87 O 05 1
.

1 045 u 45 . O 05 7
.

m 02. O 063
.

a
d . 59 O 070
.

n 16. O 076
.

1 065 a 73. O 082

.

m32 . O 089
.

0 O 096
.

. 47 O 103
.

. 04 O 109
.

1 0 60
. O 1 16
.

1 1 16
. O 1 22
.

11 . O 12 9
.

12 2 7
. O 136
.

1 2 82
. O 14 3
.

13 3 6
. O 14 9
1 3 89
. O 1 56
.

14 4 2
. O 162
.

14 95. O 1 69
.

15 4 8
. O 1 76
.

1 6 01
. O 183
.

1 6 54
. O 1 89
.

. 07 O 19 6
.

17 5 9
.

18 1 1
.
 P RA V LP R
E E GRA T
S E CI F I C G IT Y OF S U HU I C A CI D 227

T AB L I S P CI FI C I Y OF S ULPH URIC CI D A
( C on t i n ued)

wm
'
.
-
V

1 00 p a
c o
r ts b y e ig h t
n t in gr s
a , a
1 li t r n t ins
k
e co
i l gr
o sa m
a in

S O: H2 8 0 4 S O: H2 8 0 4

HX 8 O 2 17 O 2 66
)
o
1 65 O C . .

3 O 22 4 O 2 75
1

1 70 o
c
-
i t
O
C . .

. 1 75 S HD C 3 O 23 1
. O 2 83
.

O 3 3 O 238
. O 292
.

H
. 185 3 5 O 246
. O 3 01
.

. 1 90 o 3 3 O 2 53
. O 3 10
.

. 195 m 5 3 O 2 60 O 3 19
.

o 8 3 O 2 68
. O 3 28
.

2 05 n
5 3 O 2 75 O 337
1

p . c . .

u
p . 2 10 b 5 2 O 28 2 O
. 2 15 m 8 8 O 2 90
. O 3 55
.

o 3 3 O 297
. O 3 64
.

p 3 3 O 305
. O 3 73
.

I 2 30 o
c 3 3 O 3 12 O 382
.

H 23 5 s
u 3 8
8 3 O 3 20 O 39 1
.

H 2 40 o
c 5 8 3 8 O 3 27
. O 4 00
.

H 245 su 3 8 O 3 34 O 4 09
.

H 2 50 o
o 3 3 O 34 1
. O 4 18
.

H 2 55 w 5 3 O 3 48 O 42 6
.

H 2 60 u 3 3 O O 435
.

H 2 65 m 8 8 O 3 63
. O
H 2 70 3 9 O 3 70 O 4 54
:
b .

H 2 75 w 3 3 O 3 77
. O 4 62
H m 3 3 O O 4 72
.

H 2 85 o 3 3 C 3 93 O 48 1
.

H 2 90 a 3 O O 4 90
H 2 95 b
o
2 O O
3 O 4 16 O 5 10
o
b . .

k i

3 O 424. O 5 19
.

. 3 10 i
o 3 O 43 2
. O 529
.

H
. 3 15 b 3 O 439. O 538
.

. 3 20 ' o D 44 7
. O 54 8
.

. 3 25 i s O 4 55
. O 557
.

O
o
O 56 7
.
 LP H UR K
E E F C GRA OF ULPH URIC CID
2 28 S U I C A C I D HA N D B OO

T AB L I SP CI I VI T Y S A
( Cont i n u ed)

rt s b y w eig t c m
.

n t n gr m s
1 00 p a h 1 l i t e r n t i ns i
k
o a n
il gr s
cu
D e grees D e gr ees co ai , a o a

in va o
S 03 H2 8 0 4 80 3 H2 80 4

H335 36 N . 67 35 27. 43 20. O 47 1

. O 5 77
H 3 40 36 .
E
O 68 35 71. 4 3 74
. O 4 79
H 3 45 . 37 O . 69 3 6 14
. 44 2 8
. O 4 86
. O 5 96
.

H 37 A . I 70 36 . 44 8 2
. O 4 94
. C 605
.

H 3 55 37 .
O
O 71 3 7 02
. 45 35. O 5 02
. . O 6 14
.

H 3 60 38 N . 72 3 7 45
. 4 5 88
. O 509
. C 624
.

H 3 65
D

. C 73 . 89 46 . O 5 17
.

H 3 70 39 O . 74 . 32 46 . O 525
.

H 3 75 39 3 8 75
-
. . l
-
. 47 47. O 533
. O 65 3
H 3 80 39 . m 76 3 9 18
. 48 . O 54 1
. C 662
H 3 85 40 . H 77 3 9 62
. 4 8 53
. O 54 9
. O 672
H 3 90 40 .
T
O 78 . 05 49 . O 55 7 C 68 2
H 3 95 . 40 .
O
O 79 40 48. 49 . O 5 64
.

H 4 00 41 N . 80 . 91 . 11 O 5 73
. O 702
.

H 4 05 41 O 81 4 1 33 O 58 1 O 711
D

. . . 63 . .

H 4 10 42 O . 82 41 . 5 1 15
. O 5 89
. O 72 1
.

H 4 15 42 .
O
O 42 1 7
. 5 1 66
. O 597
. O 7 30
.

H 4 20
I
42 K . 42 5 7
. 5 2 15
.

H 425 43 . H 42 . 5 2 63
. O 6 12
.

H 4 30 43 .
P
V . 36 53 1 1
. O 620
.

H 435 4 3 75
. 53 5 9
. O 62 8
.

O 63 6
.

. 445 . 55 O 64 3
.

4 50 5 5 03 O 65 1

H
. .

. 4 55 45 . H 45 3 1
. 55 . O 65 9
.

4 60 45 Q 4 5 69

l
- .
.
. . 55 9 7
. O 66 7
.

H 4 65 45 .
O
O 4 6 07
. 56 . O 675
.

H 4 70 46 . H 46 4 5
. O 683
.

H 4 75 46 .
R
I- 4 6 83
. 57 3 7
. O 69 1
.

H 4 80 . 46 .
O
O 47 2 1
. 5 7 83
. O 699
.

H 4 85 47 47 57 O 707

-
r
. . .

H 4 90 47 h . I 47 95. 5 8 74
. O 7 15
.

H 495 47 .
O
O 48 3 4
. 59 22. O 723
.
 LP H UR K
A E E C GRA T URIC CID
23 0 S U I C A C I D HA N DB OO

T B L I
S P CI F I VI Y OF S U LP H A
( C on t i n ued)

c rt s b y w e ig t ck grn minss
.

n t in gr ms
l] i te r t
um w
Sp e i gr vi ty
c a
100 p a h 1
l
o a in
De gree s D e gr ee s co a , a 1 i o a

Ba e T a dd e ll
8 03 H2 S O 4 803 H2 8 0 4

74 5 1
74 9 7
. 1 02 5
.

r . 267
7 5 86 2 78
t

H
. l .

76 3 0
. H 2 89 .

H 3 01

l 59 N . .

H 59 .
N
C 77 1 7
. H 3 12 .

H 63 3 5
.

H 63 7 0
. H 3 34 .

H 14 3 64 07
3 57
.

H 14 4 H 108

43
I

. . 92 . i .

7 9 36 H 1 18 3 69
t

. . v .

H 65 1 4
. 7 9 80
. H 12 7
. H 3 81
.

H 14 7 65 . . 24 H 13 6
. H 3 92
.

H 61 .
:
H 14 6
H 74 5 61 .
s
o 14 9 8 . 22 8 1 12
. H 156
.

H C
o
8 . 58 H 165
.

H H 1 75
.

H 62 .
3
0 8 . 30 H 185
.

H 62 .
1
0 8 . 65 . 88 H 194
.

H7 m 8 . 02 . 32
H 7m 8 . 49 H 2 16
.

H 7m 63 N 8 98 H 2 28
)

. . .

H7 % 63 .
N
C 85 10. H 24 0
.

H7 % 85 70. H 2 52
.

H7 % . 45 86 3 0
. H 2 65
.

HA m 86 H 27 7
.

H8 % H 29 1
.

H8 m . 30 H 305
.

H 8 15
. 89 05. H 3 19
.

H8 % 65 .

H8 m
H8 % 8 1 90 4 0
.
 P RA V LP R
E E F GRA T U PH U RIC CID
S E CI F I C G IT Y OF S U HU I C A CI D 23 1

T AB L I S P CI IC VI Y 0F S A
( C on d u ded)

rts b y w e ig t cki g ntmsns

.
-
L

um w c nt in gr ms
1 00 p a h 1 l it e r
l
o ai in

c
a
D e grees o , a o ra

a dd e l l
'

Ba e T
in va uo
80 3 H2 80 4 80 3 H2 80 4

H 82 3 H 34 8
H 824 12 35 2

2
. F .

165 91 H 3 56

l 8 5 .

H 82 6
. . 49 91 . H 3 60
H 82 7 . 69 91 . H 3 64 . H 67 1
.

H 82 8 91 . H 3 68 . H 6 76
.

H 82 9 . 03 91 . H 3 72 H 68 1
.

19 92 H 3 76 H
83 1
. . .

35 92 H 690
i

i . . . .

M 83 2
. . 53 92 . H 69 5
.

. 72 92 . H 700.

93 . H 706.

. 27 93 . H 7 13
.

. 57 93 . H 72 2
.

. 83 7 H 4 12 . H 730.

. 23 H 4 19 . H 73 9
.

. 55 H 42 6 . H 74 8
.

H 4 36 H 75 9
4 5 1
. .

H 765
I

t . .

84 10 19 4 58 H 7 86
t

. . r
- . .

. 84 1 5 . 76 H 469 . H 799.

. 84 10 . 16 H 476 .

. 57
. 98
83 9 5 . 18
. 83 90 . 39
. 59
 LP H UR

O A NC E FO R
E ERA TU E
23 2 S U I C A C I D HA N D B OOK

ALL W MP R
un e
T

Per de ree enti r de

(L g )

Up
1 1 70 toto
to
g C

gr
g a
v ty
spspeecicicc grgr vivittyy
s p e01fi c a

a
i

toto ss ecicicc grgr vity

p vity a

E F GRA TunOeF U UR A I
pe a

T AB LE 11 .

SP CI I C VI Y
g )
S LP H IC C D AT

60 F .

(L

H 83 0
. 1 66 . 685
H 83 1
. 1 382
H 832
. 698
H 833
.

H 83 4
. 1 3 96
. . 7 10
H 83 5
. 167 . 7 17
H 83 6
. H 405
.

H 83 7
. H 4 12
. 730
H 838
. H 4 19
. 739
H 83 9
. H 426
.

H 840
. 1 68 H 4 36
.

H 8405
. H 44 1
. 7 65
H 84 1
. H 44 8
.

H 84 1 5
. H 463
.

H 84 10
. H 476
.

H 8405
. H 481
. . 8 14
H 84 00
. H 4 83
.

H 83 95
. H 4 84
.

H 83 90
.

H 83 85
.
 I N DE X

A Ba ueltinm g hydr
rule
e om eter 8

id calculations
,

o ilin g po in s sulphuri c ac id
B s , 177
Ac , 86 89 , 96 B t 55 , 6 7,

st a nd a rd rrickggsshpipeapesthreads
, ,

1 03

c ids in burner gas test fo r

1 27 B i 208

l owanccehlfoorir cteacmidperature hydro

,
,

urett
A , ,
1 13 B 204
,

A , B es , 4 1 , 1 34

itri c ac id
sulphu ic ac id
, 52
C

a l c ula ti o ns ac id
n , 50

a ib ra ti o n of ta nks
r , 5 7, 60, 67 , 7 1 , C 24 , 86

mmo i m sulph a te
, ,

st r o n pipe
224 , 2 3 2 C l 148

nalysiof s itrofamtedixedsulphuri c id
,

;3 1
nti g r a e sca le
A n u Ca -
i 1 94

c ac id
,

ir c les c ir c u feren c e a nd a re a of
A a , 140 Ce d 2 19 , 220

of sulphur d oxide
,

n , 1 40 C m

of sulph ri c id qu a li ta ti ve
, ,

irlecaumfl nesserenofc ehydr

of c irc les
i , 109 1 55

om eters
u c a , , C s 1 55

qu a ntit ti ve
,

o e fc ient of e xp a nsio n
12 5 C n i 8

of to ta l ac ids in burner
,

hydr oc hl o ri c a id
a ,
1 26 , 1 3 9 C 29

nhydride sulphuri
,

A
A -
z
,

u ,
,

1 78
ni
ntipproxfreei mainteg li qb idsil ing po i ts sul sulph ri c ac id
c 33 t ri c ac id
g a s , 1 13

u
, 50
c , 52

5 7 , 60, 6 7, 7 1

ac id
.
,

om p a riso n of m etri c and

'
A o n , 224 , 2 3 2

queo us vaac idpo r ten ion of sulphuric

p h uri c , 55 , 67
ei g ht
C U . S .

of thermom etri c sca les

A s W s 2 16

rrebaitrofarcyirsccalesle hydrometers
, , ,

, 1 05 2 19 ,
,

om po siti o n of dry gas

A , 5 22 0

o n c entra ti o n of s lphur c ac id
A , 1 55 C 1 2 3 , 12 4
,

C u i 89

o n v ersi o n of dens ty b asis

,

1 08
B

eq ivalents of t
o rrec ti o ns S pec c gr a ty
o
C
SC : 80 3 , 1 1 3
i ,
3

ity 16
,

ube
11
o ts of n m b rs
ubes of n mbers
C
C
C
r o

u
,

u
i
e

1 55
,
vi

1 55
, 2

, ,
2 36 I N DE X

D r ul stifoonsr ulphuric cid calcul Fo m a s a a

D e c i mals of a foo t ree in g p o ints s lphuri c ac id

,
24 , 89

of a n in c h
, 1 73 F z , u ,

D e g rees co rresp o ndin g t o u m in g sulphuri c ac id

1 77 63

c i c g r av ity
,

spe
equiwavddle
B au m

a lent spe c i c g rav ity of

fo r stren g thenin g m i x ed ac id
m eth o ds of w ei g hin g
F ,
2 3 , 71

S
16 97

c i c g r avity of
, ,

co rresp o ndin g t o spe pe , 11 , 1 35

g r avity t ab les
T 72 , 73 , 2 3 3

D ensity co nv ersi o n of b a sis

,

ci c ,
21 , 7 2 , 73 , 74, 76, 79 , 2 3 3

dehydrnitiomoeters
,

n of 1
,
3
G

ag s p ressure
,

of sulphuri c ac id G su c ti o
, 5

of w a ter com p o siti o n of

,
222 e , an d n , 1 78

D es c ripti o n of prep a r a ti o n of st nd
,

a rd ac id t ables
22 1
G l sstu b ulb m eth o d
b e m eth o d
a
G as
a
,

,
,

13 6
12 3 , 1 2 4

D iluti o n of sulphuri c ac id
,
27 , 13 6

D i p henyl am ine test

89

D u Po nt nitrom eter
,

12 5 H

c hes rop e
,

E
it , 144

ydroc lteorimcperacaidture llowance H

H h
, ,
2 10
a

c i c g r av it y of
,

Elemsyentsmbonlsamofes of
, ,
spe
t a ble
1
,
52
, 51

quivalenspes cofic gravitydegrees and ydrprep

,
1
a r ati o n of
og en sulphide test
, 51

of M etri c a nd
E t B aum ,
44

w ei g hts
of w a ddle de g rees a nd spe c i c
U Sydr .om eters .
, 1 1, 16
,
2 16
H
H ,
2, 5
, 12 6

g ravity ma n pul ti o n of
T B aum , 8

Estimating ac id stock ,
21
w ddle
, 86 T a
i a
,
20
, 5

Fa
F o
hrenheit s cale
erri re usr pesulphknaotets amndethhitodches
,
2 19 , 22 0
12 5, 148 13 5
,

Fb
F gittinsc res wedanged
o
,
, 1 80
,
2 10
eters
of ur e tensi o n hydro eters
m ,
6

F llaannggesed ttings ,
2 02
,
1 80
s

7
fac ,
m ,

o r ma ti o n of m i x ed ac id
F ,
1 80
F . 96
23 8 IN DE X

R S tandardofacid tables preparatio , n

e t n lecomncethentro datifoonr dilution and

Rc a g nsoodiurmaml achydrid oxide
,
27
,
12 7

n o ts a nd it c hes
Rules beltin g
R Op e K H
, 91
,
2 10 solutiofons protecting strength
,
,
3 9, 1 3 1

o b erv in g te m pera ture of

, , 1 77 ,
1 33

S S tandardi ation of standard c id

s

z
,

a
134

rtcalesoriustherspmom
,

Sa ecicetrigrcavity balance I

, 1 of st a nd a rd so diu m hy r ox ide
12 8
d ,

c re w ed ttin g s tteelarchpipesolution preparation of

S , ,
2 19 13 1
S
S elenium test for in sulphuric acid
,
,
2 02
, ,
S
S
ttock ,

esti ma ti o n of
19 7
, , 111

S hheetapesleabdrick
,
12 5
,
2 08
S
S o r ag e t a nk s ca li b r a ti o n of
uulph
,

c ti o n gag es
,
, 86
,
148

co nv erted t o a nili c ac id
S ,
2 07 S ,
1 78

o diu m ca rb o n a te ulphidesfrommetraoallicsting composition

S 02 8 0 3 , 1 13 S , 33
S
hydroxide solution standard ,
3 0, 3 1 , 3 4 , 1 2 7
, ,
S ,

ulphur acid obtainable from

, g as
, 12 3

S
sulphite est
pecicocrregrcavtioitnsy b alances
t ,
12 5
1
S ,

dioxidegas es imation of in burner

1h .
, 1 08
t
1 00

, , ,

co rresp o ndin g t de g rees estiacmaid tion of in sulphuric

,
2 ,
1 09

au m
o

t o de g rees w a ddle
B e, 1 1

dedeternitimoinnatiofons preparation T
1
,
21 ga s com p o siti o n f rom
tion of
,
13 8

12 4
c om b us
, ,

of st a nd a rd ac id t a bles
In

equi v a lent de g rees

hmyethdromodseters B a u m , 16
,
28
'

trioxide obtainable from

1 09
,
1 00

of deter m inin g
of hydroc hl o ri c ac id
,
5
,
1 prep
1h .

a r a ti o n of
,
1 09

ulphuric ac id allowanc e for ,

33

of nitri c ac id
,
51 S ,
t em

of sulphuri c ac id
,
49

b o i l in g p o ints
,
54 , 60, 62 , 68,

ttestablessulphuri
use of c acid
72 , 73 , 2 22 , 22 5
, , 86
,
5 5 , 6 7 , 1 07

per c ent co n c entr a ti o n of

, ,
7 6 07 67, 7 1 , 2 24 , 2 3 2

S
S
ququaresre rofootsnuofmbnue ms bers
a
.

r ,
S 0 3, 81

15 5
,
1 55 density
dilution of of ,
22 2
89
, 89 , 108

,
 IN DE X 23 9

S ulphuricarsenac idc examination fo r T

ne per ture li r ti nrre ti n hydro

,

fo r iro n
i ,
12 6
a ks ca b a o of 1 48
fo r le a
T
1 2 6 , 1 40 , ,

ri id
,
T m a co c o
fo r nitrog en a i d s
d , 12 5, 139 ,

fo r seleniu
c , 125
nitri
Sulphuri
chl o c ac 52

pe i r itidy
c ac 50 id ,

fo r in c
m ,
12 5 ,

c g av
f ree in g po i n ts
c 2
z ,
1 40 ,

f m in g
z
'

55 , 63 , 1 03
s c ac 5 7 60 , , ,
67 , 7 1 ,

eensimplonteof foqur doiusl nvag po r s lphuric

,

fo r stren g thenin g m ix ed
224 , 2 3 2
u ,
23 , 71
T a s r li 1 83 , 1 92
a i d, ,

m eth ods of wei g hin g ac id

T a e u
97 ,

stapbles
ec ic gravity of , 1 35
7 2 , 7 3 , 233
heo retical com position of dry gas
T
, 1 05
,

her m hyd om et rs
,

xn t a ble fo r
1 23 , 1 24
72 , 7 3 , 74 , 76 , 7 9 , 2 3 3

her mom etri c sca les

,

ttableble foforr
T o r e 5
mi i g 59 B
-

94 ,

hre a d pipe and l ck nut

,
.
,
T 2 19 , 220
60 B , 95 ,

ititraatintiong ofv essels

,
.

mo n o hydra te
T s o 204
66 B
-

a 96 , ,

ac id
.
, ,

nitr a ted a n a lysis of

T r 1 34
2 3 , 3 2 , 108 ,

o t l ac ids in b urner test for

,

nobomtaeninacblelaturefromof lb sulphur
T 13 7
, ,
140 ,

T a g as ,
22 ,

waddle hydr om eter

,
1 13
100

d g r escogrrresp o nd n g to
.
,
T 20
1 08 ,

per cperent cent correspo nding to av ity

f om e e i S pe
r 1 00 80 3, 1 09
ci c 21
. SO ; ,

co rr spo nding t o per

H280 4 85

of s ec i c g r v ity t bles
,
U
.

c ent
H28 0 4 e

qquaantit
u lit tivtievetesansaoflysis of
a
,

t
86
1 25
Use p a a , 86

spec ic gravity of
v

Vitri o l o il of
,

a 12 6

Volu me of water
,

54 , 60, 62 , , ,
22

per cent
,

test 68 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 222 , 22 5 ,

W
,
22 1

ter de sit y lu e
.

strenagtthmospheri fo r e uilib riu m with

80 3 , 8 1

c mo is ture
q Wa
eiei htsh n ndid e sures
n ,
an d vo

eth ds
m of 2 2 1 ,

sulphur requ red to make i

,
1 07
1 00
W g i g ac
W g
estph
a m a
m o of 1 3 5

l spe i
2 13
r it y l n e
, ,

r u ht ir n pipe
,

c
tablesst
1h

nd
.
, 1 09

a rd prep a r a ti o n of
, 54 , 60, 61 , 68 , 22 5
W
Wo g
a
o
c g a v ba a c 1
197 -

,
,

tensi
ulphuri
a

o n of a queo us va p r
c a hydride
,

o ,
,

105
46

inc analysis of in sulphuric acid

Z

m bo ls of ele m ents
S n ,
23 Z , , ,

Sy , 1 1 40