2 c`v_wevb

1.1 c`v_wevb
Physics
wevbi h kvLvq c`v_ I kw wbq AvjvPbv Kiv nq mB kvLvK ejv nq c`v_wevb| c`v_wevbi g~j
j nQ cheY, cixY I weklYi AvjvK e I kwi icvi I mK D`NvUb Ges
cwigvYMZfve Zv cKvk Kiv |
c`v_wevbi cwimi
wevbi PvweKvwV njv c`v_wevb| c`v_wevb nQ wevbi GKwU gwjK kvLv Kbbv Gi bxwZjvB
wevbi Abvb kvLvmg~ni wfw Zwi KiQ| D`vniY ^ic, kwi msiYkxjZv bxwZ nQ c`v_wevbi
GKwU g~j bxwZ hv nQ cigvYyi MVb _K i Ki AvenvIqvi c~evfvm `vb ch wevbi weZ GjvKvi
g~j wfw| cKkjkv _K i Ki wPwKrmv wevb, RvwZwevb _K i Ki mgy`wevb, Rxewevb
_K i Ki gbvwevb me c`v_wevbi cwZ I hcvwZi cf~Z eenvi iqQ| cVb cvVbi
myweavi Rb c`v_wevbK Avgiv cavbZ wbv kvLvjvZ fvM KiZ cvwi : (1) ejwevb (2) Zvc I
ZvcMwZwevb (3) kwevb (4) AvjvKwevb (5) ZvwoZ P^Kwevb (6) KwVb Aevi c`v_wevb (7)
cvigvYweK c`v_wevb (8) wbDKxq c`v_wevb (9) KvqvUvg c`v_wevb (10) BjKUwb BZvw`|
c`v_wevbi gweKvk
AvaywbK mfZv wevbi dmj| wevbi GB AMMwZi cQb iqQ wevbx`i AKv cwikg, bvbv Avwevi
I Dveb| wevbi Kvbv RvZxq ev ivRbwZK mxgv bB| wevbi DbwZ, mgw I KjvY mKj RvwZi
mKj gvbyli Rb| cvPxbKvj _KB wevbxiv wevbi Dbqb Ae`vb iL AvmQb| Avgiv GB AbyQ`
c`v_wevbx`i Ae`vb Zzj aiZ Pv Kie| _wjm (wLc~e 624-569) m~hMnY mwKZ fwelvYxi Rb
weLvZ| wZwb jvWvbi P^K ag mKI RvbZb| wevbi BwZnvm wc_vMvivm (wLc~e
527497) GKwU iYxq bvg| wewfb RvwgwZK Dccv` QvovI Kgvb Zvii Dci Zuvi KvR AwaK vqx
Ae`vb ivLZ mg nqwQj| eZgvb ev`h I msMxZ welqK h j iqQ Zv Zvii Kb welqK Zuvi
Abymvbi AvswkK Ae`vb|
wMK `vkwbK WgvwUvm (wLc~e 460-370) aviYv `b h c`v_i AwefvR GKK iqQ| wZwb GK bvg
`b GUg ev cigvYy| cvigvYy mK Zvui GB aviYv eZgvb aviYvi Pq m~Y Avjv`v njI ek Zvrchc~Y|
wMK wevbx AvwKwgwWm (wLc~e 287-212) wjfvii bxwZ I Zij wbgwZ ei Dci wqvkxj EagyLx
eji m~ Avwevi Ki avZzi fRvj wbYq mg nb| wZwb Mvjxq `cYi mvnvh m~hi iwk K`xf~Z Ki
Avb aivbvi KkjI RvbZb|
AvwKwgwWmi ci KqK kZvxKvj evwbK Avwevi gi MwZZ Pj| cKZc qv`k kZvxi c~e
BDivc evwbK Abymwrmvi cybRxeb NUwb| GB mgq cwg BDivcxq mfZv weklfve MnY KiwQj
evBRvbUvBb I gymwjg mfZvi vbi aviv| Avieiv wevb, MwYZ, RvwZwe`v, imvqb I wPwKrmv wevbI
c`v_wevb 3

wekl cvi`kx wQjb| GB mgq c`v_wevbi GKwU kvLv AvjvK Zi Beb Avj nvB_vg (965-
1039) Ges Avj nvRb (965-1038) Gi Ae`vb wekl DjLhvM| Ujwg (127-151) I Abvb cvPxb
wevbxiv wekvm KiZb h Kvbv e `Lvi Rb PvL wbR AvjvK iwk cvVvq| Avj nvRb GB gZi
weivwaZv Kib Ges ejb h e _K Avgv`i PvL Avjv Avm ejB Avgiv eK `LZ cvB| AvZwk
KvP wbq cixv ZvuK Dj ji AvaywbKZi KvQvKvwQ wbq Avm| Avjgvmy`x (896-956) cKwZi
BwZnvm mK GKwU GbmvBKvwcwWqv jLb| GB eBq evqyKji DjL cvIqv hvq| eZgvb cw_exi
AbK `k GB evqyKji mvnvh Zworkw Drcv`b Kiv nQ|
iRvi eKb (1214-1294) wQjb cixvg~jK evwbK cwZi cev| Zvui gZ cheY I cixvi gvagB
wevbi me mZ hvPvB Kiv DwPZ| wjDbv`v `v wfw (14521519) cbiv kZKi klw`K cvwLi Iov
cheY Ki DovRvnvRi GKwU gWj Zwi KiwQjb| wZwb g~jZ GKRb wPwkx njI ejwe`v mK Zvui
DjLhvM vb wQj| dj wZwb wKQz mvaviY h `Zvi mv_ Dveb KiZ mg nb|
MvwjwjI -wbDUbxq hyM Ges ZviI AvM msLvq Kg njI KqKRb c`v_wevbx RbMnY Kib| wevbi
AMhvvq Zviv Acwimxg Ae`vbI ivLb| Wv. wMjevU (15401603) Pz^KZ wbq wevwiZ MelYv I Z
c`vbi Rb wPiiYxq nq AvQb| Avjvi cwZmiYi m~ Avwevi Kib Rvgvwbi mj (1591-1626)|
nvBMb (1626-1695) `vjKxq MwZ chvjvPbv Kib, Nwoi hvwK Kkji weKvk NUvb Ges Avjvi
Zi Zi Dveb Kib| ievU K (1635-1703) c`v_i wwZvcK agi Abymvb Kib| wewfb
Pvc Mvmi ag ei Kivi Rb cixv-bxwiv Pvjvb ievU eqj (1627-1691)| fb qwiK (1602-
1686)) evqy cv Avwevi Kib| ivgvi (1644-1710) enwZi GKwU DcMni MnY cheY Ki
Avjvi eM cwigvc Kib, wK Zvui mgmvgwqK wevbx`i KDB wekvm Kibwb h Avjvi eM GZ ewk
nZ cvi|
KvcvwbKvm h miKw`K Zi aviYv DcwZ Kib Kcjvi (1571-1630) mB aviYvi mvaviY
MvwYwZK eYbv `b wZbwU m~i mvnvh| Kcjvii mvdji g~j wfw njv, wZwb cPwjZ evKvi Kc_i
cwieZ DcevKvi Kc_ Kbv Kib| Mn`i MwZc_ mK Zvui MvwYwZK m~jvi mZZv wZwb hvPvB
Kijb Zvi i UvBKvevni (1546-1601) cheY j Z_i viv|
AvaywbK evwbK cwZi m~Pbv NU BZvwji weLvZ wevbx MvwjwjIi (1564-1642) nvZ| wZwbB c_g `Lvb
h cheY, cixY Ges mykLjfve fZ ivwki msv c`vb I G`i ga mK wbaviY evwbK Kgi g~j
wfw| MvwYwZK Z wbgvY I cixvi gvag m Zi mZZv hvPvBqi evwbK avivi m~Pbv Kib MvwjwjI|
Avi Gi c~YZv `vb Kib wbDUb (16421727)| MvwjwjI miY, MwZ, ZiY, mgq BZvw`i msv c`vb I G`i
ga mK wbaviY Kib| dj wZwb ei cZbi wbqg Avwevi I mwZwe`vi wfw vcb Kib| wbDUb Zuvi
weqKi cwZfvi viv Avwevi Kib ejwe`v I ejwe`vi weLvZ wZbwU m~ Ges wekRbxb gnvKl m~| AvjvK,
Zvc I kwevbI Zvi Ae`vb AvQ| MwYZi bZzb kvLv KvjKzjvmI Zvui Avwevi|
4 c`v_wevb

Av`k I Ebwesk kZvxi Avwevi I Dveb BDivcK wk wecei w`K wbq hvq| Rgm IqvUi
(1736-1819) AvweZ evxq Bwb wk wecei iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| nv wwqvb
IqiW (1777-1851) `Lvb h, Zwor cevni P^K wqv AvQ| GB Avwevi gvBKj dvivW
(1791-1867), nbix (1797-1879) I j (1804-1865) K cwiPvwjZ Ki P^K wqv Zwor cevn
Drcv`b Ki GB NUbv Avwevii w`K| Avmj GwU njv hvwK kwK Zwor kwZ icvii cwqv
Avwevi|
1864 mvj Rgm KvK gvIqj (1831-1879) `Lvb h Avjv GK cKvi ZvwoZ P^K Zi| wZwb
Zwor I P^K K GKxf~Z Ki ZvwoZ P^K Zi weKvk NUvb| 1888 mvj nbwiL nvRI
(1857-1894) GKB iKg wewKiY Drcv`b I DNvUb Kib| 1896 mvj gvKbx (1874-1937) G iKg
Zi eenvi Ki AwaK `~iZ gvmKvW msKZ cvVvbvi eev Kib| ZviI AvM evOvwj wevbx RM`xk
P` emy (1858 1937) ZvwoZ P^K Zii gvag GK vb _K Ab vb kw ciY KiZ mg
nb| Gfve eZvi hvMvhvM Rbjvf Ki| Ebwesk kZvxi kli w`K ibRb (1845-1923) G-i
Ges eKij (18521908) BDiwbqvgi ZRwqZv Avwevi Kib|
wesk kZvxZ c`v_wevbi weqKi AMMwZ NU| gv cv (1858-1947) Avwevi Kib wewKiY msv
KvqvUvg Z| AvjevU AvBbvBb (1879-1955) c`vb Kib AvcwK Z| GB `yB Z AvMKvi cixvj
djvdjKB ay evLv Kiwb, Ggb fwelvYxI c`vb KiQ hv ci Aviv cixv wbixv viv cgvwYZ nqQ|
Avb iv`vidvWi (1871-1937) cigvYy welqK wbDKxq Z I bxjm evii (1885 1962) nvBWvRb
cigvYyi BjKUb ii aviYv cvigvYweK c`v_wevbi AZ iZc~Y avc wQj|
cieZx iZc~Y Avwevi NU 1938 mvj| GB mgq IUv nvb (1879-1968) I mgvb (1902-1980)
ei Kib h wbDKxqvm wdkbhvM| wdkbi dj GKwU eo fi msLv wewk wbDKxqvm cvq mgvb fi msLv
wewk `ywU wbDKxqvm icvwiZ nq Ges wbDKxqvmi fii GKwU Ask kwZ icvwiZ nq- Rb bq
wbDKxq evgv I wbDKxq Pzwji| eZgvb Avgiv wbDKxqvm _K h kw cvwQ Zv AZxZi mKj Drm _K
cv kwi Zzjbvq wecyj| w`b w`b wbDKxq kw kwi GKwU cavb Drm wnme cwiMwYZ nQ| GB
kZvxZB ZvwK c`v_wevb weKvk jvf KiQ KvqvUvg Z, AvcwK Z cfwZ| XvKv wekwe`vjqi
c`v_wevbi cdmi mZ` bv_ emy (1894-1974) ZvwK c`v_wevb iZc~Y Ae`vb ivLb| wZwb
cvi KvqvUvg Zi GKwU Zi cgvY Dcvcb Kib| Zvi Z evm- AvBbvBb msLvqb bvg
cwiwPZ| Zvui Ae`vbi ^xKwZ ^ic GKkwYi gwjK KYvK Zvui bvgvbymvi evmb ejv nq| wZbRb
bvej cyivi weRqx c`v_wevbx cvwKvbi cdmi Ave`ym mvjvg (1926-1996), gvwKb hyivi
kjWb Mvkv (1932-) Ges wfb IqvBbevM (1933-) GKxf~Z Zi ejvq gwjK ejjvK
GKxKiYi ZvwoZ `yej ej Avwevi Ki Amvgvb Ae`vb ivLb| ZviI AvM fviZxq bvej
cyivi weRqx c`v_wevbx P`kLi igb (1888-1970) igbcfve Avwevi Kib| wesk kZvxZ
c`v_wevb 5

wPwKrmv wevbi AMMwZZ c`v_wevb ivLQ iZc~Y Ave`vb| wPwKrmvwevbi wewfb hcvwZ
Avwevii cvkvcvwk ZRwq AvBmvUc wewfb wPwKrmvq eeZ nq ivM wbivgqi I Amvgvb
Ae`vb ivLQ| wesk kZvxZ c`v_wevbi AviKwU iZc~Y AMMwZ gnvk~b Awfhvb| Puv` gvbyli c`vcY
_K i Ki gj Mn Awfhvbmn gnvk~b kb gvmi ci gvm gvbyli emevm vbi Amvgvb
AMMwZ| Kwg DcMn AvenvIqvi c~evfvm `vb wKsev hvMvhvMK mnR KiZ PgrKvi Ae`vb ivLQ|
Avi BjKUwb Zv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb wbq GmQ wece, cv w`Q Rxeb hvcb cYvwj|
iwWI, Uwjwfkb, wWwRUvj Kvgiv, gvevBj dvb, AvB cvW Avi KwDUvii K_v GLb Ni Ni| wewfb
BjKUwbK mivg I KwDUvi gvbyli gZvK AbKLvwb evwoq w`qQ|

1.2 c`v_wevbi Dk
Objectives of Physics
c`v_wevb cKwZi inm D`NvUb Ki : c`v_wevb nQ wevbi GKwU gwjK kvLv Kbbv Gi bxwZjvB
wevbi Abvb kvLvmg~ni wfw Zwi KiQ| D`vniY ^ic, kwi msiYkxjZv bxwZ nQ c`v_wevbi
GKwU g~j bxwZ hv nQ cigvYyi Afii Aev _K i Ki AvenvIqvi c~evfvm `vb ch wevbi
weZ GjvKvi gj wfw|
hw`I c`v_ I kwi AaqbB c`v_wevbi g~j KvR ej eYbv Kiv hvq, wK c`v_wevbi Avmj Dk
nQ cKwZi inm D`NvUb Z_v cKwZi wbqgjv Abyaveb Kiv| wesk kZvxi iZ c`v_wevbxiv
Avwevi Kijb h, cigvYy abvZKfve AvwnZ wbDKxqvm viv MwVZ hvi Pvi cvk BjKUb Nvi| cieZx
cixv wbixv _K cvIqv hvq h wbDKxqvm cvUb I wbDUb viv MwVZ| GLb c`v_wevbxiv Avwevi
KiQb h cvUb I wbDUb Aviv z` KYv viv MwVZ|
c`v_wevbi MelYv cvKwZK NUbvjvK fvjvfve eySZ Ges evLv KiZ hgb mvnvh Ki Zgwb
wevbi Avbvb kvLvq Zvi cqvM iZc~Y Ae`vb ivL| wevbi Abvb kvLvq c`v_wevbi eenviB
meZ c`v_wevbK eZgvb wevbi hyM Gi K` cwiYZ KiQ| Dwbk kZKi klva BjKUbi
AvweviB BjKUb gvBvvci Dveb NwUqQ hv ewevb I Kvl-Rxewe`vq wece GbQ|
GKw`K c`v_wevb hgb Z mw I MwYZi cqvM AvQ Aci w`K GZ eenvwiK Dbqb ev weKvk
hgb cKkjkvI iqQ| imvqbwevb, f~Z wevb, RvwZwevb, AvenvIqvwevb BZvw` mK
gwjK evLv I aviYv MVb c`v_wevb AZ cqvRbxq| GQvov Rxewevb, mgy`wevb, gbvwevb I
wPwKrmvwevb c`v_wevbi cwZ I hcvwZi cf~Z eenvi iqQ|
c`v_wvb cKwZi wbqgjv eYbv Ki : Avgiv h cvKwZK RMZ evm Kwi, Zv KZjv wbw` wbqg hgb
wbDUbi gnvKl m~, kwi msiYkxjZv bxwZ BZvw` gb Pj| Avgiv Avgv`i ewMZ AwfZv jvfi
gvag wkKvj _K GBme wbqgbxwZ wkL AvmwQ| GB vb Avgv`i Rxebi Rb AZvekK| cKwZi
6 c`v_wevb

KvRi wbqgKvbyb Avgiv cvvZ cvwi bv, wbqgjvK Avgiv KvR jvMvZ cvwi| GRb cqvRb wbqgjv
mK Avgv`i cPzi vb| GQvovI Avgv`i evmf~wg GB cw_exZ Abymvb Pvjvq c`v_wevb|
c`v_wevbi gwjK m~jvi AbymiY chywi DbwZ NU : Uwjwfkb Kx Ki KvR Ki, iKU Kx Ki
gnvk~b Do hvq, Kwg DcMn Kxfve cw_exi Pvicvk Nvi, BUvibU w`q Kxfve gyn~Z cw_exi GKcv
_K Abcv Nyi Avmv hvq, gvevBj dvb Kxfve KvR Ki, mvegwib Kxfve cvwbZ Wze _vK BZvw`
eySZ nj Avgv`i c`v_wevbi gwjK m~jv RvbZ ne| GB me chywi Dvebi g~j KvR KiQ
c`v_wevb AvweZ wbqgvewj|
c`v_wevb Aaqb GKwU cK gvbweK cwkY : c`v_wevb cvV Avgiv bZzb aviYv jvf KiZ cvwi| Kx
Ki wPv KiZ nq, KviY `kvZ nq, hyw w`Z nq, Kxfve hywwevb I Gi wbKU AvZxq MwYZK KvR
jvMvZ nq c`v_wevb Zv Avgv`i wkwLq _vK| GwU Avgv`i KbvK Dx Ki Ges wPv kwi weKvk
NUvq|
c`v_wevb Avgv`i cheY KiZ kLvq : c`v_wevb cvVi gvag Avgiv Avgv`i cheY gZv ew
KiZ cvwi| Kx Ki mwVK cwZMZ cheY KiZ nq, c`v_wevb cvV Zv Avgiv RvbZ cvwi|

1.3 vb I Kvj
Space and time
wevb Z_v c`v_wevb vb I Kvj AZ iZc~Y aviYv| Kvbv NUbv eYbv KiZ Avgv`i vb I Kvji
cqvRb nq| NUbvwU Kv_vq NUQ Ges KLb NUQ -GUv bv Rvbj Avgiv NUbvwU mK ^Q aviYv cve
bv| Kvbv ei Aevb Kv_vq Ges ewU KZUv RvqMv `Lj Ki Zv eySZ vbi aviYv cvPxb Kvj _K
Pj AvmQ| Kvb NUbv AvM NUQ Ges Kvb NUbv ci NUQ Ges KZY ai NUQ Zv eySZ mgqi
aviYv cqvRb|
BDwKWi aviYv :
vbi RvwgwZK aviYv c_g Dcvcbv Kib BDwKW| Avgv`i Pvicvk hv AvQ meB vb|
MvwjwjI-Gi aviYv :
MvwjwjI Zvui mwZwe`vq vb I KvjK eenvi KiQb Zvi MwZ I ZiYi m~| Gi dj c`v_wevb vb
I Kvj AZ iZc~Y ivwk wnme MvwYwZK mgxKiY cek KiQ|
wbDUbi aviYv :
vb I Kvji aviYv Aviv I cwigvYMZ ic MnY KiQ wbDUbi ejwe`vi gvag|
c`v_wevb 7

wbDUbxq ev wPivqZ c`v_wevb vb nQ wgvwK GK wewZ| vbi Kvbv i ev kl bB| Amxg Gi

wewZ| vbK AwZz` Ask fvM Kiv hvq A_vr vb wbiewQb| vb mgm A_vr vbi h Kvbv
GjvKv Ab GjvKv _K Awfb| vb wbic| vbi ga me NUbv NU Ges vbi wewZi gaB
mg ei Aevb wK vb Kvbv e ev NUbv viv cfvweZ nq bv| vb hgb e I NUbv wbic
ZgbB mgq wbic, dj Kvji cevn vbK e`jvZ cvi bv|
wbDUbi aviYv Abymvi mgq ev Kvj wbR^ avivq cevwnZ ne| Kvbv e ev NUbvi viv GB KvwjK cevn
cevwnZ nq bv| mgqi Kvbv i ev kl bB| mgqK AwZz` Ask fvM Kiv hvq| A_vr Gi cevn
wbiewQb| mgqi h Kvbv Ask Ab Aski mgic| Gi dj Kvbv cixv hLbB mv`b Kiv nvK Zv
mgq wbevPbi Dci wbfi Ki bv| mgq vb wbic|
wbDUbxq vb Kvji aviYvq Avgv`i GB gnvwek wgvwK vb I GKgvwK mgq wbq MwVZ| hLvb
mg NUbv NUQ I mg e aviY Kiv AvQ|
AvaywbK c`v_wevb wbDUbxq vb Kvji aviYvi cwieZb GmQ| Gi g~j iqQ AvBbvBbi AvcwK
Z Ges cvi KvqvUvg Z|

1.4 fZ ivwk
Physical quantities
G fZ RMZ hv wKQz cwigvc Kiv hvq ZvK Avgiv ivwk ewj| hgb Zvgvi mvgbi Wi `N cwigvc
Kiv hvq, `N GKwU ivwk| Zvgvi `ni fi cwigvc Kiv hvq, fi GKwU ivwk| Zzwg KZY ai zj AvQ
mB mgq gvcv hvq, mgq GKwU ivwk| Zzwg hw` GKwU eBK Dci DVvI, Zvnj KZUzKz KvR Kij Zv
cwigvc Kiv hvq, myZivs KvR GKwU ivwk| G fZ RMZ Gic e ivwk AvQ| GB mKj ivwki ga gv
KqKwU ivwk AvQ hjv cwigvc KiZ Ab Kvbv ivwki mvnvh cqvRb nq bv| G ivwkjv gwjK ivwk|
hgb Wi `N gvcZ Mj Kej `N gvcjB Pj| G `N gvcvi Rb Ab Kvbv ivwk gvcZ nq bv
ev Ab Kvbv ivwki mvnvh `iKvi nq bv| myZivs `N GKwU gwjK ivwk| Aciw`K KqKwU ivwk Qvov
Aci h mKj ivwk AvQ mjv gvcZ nj Ab ivwki `iKvi nq| hgb Zvgvi NbZ cwigvc KiZ nj GK
L Zvgvi fi Ges AvqZb cwigvc KiZ ne Ges fiK AvqZb w`q fvM Ki NbZ ei KiZ ne| Avevi
AvqZb gvcZ nj `N, c I DPZv gvcZ ne A_vr wZbevi ev wZbw`K `N gvcZ ne| myZivs,
`Lv hvQ wKQz wKQz ivwk AvQ, hjv g~j ivwk; Gjv Ab ivwki Dci wbfi Ki bv| GB ivwkjvK
gwjK ivwk ejv nq|
myZivs h mKj ivwk ^vaxb ev wbic hjv Ab ivwki Dci wbfi Ki bv eis Abvb ivwk G`i Dci
wbfi Ki Zv`iK gwjK ivwk ej| vb wevbi mKj kvLv ckvLvq gvcRvLi wevbxiv Gic
8 c`v_wevb

mvZwU ivwkK gwjK ivwk ic wPwZ KiQb| Gjv njv (1) `N (2) fi (3) mgq (4) Zvcgvv (5)
Zwor cevn (6) `xcb ZxeZv (7) c`v_i cwigvY|
Avi Ab mKj ivwk gwjK ivwkjv _K jvf Kiv hvq A_vr GK ev GKvwaK gwjK ivwki Ydj ev fvMdj
_K cwZcv`b Kiv hvq| G`iK ejv nq j ivwk ev hwMK ivwk|
myZivs h mKj ivwk gwjK ivwki Dci wbfi Ki ev gwjK ivwk _K jvf Kiv hvq Zv`iK j ivwk ej|
eM, ZiY, ej, KvR, Zvc, Zwor wefe BZvw` ivwkjv gwjK ivwkmg~n _K jvf Kiv hvq ej Gjv j
ivwk|
hgb :
ej = fi u ZiY
eM
= fi u
mgq
`~ iZ
fi u
mgq 2
myZivs, ej GKwU j ivwk|

1.5 cwigvci GKK

Units of measurements
Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb cvq cwZwU KvRi mv_ gvc-RvLi evciwU RwoZ| G QvovI wewfb MelYvi KvR
cqvRb nq m~ gvc-RvLi| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi GB gvc-RvLi welqUvK ejv nq cwigvc|
mvaviYfve cwigvc ejZ eySvq Kvbv wKQzi cwigvY wbYq Kiv| hgb wiRyi evwo _K zji `~iZ 700
wgUvi| mvnj `vKvb _K 5 wKjvMvg Pvj wKb Avbj| wibvi Kvm _K Awdm ig hZ 50 mK mgq
jvM| GLvb 700 wgUvi njv evwo _K `~iZi cwigvY| 5 wKjvMvg njv wKb Avbv Pvji fii cwigvY
Ges 50 mK njv mgqi cwigvY| Kvbv wKQzi cwigvY wbYq KiZ nj Avgv`i `ywU wRwbmi cqvRb
nq| GKwU msLv Avi GKwU GKK|
h Kvbv cwigvci Rb cqvRb GKwU vvW ev Av`k cwigvYi hvi mv_ Zzjbv Ki cwigvc Kiv hvq|
cwigvci GB Av`k cwigvYK ejv nq cwigvci GKK| gb Kiv hvK, Kvbv jvwVi `N 4 wgUvi| GLvb
wgUvi njv `Ni GKK Ges 1 wgUvi ejZ wKQz GKUv `N AvQ| Avi jvwVi `N 4 wgUvi ejZ eySvq
jvwVwUi `N 1 wgUvii 4 Y| mgq, AvqZb, eM, fi, ej, kw, Zvcgvv, Zwor cevn BZvw` gvcvi Rb
wfb wfb GKK iqQ| G GKKjv Ggbfve wVK Kiv nqQ hvZ Gjv nq myweavRbK AvKvii Ges
mnR I mwVKfve Zv cybircv`b Kiv hvq| GB GKKi KqKwU Qvov evwKjv Avevi cii mKhy|
c`v_wevb 9

GmAvB (SI)-Gi gwjK GKKmg~n :

gwjK ivwki GKKmg~n hnZz Ab GKKjvi Dci wbfi Ki bv, ZvB gwjK GKK BQgZv wbevPb Kiv
hvq| wK mB wbevPbi AvRvwZK ^xKwZ _vKZ ne| Gi KqKwU ewkI _vKZ ne| hgb GwU
nZ ne AcwieZx vb, Kvj, cv Kvbv wKQzi Dci wbfi Kie bv| Kvji weeZb ev Ab Kvbv
cvKwZK cwieZbi dj Gi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv| mnR GKKwU cybircv`b Kiv hve| 1960 mvj
GKKi AvRvwZK cwZ Pvjyi mgq gwjK GKKjvi h Av`k ev vvW MnY Kiv nqwQj cieZxKvj
Dciv ewkjv ARbi j G`i AbKjvi Av`k e`j Kiv nqQ, wK ZvZ GKKjvi gvbi
Kvbv cwieZb nqwb| hgb GLb Avjvi AwZv `~iZ w`q wgUviK msvwqZ Kiv nq, Zvi AvM GK
cKvi Avjvi Zi`Ni mvnvh wgUvii msv `Iqv nZv| ZviI AvM cvwimi wbKU mvZ ivLv
GKwU `i `NK wgUvii Av`k aiv nZv| wbP AvRvwZK cwZZ gwjK GKKjvi Rb mekl
MnxZ Av`k eYbv Kiv njv|
1
`Ni GKK : wgUvi : k~b vb Avjv mK h `~iZ AwZg Ki ZvK 1 wgUvi (m) ej|
299 792 458

fii GKK : wKjvMvg : dvi mvZ BUvibvkbvj IqUm G gRvim G iwZ cvwUbvg BwiwWqvg
msKi avZzi Zwi GKwU wmwjvii fiK 1 wKjvMvg (kg) ej| GB wmwjviwUi evm 3.9 cm Ges DPZv
3.9 cm |

mgqi GKK : mK : GKwU wmwRqvg 133 cigvYyi 9 192 631 770wU `b mb KiZ h mgq
jvM ZvK 1 mK (s) ej|
1
ZvcgvviGKK : Kjwfb : cvwbi a we`yi Zvcgvvi fvMK 1 Kjwfb (K) ej|
273.16

Zwor cevni GKK : Avwqvi : k~b vb 1 wgUvi `~iZ AewZ Amxg `Ni Ges DcYxq evKvi
cQ`i `ywU mgvivj mij cwievnKi cZKwUZ h cwigvY Zwor cevn Pjj ciii ga cwZ wgUvi
`N 2 u10 7 wbDUb ej Drcb nq ZvK 1 Avwqvi (A) ej|
`xcb ZxeZvi GKK : Kvjv : Kvjv nQ mB cwigvY `xcb ZxeZv hv Kvbv AvjvK Drm GKwU wbw`
w`K 540 u1012 nvR Kvi GK eYx wewKiY wbtmiY Ki Ges H wbw` w`K Zvi wewKiY ZxeZv nQ
1
cwZ iwWqvb NbKvY IqvU|
683

c`v_i cwigvYi GKK : gvj : h cwigvY c`v_ 0.012 wKjvMvg Kveb 12 G AewZ cigvYyi mgvb
msLK cv_wgK BDwbU (hgb, cigvYy, AYy, Avqb, BjKUb BZvw` ev Gjvi wbw` Kvbv Mc) _vK ZvK
1 gvj (mol) ej|
10 c`v_wevb

mviwY
gwjK ivwk I Zv`i GKK

ivwk ivwki cZxK GmAvB GKK GKKi cZxK

1.`N (length) l wgUvi (meter) m

2. fi (mass) m wKjvMvg (kilogram) kg

3. mgq (time) t mK (second) s

4. Zvcgvv (temperature) T, T Kjwfb (kelvin) K

5. Zwor cevn (electric current) I Avwqvi (ampere) A

6. `xcb ZxeZv (luminous intensity) Iv Kvjv (candela) Cd

7. c`v_i cwigvY (amount of n gvj (mole) mol

substance)

GKKi wYZK I DcwYZK

AbK mgq gwjK GKKjvi fMvsk ev wYZK eenvi Kiv myweavRbK nq| hLb GKwU ivwki gvb Lye eo
ev Lye QvU nq, ZLb wbPi mviwYZ ewYZ DcmMjv LyeB cqvRbxq nq| D`vniY ^i~c Avgiv hw` evZvmi
`ywU AYyi gaKvi `~iZ weePbv Kwi, Zvnj `wL h GB `~iZ LyeB QvU| GwU nQ 0.000 00001 m|
Avgiv hw` evi evi GB msLvUv eenvi Kwi, Zvnj Avgv`i mveavb _vKZ ne cwZ k~bi msLv
wVKgZv DjL Kiv nqwQ wK bv? wK GB msLvUvKB hw` Avgiv GKUv DcmM eenvi Ki wjwL, Zvnj
0.000 00001 m K nqZv wjLe 0.01 Pm, GLvb P (gvBv) DcmMwU 10-6 wb`k Ki| Zgwbfve
hw` ewj Avgv`i bewbwgZ we`yr Drcv`b K`i gZv 2000 000 000 W| GUvK hw` Avgiv 2000 u
106 W = 2000 MW wnme cKvk Kwi Zvnj myweav nq| GKKjvi c~e `ki m~PKi wbgv
DcmMjv AvRvwZK cwZZ eenvi Abygv`bhvM|

wYZK/DcwYZK Drcv`K msKZ D`vniY

18
Gv (exa) 10 E 1 GvwgUvi = 1 Em = 1018 m
cUv (peta) 1015 P 1 cUvwgUvi = 1 Pm =1015 m
Uiv (tera) 1012 T 1 UivMvg = 1 Tg= 1012 g
wMMv (giga) 109 G 1 wMMvevBU = 1 GB= 109 B
gMv (mega) 106 M 1 gMvIqvU = 1 MW=106 W
wKjv (kilo) 103 k 1 wKjvfv = 1 kV=103 V
nv (hecto) 102 h 1 nvRyj = 1hJ=102 J
WKv (deca) 10 1 da 1 WKvwbDUb = 1 daN=101 N
c`v_wevb 11

wYZK/DcwYZK Drcv`K msKZ D`vniY

-1
Wwm (deci) 10 d 1 WwmIg = 1d:= 10-1 :
mwU (centi) 10- 2 c 1 mwUwgUvi= 1 cm= 10-2 m
wgwj milli) 10-3 m 1 wgwjAvwqvi = 1 mA= 10 -3 A
gvBv (micro) 10- 6 P 1 gvBvfv =1 PV= 10 6 V
bvbv (nano) 10- 9 n 1 bvbvmK = 1 ns=10 9 s
wcKv (pico) 10- 12 p 1 wcKvdvivW =1 pF= 10 12 F
dgUv (femto) 10- 15 f 1 dgUvwgUvi = 1 fm=10 15 m
AUv (atto) 10- 18 a 1 AUvIqvU = 1 aW=10 18 W
Kvbv msLvK 10 Gi h Kvbv NvZ Ges 1 _K 10 -Gi ga Aci msLvi Ydj wnme cKvk Kiv nj
ZvK evwbK cZxK ej| hgb 6733000000 njv 6.733 u109 Ges 0.00000846 njv 8.46 u10-6|
myZivs `Lv hvQ h G cZxK cKvwkZ msLvwUi 10 -Gi abvZK m~PK hZ, `kwgK we`yK Wvbw`K
ZZNi mivj Avi 10 Gi FYvZK m~PK hZ `kwgK we`yK evgw`K ZZ Ni mivj g~j msLvwU cvIqv hvq|
evwbK cZxK cKvwkZ msLvi Yi wbgv mvaviY wbqgwU LvU :
10m u 10n = 10 m+n
GLvb m Ges n h Kvbv msLv abvZK ev FYvZK nZ cvi|
hgb 106 u 107 = 1013, 107 u10-20=10-13
fvMi I wbgv wbqgwU chvR
10n
10n y 10m 10n  m
10m
hgb 106 y 104 = 102 ev 103 y 10-7 =103-(-7) = 1010
1.6 gvv
Dimensions
Avgiv BZvga RbwQ h Kvbv fZ ivwk GK ev GKvwaK gwjK ivwki mg^q MwVZ| myZivs h Kvbv
fZ ivwkK wewfb m~PKi (power) GK ev GKvwaK gwjK ivwki Ydj wnme cKvk Kiv hvq| Kvbv
fZ ivwkZ DcwZ gwjK ivwkjvi m~PKK ivwkwUi gvv ej|
eM `N
hgb ej = fi u ZiY = fi u fi u | GLvb `Ni gvv L, fii gvv M, mgqi gvv T
mgq mgq 2
ML
emvj eji gvv cvIqv hve ev MLT  2 A_vr, eji iqQ fii gvv (1), `Ni gvv (1) Ges mgqi
T2
gvv (- 2)| Kvbv ivwki gvv wb`k KiZ ZZxq ebx [ ] eenvi Kiv nq| hgb eji gvv [F] = MLT -2
12 c`v_wevb

Dci ewYZ wZbwU gwjK ivwk `N, fi I mgq Qvov Abvb gwjK ivwkmg~ni gvv njv :
Zvcgvvi gvv njv 4 ( eo nvZi wMK Ai T ), Zwor cevni gvv njv I, `xcb ZxeZvi gvv njv J
Ges c`v_i cwigvYi gvv njv N|
gvv weklYi gvag Avgiv Kvbv mgxKiY ev dgyjvi mwVKZv hvPvB KiZ cvwi| D`vniY^ic
s ut  12 at 2
mgxKiYwU weePbv Kiv hvK| Avgiv Rvwb Kejgv GKB RvZxq ivwki hvM, weqvM ev mgZv me| myZivs
GKwU mgxKiYi cwZwU c` AekB GKB RvZxq ivwkK wb`k KiZ ne, A_vr cwZwU c`i gvv GKB
nZ ne| GLb Dciv mgxKiY wZbwU c` AvQ, euvw`K GKwU Ges Wvbw`K `ywU| GB mgxKiY
s njv miY, Gi gvv L
L
u njv Avw` eM, Gi gvv LT  1
T
L
a njv ZiY, Gi gvv LT  2
T2
t njv mgq, Gi gvv T
? ut-Gi gvv njv LT 1 u T L
at 2 Gi gvv njv LT 2 u T 2 L
`Lv hvQ Dciv mgxKiYi evgw`Ki c`wUi gvv L Ges Wvb w`Ki `ywU c`i gvvI L|
myZivs, mgxKiYwU wm|
1.7 evwbK cZxK I msKZ
Scientific symbols and notations
ejv nq _vK c`v_wevbi fvlv nQ MwYZ| c`v_wevbi m~jvK Avgiv mvaviYZ MvwYwZK mgxKiY
AvKvi cKvk Ki _vwK| mB m~ ev mgxKiYK KvR jvwMq c`v_wevbxiv wewfb mgmv mgvavb Ki
_vKb| Gi Rb wewfb ivwki ev GKKi Rb wewfb msKZ I cZxK eenvi Kiv nq Ges Zv Kiv nq
GKKi AvRvwZK cwZ AbymiY Ki| ay c`v_wevbB bq h Kvbv welq Z_v vb wevbi h Kvbv
kvLv ckvLvqB cwigvc KiZ wMq AvRKvj GKKi AvRvwZK cwZ eeZ nQ|
GKKi msKZ I wewfb ivwki gvb jLvi Rb GB eBq wbgv cwZ AbymiY Kiv nqQ|
1| Kvbv ivwki gvb cKvk Kivi Rb GKwU msLv wjL Zvi ci GKwU duvK (dvKv RvqMv ev space hv Avmj
Y eySvq) iL GKKi msKZ wjL cKvk KiZ nq| hgb "2.21 kg", "7.3u102 m2", "22 K"|
kZKiv wP (%) I GB wbqg gb Pj| wK ewZg nQ KvYi GKK Z_v wWwM, wgwbU ev mK
(, Ges ) jLvi mgq| GB mKj msLvi Kvbv dvuK (space) w`Z nq bv|

2| Yb cv j GKK jLvi mgq `yB GKKi gvS Lvb GKUv duvK (space) w`Z nq hgb N m.
c`v_wevb 13

3| fvM viv MwVZ j GKKi FYvZK m~PK wnme cKvk Kiv nqQ| hgb wgUvi / mK (wgUvi
cwZ mK metre per second) K m s1 w`q cKvk Kiv nqQ|
4| cZxKjv hnZz MvwYwZK cKvk, Kvbv wKQzi msw ic (abbreviations) bq, KvRB Zv`i mv_
Kvbv hwZ wP ev dzj c [full stop (.) ] eeZ nq bv|
5| GKKi msKZ jLv nq mvRv Ai (Roman type) hgb wgUvii (metre) Rb m, mKi Rb
s BZvw`| Kvbv ivwki msKZ wjLZ nq euvKv nid (italic type) hgb fii (mass) Rb m, miYi
(displacement) Rb s BZvw`| GB mKj ivwki msKZ I GKK jLvi mgq AvM ci Kvbv fvlvi Kvbv
dU (font) eenvi Kiv nqQ, ZvZ wKQz hvq Avm bv|
6| GKKi msKZ QvU nvZi nid (lower case) jLv nq (hgb "m", "s", "mol")| Ze h mKj
GKK ewi bvg _K bIqv nqQ mjvi msKZ jLvi mgq (GK Aii nj) eo nvZi nid ev
c_g Ai (GKvwaK Aii ) eo nvZi nid ne| hgb wbDUbi bvgvbymvi MnxZ GKK wbDUb
ne N Ges cvvji bvgvbymvi MnxZ GKK ne Pa| Ze cyiv GKK wjLj AekB QvU nvZi nid
ne hgb newton ev pascal|
7| GKKi DcmM GKKiB Ask weavq Gi msKZ GKKi mv_ Kvbv duvK QvovB hy nq| hgb km-G
k, MW G M, GHz-G G| GKvwaK DcmM Abygvw`Z bq hgb PPF ne bv, ne pF|

8| wKjv (103) Gi Pq eo mKj DcmM eo nvZi nid ne|

9| GKKi msKZjvi KLbv eePb nq bv| hgb "25 kg", ne, wK "25 kgs" ne bv|
10| Kvbv msLv ev Kvbv hwMK GKK ev msLv I GKK `yB jvBb jLv (line-break) cwinvi Kiv
DwPZ| Lye cqvRb nj msLv I GKKK `yB fvM Kiv hZ cvi (line-break)|

1.8 cwigvci hcvwZ

Measuring Instruments
wgUvi j
cixvMvi `N cwigvci mePq mij h njv wgUvi j| Gi `N 1 wgUvi ev 100 mwUwgUvi|
GRb GK wgUvi j ejv nq| GB ji GK cvk mwUwgUvi Ges Aci cvk BwZ `vM KvUv _vK|
cZK mwUwgUviK mgvb `k fvM fvM Kiv _vK| GB cZK fvMK ejv nq 1 wgwjwgUvi ev 0.1
mwUwgUvi| cZK BwK mgvb AvU fvM, `k fvM ev lvjv fvM fvM Kiv nq|
wgUvi ji mvnvh cwigvc : wgUvi ji mvnvh h ` ev KvwVi `N gvcZ ne Zvi GKcv ji
0 `vM ev Kvbv myweavRbK `vM vcb KiZ ne| `i Aci cv ji h `vMi mv_ wgkQ Zvi
cvV wbZ ne| `i `yB cvi cvVi weqvMdj njv `i `N| mvaviYfve h `i `N gvcZ ne
14 c`v_wevb

Zvi evg cv ji x `vM vcb Kij hw` Wvb cv y `vMi mv_ wgk hvq Ze `i `N L ne, L
= y x| G ji mvnvh wgwjwgUvi ch `N mwVKfve gvcv hvq| Gi Pq m~ cwigvc KiZ nj
eenvi KiZ nq fvwbqvi j|
fvwbqvi j
mvaviY wgUvi j Avgiv wgwjwgUvi ch `N gvcZ cvwi| wgwjwgUvii fMvsk hgb 0.2 wgwjwgUvi, 0.6
wgwjwgUvi ev 0.8 wgwjwgUvi BZvw` gvcZ nj Avgv`i eenvi KiZ nq fvwbqvi j| MwYZ kvwe`
wcqi fvwbqvi G j Avwevi Kib| Zuvi bvgvbymvi G ji bvg fvwbqvi j|

wP : 1.1 fvwbqvi j
g~j ji z`Zg fvMi fMvski wbfyj cwigvci Rb g~j ji cvk h QvU Avi GKwU j eenvi
Kiv nq Zvi bvg fvwbqvi j| fvwbqvi jK wgUvi ji mv_ eenvi Ki wgwjwgUvii fMvsk
mwVKfve wbYq Kiv hvq|
fvwbqvi j g~j ev cavb ji cvk mshy _vK Ges cavb ji cvk w`q mvgb ev cQb mivbv
hvq| aiv hvK, GKwU fvwbqvi j `kwU fvM AvQ Z_v `kwU `vM KvUv AvQ| GB `k fvM cavb ji
bqwU z`Zg fvMi mgvb (wP : 1.1)| cavb ji bqwU z`Zg fvM njv 9 wgwjwgUvi ev 0.9
mwUwgUvi| fvwbqvi ji 10 fvM hnZz cavb ji 9 z`Zg fvMi mgvb| myZivs fvwbqvi ji
fvMjv cavb ji z`Zg fvMi Pq mvgb QvU| cavb ji z`Zg GK fvMi Pq fvwbqvi
ji GK fvM KZUzKz QvU Zvi cwigvYK ejv nq fvwbqvi aeK (Vernier Constant)| GK mvaviYZ
s
VC jLv nq| GKwU mnR m~ viv fvwbqvi aeK wbYq Kiv hvq Zv njv, fvwbqvi aeK = hLvb s
n
cavb ji 1 z`Zg fvMi `N Ges n fvwbqvii fvMi msLv|
Dciv s = 1 wgwg Ges n = 10 fvM

s 1 wgwg
? fvwbqvi a eK = 0.1 wgwg = 0.01 mwg
n 10

Kvbv Kvbv mgq fvwbqvi ji 20 fvM cavb ji 19 z`Zg fvMi mgvb _vK Ges cavb ji
GK z`Zg fvM 1 mm -Gi Pq Kg _vK| ZLb fvwbqvi aeK cwiewZZ nq hvq| fvwbqvi aeK wbfi
Ki cavb j I fvwbqvi ji `vM KvUvi ewki Dci|
c`v_wevb 15

vBW Kvwjcvm
vBW Kvwjcvmi Aci bvg fvwbqvi Kvwjcvm| KviY GB h gvcRvLi ejvq fvwbqvi cwZ eenvi Kiv
nq| GKwU AvqZKvi BvZ `i Mvq `vM KU vBW Kvwjcvmi g~j ev cavb j Zwi Kiv nq| cavb
ji h cv k~b `vM KvUv _vK A_vr h cv _K ji m~Pbv nq mB cv GKwU avZe Pvqvj
AvUKvbv _vK| g~j ji z`Zg fvMi fMvski wbfyj cwigvci Rb g~j ji Mvq Pvqvjhy GKwU
QvU j civbv _vK| Gi bvgB fvwbqvi j| (wP : 1.2)|

wP : 1.2 vBW Kvwjcvm

GB Pvqvjhy fvwbqvi cavb ji Dci mvgb ev cQb mivbv hvq| GB ji mv_ GKwU z _vK|
GB zi mvnvh fvwbqvi jK cavb ji Mvq h Kvbv RvqMvq AvUwKq ivLv hvq| cavb ji
Pvqvj Ges fvwbqvi ji Pvqvj hLb jM _vK ZLb mvaviYZ fvwbqvi ji k~b `vM cavb ji
k~b `vMi mv_ wgj hvq|
fvwbqvi j eenvi Ki wgwjwgUvii fMvsk mwVKfve wbYq Kiv hvq|

Dci fvwbqvi j cwiQ` ewYZ Dcvq vBW Kvwjcvmi fvwbqvi ayeK wbYq Kiv nq |
vBW Kvwjcvmi mvnvh cwigvc : gb Kiv hvK, Kvbv GKwU `i `N ei KiZ ne| `wUK vBW
Kvwjcvmi Pvqvj `ywUi gvSLvb vcb KiZ nq| fvwbqvi ji mv_ jvMvbv Pvqvj Vj mvgb AvbZ
nq hvZ cavb ji Pvqvj I fvwbqvii Pvqvj ewUK wecixZ w`K _K k Ki| `wUi evg cv
cavb ji k~b (0) `vMi mv_ wgwjq fvwbqviwU mvgb ev cQb mwiq `i Wvb cvi mv_ wgjvbv
nq| gb Kiv hvK, `i Wvb cv ji M wgwg `vM AwZg KiQ| Zvnj Gi `N M I (M + 1)
wgwg Gi gvSvgvwS| GB M wgwg -Gi Pq evowZ `N fvwbqvi eenvi Ki ei KiZ ne| Gi `NUzKz
ne fvwbqvi cvV|
Gevi `LZ ne fvwbqvii Kvb `vMwU cavb ji Kvbv GKwU `vMi mv_ wgjQ| hw` Kvbv `vM bv
wgj _vK, Zvnj `LZ ne fvwbqvii Kvb `vMwU cavb ji Kvbv GKwU `vvMi mv_ mePq
KvQvKvwQ nqQ| fvwbqvi ji GB `vMB ne fvwbqvii mgcvZb|
gb Kiv hvK, fvwbqvii V b^i `vMwU cavb ji GKwU `vMi mv_ wgjQ ev KvQvKvwQ nqQ| myZivs
hi fvwbqvi aeK VC nj
`i `N = cavb j cvV + fvwbqvi j cvV
16 c`v_wevb

= cavb j cvV + fvwbqvi mgcvZb u fvwbqvi aeK

A_vr, L = M + V u VC
D`vniY : aiv hvK, `i B cv cavb ji 12 wgwg `vM AwZg KiQ Ges fvwbqvii 7 b^i `vMwU
cavb ji GKwU `vMi mv_ wgjQ| Zvnj `i `N ne
L =12 wgwg + 7 u 0.1 wgwg (fvwbqvi aeK njv 0.1 wgwg)
= 12.7 mm = 1.27 cm
cavb ji Pvqvj Ges fvwbqvi ji Pvqvj hLb jM _vK ZLb mvaviYZ fvwbqvi ji k~b `vM
cavb ji k~b `vMi mv_ wgj hvq| AbK h bvI wgjZ cvi| ZLb eySZ ne hvwK wU
iqQ Ges Gi Rb cvV mskvab Ki wbZ nq|
z MR
GB hi mvnvh Zvii evmva, mi PvOi evmva I QvU `N cwigvc Kiv hvq| GZ iqQ `yB cv
`ywU mgvivj ev wewk U AvKwZi dg KvVvgv F (wP : 1.3)|

wP : 1.3

Gi GK evi mgZj wcV A Gi mv_ GKwU mgZj cv wewk ` ev KxjK vqxfve AvUKvbv iqQ Ges
Aci evZ iqQ GKwU duvcv bj C| GB bj iqQ wgwjwgUvi `vMvwZ GKwU mij j Ges GKwU
ejbvKwZi Uzwc T cwiwnZ GKwU z| zwU duvcv bj C Gi wfZi Pjvdiv KiZ cvi| ejbvKwZ Uzwc
T- Gi wKbvivK mvaviYZ 50 ev 100 fvM Kiv nq| zi gv_v B hLb vqx KxjK ev mgZj cv wewk `
A k Ki ZLb evKvi ji k~b `vM iwLK ji k~b `vMi mv_ wgj hvq| GiKg Aevq `ywU
ji k~b `vM hw` wgj bv hvq Zvnj eySZ ne hvwK wU iqQ|
Uzwc T GKevi Nyivj Gi hZUzKz miY NU Ges iwLK j eivei h `N GwU AwZg Ki ZvK ejv nq
zi wcP (Pitch)| evKvi ji gv GK fvM Nyivj Gi cv ev zwU hZUzKz mi Avm ZvK ejv nq
hi jwN MYb (Least Count)| GK LC w`q cKvk Kiv nq| hi wcPK evKvi ji msLv
viv fvM Kij jwN MYb cvIqv hvq| myZivs,

wcP
jwN MYb =
e
vKvi ji fvMi msLv
c`v_wevb 17

evKvi j mvaviYZ 100 fvM _vK Ges GB h wcP _vK 1 wgwg|

1
? jwN MYb = wgwg = 0.01 wgwg|
100

z MRi mvnvh cwigvc : h Zvii evm gvcZ ne ev h cvZi cyiZ ei KiZ ne ZvK A I B-Gi
gvS vcb KiZ ne| Zvi ev cvZwU Ggbfve vcb KiZ ne hvZ Gi GK cvk A-K Ges Aci cvk
BK k Ki| Gevi evKvi I iwLK ji cvV wbZ ne| gb Kiv hvK, iwLK ji cvV L wgwg
Ges evKvi ji fvM msLv C| myZivs, Zvii evm ev cvZi cyiZ ne :

evm ev cyiZ = iwLK j cvV + evKvi ji fvM msLv u jwN MYb

A_vr D = L + Cu LC

D`nviY : gb Kiv hvK, iwLK j cvV 3 wgwg Ges evKvi ji fvM msLv 20, ZLb Zvii evm

= 3 wgwg + 20 u0.01 wgwg = 3 wgwg + 0.2 wgwg = 3.2 wgwg|

zi gv_v hLb mgZj cv wewk ` A k Ki ZLb evKvi ji k~b `vM hw` iwLK ji k~b
`vMi mv_ wgj bv hvq Zvnj eySZ ne hvwK wU iqQ| Gi Rb cvV mskvab Ki wbZ nq|
Zzjv h
Kvbv Kvbv mgq c`v_wevb ev imvqb Lye A cwigvY wRwbmi fi m~fve wbYq KiZ nq, hv mvaviY
wbw w`q Kiv hvq bv| e ev c`v_i cwigvY hZ Kg ne Zvi fi cwigvci wbw nZ ne ZZ m~|
GiKg GKwU m~ wbw njv Zzjv h ev evjv| GB h c`v_wevb I imvqb jveiUwiZ Kvbv A
wRwbmi fi m~ cwigvci Rb eeZ nq| KviY jveiUwi ev cixvMvi Kvbv wRwbmi fi cwigvc
mwVK bv nj cixY _K fzj djvdj AvmZ cvi Ges cixYwUi Dk fzj nq hZ cvi|

wP : 1.4

Zzjv h mvaviY wbwi gZv `ywU mgvb IRbi cvjv P1 I P2 wbwi `yBcv _vK (wP : 1.4)| GB cvjv `ywU
GKwU avZe ` AB Gi `yB cv `ywU LvuRi ga Dvbv Qzwii dvji Dci `ywU mgvb IRbi dgi mvnvh
Szjvbv _vK| AB `i K` GKwU Qzwi (knife) AvUwKq `Iqv nq| GwU wbPi w`K gyL Ki _vK|
18 c`v_wevb

AB `wUK GKwU Dj^ duvcv _vg P -Gi Dci ivLv nq| GB _vgwU GKwU KvVi cvUvZb (CC) -Gi
gvSLvb `pfve AvUKvbv _vK| GB cvUvZbi mv_ wZbwU jfwjs z (LS) _vK| (ZZxqwU wP `Lvbv
nqwb)| Gme zi mvnvh hwUK jfwjs Kiv nq| duvcv _vgwUi ga GKwU wbiU avZe ` cvUvZb
msjM nvZj H Nywiq DVvbv bvgvbv hvq|
` AB -Gi wVK gaj GKwU wKvYvKwZ AvMU cv_ii gvUv w`KUv AvUwKq mi aviUv _vgwUi wbiU
`i Dci AewZ GKwU AvMU cUi Dci emvbv _vK| wbiU `K Dci Zzjj ` AB AvMU
cv_ii mi w`KUvK dvjvg Ki `yjZ cvi|
Zzjv`i gaj GKwU j^v m~~PKi (PO) PIov w`KUv AvUwKq Gi wbPi mi cvK GKwU ji Dci
gy ivLv nq| Zzjv` Avbyf~wgK _vKj m~PKi mi cv ji 0 `vMi Dci _vK| Ijb `wo (ML) I
cvUvZbi wbPi zi mvnvh `wUK Avbyf~wgK Kiv nq| mgM hwUK GKwU KvPi ev ivLv nq|
Zzjv hi mvnvh cwigvc : Zzjv hwU eenvii mgq nvZj H Nywiq _vgwUK Dci DVvZ ne, GZ
AB `wUI Dci DVe Ges Qzwii wKbvivi Dci gyfve `yjZ _vKe| `i mv_ cvjv `ywUI Dci wbP
`yjZ _vKe| nvZj H Dv w`K Nyivj _vg wbP bg hve Ges ` AB I cvjvi `vjb e nq hve|
AB ` `yjZ _vKj m~PK KuvUvwU wbPi ji Dci Wvb evg `yjZ _vKe| cvjvq Kvbv wRwbm bv
_vKj m~PKwUi `vjb ji k~b `vMi `ycvk mgvb ne| GB `vjb k~b `vMi `ycvk mgvb bv nj
AB `i `yB cvki mg^q z (BS) viv Ggbfve mg^q Ki wbZ ne hvZ m~PKi `vjb ji
k~b `vMi `ycvk mgvb nq| _vg P Dj^ njv wK bv Ijb iLv ML viv `L wbZ nq|
Kvbv e ev wRwbmi fi gvcZ nj ewUK evgw`Ki cvjvq ivLZ nq Ges Wvb w`Ki cvjvq GKUv
GKUv Ki Rvbv evULviv axi axi ivLZ nq hZY bv m~PKwU ji k~b `vMi `yB cvk mgvbfve `yjZ
_vK| Gfve Rvbv evULvivi mvnvh ei fi wbYq Kiv hvq|
_vgv Nwo
z` mgq eeavb cwigvci Rb _vgv Nwo (Stopwatch) eenvi Kiv nq| GLb _vgv Nwo `yB aibi nq
_vK; wWwRUvj _vgv Nwo Ges GbvjM _vgv Nwo| GbvjM _vgv Nwoi Pq wWwRUvj _vgv Nwo AbK wbfyj cvV
`q| GKwU GbvjM _vgv Nwo hLvb 0.1s ch wbfyjfve cvV w`Z cvi mLvb GKwU wWwRUvj _vgv Nwo
0.01 s ch mwVKfve cvV w`Z cvi| AvRKvj wWwRUvj Nwo Ges gvevBjI _vgv Nwo _vK|

Kvbv mgq cwigvc KiZ nj NwowU nvZ w`q Pvjy KiZ nq Ges eI KiZ nq| GZ mgq eeavbi
cvV GKwU wU Pj Avm, hv Kgc GK mKi GKwU eomo fMvsk| hw`I GwU ew _K ewZ
cwiewZZ nq| eq jvK`i Zzjbvq ZiY`i GB wUi cwigvY Kg nq| AwaKvsk jvKi GB wUi
cigvY nq cvq 0.3 s|
c`v_wevb 19

1.9 cwigvc wU I wbfyjZv

Error and accuracy in measurement
me cwigvci wbfyjZviB GKwU mxgv AvQ| eeZ hcvwZ Ges cixKi `Zvi Dci cwigvci wbfyjZv
wbfi Ki| aiv hvK, GKwU wgUvi j mwUwgUvi I mwUwgUvii `kgvsk (wgwjwgUvi) `vM KvUv AvQ|
GB wgUvi j viv hw` Avgiv GB eBwUi `N gvcZ hvB Zvnj djvdj nqZv 0.1 cm (ji z`Zg
GKfvM) mwVK ev wbfyj nZ cvi| hw` Kvbv Nii `N gvcv nq Zvnj wbfyjZv nqZv Aviv Kg hve|
KviY jwU KqKevi ci ci iL `N gvcZ ne| cZKevi ji myL cvi Aevb gSZ
wPwZ KiZ ne| Gi dj cwigvci fzji Drm AviI eo hve| A_vr fzj nIqvi mvebv ew cve|
cwigvci wbfyjZv cwigvci gZvB iZc~Y| myZivs me cixKiB DwPZ Zvi cixvi djvdji m
djvdji wbfyjZvi cwigvY DjL Kiv| GB eB -Gi `N nqZv 26.0 cm r0.1 cm jLv hZ cvi|
msKZ r Gi A_ njv h, eB Gi cKZ `N 25.9 cm I 26.1 cm -Gi ga iqQ| 0.1 cm njv
cwigvci AwbqZv ev wU|
cwigvci ejvq mvaviYZ wZb aibi wU _vKZ cvi| Gjv njv :
(K) `e wU
(L) hvwK wU
(M) ewMZ wU
(K) `e wU : Kvbv GKwU ae ivwk KqKevi cwigvc Kij h wUi KviY cwigvcKZ gvb Amvgm
`Lv hvq ZvK `e wU ej| `e bvg _KB eySv hvq GB wU mK AvMB Abygvb Kiv hvq bv Ges
GB wUi cZvwkZ gvb ne k~b| Kbbv cwigvcKZ gvbjv mwVK gvbi Gw`K mw`K BZZ fve
_vKe Ges GKB h w`q GKB ivwki gvb evievi cwigvc Kij G wUjvi Mo gvb k~b nIqv DwPZ|
Nii `N gvcvi Rb hZeviB wgUvi jwU Nii gSZ djv nq ZZeviB `e wU cwigvci Af~
nq| cZKevi wgUvi j djvi ci myL cvi Aevb wPwZ Kivi Rb gSZ h `vM `Iqv nq, Zv
cKZ `vM _K wKQzUv mgvb ev cQb `Iqv nq| GB `vMi mv_ wgwjq hLb Avevi wgUvi jwU djv nq
ZLb AviI GKwU `e wU cwigvc Gm hvq| G `vMi mv_ wgjvbvi mgqI jwUi cQbi cv KLbI
`vMi wKQzUv myL ev cQb wgjvbv nq| `e wUi dj Pzov djvdj nqZv AZ ewk ev Lye Kg nq
hZ cvi| `e wUK Govbv me bq| wK, mZKZv Aej^b Kij GB wU Kwgq Avbv hvq| `e
wUK Kwgq AvbZ nj cwigvcwU evievi wbq G`i Mo wbZ nq|
(L) hvwK wU : c`v_wevb cixYi Rb Z_v gvc-RvLi Rb Avgv`i hi cqvRb nq| mB
h hw` wU _vK ZvK hvwK wU ej| hgb vBW Kvwjcvm cixY ii AvM hw` cavb ji
k~b `vM Avi fvwbqvi ji k~b `vM wgj bv hvq Zvnj cv cwigvc mwVK ne bv| GUv hvwK wU|
20 c`v_wevb

Zgwbfve AvwgUvi ev fvwgUvii KuvUv hw` hi ji k~bi mv_ wgj bv _vK Zvnj mB hI
wU AvQ| cixY ii AvM GB hvwK wU wbYq Ki wbZ nq| Zvici cv cvV _K GB cvV weqvM
Ki cKZ cvV ei KiZ nq|
(M) ewMZ wU : cixYi mgq Avgv`i bvbvwea cvV wbZ nq| cheKi wbRi KviY cvV h wU
Avm ZvK ewMZ wU ej| hw` cheKi `wi mgmv _vK Zvnj cvV fzj ne| cheKi
Aevb, Kvbv `vM `Lv ev wKQz MYbvi h wU nq mjvI ewMZ wU| hgb ji mvnvh
Kvbv `i `N gvcvi mgq `i gv_v ji Kvb `vMi mv_ wgjQ Zv j^fve bv `L hw`
wZhKfve `Lv nq Zvnj cvV wU ne| GKwU zMRi evKvi ji KZZg fvM iwLK ji mv_
wgjQ mUv bZ hw` fzj nq Zvnj cvV fzj Avme| wKsev `vjKi `vjbKvj wbYqi mgq `vjb msLv
wbYq fzj Kij mwVK `vjb Kvj cvIqv hve bv| GmeB ewMZ wU| GB mKj wU `~i Kivi mgq
mveavb h_vh_fve cvV wbZ nq|
Abymvb 1.1

GKwU AvqZvKvi ei GKwU ci dj I ei AvqZb wbbq|

Dk : vBW Kvwjcvm eenvi Ki ei `N wbbq|

m~ : dj njv Kvbv ei ci cwigvY| Avi Kvbv e h vb `Lj Ki ZvK mB ei AvqZb

ej| Kvbv AvqZvKvi ei Kvbv ci dj A Ges AvqZb V nj,
A=LuB .................................... (1.1)
Ges V=LuBuH ....................... (1.2)
GLvb, L = ei `N
B = ei c
H = ei DPZv
vBW Kvwjcvmi mvnvh h Kvbv `Ni cvV wbYqi m~ :
`N = cavb j cvV (M) + fvwbqvi mgcvZb (V) u fvwbqvi aeK (VC)
A_vr L ev B ev H = M + V u VC
hcvwZ : vBW Kvwjcvm, AvqZKvi e|
KvRi aviv
1. vBW KvwjcvmwU wbq Gi cavb ji z`Zg GK fvMi gvb Ges fvwbqvi ji gvU fvM msLv
KZ Zv j Ki| Gi ci hwUi fvwbqvi aeK (VC) ei Ki|
c`v_wevb 21

2. GLb AvqZvKvi ewUK `N eivei vBW Kvwjcvmi `yB Pvqvji ga vcb Ki Pvqvj `ywUK
ei `yB cvi mv_ k KivI| GB Aevq fvwbqvii k~b `vM cavb ji h `vM AwZg Ki,
mB `vMi cvVB njv cavb j cvV M|
3. GB Aevq fvwbqvii KZ msLK `vM cavb ji h Kvbv GKwU `vMi mv_ wgj hvq Zv wbYq
Ki| GwU fvwbqvi mgcvZb V|
4. ewUK `N eivei KqKwU Aevb ewmq 2 I 3 bs cwqvi cybivew Ki Ges cv gvbjv
QK vcb Ki|
5. Gici ewU c eivei vBW Kvwjcvmi Pvqvji ga vcb Ki 2 I 3 bs cwqvq KqK
RvqMvq cvV bvI Ges QK vcb Ki|
6. Gevi ewU DPZv eivei vBW Kvwjcvmi Pvqvji ga vcb Ki 2 I 3 bs cwqvq KqK
RvqMvq cvV bvI Ges QK vcb Ki|
7. cqvRbxq wnmvei mvnvh ewUi `N, c I DPZv wbbq Ki (1.1) Ges (1. 2) mgxKiY Zv
ewmq AvqZKvi ewUi GKwU ci dj I ewUi AvqZb wbbq Ki|
Abymvbi QK
cheY
K. fvwbqvi aeK wbbq :
cavb ji z`Zg GK Nii gvb, s = ..... cm
fvwbqvi ji gvU fvM msLv, n = .....
s
? fvwbqvi aeK, VC ....... cm
n

L. AvqZKvi ei `N, c I DPZv wbYqi QK

AvqZKvi cheY cavb j fvwbqvi fvwbqvi cvV Mo cvV
ei msLv cvV, mgcvZb aeK M + VuVC (cm)
M V VC (cm)
(cm) (cm)
`N 1.
L 2.
3.
c 1.
B 2.
3.
DPZv 1.
H 2.
3.
22 c`v_wevb

wnmve I djvdj :

AvqZKvi ei GK cj dj, A = L u B = ........ cm2 = .........u 10 - 4 m2

Ges AvqZb, V = L u B u H = .......... cm3 = .........u 10 - 6 m3
Abymvb 1.2

GKwU evKvi cQ` wewk Zvii cQ`i dj wbbq|

Dk : zMR eenvi Ki Zvii evm wbbq|

m~ : dj njv Kvbv ei ci cwigvY| Kvbv Zvii c eivei `Ni mv_ j^fve Q` KvUj
h Zj cvIqv hvq Zvi cwigvYB nQ cQ`i dj| Kvbv evKvi cQ` wewk Zvii cQ`i
dj A nj
A = Sr2
GLvb, r = Zvii evmva
S= 3.14 ; ae msLv

GLb Zvii evm d nj r = d / 2, myZivs

2
d
A S
2
?A 1
4 Sd 2 ................. .................. (1.3)

z MRi mvnvh h Kvbv `Ni cvV wbYqi m~ :

`N = iwLK j cvV (L) + evKvi ji fvM msLv (C) u jwN MYb (LC)
A_vr d = L + C u LC
hcvwZ : z MR, Zvi|

KvRi aviv
1. c_g iwLK ji z`Zg Nii gvb I evKvi ji gvU fvM msLv `L bvI|
2. Gi ci hi wcP wbYq Ki| evKvi j m~Y GKevi Nyivj GwU iwLK j eivei h `N
AwZg Ki ZvB njv hi wcP| wcPK evKvi ji gvU fvM msLv w`q fvM Ki jwN MYb
(LC) ei Ki|
3. GLb cixvaxb ZviwUK z MRi vqx ` I zi gvSLvb iL zwUK GKw`K eivei Nywiq
KxjK I zK AvjZvfve Zvii Mvq k KivI|
c`v_wevb 23

4. GB Aevq iwLK ji h `vMwU evKvi ji evgw`K `Lv hvq mB `vMi cvV bvI|GwU
iwLK j cvV (L)| Gevi `Lv evKvi ji KZ b^i `vM iwLK ji `vMi mv_ wgj
MQ| GwU njv evKvi ji fvM msLv (C)|
5. Gfve Zvii AZ cuvPwU wfb RvqMvq cvV wbq QK vcb Ki|
6. cqvRbxq wnmvei mvnvh Zvii evm ei Ki (1.3) mgxKiY ewmq Zvii cQ`i dj
wbbq Ki|
Abymvbi QK
cheY

K. jwN MYb wbbq :

iwLK ji GK fvMi gvb, s = ..... mm
evKvi ji gvU fvM msLv, n = .....
wcP (evKvi j m~Y GKevi Nyivj iwLK j h `N AwZg Ki),
p = ..... mm
p
? jwN MYb, LC = ....... mm
n

L. Zvii evm wbYqi QK

cheY iwLK evKvi jwN MYb evm Mo evm

msLv j ji LC d= L + CuLC (mm)
cvV, L fvM msLv (mm) (mm)
(mm) C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

wnmve I djvdj :
Zvii cQ`i dj, A 1
4 Sd 2 = ........ mm2 = .........u 10 - 6 m2
24 c`v_wevb

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPwb ck
mwVK DiwUi cvk wUK () wP `vI|
1| KvqvUvg Z K c`vb Kib?
(K) cv (L) AvBbvBb
(M) iv`vidvW (N) nvBRbevM
2| evmb Kvi bvg _K GmQ?
(K) RM`xk P` emy (L) myfvl P` emy
(M) mZ` bv_ emy (N) kir P` emy
3| wbPi KvbvwU gwjK ivwk bq?
(K) fi (L) Zvc
(M) Zwor cevn (N) c`v_i cwigvY
4| GKwU `K vBW Kvwjcvm vcbi ci h cvV cvIqv Mj Zv nQ cavb j 4 cm, fvwbqvi
mgcvZb 7 Ges fvwbqvi aeK 0.1 mm| `wUi `N KZ?
(K) 4.07 cm (L) 4.7 cm
(M) 4.07 mm (N) 4.7 mm
wbPi wP _K 5 Ges 6 cki Di `vI :

5| L wPwUi AvqZb
1 3 4 3
(K) Sr (L) Sr
3 3
3 3
(M) Sr (N) Sr 3
4
6| K I L wPi AvqZbi AbycvZ :
(K) 1 : 0.673 (L) 1 : 0.0673
(M) 1: 0.763 (N) 1 : 0.637

L. mRbkxj ck
1. ivk` Zvi m` Kbv j w`q cwji `N gc ejj cwjwUi `N 11.73cm | Zvi ez
myRb ejj GB cwigvc mwVK bvI nZ cvi| ivk` ejj h GB j w`q KqKevi cwigvc Ki
GKB dj cqQ| Zviv wkKi KvQ Mj wkK Zv`i 0.005 cm fvwbqvi ayeK wewk
fvwbqvi j eenvi KiZ ejjb| ivk` fvwbqvi ji mvnvh mwVK `N cwigvc Kij|
c`v_wevb 25

K. fvwbqvi ayeK Kx?

L. Kvbv ivwki cwigvY cKvk KiZ GKKi cqvRb nq Kb?
M. eeZ fvwbqvi ji Kq fvM cavb ji KZ fvMi mgvb wbYq Ki|
N. ivk`i c_g `N cwigvc mwVK cwigvci mv_ msMwZc~Y wQj bv hyw mnKvi
wjL|

M. mvaviY ck
1| Avgiv Kb c`v_wevb coe G mK GKwU cwZe`b iPbv Ki|
2| wesk kZvwZ c`v_wevbi weqKi AMMwZ NU D`vniYmn Gi mc hyw `vI|
3| (K) ivwk ejZ Kx eySvq ?
(L) gwjK ivwk I j ivwki ga cv_K wb`k Ki|
4| (K) GKKi AvRvwZK cwZZ Kvb Kvb ivwkK gwjK ivwk aiv nqQ ?
(L) GB mKj ivwki GKKi bvg Ki|
5| gvv ejZ Kx eyS ?
26 c`v_wevb

wZxq Aavq
MwZ
MOTION

[Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk hZ e `wL, mjv nq wi bv nq MwZkxj| wwZ I MwZ ejZ Avmj Avgiv Kx eywS?
GKwU MwZkxj ei MwZi ewkmg~n cKvki Rb Avgv`i MwZ msv wewfb ivwki cqvRb nq| GB Aavq
Avgiv MwZ msv wewfb ivwk, Zv`i gvv, GKK, Zv`i gaKvi cviwiK mK BZvw` wbq AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

1. wwZ I MwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
2. wewfb cKvi MwZi ga cv_K KiZ cvie|
3. jvi I fi ivwk evLv KiZ cvie|
4. MwZ mwKZ ivwkmg~ni ga cviwiK mK weklY KiZ cvie|
5. evavnxb I gyfve co ei MwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
6. jLwPi mvnvh MwZ mwKZ ivwkmg~ni ga mK weklY KiZ cvie|
7. Avgv`i Rxeb MwZi cfve Dcjw KiZ cvie|
c`v_wevb 27

2.1 wwZ I MwZ

Rest and motion
Aevb : Zvgvi zj Kv_vq? GB cki Reve _K Avgiv RvbZ cvie Zvgvi zji Aevb| Zzwg hw`
ej Zvgvi zj wSjUzwjZ Zvnj Zvgvi K_v cyivcywi mZ, wK G _K Avgiv zji mwVK Aevb
RvbZ cvie bv| mwVK Aevb RvbZ Mj ZvgvK AekB ejZ ne Kv_v _K Kvb w`K KZ `~i|
ZvnjB Kej Aevb wVK wVK Rvbv hve| Avgv`i c_gB GKUv Rvbv we`y ev e ai wbZ ne hvi
mvc Ab we`y ev ei Aevb wbYq Kiv nq| hgb hw` ejv nq Zvgvi evmvi MU _K Zvgvi zj
c~e w`K 1 wKjvwgUvi `~i, Zvnj GwUi Aevb wbwZfve ejv hve| myZivs Avgv`i Avkcvk,
Avgv`i Mvg ev kni, Avgv`i `k ev GB cw_exZ wKsev GB gnvwek Kvbv wKQyi Aevb wb`k Kivi
Rb Avgv`i GKwU we`yK wi Ki wbZ nq| GB we`yK Avgiv ewj cmsM we`y ev g~jwe`y Avi h `p
ei mv_ Zzjbv Ki Avgiv Ab ei Aevb, wwZ, MwZ BZvw` wbYq Kwi ZvK ewj cm KvVvgv|
Avgv`i myweavgZv Avgiv h Kvbv we`yK cm we`y aiZ cvwi| Dciv D`vniY Avgiv Ab we`yK
cm we`y aiZ cviZvg|
wwZ I MwZ : Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk AbK e `wL| G`i KZvjv wi evwKjv MwZkxj| Avmj
Avgiv wi I MwZkxj e ejZ Kx eywS?

wbR Ki : nvZ w`q GKUv Kjg ai ivL |

Kjgi Avkcvk Kx AvQ? Avkcvki ejvi Zzjbvq Kjgi Aevbi Kvbv cwieZb nQ wK? bv|
Zvgvi nvZ ai _vKv Kjgi Avkcvki cZK e hgb Zvgvi Pqvi, Uwej, Zvgvi eB, LvZv, Nii
`iRv, Rvbvjv mewKQz _K GB Kjgi GKwU wbw` `~iZ I w`K AvQ| A_vr Zvgvi Kjgi Pvicvki
Abvb ei Zzjbvq ev mvc Zvgvi Kjgi Aevb wbw`| mgqi mv_ KjgwUi Aevbi cwieZb
nQ bv| Avgiv ewj cvwicvwkKi mvc KjgwU wi| Avi KjgwUi wi _vKvi GB NUbvwUB nQ wwZ|
myZivs, mgqi cwieZbi mv_ cwicvki mvc hLb Kvbv ei Aevbi cwieZb NU bv ZLb H
eK wwZkxj ev wi e ej| Avi GB Aevb AcwiewZZ _vKvK ej wwZ|
Awb ivvi cvk `uvwoq AvQ| m ej h, Nievwo, MvQcvjv e`ywZK LyuwU, BZvw` me wi `uvwoq AvQ|
m Kb G K_v ej? KviY Awbi gZ GB mKj e mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZb KiQ bv|
wbR Ki : Zvgvi nvZ ai _vKv KjgwUK Gw`K mw`K bvoZ _vK |
Avkcvki ejvi Zzjbvq Kjgi Aevbi Kvbv cwieZb nQ wK? GLb Kjgi Avkcvki cZKwU
e _K Kjgi `~iZ Ges w`K gvMZ cwieZb nQ| mgqi mv_ KjgwUi Aevbi cwieZb nQ| Avgiv
ewj cvwicvwkKi mvc KjgwU MwZkxj| mgqi cwieZbi mv_ cwicvki mvc hLb Kvbv ei
Aevbi cwieZb NU ZLb ZvK MvwZkxj e ej| Avi Aevbi G cwieZbi NUbvK ej MwZ|
28 c`v_wevb

Avgiv AvMB AvjvPbv KiwQ Kvbv e wi bv MwZkxj Zv eySvi Rb cm e Z_v cm KvVvgv cQ`
Kiv Riwi| GB cm e I Avgv`i AvjvP ei cviwiK Aevb hw` mgqi mv_ AcwiewZZ _vK
Zvnj AvjvP ewUK cm ei mvc wi aiv nq| AvjvP e I cm e hw` GKB w`K
GKB eM PjZ _vK ZvnjI wK mgqi mv_ eqi gaeZx `~iZi Kvbv cwieZb NUe bv, hw`I
cKZc ewU MwZkxj| Pj Ubi Kvgivq `yB ez hw` gyLvgywL em _vK, Ze GKRbi mvc
AbRbi Aevbi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv| myZivs ejv hZ cvi GKRbi mvc AbRb wi| wK
hw` Ub jvBbi cvk `uvovbv Kvbv ew Zv`iK `Lb Ze wZwb `Leb Zvi mvc H `yB ezi
Aevbi cwieZb nQ| A_vr jvBbi cvk `vuovbv evwi mvc Zviv DfqB MwZkxj|
Zvnj Avgiv `LZ cvwQ h, Kvbv e cKZc wi wK bv Zv wbfi KiQ cm ei Dci| cm
e hw` cKZc wi nq Zvnj Zvi mvc h e wwZkxj iqQ mI cKZc wi| G aibi
wwZK Avgiv cig wwZ ejZ cvwi| A_vr cm ewU hw` cig wwZZ _vK ZvnjB Kvbv e Zvi
mvc wi _vKj m eK cig wwZkxj ejv hZ cvi| mic cig wwZkxj cm ei mvc
Kvbv ei MwZK Avgiv cig MwZ ewj| wK G gnvwek Ggb Kvbv cm e cvIqv me bq hv
cKZc wi iqQ| KviY cw_ex cwZwbqZ m~hi Pviw`K NyiQ, m~hI Zvi Mn, DcMn wbq Qvqvc_
NyiQ| KvRB Avgiv hLb Kvbv eK wwZkxj ev MwZkxj ewj, Zv Avgiv Kvbv AvcvZ wwZkxj ei
mvc ej _vwK| KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi G gnvweki mKj wwZB AvcwK mKj MwZB AvcwK|
Kvbv MwZB cig bq, cig bq Kvbv wwZB|
wgZz Kv_vI hvIqvi Rb evm v evmi Rb Acv KiQ| m `Lj Zvi ez iwb wivq ZvK AwZg
Ki hvQ| m ej h wivwU MwZkxj| KviY wgZzi mvc mgqi mv_ mv_ wivwU wbiewQbfve Zvi
Aevbi cwieZb KiQ|
Kvbv ei Aevbi cwieZb wK `yfve nZ cvi|
wbPi D`vniYjv weePbv Kiv hvK :
(K) g GKwU MvQi wbP `uvwoq AvQ Ges `Lj h Zvi ez Hwk Zvi _K `o `~i mi hvQ| g I
Hwki gaeZx `~iZ mgqi mv_ mv_ ew cvQ| (wP : 2.1K)|
(L) ivRy`i zji evwlK xov cwZhvwMZvq `o cwZhvwMZvi Rb gvV GKwU weivU evKvi UvK Kiv
nqQ| mB ei gvSLvb `uvwoq ivRy `Lj Zvi ez wknve H UvK eivei `o cvKwUm KiQ (wP :
2.1L)| ivRy ej h wknve MwZkxj, wKy ivRy I wknvei gaeZx `~iZ mgqi mv_ mv_ Zv cwiewZZ
nQ bv| Zvnj Kxfve ejv hve h wknve ivRyi mvc MwZkxj?
30 c`v_wevb

GB MwZ evKvi, DcevKvi ev mijiwLK nZ cvi| Nwoi KuvUvi MwZ, m~hi Pviw`K cw_exi MwZ, ev ev
cUvj Bwbi wmwjvii ga wcbi MwZ chve MwZ|
chve MwZmb Kvbv KYv h wbw` mgq ci ci wbw` we`yK wbw` w`K w`q AwZg Ki mB
mgqK chvqKvj ej|
`b MwZ : chve MwZmb Kvbv e hw` chvqKvji AaK mgq Kvbv wbw` w`K Ges evwK AaK
mgq GKB c_ Zvi wecixZ w`K Pj Ze Gi MwZK `b MwZ ej|
`b MwZi D`vniY nQ mij `vjKi MwZ, Kbkxj myikjvKv I wMUvii Zvii MwZ|

2.3 jvi ivwk I fi ivwk

Scalar and vector quantities
G fZ RMZ hv wKQz cwigvc Kiv hvq ZvK Avgiv ivwk ewj| Kvbv ivwk hLb cwigvc Kiv nq ZLb Zvi
GKwU gvb _vK| GB gvb cKvk KiZ Avgiv GKwU msLv Ges GKwU GKK eenvi Kwi| hgb Avgiv hw`
ewj ewUi `N 1.5 wgUvi, Zvnj eySv hvq `Ni GKK wgUvi, Avi ei `N Zvi 1.5 Y| wK
Kej gvb w`q mKj ivwkK m~Yi c cKvk Kiv hvq bv| wKQz wKQz ivwk cKvki Rb gvbi mv_ w`KiI
cqvRb nq|
hgb Avgiv hw` ewj GKwU Mvwo Nvq 40 wKjvwgUvi eM PjQ, Zvnj GUv eySv hve h MvwowU GK Nvq
40 km `~iZ AwZg KiQ, wK MvwowU Kvbvw`K m `~iZ AwZg KiQ, Zv Rvbv hve bv| MvwowUi
cKZ Aev eySZ nj MvwowUi eM Kvbv w`K mUvI DjL KiZ ne| myZivs `Lv hvQ wKQz wKQz ivwk
AvQ hjv m~Yi c cKvk KiZ nj gvbi mv_ w`Ki AekB DjL KiZ nq| w`Ki weePbvq
Avgiv e RMZi mKj ivwkK `yB fvM fvM KiZ cvwi; h_v
1| Aw`K ivwk ev jvi ivwk
2| w`K ivwk ev fi ivwk|
jvi ivwk : h mKj fZ ivwkK ay gvb w`q m~Yi c cKvk Kiv hvq, w`K wb`ki cqvRb nq bv
Zv`iK jvi ivwk ej| `N, fi, `wZ, KvR, kw, mgq, Zvcgvv BZvw` jvi ivwki D`vniY|
fi ivwk : h mKj fZ ivwkK m~Yi c cKvk Kivi Rb gvb I w`K Dfqi cqvRb nq Zv`iK
fi ivwk ej| miY, eM, ZiY, ej, Zwor ZxeZv BZvw` fi ivwki D`vniY|
2.1 mviwY _K `Lv hQ h cwZwU fiK gvb I w`K w`q Avi jvi ivwkjvK Kej gvb w`q
wb`k Kiv nqQ|
32 c`v_wevb

w`K 100 wgUvi `~i MQ Zv RvbZ ne| hw` ejv nq Awf MU _K 100 wgUvi c~e w`K `o MQ,
Zvnj wbwZfve Awfi Aevb Rvbv hve| MU _K mvRv c~e w`K 100 wgUvi MjB AwfK cvIqv
hve| c_g Avgiv Awfi Aevbi cwieZb eySevi Rb h ivwkwU eenvi KiwQ Zvnjv `~iZ| GwU
GKwU jvi ivwk| Avi wZxq Avgiv `~iZi mv_ mv_ w`KI DjL KiwQ mwU miY| GwU GKwU
fi ivwk| GKwU wbw` w`K h `~iZ ev Aevbi cwieZb Zv njv miY| myZivs wbw` w`K
cvwicvwkKi mvc Aevbi cwieZbK miY ej|
Kvbv ei Avw` Aevb I kl Aevbi gaeZx b~bZg `~iZ A_vr mijiwLK `~iZB nQ miYi gvb
Ges miYi w`K nQ ei Avw` Aevb _K kl Aevbi w`K|
miY ei MwZc_i Dci wbfi Ki bv| Kvbv GKwU e A Aevb _K B Aevb (wP 2.3) wewfb
c_ hZ cvi| wK ewUi miY ne A _K B -Gi w`K| A I B Gi gaeZx b~bZg `~iZ A_vr G
AB mijiwLK `~iZ njv miYi gvb AB = s Ges w`K njv A _K B -Gi w`K| hnZz miYi
gvb I w`K DfqB AvQ, KvRB GwU GKwU fi ivwk|
miYi gvv njv `Ni gvv|

? [ s ]= L
miYi GKK njv `Ni GKK A_vr wgUvi (m)| Kvbv ei miY 60 m `wY w`K ejZ eySvq ewU
Zvi Avw` Aevb _K 60 m `wY w`K mi MQ|
`wZ :
aiv hvK, AvMi D`vniY Awf H 100 wgUvi `~iZ 50 mK cvi njv| GKB `~iZ wgZz hw` 40
mK cvi nq _vK Zvnj K `Z PjQ? Awf bv wgZz? wbqB wgZz| Kbbv Zvi mgq Kg jMQ|
gb Kiv hvK, Awf 100 wgUvi `~iZ 50 mK cvi njv| wgZz 75 wgUvi `~iZ 30 mK cvi njv|
Avgiv wK ejZ cvwi Awf wgZzi Pq axi PjQ? Awf wK wgZyi Pq ewk `~iZ AwZg Kiwb? K ewk
`Z PjQ Awf bv wgZz Zv RvbZ nj GKwU wbw` mgq Dfqi AwZv `~iZi Zyjbv KiZ ne| aiv
hvK, GB wbw` mgq nQ 1 mK| myZivs,
1 mK Awfi AwZv `~iZ 100 /50 = 2 wgUvi
1 mK wgZzi AwZv `~iZ 75/30 = 2.5 wgUvi

myZivs, wgZz Awfi Pq `Z PjQ, Kbbv 1 mK wgZz Awfi Pq ewk `~iZ AwZg KiQ|
Gi _K Avgiv eySZ cvwi K `Z PjQ Zv wbfi Ki mgq Ges AwZv `~iZi Dci| Kvbv e KZ
`Z PjQ Z_v `~iZ AwZg KiQ Zv h ivwk w`q cwigvc Kiv nq ZvK `wZ ejv nq| `wZ ei Aevbi
cwieZbi nvi wb`k Ki| mgqi mv_ Kvbv ei Aevbi cwieZbi nviK `wZ ej|
c`v_wevb 33

ei GKK mgq AwZv `~iZ viv `wZ cwigvc Kiv nq| myZivs,
`~ iZ
` wZ =
mgq
Kvbv MwZkxj e hw` t mgq d `~iZ AwZg Ki, Zvnj `wZ
d
v
t
`wZ viv Aevbi cwieZbi nvi Kvb w`K NUQ Zv Rvbv hvq bv, dj `wZi Kvbv w`K bB| myZivs
`wZ GKwU jvi ivwk|
`~ iZ
`wZi gvv njv Gi gvv|
mgq
L
?[ v ] = LT -1
T

hnZz `~iZK mgq w`q fvM Kij `wZ cvIqv hvq, KvRB `~iZi GKKK mgqi GKK w`q fvM Kij
`wZi GKK cvIqv hve| `~iZi GKK wgUvi (m) Ges mgqi GKK mK (s) nIqvq `wZi GKK ne
wgUvi/mK (m s 1)| hgb Kvbv ei `wZ 4 m s 1 ejZ eySvq ewU cwZ mK 4 wgUvi `~iZ
AwZg Ki|
`wZi GKK wgUvi/mK njI Avgv`i Dcjwi myweavi Rb Avgiv AbK mgq `~iZi GKK wKjvwgUvi
Ges mgqi GKK Nv ai `wZi GKK wKjvwgUvi/Nv (km h-1) awi| Mvwoi wWvwgUvi h `wZ wb`k
Ki Zv km h-1 -G `Iqv _vK|
Mo `wZ : Kvbv ei MwZKvj hw` KLbI `wZi gvbi Kvbv cwieZb bv nq A_vr ewU hw` me`v mgvb
mgq mgvb `~iZ AwZg Ki Zvnj H ei `wZK mylg `wZ ej| Avi hw` mgvb mgq e mgvb `~iZ
AwZg bv Ki Zvnj mB `wZK Amg `wZ ej|
e hw` mylg `wZZ bv Pj Zvnj Zvi AwZv gvU `~iZK mgq w`q fvM Kij Mo cwZ GKK mgq
AwZv `~iZ cvIqv hvq | GK Mo `wZ ejv nq |
gvU `~ iZ
myZivs, Mo ` wZ =
mgq
hw` Kvbv Mvwo XvKv _K w`bvRcyi hvIqvi c_ mKvj 7 Uvq iIbv nq 6 Nvq 300 wKjvwgUvi c_
AwZg Ki, Ze Zvi Mo `wZ nQ 300 km / 6 h = 50 km h-1| GLvb Mo `wZ ejvi KviY MvwowU h
Zvi Pjvi c_ cZK Nvq 50 wKjvwgUvi `~iZ AwZg KiQ Ggb Kvbv K_v bB| MvwowU KLbI Gi
Pq `Z wMq _vKZ cvi Avevi Gi Pq AvI PjZ cvi|
34 c`v_wevb

ZvrwYK `wZ : Avgiv hw` Kvb GKwU wekl gyn~Z Kvbv ei `wZ RvbZ PvB, hgb Dciv MvwowU
Pjv i Kivi wVK 33 wgwbU c~Y nIqvi gyn~Z Zvi `wZ KZ wQj, Zvnj mUv ne Zvi cKZ `wZ ev
ZvrwYK `wZ| h Kvb gyn~Z cKZ ev ZvrwYK `wZ ei KiZ nj Avgv`iK AwZ A mgq eeavb
AwZv `~iZ RvbZ ne| Zvici mB `~iZK mgq w`q fvM Ki ZvrwYK `wZ ei KiZ ne|
KD hw` mKvj 10Uv 32 wgwbU 43 mKi mgq MvwowUi `wZ KZ wQj wKsev Kvbv zji cvk nvBIqZ
`Iqv xW eKvi AwZg Kvj MvwowUi `wZ KZ wQj Zv RvbZ Pvb Zvnj ZvK H mgq wWvwgUvii
cvV KZ wQj Zv `LZ ne| h Kvbv gyn~Z `wZ wbYqi Rb hgb nvBIqZ Kvbv Mvwo mevP
MwZmxgv jNb KiQ wK bv wKsev evsjv`ki RvZxq wKU `ji `ZZg evjvi gvkivwd web gvZRvi Kvb
eji `wZ KZ Zv wbYq KiZ nj Avgv`iK ivWvi ev jmvi Mvbi mvnvh wbZ ne|
eM :
AbK mgq Avgiv mvaviY K_vevZvq eM k eenvi Kwi Ges AbK Zv Ki _vwK `wZ eySvZ| wK
wevbi cwifvlvq k `ywUi A_ wfbZv AvQ| `wZ Kej Kvbv ei `~iZi ev Aevbi cwieZbi nvi
wb`k Ki, Kvb w`K m cwieZb nqQ Zv eySvq bv| eM `~iZi cwieZbi nvi eySvevi cvkvcvwk Kvb
w`K m cwieZb NU ZvI wb`k Ki| eM w`q wbw` w`K `~iZi cwieZbi nvi Z_v miYi nviK
eySvq| myZivs mgqi mv_ Kvbv ei miYi nviK eM ej A_vr e wbw` w`K GKK mgq h c_
AwZg Ki ZvB eM|
s
hw` Kvbv e t mgq wbw` w`K s `~iZ AwZg Ki Zvnj eM, v = |
t
eMi gvv I `wZi gvv GKB A_vr [ LT -1 ]
eMi GKK I `wZi GKK GKB A_vr m s 1

eMi gvb I w`K `yBB AvQ| ZvB eM GKwU fi

ivwk| D`vniY wnme GKwU ivvi K_v aiv hvK|
ivvwU Kvbv vb c~e w`Ki mv_ 30q KvY Ki
Di w`K Pj MQ (wP: 2.4)| mB ivvq hw`
GKwU Mvwo 20 km h -1 mg`wZZ Pj, Zvnj Avgiv wP : 2.4
mwVKfve ejZ cvie MvwowUi eM c~e w`Ki mv_
30q KvY Di w`K 20 km h -1| wK hw` GB
-1
MvwowUB GKwU evKvi c_ 20 km h mg`wZZB Pj, Zvnj Zvi MwZi w`K gvMZ cwieZb ne|
myZivs Gi eMI gvMZ cwieZb ne hw`I Gi `wZ memgq GKB _vKe| ei eMi gvbB Zvi `wZ|
wbw` w`K ei `wZB Zvi eM|
c`v_wevb 35

hw` MwZkxj Kvbv ei eMi gvb I w`K AcwiewZZ _vK Zvnj mB ei eMK mylg eM ev mgeM ej|
ki eM mylg eMi GKwU cK cvKwZK D`vniY| k wbw` gvag wbw` Zvcgvvq wbw` w`K mgvb mgq
mgvb c_ AwZg Ki, Avi Zv nQ 0qC Zvcgvvq evqyZ cwZ mK 332 wgUvi| k Kvbv wbw` w`K c_g
mK 332 wgUvi, wZxq mK 332 wgUvi Ges GB ic cwZ mK 332 wgUvi Ki PjZ _vK| GLvb
ki eMi gvb I w`K GKB _vKvq ki eM 332 m s 1 njv mylgeM|

Kvbv ei hw` MwZKvj Zvi eMi gvb I w`K ev Dfqi cwieZb NU Zvnj ei mB eMK Amg
eM ej| A_vr Kvbv e hw` mgvb mgq, mgvb `~iZ AwZg bv Ki wKsev Pjvi mgq MwZi w`K
cwieZb Ki Zvnj mB eM Amg eM ne| Avgiv h Pjvdiv Kwi, Mvwo Pj BZvw`i eM mvaviYZ
Amg eM|

ZiY I g`b :
Kvbv e hw` mylg eM bv Pj Zvnj ei eMi gvbi wKsev w`Ki wKsev Dfqi cwieZb nZ
cvi| ei eMi cwieZb nj Avgiv ewj ei ZiY nQ| aiv hvK, GKwU Mvwo GKwU mvRv moK
PjQ| GB MvwoZ em wgjy cwZ 8 mK ci ci Mvwoi wWvwgUvi _K MvwowUi eM wjwce KiQ|
wewfb mgq GB Mvwoi eM km h -1 I m s -1 GKK wbPi mviwYZ `Lvbv njv|
mviwY 2.2
eM - mgq mviwY
wgK bs mgq (s) eM (km h-1 ) eM (m s-1)
1 0 0 0
2 8 14.4 4
3 16 28.8 8
4 24 43.2 12
5 32 57.6 16
6 40 72 20
GB mviwY _K `Lv hvq h, MvwowUi eM c_g 8 mK 0 _K 4 m s-1 G ew cqQ; cii 8
mKI Gi eM eoQ 4 m s-1 Ges GB ic evwK mgqI eM eoQ| myZivs cwZ 8 mK mgq
eeavb MvwowUi eMi cwieZb nqQ 4 m s -1| Ab K_vq, GK mK MvwowUi eMi cwieZb nqQ
0.5 m s -1| Zvnj mgqi mv_ MvwowUi eMi cwieZbi nvi njv 0.5 m s -2|

eMi cwieZbi nvi Z_v GKK mgq eMi cwieZbB ZiY| mij c_ Pjgvb ei mgqi mv_ eM
ewi nviK abvZK ZiY ev ZiY Ges mgqi mv_ eM nvmi nviK FYvZK ZiY ejv nq| AbK mgq
FYvZK ZiYK g`b ejv nq|
36 c`v_wevb

mgqi mv_ ei Amg eMi ewi nviK ZiY ej| Kvbv ei Avw` eM hw` u nq Ges t mgq ci
Zvi kl eM hw` v nq, Zvnj
t mgq eMi cwieZb = v u
vu
? GKK mgq eMi cwieZb =
t
vu
? eMi cwieZbi nvi, A_vr ZiY, a =
t
eMi cwieZb
myZivs, ZiY =
mgq
ZiY GKwU fi ivwk| Gi w`K AvQ| Gi w`K nQ eMi cwieZbi w`K| hnZz Avgiv GKwU mij iLv
eivei MwZ weePbv KiwQ, KvRB eMi cwieZb ne nq eMi w`K wKsev eMi wecixZ w`K| eM hw`
ew cvq Zvnj eMi cwieZb ne eMi w`K| m ZiY ne abvZK| hw` eM nvm cvq Zvnj
eMi cwieZb ne eMi wecixZ w`K| m ZiYK FYvZK aiv nq A_vr g`b nq|
eM
gvv : ZiYi gvv njv Gi gvv|
mgq
eM miY miY
A_vr, ZiY = = =
mgq mgq u mgq mgq 2
L
? [a] = LT 2
T2
eM
GKK : ZiYi GKK njv Gi GKK|
mgq
m s 1
A_vr, ev m s-2
s
Kvbv ei ZiY 5 m s-2 Di w`K ejZ eySvq ewUi eM Di w`K 1 s - G 5 m s -1 ew cvq|
mylg ZiY I Amg ZiY : ZiY `yiKgi nZ cvi, h_v- mylg ZiY I Amg ZiY| Kvbv ei eM hw`
wbw` w`K memgq GKB nvi evoZ _vK Zvnj m ZiYK mylg ZiY ev mgZiY ej| Avi eM ewi
nvi hw` mgvb bv _vK, Zvnj m ZiYK Amg ZiY ejv nq|
mylg ZiYi GKwU D`vniY njv AwfKli cfve gyfve co ei ZiY| hw` GKwU e f~c
gyfve coZ _vK ZLb Zvi ZiY nq 9.8 m s-2 A_vr, ewU hLb f~ci w`K AvmZ _vK ZLb Gi
eM cwZ mK 9.8 m s-1 Ki evoZ _vK|
Avi Avgiv mvaviYfve h mKj Pjgvb e `wL, hgb Mvwo, mvBKj, wiv BZvw`i ZiY nq Amg|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 2.1 : GKwU Mvwoi eM 5 m s-1 _K mylgfve ew cq 10 s ci 45 m s-1 nq|
MvwowUi ZiY ei Ki|
c`v_wevb 37

Avgiv Rvwb, GLvb,

vu Avw` eM, u = 5 m s-1
a
t kl eM, v = 45 m s-1
mgq, t = 10 s
45 m s -1  5 m s -1 ZiY, a = ?
ev, a
10 s
40 m s -1
=
10 s
= 4 m s -2

D : 4 m s-2
MvwYwZK D`vniY 2.2 : GKwU Mvwoi eM 20 m s-1 _K mylgfve nvm cq 4 s ci 4 m s-1
nq| MvwowUi ZiY ei Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb,
vu
a GLvb,
t
Avw` eM, u = 20 m s-1
20 m s -1 - 4 m s -1 kl eM, v = 4 m s-1
ev, a
4s mgq, t = 4 s
- 16 m s -1 ZiY , a = ?
=
4s
= - 4 m s -2

D : - 4 m s-2

2.5 MwZ msv wewfb ivwki cviwiK mK : MwZi mgxKiY

Equations of motion
gv PviwU mgxKiY eenvi Ki Kvbv MwZkxj ei MwZ msv wewfb mgmvi mgvavb Kiv hvq| GB
mgxKiYjvK ejv nq MwZi mgxKiY| GB mgxKiYjv chvR nq e hLb mylg ZiY mijiLvq
MwZkxj _vK| aiv hvK, Kvbv e u Avw`eM wbq a mylg ZiY t mgq Pj s `~iZ AwZg Ki kl eM
v cv nq| Avgiv MwZi mgxKiYjv wbgv cZxKjvi mvnvh cKvk Kwi| GB cZxKjv njv :

u = Avw` eM A_vr mgq MYbvi iZ h eM

a = mylg ZiY

t = AwZv mgq
38 c`v_wevb

s = miY A_vr t mgq AwZv `~iZ

v = kl eM A_vr t mgq kl ei eM|

GB cuvPwU ivwk suvat cii Ggbfve mKhy h Gi h Kvbv wZbwU ivwk Rvbv _vKj evwK `yBwU
ivwk ei Kiv hvq| GB Rb PviwU mgxKiY AvQ| cZKwU mgxKiY PviwU Ki ivwk AvQ| Rvbv ivwkjvi
gvb ewmq GB mgxKiYjvi mvnvh AvZ ivwkjv mnR wbYq Kiv hvq|
2.4 AbyQ` Avgiv `LwQ ZiY,
vu
a=
t
? v u  at (2.1)

Avevi H AbyQ` Avgiv cqwQ,

AwZv`~ iZ
Mo ` wZ =
mgq

uv s
ev,
2 t
(u  v)
? s t (2.2)
2
wnmve Ki : ( 2.1) mgxKiYi v Gi gvb (2.2) mgxKiY emvI|

? s ut  12 at 2 (2.3)

wnmve Ki : ( 2.1) mgxKiY _K t Gi gvb ei Ki (2.2 ) mgxKiY

ewmq eR Yb Ki Ges c`jvK web Ki |

? v2 u 2  2as (2.4)
hw` Kvbv mgmvq ejv nq ewU wi Aevb _K hvv i KiQ, Zvnj Avw` eM u = 0 ne|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 2.3 : wi Avevb _K Pj GKwU MvwoZ 2 m s-2 ZiY cqvM Kiv nj Gi eM 20 m
s-1 njv| KZ mgq ai ZiY cqvM Kiv nqwQj?
Avgiv Rvwb,
v u  at GLvb,
vu Avw`eM, u = 0
ev, t
a kl eM, v = 20 m s-1
20 m s -1  0 ZiY, a = 2 m s-2
2 m s -2 mgq, t = ?
10 s
D : 10 s
c`v_wevb 39

MvwYwZK D`vniY 2.4 : 54 km h-1 eM Pj GKwU MvwoZ 5 s hveZ 4 m s-2 ZiY cqvM Kiv njv|
MvwowUi kl eM KZ Ges ZiYKvj KZ `~iZ AwZg Kie?
Avgiv Rvwb,
v u  at GLvb,
15 m s -1 + 4 m s -2 5 s Avw`eM, u = 54 km h-1
= 35 m s -1 km 54 u 103 m
54 15 m s 1
h 3600 s
Avevi, ZiY, a = 4 m s-2
s ut  12 at 2 mgq, t = 5 s
kl eM, v= ?
15 m s -15 s+ 12 4 m s -2 (5 s) 2
`~iZ , s = ?
= 75 m + 50 m
= 125 m
D : kl eM 35 m s 1 ; `~iZ 125 m
MvwYwZK D`vniY 2.5 : mvRv ivvq wi Aevb _K GKwU evm 10 m s-2 mylg ZiY Pjvi mgq 80
m `~iZ ivvi cvk `uvovbv GK ewK KZ eM AwZg Kie?
Avgiv Rvwb,
GLvb,
v 2 u 2  2as Avw`eM, u= 0
2
ev, v 0 + 210 m s 80 m-2
ZiY, a = 10 m s-2
= 1600 m 2 s -2 `~iZ , s = 80 m
-1 kl eM, v= ?
?v 40 m s
D : 40 m s 1
2.6 co ei MwZ
Motion of falling bodies
AwfKl : GB gnvweki cZKwU e KYvB GK AciK wbRi w`K AvKlY Ki| GB gnvweki h
Kvbv `ywU ei ga h AvKlY ZvK gnvKl ej| `ywU ei GKwU hw` cw_ex nq Ze ZvK AwfKl ej
A_vr Kvbv ei Dci cw_exi AvKlYK AwfKl ejv nq| gnvweki h Kvbv `ywU ei AvKlY mK
wbDUbi GKwU m~ AvQ hv wbDUbi gnvKl m~ bvg cwiwPZ|
wbDUbi MwZi wZxq m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb h ej chy nj Kvbv ei ZiY nq, myZivs AwfKl eji
cfveI ei ZiY nq| GB ZiYK AwfKlR ZiY ejv nq|
AwfKl eji cfve f~c gyfve co Kvbv ei eM ewi nviK AwfKlR ZiY ej| GK g w`q
cKvk Kiv nq|
hnZz AwfKlR ZiY GK cKvi ZiY, myZivs Gi gvv ne [LT-2] Ges GKK ne m s -2|
40 c`v_wevb

f~ci Kvbv vb g -Gi gvbi ivwkgvjv nQ

GM
g
R2
GLvb, M = cw_exi fi
G= GKwU wekRbxb aeK| GK gnvKlxq aeK ej|
R= cw_exi evmva|

hnZz cw_ex m~Y MvjvKvi bq, gi Aj GKUzLvwb Pvcv, ZvB cw_exi evmva RI aeK bq| myZivs
f~ci me g Gi gvb mgvb bq| gi Aj cw_exi evmva R mePq Kg ej mLvb g -Gi gvb
mePq ewk| Avi welye Aj R-Gi gvb mePq ewk ej g -Gi gvb mePq Kg|
f~c wewfb vb g -Gi gvb wewfb ej 45q Avsk mgy` mgZj g -Gi gvbK Av`k gvb aiv nq| g -Gi
G Av`k gvb nQ 9.80665 m s-2 | wnmei myweavi Rb Av`kgvb aiv nq 9.8 m s-2 ev 9.81 m s-2 |
co e :
Kvbv eK Dci _K Qo w`j AwfKli cfve f~wgZ cuQvq| GKB DPZv _K GKB mgq GKwU
fvix I GKwU nvjKv e Qo w`j Gjv wK GKB mgq f~c cuQve?
GK UzKiv cv_i I GK UzKiv KvMR GKB DPZv _K Qo w`j `Lv hvq h, cv_iwU KvMRi AvMB gvwUZ
cuQvq| hnZz ei Dci wqvkxj AwfKlR ZiY ei fii Dci wbfi Ki bv, ZvB KvMR I cv_ii
Dci wqvkxj AwfKlR ZiY GKB| myZivs Zv`i GKB mgq gvwUZ cuQvbvi K_v| evZvmi evavi Rb
e `ywU wfb mgq gvwUZ cuQvq| evZvmi evav bv _vKj Gjv AekB GKB mgq gvwUZ cuQvZ|
co ei m~vewj : co e mK MvwjwjI wZbwU m~ ei Kib| GjvK co ei m~ ej| GB
m~jv GKgv wi Aevb _K webv evavq co ei chvR A_vr e covi mgq wi Aevb
_K coe, Gi Kvbv Avw` eM _vKe bv| e webv evavq gyfve coe A_vr Gi Dci AwfKlR ej
Qvov Ab Kvbv ej wqv Kie bv| hgb evZvmi evav Gi Dci wqv Kie bv|
c_g m~ : wi Aevb I GKB DPZv _K webv evavq co mKj e mgvb mgq mgvb c_ AwZg Ki|

wZxq m~ : wi Aevb _K webv evavq co ei wbw` mgq (t) cv eM (v) H mgqi mgvbycvwZK
A_vr, v v t
ZZxq m~ : wi Aevb _K webv evavq co e wbw` mgq h `~iZ (h) AwZg Ki Zv H mgqi
(t) eMi mgvbycvwZK A_vr, h v t 2
c`v_wevb 41

co ei mgxKiY :
aiv hvK, Kvbv e u Avw` eM wbq AwfKli cfve gyfve coQ| t mgq ci ewU v eM cv
nq| ewU hw` GB mgq h `~iZ bg Avm, Zvnj MwZi mgxKiY `~iZ s Gi cwieZ h Ges ZiY a
Gi cwieZ AwfKlR ZiY g emvjB co ei MwZi wbgv mgxKiYjv cvIqv hve|
v u  gt
(u  v)
h t
2
h ut  12 gt 2
v2 u 2  2 gh

MvwYwZK D`vniY 2.6 : 50 m DuPz `vjvbi Qv` _K Kvbv e Qo w`j GwU KZ eM f~cK AvNvZ
Kie ? g = 9.8 m s-2
Avgiv Rvwb, co ei

v2 u 2  2 gh
GLvb,
ev, v 2 0  2 u 9.8 m s -2 u 50 m
Avw`eM, u = 0
980 m 2 s -2 AwZv `~iZ, h = 50 m
?v 31.3 m s -1 kl eM, v = ?
g = 9.8 m s-2
1
D: 31.3 m s

2.7 MwZ I jLwP

Motion ang Graph
1. `~iZ mgq jLwP
mgq AwZevwnZ nIqvi mv_ mv_ GKwU MwZkxj ei Aevbi cwieZb NU| ei AwZv `~iZ mgqi
Dci wbfi Ki| GB mK GKwU jLwPi gvag cKvk Kiv hvq| GB QK KvMRi X A eivei
mgq (t) Ges Y- A eivei AwZv `~iZ (s) vcb Kiv nq| GB jLwPK `~iZ mgq jLwP ejv nq|
GB jLwP _K mnR ei eM wbYq Kiv hvq| wb mylg eM I Amg eMi `~iZ mgq jL wP
_K eM wbYqi cwZ AvjvPbv Kiv njv| RwUjZv cwinvii Rb Avgiv GLvb Kej mij iLv eivei
Pjgvb ei MwZ AvjvPbv Kie| GB GKwU MwZkxj ei eMi w`Ki Kvbv cwieZb ne bv ;
myZivs Kej gvbi cwieZbi Rb eMi cwieZb NUe|
42 c`v_wevb

(K) mylg eMi :

aiv hvK, Kvbv mvRv mgZj ivvq wmGbwR (CNG) PvwjZ `~lY gy GKwU AUvwiv PjQ| cwZ 12
wgwbU cii Gi AwZv `~iZ wbPi mviwYZ `Lvbv njv|
`~iZ -mgq mviwY
mgq, t `~iZ, s
(min) (km)
0 0
12 6
24 12
36 18
48 24
60 30
wP : 2.5
mviwY 2.3
Dcii mviwYZ ewYZ MwZi Rb `~iZ -mgq jL wPwU 2.5 wP `Lvbv njv| GB wP _K h Kvbv
mgq aiv hvK, 32 wgwbU AUvwivwU KZK AwZv `~iZ ei Kiv hve| GRb Avgv`iK c_g X-
Ai Dci 32 wgwbU wb`kKvix we`ywU (M) wPwZ KiZ ne| Zvici H we`y _K jLwPi Dci Y
Ai mgvivj GKwU iLv AuvKZ ne| gb Kiv hvK, iLvwU jLwPi Dci P we`yZ wgwjZ nq| GLb P
we`y _K Y Ai Dci j^ UvbZ ne| GB j^ Y AK h we`yZ (N) Q` Ki ZvB nQ 32 wgwbU
AwZv `~iZ (ON)| `Lv hvq h, AUvwivwU G mgq 16 km `~iZ AwZg KiQ| myZivs, jLwP _K
h Kvbv mgq t = OM Gi Rb AwZv `~iZ s = PM cvIqv hvq|
`~ iZ PM ON PM
? eM = , GLvb, K OP iLvi Xvj (slope) ej|
mgq OM OM OM

wbR Ki : GKwU QK KvMR bvI| GB KvMR Zvgvi cQ`gZv I myweavRbK GKK wbq Dcii
mviwYZ ewYZ MwZi Rb `~iZ -mgq jL wPwU Ab Ki| GB jLwP _K 32 wgwbU AwZv
`~iZ Ges eM ei Ki| 44 wgwbU AwZv `~iZ I eM KZ ne?

(L) Amg eMi :

2.6 wP Amg eM MwZkxj GKwU ei `~iZ-mgq jLwP
`Lvbv njv| hnZz G ewU mgvb mgq mgvb `~iZ
AwZg Ki bv ZvB jLwPwU mij iLv ne bv| GwU GKwU
e iLv ne| hnZz G ewU mylg eM PjQ bv,
KvRB MwZKvji mKj gyn~Z Gi eM mgvb nq bv| aiv hvK, wP : 2.6
c`v_wevb 43

Kvbv GK wekl gyn~Z ewUi eM ei KiZ ne, hvK e iLvwUZ P we`y w`q wb`k Kiv nqQ| P
we`yZ eM wbYq KiZ nj Avgv`iK GKwU AwZ z` mgKvYx wfzR ABC weePbv KiZ ne hvi
AwZfzR AB GZ z` h GwU P we`yi AwZ mwbKU e iLvi mv_ KvhZ wgj hvq| Ab K_vq, Avgiv GB
e iLvi GKwU Lvsk weePbv KiwQ hwU mij iLv ic MY Kivi gZv h_ z`|
Zvnj, P we`yZ

AC viv wb`wkZ `~ iZ
eM =
BC viv wb`wkZ mgq eeavb

AC
ev, v
BC
wK GZ QvU wfzR weePbv Ki Zvi _K cwigvc Ki mwVK dj cvIqv gykwKj| ZvB Avgiv P we`yZ
ED kK AuvwK Ges ABC wfzRi m`k wK AcvKZ eo wfzR DEF Ab Kwi|

AC DF
GLb wfzR ABC Ges wfzR DEF _K cvB,
BC EF
DF
v
EF
DF
wK njv ED -Gi Xvj|
EF
myZivs P we`yZ eM njv H we`yZ AwZ kKi Xvj| ZvB ejv hvq `~iZ mgq jLwPi h Kvbv
we`yZ AwZ kKi Xvj H we`yZ eM wb`k Ki|
2. eM-mgq jLwP
Amg eM Pjgvb ei eM mgqi Dci wbfi Ki| GB mK GKwU jLwPi gvag cKvk Kiv hvq|
GB QK KvMRi X -A eivei mgq (t) Ges Y-A eivei eM (v) vcb Kiv nq| GB
jLwPK eMmgq jLwP ejv nq| GB jLwP _K mnR h Kvbv gyn~Z eM Ges ZiY A_vr mgqi
mv_ eMi cwieZbi nvi wbYq Kiv hvq| wbg mylg ZiYi eM-mgq jLwP _K ZiY wbYqi
cwZ AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
mylg ZiYi :
GKwU e hLb mylg ZiY Pj ZLb Zvi mgvb mgq eMi ew mgvb nq| myZivs X-Ai w`K mgq
(t) Ges Y-Ai w`K eM (v) wbq eMmgq jLwP AuvKj mwU GKwU mij iLv ne (wP: 2.7)| GLb
Avgiv GB jLwPi Dci h Kvbv GKwU we`y P bB| P _K X-Ai Dci PM j^ Uvwb| Zvnj h
Kvbv mgq OM -Gi Rb eMi cwieZb PM cvIqv hvq|
44 c`v_wevb

eMi cwieZb PM
myZivs ZiY a =
mgq eeavb OM

PM
wK nQ OP -Gi Xvj|
OM
ZvB ejv hvq eM-mgq jLwPi h Kvbv we`yZ AwZ kKi Xvj H
wP : 2.7
we`yZ ZiY wb`k Ki|
wbR Ki : wbPi mviwYZ cuvP mK ci ci GKwU Mvwoi eM `Iqv njv |

mviwY : 2.4

mgq (s) eM ( km h -1) eM (m s -1)

0 0 0
5 9 2.5
10 18 5.0
15 27 7.5
20 36 10.0
25 45 12.5
30 54 15.0
GKwU QK KvMR bvI| GB KvMR Zvgvi cQ`gZv myweavRbK GKK wbq Dcii mviwYZ ewYZ MwZi Rb
eM-mgq jLwPwU Ab Ki| GB jLwP _K 12 mKi mgq MvwowUi eM I ZiY ei Ki |
Abymvb-2.1
GKwU Xvjy Zvi Dci gvej Mwoq coZ w`q Mo `wZ wbYq|
Dk : wewfb ZiY AwZv GKB `~iZi Rb mgq wbYq Ki cwZ Mo `wZ wbYq|
hcvwZ : Zv, wgUvi j,gvej, _vgv Nwo|
KvRi aviv :
1. h_vme j^v GKLvbv Zv bvI| wgUvi ji mvnvh Gi `N wbYq Ki|
2. Zvi GK cvi wbP BU ev eB w`q DuPz Ki, dj ZvwU Xvjy nq _vKe|
3. ZvwUi Dcii cv GKwU gvej ai| gvejwU Qo `Iqvi mv_ mv_ _vgv Nwo Pvjy Ki| gvejwU
hLb Zv eq f~wgZ AvNvZ Kie ZLb _vgv NwowU e Ki `vI|
4. Zvi `NK Z_v gveji AwZv `~iZK GB mgq w`q fvM Ki Mo `wZ wbYq Ki|
5. Zvi DuPz cvi wbP Aviv BU ev eB w`q GK Aviv DuPz Kiv A_vr ZvwUK Aviv ewk Ki Xvjy Ki|
6. cybivq gvej Qo w`q mgq cwigvc Ki Mo `wZ wbYq Ki|
7. GBfve wewfb Xvji Rb Mo `wZ cwigvc Ki|
c`v_wevb 45

Abymvbi QK

cvV AwZv `~iZ Z_v Zvi `N mgq `~ iZ

Mo ` wZ = (m s-1)
(m) (s) mgq
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Mo `wZi cwieZbi KviY AvjvPbv Ki|
Abymvb-2.2

bvbvwea Kvhgi gvag wewfb cKvi MwZi gWj c`kb|

Dk : wkv_x`i f~wgKvwfbq Kvhgi gvag wewfb cKvi MwZi gWj c`kb Kiv Ges MwZmg~ni
cv_K Abymvb Kiv|
hcvwZ : j^v `wo, PKi ov ev Pzb|
KvRi aviv :
1. zji gvV ev Avkcvki Kvbv Ljvi gvV mvRv Ki j^v PKi ev Pzbi `vM `vI|
A_ev mvRv Ki GKMvQ j^v `wo weQvI|
2. GLb mvRv `woi `vMi cvk w`q `o Aci cv hvI|
3. gvVi Kvbv RvqMvq GKwU wP `vI| mB wPi Dci GKRb `uvovI| Gi ci Ab GKRb evg nvZ
w`q k Ki Zvi Wvb nvZ ai| ZZxq Rb evg nvZ w`q wZxq Rbi Wvb nvZ ai| GB fve
gv^q KqKRb nvZ aivawi Ki `uvovI| GKUv mvRv I j^v wkKji gZv Zwi ne|
4. GLb GB wkKji evBii KD Kvbv Bkviv Kij ev k mw Kij c_gRbK K` Ki nvZ ai
iL Ggb fve mevB Av Av `ovI hvZ wkKj bv fvO ev Gjvgjv bv nq|
5. gvVi GK cvk KqK wgUvi (aiv hvK `k wgUvi) j^v GK MvwQ `wo mvRv Ki weQvI| `woi `yB
cv `yB Rb Ges `woi wVK gvSLvb GKRb `uvovI| GLb GKRb GKRb Ki c_g Rbi KvQ
_K hvv i Ki GKBfve nU `woi Aci cv wZxq Rbi cuQvI| ZvK Kej k Ki bv
_g Avevi c_g Rbi KvQ wdi Avmv| c_g RbK k Ki Avevi wZxq Rbi KvQ hvI| bv
_g GB ic KqKevi Ki|
6. aviv -2 G DwjwLZ MwZi ewkjv LvZvq wjwce Ki| GwU iwLK MwZ| GwU iwLK MwZ nIqvi
KviY evLv Ki|
46 c`v_wevb

7. aviv -4 G DwjwLZ MwZi ewkjv LvZvq wjwce Ki| G cZKi MwZ evKvi MwZ Ges
chve MwZ| GB MwZ evKvi MwZ Ges chve MwZ nIqvi KviY evLv Ki|
8. aviv -5 G DwjwLZ MwZi ewkjv LvZvq wjwce Ki| G cZKi MwZ chve MwZ Ges
`b MwZ| GB MwZ chve MwZ Ges `b MwZ nIqvi KviY evLv Ki|
9. GB Abymvbi gvag cv wewfb MwZi Zzjbv Ki| Gjvi ga cv_K wjL|
Abymvb-2.3
100 wgUvi `o wkv_xi `wZ wbYq Ges jLwP Zv weklY|
Dk : wewfb mgq AwZv `~iZ wbYq Ki Mo `wZ wbbq, `~iZ-mgq jLwP Ab Ges h Kvbv
mgq ZvrwYK `wZ Ges Mo ZiY wbYq|
hcvwZ : wgUvi j, _vgv Nwo, `wo A_ev gvc wdZv|
KvRi aviv :
1. zji Ljvi gvVi (zji wbR^ gvV bv _vKj Ab Kvbv gvV) GK cv GKwU `wo mvRv Ki weQvI|
2. GB `wo _K 25 wgUvi `~i `~i Aviv PviwU `wo weQvI| myZivs kl `wowU ne 100 wgUvi `~i|
3. c_g `woi KvQ Zzwg `vovI Ges evwK PviwU `woi cvk Zvgvi Pvi ez PviwU _vgv Nwo wbq `uvove|
4. wkK evuwkZ dzu `Iqvi mv_ mv_ Zzwg `o i Kie Ges cZK hvi hvi _vgv Nwo Pvjy Kie|
5. `owe` hLb hvi mvgbi `wo AwZg Kie ZLb m Zvi _vgv Nwo e Kie| Nwoi cvV _K H
`~iZi Rb mgq cvIqv hve|
6. `~iZK mgq w`q fvM Ki H mgq eeavbi Rb ev H `~iZi Rb Mo `wZ cvIqv hve|
7. GLb GKwU QK KvMR X -Ai w`K mgq (t) Ges Y -Ai w`K `~iZ (d) vcb Ki GKwU
jLwP Ab Ki|
8. jLwP _K h Kvbv mgq AwZv `~iZ Ges GB mgq eeavbi Mo `wZ Ges H gyn~Zi
ZvrwYK `wZ wbYq Ki|
9. jLwPwU cybivq Ab Ki| GLb h Kvbv `ywU mgqi Rb ZvrwYK `wZ ei Ki| `wZi cv_KK
mgq eeavb w`q fvM Ki Mo ZiY wbYq Ki|
10. wewfb `wZZ nuU Ges `o GB cixYwUi cybivew Ki|
11. GBfve cZK wkv_x cixYwU mb Ki|
Abymvbi QK

cvV AwZv `~iZ mgq `~ iZ

Mo ` wZ = (m s-1)
(m) (s) mgq
1
2
3
4
c`v_wevb 47

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPbx ck
mwVK DiwUi cvk wUK () wP `vI|
1| ZiYi GKK KvbvwU?
(K) m s-1 (L) m s-2 (M) N s (N) kg s-2
2| Nwoi KuvUvi MwZ Kx iKg MwZ ?
(K) iwLK MwZ (L) DcevKvi MwZ
(M) chve MwZ (N) `b MwZ
3| wi Aevb _K webv evavq co e wbw` mgq h `~iZ AwZg Ki Zv H mgqi-
(K) mgvbycvwZK (L) eMi mgvbycvwZK
(M) evbycvwZK (N) eMi evbycvwZK
4| GKwU e wi Aevb _K a mgZiY PjQ| wbw` mgq GB ei AwZv `~iZ ne -
(u  v)
(i ) s t (ii) ?s ut  12 at 2 (iii) s 2 u 2  2at
2
wbPi KvbvwU mwVK?
() i () ii () ii o iii () i, ii o iii
5| wbPi eM-mgq jLwPi KvbvwU gyfve co ei jLwP wb`k Ki?

(K) A (L) B (M) C (N) D

L. mRbkxj ck
1| ivRxeiv mcwievi wmjUi Rvdjs eovZ hvevi Rb GKwU gvBvevm iIbv njv| m hvvi i
_K wmjU hvIqv ch cwZ 5 min ci ci Mvwoi wWvwgUvi _K eMi gvb Z_v `wZ wjL
wbj| eMi gvb cj h_vg cwZ NUvq 18,36,54,54,54,36 I 18 wKjvwgUvi|
(K) ZvrwYK `wZ Kx ?
(L) mylgeM MwZkxj Kvbv ei ZiY evLv Ki |
(M) c_g 5 wgwbU MvwowUi AwZKv `~iZ wbYq Ki|
(N) msMnxZ Dcv w`q eM-mgq jLwP AsKb Ki Zv evLv Ki ?
48 c`v_wevb

ZZxq Aavq
ej
FORCE

mvi AvBRvK wbDUb ei MwZ wbq evcK MelYv Kib| wZwb MwZi gwjK bxwZjvK wZbwU m~i
gvag cKvk Kib| G Aavq Avgiv MwZ welqK GB m~jv AvjvPbv Kie| G QvovI ei RoZv, ej,
eji cKwZ, fieM, NlY I wbivc` gY wbq G Aavq AvjvwPZ ne|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

1. ei RoZv I eji YMZ aviYv wbDUbi MwZi c_g m~ eenvi Ki evLv KiZ cvie|
2. wewfb cKvi eji cKwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
3. mvg I Amvg eji cfve evLv KiZ cvie|
4. fieM Ges msNl evLv KiZ cvie|
5. MwZ Ges ei AvKvii Dci eji cfve weklY KiZ cvie|
6. wbDUbi MwZi wZxq m~ eenvi Ki ej cwigvc KiZ cvie|
7. wbDUbi MwZi ZZxq m~ eenvi Ki wqv I cwZwqv ej evLv KiZ cvie|
8. wbivc` gY MwZ Ges eji cfve weklY KiZ cvie|
9. wewfb cKvi NlY Ges NlY ej evLv KiZ cvie|
10. ei MwZi Dci NlYi cfve weklY KiZ cvie|
11. NlY nvm-ew Kivi Dcvq evLv KiZ cvie|
12. Avgv`i Rxeb NlYi BwZevPK cfve weklY KiZ cvie|
c`v_wevb 49

3.1 RoZv Ges eji YMZ aviYv- wbDUbi c_g m~

Inertia and qualitative concept of force- Newtons first law
wwZ, MwZ, miY, eM, ZiY BZvw` mK Avgiv BZvgaB RbwQ Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk bvbv aibi
e `LZ cvB| G`i KvbvwU wi, Avevi KvbvwU MwZkxj| wi ejvi ga iqQ Pqvi, Uwej,
Nievwo, KvVi uwo BZvw`| Avevi MwZkxj ejvi ga iqQ Pj wiv, evm, mvBKj, cZbkxj e
BZvw`| wi ejv wK wbR _K wbR`i MwZkxj KiZ cvi? AvR ivZ Zvgvi covi UwejK
hLvb `LZ cj AvMvgxKvj mKvj GwU wK mLvb _vKe? Gme eve AwfZv _K Avgiv Kx `LZ
cvB? Avgiv `wL h ejv wi wQj mjv wiB iqQ| Gjv wbR _K MwZkxj nZ cvi bv|
Avevi ai, Zvgvi GK ez mgZj ivvq mvBKj Pvwjq hvQ| Kvbv GK mgq m mvBKj cvWj `Iqv
e Ki w`j| mvBKjwU wK msM msM _g hve? Avgiv `LZ cvB mvBKjwU wKQz c_ Pjvi ci Av
Av _g hvq| hw` evqyi evav Ges ivvi NlY bv _vKZ Zvnj mvBKjwU wK Aweivg MwZZ PjZ
_vKZ?
G mKj NUbv _K Avgiv eySZ cvwi, cZK eB h Aevq AvQ, mB AevqB _vKZ Pvq| Kvbv
e hw` wi _vK, Ze GwU wiB _vKZ Pvq| Avevi e MwZkxj _vKj GwU MwZkxj _vKZ Pvq|
ei wbR^ Aev eRvq ivLZ PvIqvi h ceYZv ev ag ZvB njv RoZv| myZivs e h Aevq AvQ
wPiKvj m Aevq _vKZ PvIqvi h ceYZv ev m Aev eRvq ivLZ PvIqvi h ag ZvK RoZv ej|
Kvbv ei RoZv Gi fii Dci wbfi Ki| A_vr fi nQ Gi RoZvi cwigvc| h ei fi ewk Zvi
RoZv ewk| Abfve ejv hvq, h ei RoZv ewk ZvK MwZkxj Kiv, eM nvm ev ew Kiv wKsev eMi
w`K cwieZb Kiv ZZ KwVb|

wbR Ki

x GKwU Kjg I GKwU eB Uweji Dci ivL| Gevi KjgwUK nvZi AvOyj w`q UvKv
`vI| Kx `LZ cj? KjgwU Uweji Dci LvwbKUv `~i mi Mj|

x Gevi eBwUK AvMi gZvB AvOyj w`q UvKv `vI| eBwU Av` miQ bv| Gevi eBwUK
nvZ w`q avv `vI| GLb eBwU GK vb _K Ab vb mi hve|

Kjg I eBqi ga eBK mivZ ewk Pv KiZ nqQ KviY, Kjgi Pq eBqi fi ewk A_vr RoZv
ewk|

RoZvi D`vniY
_g _vKv evm nVvr PjZ i Kij evmhvx cQbi w`K nj cob| Gi KviY njv wwZ RoZv| evm
hLb wi Aevq _vK ZLb hvxi kixiI wi _vK| wK evm PjZ Avi Kij hvxi kixii evm
50 c`v_wevb

msjM Ask MwZkxj nq| wK kixii Dcii Ask wwZRoZvi Rb wi Aevq _vKZ Pvq| ZvB kixii
wbPi Ask mvc Dcii Ask wcwQq co| hvi dj hvx cQbi w`K nj cob| Avevi Pj evm
nVvr eK Kij hvxiv mvgbi w`K SzuK cob| evm hLb Pj Aevq _vK, ZLb evmi hvxI evmi
mv_ GKB MwZcv nq| evm nVvr _g Mj evmi mv_ mv_ hvxi kixii wbPi Ask wi nq| wK
evmhvxi kixii Dcii Ask MwZ RoZvi Rb mvgbi w`K GwMq hvq|
Mvwo Pvjvbvi mgq Mvwoi PvjKMY wbivcvi KviY wmUe euvab| Gi KviY Kx ? Gi g~j iqQ RoZv|
hw` wZwb wmUe eenvi bv Kib, Ze `Z eK Klvi KviY MwZ RoZvi Rb mvgbi w`K SzuK coeb|
Gi dj wZwb Zvi mvgb Mvwoi wqvwismn Abvb eZ mRvi AvNvZ Kieb, dj gvivZK
`yNUbv NUZ cvi| ay PvjK bb, h mKj MvwoZ wmU ei eev AvQ mB mKj Mvwoi
hvx`iI wmU e evuav DwPZ |
ej
Avgv`i `bw`b AwfZv _K ej mK GKwU mvaviY aviYv AvQ| Avgiv hLb Kvbv eK Uvwb ev
Vwj, ZLb Avgiv ewj h ewUZ ej cqvM Kiv nqQ| GB chy ej wi eK MwZkxj KiZ cvi,
Avevi MwZ mwi PvI KiZ cvi| Avevi ewU hw` MwZkxj Aevq _vK, Zvnj chy ej ewUK
_vgvZ cvi ev eM ewi Pv KiZ cvi| Dfq ej cqvMi Rb ej cqvMKvixi Ges ei cZ
msk cqvRb| G aibi ejK ejv nq k ej| `ywU e ciii msk bv _vKjI GK Acii Dci
ej cqvM KiZ cvi| Ggb GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ ej nQ gnvKl ej, hvi eve D`vniY njv ei IRb|
Zvgvi nvZ _K hLb Kvbv e co hvq, ZLb Zv `Z gvwUK k Ki| Gi KviY Kx? ei Dci
cw_exi AvKlY ej Z_v ei IRbi Rb GgbwU NU| G ejK Avgiv ewj gnvKl ej| Ggwbfve cKwZi
bvbv NUbvq Avgiv wewfb aibi eji AwZ Abyfe Kwi|
hgb `ywU P^K giyi gaKvi gaeZx P^K ej, `ywU AvwnZ ei ga Zwor ej, wbDKxqvmi ga
wbDKxq ej |
GLb Avgiv `Le wbDUbi c_g m~ _K Kxfve RoZv I ej mK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| wbDUbi MwZ
welqK c_g m~wU njv-
evwnK Kvbv ej cqvM bv Kij wi e wi _vKe Ges MwZkxj e mylg `wZZ mijc_ PjZ
_vKe|
wbDUbi c_g m~wU c`v_i RoZv agK cKvk Ki Ges eji msv c`vb Ki|
wbDUbi c_g m~ _K `LZ cvB h, Kvbv e wbR _K Zvi Aevi cwieZb NUvZ cvi bv| e
wi _vKj wPiKvj wi _vKZ Pvq, Avi MwZkxj _vKj wPiKvj mylg `wZZ mijc_ PjZ Pvq| ei G
agB njv RoZv| A_vr wbDUbi c_g m~ _K RoZvi aviYv cvIqv hvq|
c`v_wevb 51

Avevi wbDUbi c_g m~ _K Rvbv hvq h, ei Aevi cwieZb NUvZ nj evBi _K GKUv wKQz
cqvM KiZ ne| A_vr hv ei Aevi cwieZb KiZ eva Ki ev KiZ Pvq ZvB nQ ej| ZvB
wbDUbi c_g m~ _K eji YMZ msv cvIqv hvq| wbDUbi c_g m~vbymvi hv wi ei Dci wqv
Ki ZvK MwZkxj Ki ev Kivi Pv Ki ev hv MwZkxj ei Dci wqv Ki Zvi MwZi cwieZb Ki ev
Kivi Pv Ki ZvK ej ej|

3.2 eji cKwZ

Nature of force
k ej :
`bw`b Rxeb wewfb aibi eji m Avgv`i cwiPq NU| G`i cKwZI wewfb aibi| G`i
KvbvwU `ywU ei cZ mski dj mw nq| Avevi Ggb KZKjv ej iqQ hLvb `ywU ei
cZ mski cqvRb bB| h ej mwi Rb `ywU ei cZ mski cqvRb ZvK k ej ej|
hLb Avgiv nvZ w`q Kvbv eK Vwj ev Uvwb ZLb Avgv`i nvZ ei Dci GKwU ej cqvM Ki| GB
Vjv ev Uvbv ej nQ k ej| Kbbv nvZ I ei cZ mski djkywZ nQ G ej| k eji D`vniY
njv- NlY ej, Uvb ej Ges msNli mgq m ej|
Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU e hLb Ab GKwU ei Dci w`q PjZ Pv Ki ev PjZ _vK ZLb eqi
kZj MwZi wei evav`vbKvix NlY eji mw nq| GLvb `ywU ei Zji ga cZ mski dj
NlY eji De nq| gSi Dci w`q GKwU evK Ub bIqvi mgq Avgiv Uvb ej cqvM Kwi| evi
MwZi wecixZ w`K ZLb NlY eji mw nq|
Ak ej :
`ywU ei cZ msk QvovB h ej wqv Ki ZvK Ak ej ej| hgb `ywU ei ga wqvkxj
AvKlYg~jK gnvKl ej, `ywU AvwnZ ei ga wqvkxj AvKlY ev weKlYKvix Zwor ej, `ywU Pz^Ki gii
ga AvKlY ev weKlYg~jK ej A_ev GKwU Pz^K I GKwU P^K c`v_i ga wqvkxj AvKlY ej njv
Ak ej Z_v `~ieZx eji D`vniY|

wbR Ki t Zzwg nvZ _K Kjg ev cwj ev Ab h Kvbv GKwU e Qo `vI |

ewU wbPi w`K coe | KD wbqB ewUK wbPi w`K UvbQ | K UvbQ ? cw_ex ewUK Zvi
w`K UvbQ , hw`I e I cw_exi ga mivmwi Kvbv mshvM bB A_vr cw_ex ewUK k Ki bvB |
cw_ex ei Dci gnvKl ej cqvM KiQ | GLvb gnvKl ej nQ Ak ej | gnvweki h Kvbv `ywU
e ciii Dci gnvKl ej cqvM Ki _vK | Aek cw_ex hLb Kvbv ei Dci gnvKl ej cqvM
Ki ZLb ZvK AwfKl ej ejv nq _vK |
52 c`v_wevb

cKwZZ Avgiv e iKgi eji `Lv cjI PviwU nQ gwjK ej | evKxjv G`i Kvbv bv Kvbv ic|
h mKj ej g~j ev ^vaxb A_vr h mKj ej Ab Kvbv ej _K Drcb nq bv ev Ab Kvbv eji Kvbv
ic bq eis Abvb ej GB mKj eji Kvbv bv Kvbv ici cKvk Zv`iK gwjK ej ej|
cKwZZ we`gvb PviwU gwjK ej wbgic:
1. gnvKl ej :
2. ZvwoZP^K ej
3. `yej wbDKxq ej
4. mej wbDKxq ej|
gnvKl ej :
GB gnvwek cZK e GK AciK GKwU ej viv AvKlY Ki| gnvweki h Kvbv `ywU ei gaKvi
GB cviwiK AvKlY ejK gnvKl ej| ei fii KviYB GB AvKlY NU| PviwU gwjK eji ga
gnvKl ej nQ Zzjbvg~jKfve `yejZg ej| Avgv`i IRb gnvKl eji djkywZ| miRMZi Mnjv
gnvKl eji cfve m~hK K` Ki m~hi Pviw`K NyiQ| gnvKl eji cvjv Amxg ch weZ|
ZvwoZP^K ej :
`ywU AvwnZ KYv ev e Zv`i Avavbi KviY GK Acii Dci h ej cqvM Ki ZvK ZvwoZP^K ej ej|
GB ej AvKlYagx I weKlYagx- Dfq cKvii nZ cvi| hLb AvwnZ KYv `ywU wi _vK ZLb Zv`i ga Kej
Zwor ej wqv Ki| AvwnZ KYvjv MwZkxj nj Zwor eji cvkvcvwk KYvjvi ga P^K eji mw nq| `ywU
P^K gii gaeZx AvKlY ev weKlY ejI ZvwoZP^K ej| `ywU AvwnZ gwjK KYvi ga wqvkxj Zwor ej
G`i ga wqvkxj gnvKl eji Zzjbvq AbK ewk kwkvjx| ZeyI mejZvi wePvi Zwor ej nQ gvSvwi
aibi| NlY ej, wcs ej BZvw` AvwnZ KYvjvi ga Zwor eji KviYB mw nq|
`yej wbDKxq ej :
h ^ cvjvi Ges ^ gvbi ej wbDKxqvmi Afi gwjK KYvjvi ga wqv Ki ZvK `yej
wbDKxq ej ej| GB eji KviYB wbDKxqvm AwwZkxjZvi mw nq Ges wbDKxqvm nZ weUvq ( E -
decay) nq| AwaKvsk ZRwq fvOb wewqv `yej wbDKxq eji KviY msNwUZ nq| G eji cvjv 10 16 m
-GiI Kg|

mej wbDKxq ej :
Avgiv Rvwb, cigvYyi wbDKxqvmi ga cvUb I wbDUb bvgK `ywU KYv AvQ| G`iK msc wbDKxqb
ej| cigvYyi wbDKxqvmi wfZi `ywU wbDKxqbi ga h kwkvjx ej KvR Ki ZvK mej wbDKxq ej
ej| G ej wbDKxqbjvK GK Ave ivL| wbDKxqvmi vwqZi Rb `vqx njv mej wbDKxq ej|
GB ej Lye ^ cvjvi Ges AvKlYagx| Gi cvjv 10-15 m hv wbDKxqvmi evmvai mgvb| gwjK ejjvi
ga G ejB mePq kwkvjx|
54 c`v_wevb

3.4 fieM
Momentum
MwZkxj ei fi I eMi mg^q h fZ ivwki De nq Zv njv H ei fieM| fieM ei fi
Ges eMi Dci wbfikxj| gvjevnx GKwU UvK Ges GKwU cvBfU Mvwoi K_v wPv Ki| gb Ki, `ywU MvwoB
mg `wZZ GKwU wbw` w`K MwZkxj| Mvwo `ywUK GKB `~iZi ga _vgvZ ne| Kvbv MvwowUK
_vgvZ kwkvjx eK cqvM KiZ ne? UvKK| KviY UvK Ges Mvwo GKB `wZZ MwZkxj _vKv mI UvK
h fZ ivwk ewk aviY Ki Zv njv Gi fieM|
Kvbv MwZkxj eK _vgvbv KZ Kmva ev KwVb fieM nQ Zvi GKwU cwigvc| fieM eji m
mwKZ| wbDUbi wZxq m~ G mKwU cwigvYMZfve cvIqv hvq|
Kvbv ei fi I eMi YdjK Gi fieM ej|
awi, GKwU ei fi = m
eM = v
? fieM = mv (3.1)
fieM GKwU fi ivwk| Gi w`K eMi w`K|
mgxKiY (3.1) _K `Lv hvq, Kvbv ei fi hZ ewk ne Ges e hZ `Z Pje Zvi fieMI ZZ
ewk ne|
GKK: fieMi GKK njv, fii GKK u eMi GKK A_vr kg ms-1 ev kg ms-1 |
1 kg fii Kvbv e 1ms-1 eM Pjj Gi fieM ne 1kg ms-1|

fieMi gvv : [p] = MLT-1

3.5 MwZi Dci eji cfve

Effect of force on motion
chy ej Kvbv wi eK MwZkxj KiZ cvi|
hLb Kvbv Ljvqvo wi dzUejK wKK&& Kib ZLb Kx NU? `Lv hvq h ejwU wi Aev _K h w`K
ejwUK wKK&& Kiv nqQ m w`K MwZkxj nq| A_vr G ejwU wi Aev _K ZiY jvf Ki| G
m ZiYi gvb aYvZK Ges ZiYi w`K njv wKKi gvag h w`K ej cqvM Kiv nq mB w`K|
chy ej MwZkxj ei eM ew KiZ cvi|
wKU Ljvq wKU ejwU h w`K MwZkxj evUmgvb hw` mBw`K eivei ejwUK AvNvZ Kib Ze ejwUi
eM Kx ne ? Zzwg `LZ cve h, ejwU c~ei Pq ewk eM MwZkxj ne| G ejwUi ZiY abvZK
Ges Gi eM ew cve| Movbv gvej UvKv w`j Gi eM ew cvq|
c`v_wevb 55

ej cqvMi dj MwZkxj ei eM nvm cvq|

Gevi aiv, Zzwg Mvgi ivvq mvBKj PvjvQ| wKQzY Pjvi ci Zzwg `LZ cj h mvgbi ivvwU
AbKUv Xvjy| Gevi Zzwg Kx Kie? Zzwg Kx AvMi gZvB mvBKj cvWj `e? bv mvBKj eK Kle?
wbivc` GB Xvjy c_ AwZg Kivi Rb ZvgvK mvBKj eK PvcZ ne| Gi dj mvBKji MwZ gi
ne| A_vr chy ej Kvbv MwZkxj ei eMi Z_v MwZi w`K cwieZb KiZ cvi|
wKU Ljvq GKRb Ljvqvo wecixZ w`K _K AvMZ wKU ejK evU viv AvNvZ Kib| evU viv
AvNvZi dj ejwUi eMi gvb I w`K DfqB cwiewZZ nq| h w`K _K ejwU AvmwQj evU viv AvNvZi
dj GwU Ab Kvbv w`K MwZkxj nq| GI ejwUi ZiY iqQ|

ei AvKvii Dci eji cfve

Avgv`i Pvicvk Ggb AbK D`vniY iqQ hLvb eji wqvq ei AvKvii cwieZb nq| GKwU Lvwj
cvwKi cvwbi evZj Pc aij evZji AvKvii cwieZb nq| Avevi hLb Kvbv ivevi evK Ub
cmvwiZ Kiv nq| ZLb GwU mi nq hvq A_vr Gi AvKvii cwieZb nq|
KLbv KLbv eji wqvq ei GB AvKvi cwieZb Yvqx nq| Avevi KLbv ej cqvMi dj vqxfve
ei AvKvii cwieZb msNwUZ nq| D`vniY wnme `ygo-gyPo hvIqv avZe Kvb A_ev `yNUbvi ci
Kvbv Mvwoi G aibi cwieZb NU|
ej cqvMi dj ei Yvqx AvKvi cwieZbK KvR jvwMq kwi kvlY Ges gRy` Kiv hvq| Ljbv
MvwoZ Pvwe Nywiq wsK msKzwPZ Ki wefekw mq Ki ivLv nq| Mvwo Qo w`j GB wefekw
MwZkwZ icvwiZ nq| AvKvii vqx cwieZbi dj Kvbv KvVvgv f co hgb Ki AZwaK
fvii KviY Kvbv weR f co|

3.6 ej Ges ZiYi mK -wbDUbi wZxq m~

Relation between force and acceleration- Newtons second law
wbDUbi c_g m~ eji YMZ aviYv `q| wbDUbi wZxq m~ ej cwigvci mgxKiY c`vb Ki|
wbDUbi wZxq m~ _K ei Dci wqvkxj ej Ges Gi dj m ZiYi ga mK Rvbv hvq| m~wU
wbgic :
ei fieMi cwieZbi nvi Gi Dci chy eji mgvbycvwZK Ges ej hw`K wqv Ki ei fieMi
cwieZbI mw`K NU|
aiv hvK, m fiwewk GKwU e u Avw`eM PjQ| GLb F ae ej ei Dci t mgq ai eMi AwfgyL
wqv Kij| aiv hvK, ej cqvMi dj ei eM u nZ cwiewZZ nq v njv|
? ewUi Avw` fieM = mu
? ewUi kl fieM = mv
t mgq ei fieMi cwieZb = mv  mu
56 c`v_wevb

mv  mu
myZivs, ei fieMi cwieZbi nvi
t
vu
ma  ZiY, a
t
wbDUbi MwZi wZxq myvbymvi, ei fieMi cwieZbi nvi chy eji mgvbycvwZK|
A_vr, ma v F
kF (3.1)
GLvb k GKwU mgvbycvwZK aeK| eji GKK wbaviYi Rb wbDUb k = 1 aib|
eji GKKK ejv nq wbDUb (N)| h cwigvY ej 1 kg fii Kvbv ei Dci wqv Ki 1ms-2 ZiY
mw Ki ZvK 1 wbDUb ej|
myZivs fi m K kg, ZiY a K ms-2 Ges F K N -viv cKvk Kij mgxKiY (3.1) _K cvIqv hvq-
ma 1.F
ev F ma (3.2)
ev ej = fi u ZiY
eji gvv : [F] = MLT-2|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.1: 50 kg fii GKwU ei Dci KZ ej cqvM Kiv nj Gi ZiY 4 ms-2 ne ?
Avgiv Rvwb GLvb,
F = ma ei fi, m = 50 kg
= 50 kg u 4 ms-2 ZiY, a = 4 ms-2
= 200 kg ms-2 ej, F = ?
= 200 N
Di : 200 N
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.2: GKwU evjK 50 N ej viv GKwU 20 kg fii GKwU evK avv `q| evwUi ZiY
KZ ne?
Avgiv Rvwb GLvb,
F ma evi fi, m = 20 kg
F
a chy ej, F = 50 N
m
50 N
evi ZiY, a = ?
20kg
= 2.5 ms-2
Di : 2.5 ms-2
c`v_wevb 57

3.7 wqv I cwZwqv ej- wbDUbi ZZxq m~

Action and reaction force- Newtons third law
eji GKwU ewk nQ cKwZZ ej Rvovq Rvovq wqv Ki| hLbB Kvbv ei Dci GKwU ej chy
nq, ZLbB GKwU mggvbi Ges wecixZgyLx ej Ab GKwU ei Dci wqv Ki| GB welqwUK mvaviYZ
Gfve ejv nq-
cZK wqviB GKwU mgvb I wecixZ cwZwqv AvQ|
GwU wbDUbi MwZi ZZxq m~ wnme cwiwPZ|
A_vr wbDUbi ZZxq m~vbymvi wqv ej I cwZwqv eji gvb mgvb wK G`i w`K wecixZgyLx| 3.4
wP P ewU hw` Q ewUi Dci F1 ej cqvM Ki, ZLb m~vbymvi Q ewUI P ei Dci mgvb I
wecixZgyLx ej F2 cqvM Kie| GLvb P e KZK Q ei Dci chy ejK wqv ej Ges Q e KZK
P ei Dci chy ejK cwZwqv ej ej|

wP : 3.5
myZivs, wbDUbi ZZxq m~vbymvi, F2 = - F1
jYxq h, wqvej Ges cwZwqv ej me mgqB `ywU wfb ei Dci wqv Ki| cwZwqv ejwU ZZYB
_vKe hZY ch wqvejwU _vKe|
D`vniY
gvwUi Dci nuvUv
`bw`b Rxeb Avgiv gvwUi Dci w`q nuvwU ev `ovB [wP 3.5]| Avgiv hLb gvwUi Dci w`q nuvwU ZLb
cQbi cv viv gvwUi Dci cQbi w`K wZhKfve GKwU ej cqvM Kwi| G ej njv wqv ej| ZZxq m~
Abyhvqx GB eji wecixZ GKwU cwZwqv ej mw nq GB cwZwqv eji cfve Avgiv ivvi Dci w`q
nvuUZ mg nB|

(cwZwqv ej)

wqv ej

wP : 3.6
58 c`v_wevb

e`yKi wj Quvov
hLb Kvbv ew e`yK nZ wj Quvob, ZLb wZwb cQbi w`K GKwU avv Abyfe Kib| Kb GgbwU nq?
G wj I e`yKi wqv I cwZwqv ej mgvb mgqevcx KvR Ki| wbDUbi wZxq m~vbymvi, wj I
e`yK mggvbi wK wecixZgyLx fieM jvf Ki| dj h fieM wbq wj mvgbi w`K AMmi nq,
e`yKI mggvbi wK wecixZgyLx fieM wbq cQbi w`K avweZ ne| hvi `ib H ew cQbi w`K
avv Abyfe Kib| Aek e`yKi fi ewk nIqvq e`yKi cv`eM wji Zzjbvq AZ Kg ne|
msNl
Zvgiv hviv gvej LjQ Zviv meZ `LZ cqQ Kxfve GKwU gvej Ab GKwU gvejK AvNvZ Ki|
GQvov msev`c ev Uwjwfkbi gvag Zvgiv wewfb aibi moK `yNUbvi Lei RvbZ cvi| G aibi NUbv
njv msNli eve D`vniY|
A_vr hLb GKwU MwZkxj e Ab GKwU wi ev MwZkxj eK avv `q, ZLb e `ywUi ga msNl
nqQ ejv nq| msNli dj e `ywUi cZKwUi Dci GKwU ej wqv Ki| c_g e KZK wZxq ei
Dci chy ejK wqv ej ejv nj wZxq e KZK c_g ei Dci chy ejK cwZwqv ej ejv nq|
msNli mgq wqvkxj GB `ywU eji gvb mgvb wK wecixZgyLx| msNli mgq `ywU ei ga wqv I
cwZwqv ej eZxZ evwnK Kvbv ej KvR Ki bv| wbDUbi wZxq m~ _K Avgiv cvB
mv  mu
F
t
G mgxiYwU _K Avgiv fieMi cwieZbK wbgic cKvk KiZ cvwi-
F ut mv  mu (3.3)
A_vr ej u mgq = fieMi cwieZb|
wK ej I mgqi YdjK ejv nq eji NvZ|
? eji NvZ = fieMi cwieZb
aiv hvK m1 I m2 fiwewk `ywU e A I B h_vg u1 Ges u2 eM wbq GKB mij iLv eivei PjQ|
A -Gi eM B -Gi eMi Pq ewk nj Kvbv GK mgq A ewU B ewUK avv w`e [wP 3.6]|

B ei Dci A ei G chy ej njv wqv F1, B ewUI A ewUK F2 ej cqvM Kie GB F2 ej

njv cwZwqv| wbDUbi MwZi ZZxq m~vbymvi F2 =  F1
msNli mgq wqv I cwZwqv ej GKB mgqevcx KvR Ki| aiv hvK, wqv I cwZwqvi mgqKvj t|
msNli ci e `ywU cwiewZZ eM GKB mijiLvq PjZ _vKe| aiv hvK A I B -Gi cwiewZZ eM
h_vg v1 I v2| wqv I cwZwqvi dj A I B e `ywUi ZiY h_vg a1 I a2 nj,
F1  F2
ev, m1a1 m2 a2
v1  u1 v2  u2
ev, m1 m2
t t
c`v_wevb 59

ev, m1v1  m1u1 m2 v2  m2u2

ev, m1u1  m2u2 m1v1  m2 v2
AZGe, A I B e `ywUi msNli c~ei I cii fieMi mgw me`v mgvb _vK| GwUB fieMi msiY m~|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.3 : 20 kg fii GKwU ei Dci 2000 N ej 0.1 s mgqevcx KvR Ki| ei
fieMi cwieZb KZ ne?
Avgiv Rvwb GLvb,
fieMi cwieZb = ej u mgq
mv  mu Ft y ej, F = 2000 N
ch
= 2000 N u 0.1 s eji wqv Kvj, t =0.1 s
-2
= 200 kg ms s fieMi cwieZb, mv -mu =?
-1
= 200 kg ms
Di : fieMi cwieZb = 200 kg ms-1
MvwYwZK D`vniY 3.4: GKwU e`yK _K 500 ms-1 eM 10 g fii GKwU wj Qvov njv| e`yKi fi 2
kg nj e`yKi cvr eM wbYq Ki|

aiv hvK wji eMi w`K A_vr myL w`K abvZK | GLvb,
fieMi msiY m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb wji fi, m1 = 10 g
m1u1  m2 u2 m 1 v 1  m2 v2
= 10 u 10-3 kg
-1 -1 -2
ev m1u 0 ms + m2 kg u 0 ms = 10 kg u 500 = 10-2 kg
ms-1 + 2 kg u v2 e`yKi fi, m2 = 2 kg
5 kg ms -1 wji Avw`eM, u1 = 0 ms-1
ev v2  e`yKi Avw`eM, u2 = 0 ms-1
2kg
= 2.5 ms-1 wji kl eM, v1 = 500 ms-1
e`yKi cvr eM, v2 =?
GLvb e`yKi eM FYvZK, A_vr e`yKwU wcQb w`K MwZkxj ne|
Di : cvr eM = 2.5 ms-1
3.8 wbivc` gY: MwZ I ej
Safe journey : force and motion
wbivc` gYi Rb Mvwoi MwZ wbqY AZ iyZc~Y welq| Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b cqvRb wgUvbvi Rb
MvwoZ gY Kwi| gYi mgq Avgiv wewfb hvbevnb eenvi Kwi| KLbv evm, KLbv Ub Avevi
KLbvev ewMZ hvbevnb eenvi Kwi| Gme hvbevnb gYi mgq hvbevnbi MwZ Ges ej IZcvZfve
RwoZ| wbivc` gYi Mvwoi MwZ g~L fwgKv cvjb Ki| Mvwoi MwZ ev eM Ggb nIqv DwPZ bq hv
60 c`v_wevb

wbqY Kiv me bq| `~ieZx Me gYi Rb c_gB Mej hvIqvi ivv Ges cwiek mK AvM
_K Rb bIqv cqvRb|
gY iy Kivi c~eB Mvwoi PvjKK Zvi Mvwo fvjvfve cixv Ki wbZ ne| D`vniY^ic- Mvwoi Uvqvi
I eK mwVK AvQ wKbv, Mvwoi Bwb, eeZ evUvwi, mvgbi Ges cQbi evwZmg~n, Mvwoi IqvBcvi Ges
`ycvki msKZ `Iqvi evwZjv mwVK Ges fvjvfve KvR KiQ wKbv Zv wbwZ KiZ ne| GQvov
MvwoZ eeZ `cYjv mwVKfve DchvRb Ki wbZ ne|
Mvwo Pvjbvi mgq c_gB WvBfvi Ges Avivnx`i wmU e eua bIqv DwPZ| `Lv hvq h, AwaKvsk moK
`yNUbv Lye `yZ Mvwo Pvjvbvi Rb NU _vK| ZvB Mvwoi MwZ wbqYi ga ivLZ PvjKK mP _vKZ
ne| MwZ ewi dj MwZkw ewk nq| hgb- Mvwoi eM wY nj Gi MwZkw c~ei Zzjbvq PviY eo
hvq| eM wZbY nj Gi MwZkw bq Y nq| dj Mvwoi eM Kgvbv ev wbqY KwVb nq co Ges
`yNUbv fqven nq|
Mvwoi PvjK Ggb hvbevnb Pvjveb, hwU Pvjvbvi c~e AwfZv Zvi iqQ| nVvr Ki bZzb Kvbv hvbevnb
Pvjvbvi Pv Kiv DwPZ bq| `Lv hvq h, ZiYiv AveMi ek bZyb Mvwo Pvjvevi Pv Ki|GwU gvUI
DwPZ bq| Mvwo Pvjvbvi mgq hLbB wecixZ w`K _K Kvbv Mvwo AvmZ `Lv hve ZLbB Mvwoi MwZ
Kwgq djZ ne| UvwdK mvBb Ges UvwdK AvBb gb Pjv Mvwo PvjKi bvMwiK `vwqZ| Mvwo Pvjbvi mgq
PvjKK Zvui Mvwo Pvjbvi w`K m~Yi c gbvwbek KiZ ne|

3.9 NlY I NlY ej

Friction and force of firction
`bw`b Rxeb Avgiv NlYi m bvbvfve cwiwPZ| wbDUbi MwZi c_g m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb h, Kvbv
ei Dci ej wqv bv Kij nq ewU wi _vKe, bv nq ewU mgeM mijc_ PjZ _vKe| eve
GgbwU NU Kx? Zzwg GKwU gvej bvI Ges GK gSZ Mwoq `vI| gvejwUK Zzwg hLb Mwoq `vI ZLb
Gi Dci Zzwg ej cqvM Ki| hvi dj gvejwU gvwUi Dci w`q MwZkxj nq| wbDUbi c_g m~vbyhvqx
gvejwU mgeM MwZkxj _vKvi K_v| wK eve `Lv hvq h, gvejwU LvwbKUv `~iZ AwZg Kivi ci
_g hvq| gSi NlYi RbB GgbwU NU| gvejwU hLb gSi Dci MwZkxj _vK, ZLb gvej I gSi
cviwiK NlYi dj GKwU NlY eji Drcw nq| G ej MwZi wecixZ w`K wqv Ki Ges MwZK
evavM Ki| hw` gSi NlY bv _vKZ Zvnj gvejwU GKB eM wbq Aweivg MwZZ PjZ _vKZ|
GKwU e hLb Ab GKwU ei msk _K GKi Dci w`q AciwU PjZ Pv Ki ev PjZ _vK
ZLb eqi kZj MwZi weiy GKwU evavi Drcw nq, G evavK NlY ej| Avi GB evav`vbKvix
ejK NlY ej ejv nq|
NlY ej me`v MwZi wecixZ w`K wqv Ki| NlY memgq MwZK evav `q|
NlYi Drcw
c`v_wevb 61

hLb GKwU ei Zj Aci ei Zji Dci w`q MwZkxj nq, ZLb cZK e Aci ei Dci NlY ej
cqvM Ki| GLb ck Avm NlY Kb nq? NlY njv h Kvbv `ywU Zji AwbqwgZ cKwZi dj| cZK
eiB Zj AvQ| Avevi Zj gmY A_ev AgmY `yB nZ cvi| AvcvZ `wZ Kvbv ei ZjK gmY ej
gb njI AbyexY hi mvnvh `Lj Gi Dci AbK DuPz wbPz LvR j Kiv hvq [wP 3.7]| hLb GKwU
e Ab GKwU ei Dci w`q MwZkxj nq, ZLb Dfq ei kZji G LvRjv GKwUi wfZi AviKwU
XyK hvq A_vr LvRjv cii AvUK hvq| hvi dj GKwU Zji Dci w`q Aci Zji MwZ evavcv nq|
Kvbv Zji DuPy-wbPz LvuR hZ ewk Ges Mfxi ne A_vr Zj hZ ewk AgmY ne, GK Zji Dci w`q Ab
Zji MwZ ZZ ewk evavM ne| dj NlY eji gvbI eo hve| kZji GB evavK AwZg KiZ
cvij ZeB ewU MwZkxj _vK| NlYi dj ei MwZ nvm cvq Ges Aekl _g hvq|

wP 3.8 :
NlYi cKvif`
NlY mvaviYZ Pvi cKvii nq-
1| wwZ NlY (Static friction)
2| wcQjvbv NlY (Sliding friction)
3| AveZ NlY (Rolling friction)
4| cevnx NlY (Fluid friction)
wwZ NlY
`ywU Zji GKwU AciwUi mvc MwZkxj bv nj G`i ga h NlY mw nq Zv njv wwZ NlY|
A_vr hLb GKwU ei Dci ej cqvM Kiv nq, wK G ej ei MwZ mw KiZ cvi bv ZLb wwZ
NlY KvR Ki| Avevi gSi Dci AewZ GKwU fvix eK Uvbvi ciI MwZkxj bv nj h NlY ej Drcb
nq Zv njv wwZ NlY ej| A_vr chy eji wecixZ wwZ NlY ej Drcb nq Ges MwZ mw bv nIqv ch
G ej KvR Ki|
`ywU wi e ciii msk _vKv Aevq GKwUK AciwUi Dci w`q MwZkxj Kivi Pv Kiv nj,
G`i ga AvcwK MwZ mw bv nIqv ch h NlY ej wqv Ki ZvK wwZ NlY ej|
wcQjvbv NlY :
62 c`v_wevb

hLb GKwU e Ab GKwU ei Z_v Zji Dci w`q wcQwjq (Slide) ev Nl PjZ Pv Ki ev Pj
ZLb h NlYi mw nq ZvK wcQjvbv NlY ev wemc NlY ej|
wcwQj ivvq Pjvi mgq AbK mgq Avgiv co hvB Ges wcQwjq AbKUv `yiZ AwZg Kwi| `yZeM MwZkxj
Kvbv MvwoZ nvW eK Klj MvwowU bv _g wcQwjq LvwbKUv `~iZ AMmi nq|
AveZ NlY :
hLb GKwU e Aci GKwU Zji Dci w`q Mwoq Pj ZLb MwZi wei h NlY wqv Ki ZvK AveZ
NlY ej ej|
mvBKji PvKvi MwZ, gveji MwZ njv AveZ NlYi D`vniY| gYi mgq gvjvgvj cwienbi Rb Avgiv
PvKv jvMvbv jvMR eenvi Kwi| hw` jvMR PvKv jvMvbv bv _vKZ ZLb GwUK GK vb _K Ab vb
wcQwjq Ub wbZ ek K nZv| wK PvKv jvMvbvi dj jvMR Ub bIqv ek mnRZi nq| A_vr
AveZ NlY ej wcQjvbv NlYi Zzjbvq Kg|
cevnx NlY :
hLb Kvbv e h Kvbv cevnx c`v_ hgb- Zij ev evqexq c`v_i ga MwZkxj _vK ZLb h NlY wqv
Ki ZvK cevnx NlY ej|
hLb cyKzi muvZvi KvUv nq ZLb cyKzii cvwbi ga w`q GKwU evavK AwZg KiZ nq| Avi G euvavB njv
cevnx NlY| cvivmyU evqyi evavK KvR jvwMq KvR Ki| GLvb evqyi evav njv GK aibi NlY ej hv
cw_exi AwfKl eji wecixZ wqv Ki| Lvjv Aevq cvivmyUi evwnii Zji dj AbK ewk
nIqvq evqyi evavi cwigvYI ewk nq, hvi dj Avivnxi cZbi MwZ AbK nvm cvq| dj Avivnx axi
axi gvwUZ wbivc` bg Avm|

3.10 MwZi Dci NlYi cfve

Effect of friction on motion
Kvbv ei MwZi Dci NlYi evcK cfve iqQ| NlY njv GK aiYi
evav`vbKvix ej, hv ei MwZK gi Ki| NlY Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AbK
mgmv mw KijI PjvPj I hvbevnb Pvjbvi Rb NlY MyiZc~Y fzwgKv cvjb Ki|
G AbyQ` Uvqvii c, ivvi gmYZv Ges MwZ wbqY NlYi f~wgKv wbq
AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
Uvqvii c :
Mvwoi Uvqvi Ges ivvi gaeZx NlY AvQ ejB Mvwo Pvjbv me nqQ| Uvqvi Ges wP : 3.9
ivvi gaeZx G NlY eji gvb wbfi Ki Uvqvii c Ges ivvi Zji evwnK
Aevi Dci| GwU Mvwoi IRbi DciI wbfi Ki| Mvwoi Uvqvi ivevii Dci wewfb bKkvq `uvZ ev LuvR
c`v_wevb 63

KvUv _vK [wP 3.9]| G LuvRjv _vKvi dj Uvqvii c DuPz-wbPz nq| Uvqvi hLb bZzb _vK ZLb GB DuPz
wbPz LvRjv my _vK weavq ivv I Uvqvii gaeZx NlY ej mevP nq| Ab w`K Uvqvi hLb cyibv
nq hvq ZLb Gi LvRjv wgwjq hvq Ges Uvqvii c mgZj nq co| Gi dj ivv I Uvqvii NlY ej
AbKUv Kg hvq| Gi dj Kx Amyweav nZ cvi ej|
ivvi gmYZv :
ei MwZi Dci ivvi gmYZvi cfve AbK ewk| ivv gmY nj ivvq hvbevnb PjvPj mnRZi nq
Ges gY Avig`vqK nq| ivv hZ ewk gmY ne evav`vbKvix NlY eji gvbI ZZ Kg ne| Mvwoi Uvqvi
Ges ivvi gaeZx NlY eji gvb Uvqvii Ges GKB mv_ ivv gmYZvi Dci wbfi Ki| NlY eji
cwigvY AbK Kg Mj bvbv aibi mgmviI mw nq| ZvB ivvK Lye ewk gmY KivI wVK bq| ivv
ewk gmY nj eK cqvM Kiv mI MvwoK mywbw` vb _vgvbv me nq IV bv| Mvwoi MwZi Rb
NlY Lye iZc~Y| ivv ewk gmY nj cqvRbxq cwZwqv ej mw nq bv| ivv ewk gmY nj NlY eji
gvb AZwaK Kg hvq, dj Mvwo mvgbi w`K AMmi nq bv| ZvB ivvi gmYZv Ggb ne hvZ Ki ivv
cqvRbxq NlY eji hvMvb `q|
MwZ wbqY Ges ewKs ej
hvbevnb PjvPji mgq cqvRb Abyhvqx hvbevnbi MwZK ew ev nvm KiZ nq| A_vr hvbevnbi MwZK
wbqYi cqvRb co|
eK nQ Ggb GK eev hv NlYi cwigvY ew Ki Mvwoi MwZ Z_v PvKvi N~YbK cqvRb Abyhvqx
wbqY Ki| Gi gvag hvbevnbK wbw` vb _vgvbv meci nq| hLb Mvwoi PvjK eK cqvM
Kib, ZLb Gmemi Zwi my ev cvW PvKvq AewZ avZe PvKwZK avv `q| cvW I PvKwZi gaeZx
NlY PvKvi MwZK Kwgq `q| dj Mvwoi eM nvm cvq|

3.11 NlYi nvm ew

Increasing and decreasing friction
NlY Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi mv_ IZcvZfve Rwoq AvQ| cqvRb NlYK ew Kiv hvq, Avevi
cqvRb NlYK nvmI Kiv hvq| G AbyQ` NlYK Kxfve nvm I ew Kiv hvq Zv wbq AvjvPbv Kiv
njv|
NlYi nvm
ZjK gmY Kiv
NlYi dj GKwU eK GK vb _K Ab vb mivZ ek Svgjv cvnvZ nq| ai Zzwg GKwU fvix
evK gSi Dci w`q mivZ PvI| hw` kZji NlYi cwigvY Lye ewk nq Ze evwUK mivZ AbK
ewk cwikg KiZ ne| ZjK gmY Kivi gvag G NlYK Kgvbv hZ cvi|
64 c`v_wevb

PvKvi eenvi
evm, UvKmn wewfb hcvwZZ PvKv jvMvbv _vK| PvKv njv GKwU myKkj Avwevi| PvKvi evKvi
AvKvi NlY ejK b~bZg chvq bvwgq Avb| PvKv bv _vKj G mKj hcvwZK Pvjvbv me nZv Kx?
myUKm PvKv jvMvbvi dj NlYi gvb Kg hvq Ges GwU Uvbv mnRZi nq| PvKv jvMvbvi dj AveZ
NlYi gvb wcQjvbv NlYi Zzjbvq AbK Kg hvq|
wcwQjKvix c`v_i eenvi
Zj, gwej Ges MxR RvZxq c`v_K msc jyweKU ev wcwQjKvix c`v_ ej| `ywU Zji gaeZx vb
hLb G aibi jyweKU eenvi Kiv nq ZLb NlYi cwigvY AbKvsk Kg hvq| Kvbv Bwbi MwZkxj
hvski gaeZx vb ZvB jyweKU eenvi Kiv nq| GQvov evwoZ mjvB gwkb, Zvjvq ev KvZ
Avgiv Zj eenvi Kwi|
ej-eqvwis -Gi eenvi
PvKv Avwevii Abyic AviKwU iZc~Y Avwevi njv ej-eqvwis -Gi Avwevi| ej-eqvwis-Gi
eenvii gvag wewfb Zji gaeZx NlYK Aviv Kgvbv meci nqQ| ej-eqvwis njv z`, gmY
avZe ej| Gjv mvaviYZ BvZi Zwi| ej-eqvwis Kvbv hi MwZkxj Askjvi gaeZx vb
emvbv _vK| ej-eqvwisjvi N~Ybi dj hi MwZkxj Askjv ciii m mivmwi NlY mw
KiZ cvi bv| A_vr Zjjv GKwU AciwUi Dci w`q wcQjvbvi cwieZ Mwoq hvq Ges NlY Kg hvq|
Mvwoi PvKvq, mvBKj Ges e`ywZK cvLvq ej-eqvwis `LZ cvIqv hvq [wP 3.9]|

wP : 3.10
NlYi ew
Mvwo Pvjvbv
ivvi NlY bv _vKj Mvwoi Uvqvi GKvb ay NyicvK LZ| ewi w`b wcwQj A_ev K`gv ivvq Zvgiv nqZv
`LQv Kgb Ki UvK ev evm GKvb AvUK _vK| Gi KviY Kx? Gi KviY njv NlYi cwigvY AbK Kg
hvIqv| ZvB cqvRb Abyhvqx NlYK evovZI nq| Mvwoi UvqviK Ggbfve Zwi Kiv nq hb GwU Pjvi mgq
ivvK fvjvfve AvKo ai ivL Ges cqvRbxq NlY ej mw Ki| GRb Uvqvii Dcii c wewfb aibi
`uvZ ev LvR KvUv _vK| ewi w`b ewi cvwb ev Kv`v Uvqvii LuvRi ga XyK co Ges Uvqvi cvwb ev Kv`vK
mRvi ei Ki `q| dj Uvqvi ivvi ZjK fvjvfve AuvKo ai|
A_vr ZjK AgmY Kivi gvag NlYK evovbv hZ cvi|
c`v_wevb 65

RyZvi wbP LuvR KvUv

nuvUvi Rb NlY LyeB cqvRb| Zvgiv `LZ cve RyZvi Zj`k XD Ljvbv ev LuvRKvUv _vK| RyZv cvq
nvUvi mgq RyZvi LuvRjv ivvK AvKo ai ivL Ges cqvRbxq NlY eji hvMvb `q| RyZv I ivvi
gaeZx NlY ew Kivi RbB RyZvi Zj`k Gic nq _vK| RyZv cyibv nq Mj LuvRjv AbKvsk
wgwjq hvq| hvi `ib wcwQj ev fRv ivvq RyZv cvq nvUv KKi nq IV| j Kij `Le Avgv`i
cvqi ZjvI mgZj bq|
cvnvo AvivnY
h mKj ew cvnvo AvivnY Kib Zv`iK wkjvL ev cvnvoi ZjK fvjvfve cv Ges nvZ viv AuvKo
ai ivLZ nq| ai ivLvi Rb Zviv PK cvDWvi eenvi Kib|
Ljvqvi`i eyUi wbP vBK _vK hvZ `ovbvi mgq ci bv hvq|

3.12 NlY : GKwU cqvRbxq Dc`e

Friction: a necessary evil
NlYi AbK Amyweav _vKv mI NlYK GKwU cqvRbxq Dc`e wnme MY Kiv nq| Gi KviY Kx? Kbbv
NlY Qvov Avgiv Kvbv wKQzB KiZ cvwibv| hw` NlY bv _vKZ Zv nj ei Kvbv MwZB Avi kl nZv
bv, weivgnxbfve PjZ _vKZ| NlY AvQ ejB `qvj GKwU ciK wifve AvUK _vK| NlYi
KviYB cvKv `vjvb I evwo-Ni wbgvY Kiv me nqQ| NlYi dj KvMR cbwmj ev Kjg w`q wjLZ
cviwQ| Avgv`i RyZv Ges gvwUi ga m NlYi KviY Avgiv nuvUv-Pjv KiZ cvwi| NlYi Rb Avgiv
cqvRb Abyhvqx Mvwoi MwZi w`K cwieZb KiZ cvwi| evZvmi NlY AvQ ejB cvivmyU eenvi Ki wegvb
_K wbivc` gvwUZ bvgv me nqQ| GZme DcKvix w`K _vKv mZI NlYi Rb Avgv`i Kg Svgjv
cvnvZ nq bv| AwZwi NlYi KviY hvbevnb mnR PjZ cvi bv| hcvwZi MwZkxj Askjvi ga
NlYi dj Giv qcv nq Ges wQuo hvq| h Kvbv aibi hvbevnb Zv Mvwo, bKv ev DovRvnvR nvK
bv Kb, AwZwi NlYK AwZg KiZ AwZwi Rvjvwb LiP KiZ nq| hvi `ib NlYi dj Rvjvwbi
kwi AcPq nq|
NlYi dj kwi h AcPq nq Zv cavbZ Zvckwic Avwef~Z nq| NlYi dj ay h kw Zvc cwiYZ
nq ZvB bq, Gi dj Bwbi hvsk AZwaK D nq IV| hvi `ib Bwb b nq hZ cvi|
NlYi dj RyZvi mvj qcv nq Ges wQuo hvq| ZvB Avgv`i KvRKg I Rxeb hvcb mnR Kivi Rb
NlY hgb cqvRb, Zgwb AwZwi NlY AbK qwZiI KviY| ZvB cqvRbxq NlY mwi Rb NlYK
wbqY KiZ nq| KLbv Avgiv NlYK wewfb cwqvi gvag KgvZ PvB, Avevi KLbv GK evovZ
PvB| A_vr NlYK hgb cyivcywi ev` `Iqv hvq bv, Zgwbfve AbK NlY Avgv`i DcKvi Avm|
GRb NlYK ejv nq GKwU cqvRbxq Dc`e|
66 c`v_wevb

cwZe`b iPbv
3.9 _K 3.12 AbyQ`i AvjvK Avgv`i Rxeb Nlbi BwZevPK cfve mK GKwU cwZe`b cZ
Ki wkKi KvQ Dcvcb Ki|
wkK mePq fvjv cwZe`b wbevPb Ki kwY K Dcvcb KiZ ejeb|
Abymvb 3.1 : Kvbv ei Ici chy ej cwigvc
Dk : mnR cixYi mvnvh ej cwigvc Kiv|
m~ : Avgiv Rvwb, Kvbv ei Dci F ej wqv Kij Ges ej cqvMi dj m ZiY a nj, F ma
GLvb m ei fi| AwfKl eji ei ZiY a -K g viv cKvk Kiv hvq| A_vr AwfKl ej ev
ei IRb, W mg | GLvb eji D`vniY wnme Avgiv ei IRb cwigvc Kie|
hcvwZ t ws wbw, e|
KvRi aviv :
1. wbDUb GKK `vMvwZ GKwU ws wbw `qvj Szwjq bvI|
2. Gevi ws -Gi wbPi K ewU Szwjq `vI|
3. ws wbwi j _K ei IRb Z_v AwfKl eji cvV iKW Ki Ges QK emvI|
4. GKBfve 3 bs cwqv AbymiY Ki KqKevi ei IRb wbYq Ki Ges QK vcb Ki|
5. Gevi ei Ici chy Mo ej ev IRb wbYq Ki|
wgK ei IRb Mo IRb
msLv (wbDUb) wbDUb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

GLb GB ei cwieZ wewfb e wbq KqKevi cixY mgv Ki Ges Zv`i IRb wbYq Ki|

Abykxjbx
(K) ewbevPbx ck
mwVK Dii cvk wUK () wP `vI|
1| e h Aevq AvQ wPiKvj m Aevq _vKZ PvIqvi h ceYZv ev ag ZvK Kx ej?
(K) ej (L) ZiY
(M) RoZv (N) eM
2| eji gvv KvbvwU?
(K) MLT-2 (L) MLT-1
(M) ML-2T-2 (N) M-1LT-2
c`v_wevb 67

3| Kvb ejwU ewk kwkvjx?

(K) gnvKl ej (L) `yej wbDKxq ej
(M) ZvwoZP^Kxq ej (N) mej wbDKxq ej
4| fieMi GKK KvbvwU?
(K) kg m (L) kg ms -1
(M) kg m 2s-1 (N) kg ms -2
5| 5 kg fii GKwU ei Ici 50 N ej cqvM Kiv nj, Gi ZiY ne-
(K) 12 ms-2 (L) 8 ms-2
-2
(M) 13 ms (N) 10 ms-2
6| 10 kg fii Kvbv e 10 ms-1 eM MwZkxj nj Gi fieM ne-
(K) 10 kg ms-1 (L) 120 kg ms-1
(M) 100 kg ms-1 (N) 1 kg ms-1

(L) mRbkxj ck
1| dviyK 4kg fii GKwU ev GKwU gSi Dci w`q mgej Ub wbj| ev I gSi gaKvi NlY
eji gvb nj 1.5N| evwUK Ub bIqvq Gi ZiY nj 0.8 ms-2| Gici evwUK NlYwenxb
gSZ GKB ej cqvM Ki Uvbv njv|
K) mvg ej KvK ej?
L) NlY ej Kb Drcb nq?
M) c_g evwUi Dci chy eji gvb wbYq Ki|
N) Nlbhy I NlYwenxb gSZ ZiYi Kxic cwieZb ne? MvwYwZKfve evLv Ki|
(M) mvaviY ck
1| RoZv KvK ej? RoZv Kq cKvi?
2| ej KvK ej?
3| Kvbv wi ei RoZv Kx viv cwigvc Kiv nq?
4| gwjK ej KZ cKvi I Kx Kx? G`i ZxeZvi Zzjbv Ki|
5| mvg ej I Amvg ej ejZ Kx eyS ?
6| Kvbv ei fieM KvK ej?
7| `LvI h, ej = fi u ZiY|
8| fieMi msiY bxwZ ejZ Kx eyS?
9| NlY KvK ej? wewfb cKvi NlYi bvg wjL|
10| NlY GKwU cqvRbxq Dc`e- Gi mc hyw `vI|
68 c`v_wevb

PZz_ Aavq
KvR, gZv I kw
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

[Avgv`i cvZwnK Rxeb Kvbv wKQz KivK KvR ejv njI c`v_wevb KvR viv GKwU mywbw` aviYvK eySvq| GB
Aavqi iZ Avgiv mB aviYvK DcvwcZ Kie| wevbi mePq iZc~Y welq nQ kw| Avgiv Avgv`i
AwfZv _K `wL kw Qvov RMr APj| wewfbic Avgiv kw cvB| MwZkxj ei Rb MwZkw, f~ci LvwbK
Dci ei Aevbi Rb wefe kw, GKwU msKvwPZ ev cmvwiZ ws Gi kw, Mig ei Zvc kw, AvwnZ ei
Zwor kw BZvw`| kw gvMZ GK ic _K Ab ic icvwiZ nQ, hw`I gnvweki gvU kwi cwigvY
AcwieZbxq Ges mywbw`| GB Aavq Avgiv kwi icvii NUbv Ges wevbi iZc~Y bxwZjvi GKwU kwi
msiYkxjZvi bxwZ wbq AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

1. KvR I kwi mK evLv KiZ cvie|
2. KvR, ej I miYi ga mK vcb KiZ cvie|
3. MwZkw I wefe kw evLv KiZ cvie Ges wnmve KiZ cvie|
4. Drm kwi icvi evLv KiZ cvie|
5. A_bwZK, mvgvwRK I cwiekMZ cfve weePbvq kwi cavb Drmmg~ni Ae`vb weklY KiZ
cvie|
6. kwi icvi Ges kwi wbZZvi ga mK evLv KiZ cvie|
7. kwi icvi I Gi eenvi cwieki fvimvg evnZ Ki evLv KiZ cvie|
8. Dbqb Kvhg kwi KvhKi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
9. kwi KvhKi I wbivc` eenvi mPZb nev|
10. fi kwi mK evLv KiZ cvie|
11. kw vbvi Ges gZvi ga mK vcb KiZ cvie|
12. Kg`Zv cwigvc KiZ cvie|
c`v_wevb 69

4.1 KvR
Work
`bw`b Rxeb Kvbv wKQz KivK KvR ejjI wevb wK Kvbv wKQz Kiv njB KvR nq bv| wevb
KvR GKwU wekl A_ enb Ki| GKRb `vivqvb mvivY em em GKwU evmv cvnviv w`jb| wZwb ejeb
wZwb Zvi KvR KiQb| Kvbv mvZi b`x ev Lvj GKwU bKv fm hvwQj, Kwig mvne mUvK Ub
ai ivLQb| wZwb ejeb wZwb KvR Ki bKvwUK VwKq iLQb bZzev mwU mvZi Uvb Kv_vq fm
hZ| `bw`b Rxeb GjvK KvRi ^xKwZ w`jI wevbi `wZ wK Gjv KvR nqwb| eis
`vivqvb em em cvnviv bv w`q hw` nuU nuU cvnviv w`Zb wKsev bKvwU hw` mvZi Uvb fm hZ
Zvnj wKQz KvR nZv| wevb KvRi A_ `bw`b Rxeb KvRi A_i Pq wfbZi| Avmj wevb KvR
nZ Mj ej I Zvi mv_ miY mswk _vKZ nq| Kvbv ei Dci Kvbv ej wqv Ki hw` ewUi wKQz
miY NUvq Zvnj Kej KvR nq| Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgv`i Pvicvk KvRi AbK D`vniY
`LZ cvB| ej` gvV jvOj UvbQ, GKRb kwgK Vjv Mvwo VjQb, xov cwZhvwMZvq KD jn MvjK
wbc KiQ BZvw`|
wbPi D`vniYjv weePbv Kiv hvK :
(K) iZb GK cvKU eB nvZ w`q ai `uvwoq AvQ|
(L) wgZv c`v_wevb eBLvbvK Vj Uweji Dci w`q GK cv _K Ab cv wbq hQ|
(M) bxi GKwU fvix evMK wmuwo w`q Dci DVvQ|
(N) wiwg Rvi `qvjK VjQ|
hnZz GKwU ej viv Kvbv e MwZkxj njB Kej KvR nq, myZivs DwjwLZ D`vniYjvZ (L) Ges
(M)-Gi KvR nqQ; wK (K) Ges (N) Gi Kvbv KvR nqwb| Avgiv Kvbv eK Dci
DVvZ ev wbP bvgvZ ev GK vb _K Ab vb wbZ ej cqvM KiZ cvwi| Avgiv ej cqvM Ki
Kvbv ei AvKvi cwieZb KiZ cvwi| G mKj KvR nq|
hw` GKRb wbgvY kwgK `kLvbv BU wbq Kvbv febi `vZjvq DVb, Ze wZwb GKLvbv BU wbq H
`vZjvq DVj h KvR KiZb Zvi Pq ewk KvR Kieb, Kbbv ZvK ewk ej cqvM KiZ nq| ZvK
Aviv ewk KvR KiZ ne hw` wZwb H `kLvbv BUB wZbZjvq DVvb| myZivs KvRi cwigvY wbfi Ki chy
eji Dci Ges `~iZi Dci| Kvbv ei Dci chy ej Ges eji w`K ei AwZv `~iZi Ydj
viv KvR cwigvc Kiv nq| myZivs,
KvR = ej u eji w`K AwZv `~iZ
Kvbv ei Dci F ej cqvM hw` ewU eji w`K s `~iZ
AwZg Ki (wP 4.1) Ze KZ KvR W ne,
W Fs (4.1)
KvRi Kvbv w`K bB| KvR GKwU jvi ivwk| wP : 4.1
KvRi gvv : KvRi gvv ne ej u miYi gvv
KvR = ej u miY = fi u ZiY u miY
70 c`v_wevb

miY
fi u u miY
mgq 2
miY 2
fi u
mgq 2
ML2
?[W] 2
ML2 T 2
T
KvRi GKK : eji GKKK `~iZi GKK w`q Y Kij KvRi GKK cvIqv hvq| hnZz eji GKK
wbDUb (N) Ges `~iZi GKK njv wgUvi (m), myZivs KvRi GKK ne wbDUb-wgUvi (N m)| GK Ryj
ejv nq| RyjK J w`q cKvk Kiv nq| Kvbv ei Dci GK wbDUb ej cqvMi dj hw` ewUi eji
w`K GK wgUvi miY nq Ze mb KvRi cwigvYK GK Ryj ej|
1J=1Nm
hw` ej cqvMi dj e eji w`K mi hvq Zvnj mB KvRK eji viv KvR ej|
GKwU Wvvi Uweji Dci _K gSZ dj w`j WvviwU AwfKl eji cfve wbPi w`K coe|
G AwfKl viv KvR nqQ|
hw` ej cqvMi dj e eji wecixZ w`K mi hvq Zvnj mB KvRK eji wei KvR ej|
GKwU Wvvi hw` gS _K Uweji Dci DVvbv nq Zvnj AwfKl eji wei KvR ne| Kbbv, G
AwfKl ej h w`K wqv Ki miY Zvi wecixZ w`K nq|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 4.1 : 70 kg fii GK ew 200 m DuPz cvnvo AvivnY Kij wZwb KZ KvR Kieb?
Avgiv Rvwb, GLvb,
W = Fs ewi fi, m = 70 kg
= 686 N u 200 m ej, F = ewi IRb = mg
= 1.372 u 10 5 J = 70 kg u 9.8 m s -2
Di : 1.372 u 10 5 J = 686 N
miY, s = 200 m
KvR, W = ?
4.2 kw
Energy
kw Qvov Kvbv wKQz PjZ ev KvR KiZ cvi bv| Avgv`i euP _vKvi Rb kwi cqvRb nq| cwZw`b
Avgiv h KvR Kwi Zv wbfi Ki Avgv`i KZUzKz kw AvQ Zvi Dci| Avgiv h Lvevi LvB Zv _K G kw
cvB| Dw`i ewi Rb kw jvM| Kvbv hi KvR Kivi Rb kwi cqvRb nq| Kvbv Kvbv h
we`yr eenvi Ki Avevi KvbvUv Rvjvwb cywoq kw cvq| Rvjvwbi ga kw mwZ _vK|
kw ejZ Avgiv Kx eywS? kw ejZ Kvbv ei KvR Kivi mvg_K eyS _vwK| h e KvR KiZ mg_
Zvi gaB kw _vK, h e KvR KiZ mg_ bv Zvi ga Kvbv kw _vK bv|
Avgiv hLb ewj Kvbv ei ga kw wbwnZ AvQ, ZLb Avgiv eywS ewU Ab wKQzi Dci ej cqvM
KiZ cvi Ges Zvi Dci KvR mv`b KiZ cvi| Avevi Avgiv hLb Kvbv ei Dci KvR Ki _vwK,
ZLb Avgiv Zvi Dci KvRi mgcwigvY kw hvM Ki _vwK|
c`v_wevb 71

Kvbv ei KvR Kivi mvg_B nQ kw| KvR Kiv gvb kwK GK Aev _K Ab Aevq icvwiZ
Kiv| Gi A_ nQ ewU megvU h cwigvY KvR KiZ cvi ZvB nQ kw| hnZz Kvbv ei kwi
cwigvc Kiv nq Zvi viv mb KvRi cwigvY _K, myZivs kw I KvRi cwigvY Awfb|
AZGe, KZ KvR = ewqZ kw
kwi Kvbv w`K bB| KvRB kw jvi ivwk|
kwi GKK I KvRi GKK GKB Ges Zv njv Ryj (J)|
kwi wewfb ic : wewfb cKvi KvR Kivi Rb Avgv`i wewfb aibi kwi cqvRb nq| hgb cvwb Mig
KiZ nj Zvc kwi cqvRb nq| GKwU e`ywZK evj _K Avgiv Avjv kw cvB| Avgiv h msMxZ wb
Zvi ga k kw wbwnZ AvQ| Kvbv eK Avgv`i mivZ ev Dci DVvZ cwk kwi cqvRb nq|
Kvbv e`ywZK hK PvjvZ nj we`yr kwi cqvRb nq| Zwor Kvl ivmvqwbK wewqvi gvag Avgiv
ivmvqwbK kw cvB| GK UzKiv KvMR evqy kwi KviY Do hvq| hLb cigvYymg~n Rvov jvM ev fvO ZLb
wbDKxq kw wbMZ nq|
kw AvQ ejB RMr MwZkxj| kw bv _vKj RMr APj nq coe| Avjv kw AvQ ejB Avgiv `LZ
cvB, k kw AvQ ejB Avgiv bZ cvB| hvwK kwi e`jZ Avgiv Pjvdiv KiZ cvwi| we`yr
kwi mvnvh cvLv NyiQ, KjKviLvbv PjQ| G gnvwek kw bvbvic weivR KiQ| gvUvgywUfve Avgiv
kwi wbgv icjv cheY Kwi| h_v hvwK kw, Zvc kw, k kw, AvjvK kw, P^K kw,
we`yr kw, ivmvqwbK kw, wbDKxq kw Ges mi kw|
kwi mePq mvaviY ic nQ hvwK kw| Kvbv ei Aevb ev MwZi KviY Zvi ga h kw wbwnZ
_vK ZvK hvwK kw ej| GB AbyQ` Avgiv hvwK kwi `ywU fvM MwZi KviY h kw MwZkw
Ges Aevbi KviY h kw wefe kw Zv wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
MwZkw : Avgiv wKU Ljvq `LZ cvB AbK mgq wKU ej vK AvNvZ Ki ZvK Dwoq wbq
hvq| Kvbv KvPi Rvbvjvq k wKQz AvNvZ Kij KvP fO hvq| wXj Qzuo Avg ev eiB cvov hvq| G
D`vniYjv _K `Lv hvq h, MwZkxj ei ga kw _vK| Kvbv MwZkxj e Zvi MwZi Rb KvR
Kivi h mvg_ jvf Ki ZvK MwZkw ej|

wbR Ki : Zvgvi mvgbi Uweji ev Wi Dci GKwU Kjg ivL| Kjgi mvgb GKwU
nvjKv e ivL| KjgwUK H ei w`K nvZ w`q UvKv `vI|

ewU RvqMv _K mi Mj Kb? UvKvi dj KjgwU MwZkxj njv| GZ Zvi ga KvR Kivi mvg_ Z_v
MwZkw Rbvj| m Rb eK mivZ cvij|
Kvbv wi eZ eMi mvi Kiv Avi MwZkxj ei eM ew Kivi A_ nQ ewUZ ZiY mw Kiv|
Avi G Rb ej cqvM KiZ ne| dj ei Dci KvR Kiv ne| GZ ewU KvR Kivi mvg_ jvf Kie
Ges G KvR eZ MwZkw wnme Rgv _vKe| m KviY mKj mPj eB MwZkwi AwaKvix| e
wwZZ Avmvi c~e G cwigvY KvR mb KiZ cvie|
aiv hvK, m fii GKwU wi ei Dci F ej cqvM Kivq ewU v eM cv njv| aiv hvK, G mgq
ewU eji w`K s `~iZ AwZg Ki| ewUK GB eM w`Z KZ KvRB ei MwZkw|
72 c`v_wevb

wP 4.2
? MwZkw = KZ KvR
= ej u miY
= Fu s
ev, Ek mas [ F ma ]

wK, v 2 u 2  2as

v2
ev, as [  Avw` eM u = 0 ]
2
? Ek 1
2 mv 2 (4.2)

MwZkw = 12 u fi u (eM) 2
MwZkw ei fii Dci wbfi Ki| ei fi hZ ewk nq Zvi MwZkwI ZZ ewk nq| GKB eM
Zvgvi w`K GKwU nvjKv Uwbm ej Avi GKwU fvix wKU ej wbc Kiv nj wKU ej KZK AvNvZ ewk
ne|
MwZkw eMi DciI wbfi Ki| ei eM ewk nj Zvi MwZkwI ewk ne| GKwU UvK Kg eM Kvbv
`qvjK AvNvZ Kij h wZ ne Zvi Pq ewk wZ ne H UvKwU hw` ewk eM H `IqvjK AvNvZ
Ki|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 4.2 : 70 kg fii GKRb `owe`i MwZkw 1715 J nj Zvi eM KZ?
Avgiv Rvwb
GLvb,
Ek 1
2 mv 2 fi, m = 70 kg
2 Ek MwZ kw, Ek = 1715 J
ev, v 2
m eM, v = ?
2 Ek
, ?v
m
2 u 1715 J
70 kg
7 m s -1
Di : 7 ms-1
c`v_wevb 73

wefe kw : Qv`i Dci _K GK L cv_i ev BU Kvbv ei Dci coj ZvK Pvv Ki djZ cvi ev
fO djZ cvi| cv_i ev BU hLb Qv`i Dci wi wQj ZLb Zvi ga kw Rgv wQj| cv_iwU hLb wbP
co ZLb H kw KvR Ki| cv_iwUi ga kw wbwnZ wQj Kbbv GwU f~c _K Dci wQj|
GKwU wsK Uvb Uvb Ki Gi `yB gv_v `ywU ei mv_ AvUK Qo w`j Kx ne? eq QzU Gm
ciii mv_ avv Lve| Uvb Uvb ws hw`I wi Aevq wQj Z_vwc Zvi ga kw mwZ wQj| wswU
Qo w`j GwU KvR KiZ cvi| Uvb Uvb ws -G kw wbwnZ wQj Kbbv GwU weKZ Aevq wQj|
^vfvweK Aevb _K cwieZb Ki Kvbv eK Ab Aevb ev ^vfvweK Aev cwieZb Ki Ab
Kvbv Aevq Avbj e KvR Kivi h mvg_ ARb Ki ZvK wefe kw ej|

mmvwiZ KgKv : GKwU cywj wbq Zvi Dci GKwU

`wo cwiq `vI| `woi GK cv GKwU fvix e A
Ges Aci cv nvjKv e B euva hb A e f~c
_K Dci Ges B e f~c _vK (wP : 4.3)| nvZ
Qo `vI|
wP : 4.3
Kx `LZ cj? A e wbP bvgQ Avi B e Dci DVQ| A ewU Zvi ^vfvweK Aevb f~c _K
Dci _vKvi KviY Zvi fZi KvR Kivi mvg_ Z_v wefe kw mwZ wQj| GwU f~c ch wdi AvmZ
KvR KiZ cvi| A_vr B eK Dci DVvZ cvi|
cixY : GKwU ws wbq Gi GK cv GKwU `p Aej^bi mv_ AvUKvI Ges Aci cv GKwU
eK mshy Ki| GjvK GKwU gmY Zji Dci vcb Ki| GLb eKwUZ ej cqvM Ki wswUK
msKzwPZ Ki Ges eKwUi mvgb Ab GKwU e ivL (wP : 4.4)| GLb nvZ Qo `vI |

ewU wQUK `~i mi Mj Kb? wswU Zvi AvMi wkw_j Aevb wdi
Avmvi mgq KvR KiZ cvij Ab eK mivZ cvij| wswU GB h Zvi
^vfvweK Aev cwieZbi Rb KvR Kivi mvg_ jvf Kij mwU Zvi wefe
kw| ^vfvweK Aevb ev Aev _K cwieZb Ki Kvbv eK Ab
Kvbv Aevb ev Aevq AvbZ hw` Kvbv eji wei Kvbv KvR Kiv
nq ZLb ewU H cwigvY KvR Kivi mvg_ jvf Ki A_vr kw mq Ki|
GB K_vwU LvU msiYkxj ej h_v gnvKl ej, Zwor ej, P^K ej, ws
ej BZvw`i cfve ejqi ga| GB cfve ejqK H eji ej ejv wP : 4.4
nq| hgb gnvKl , Zwor BZvw`| Avgiv hLb f~c _K Kvbv
eK Dci Zzwj ZLb AwfKl eji wei KvR Kwi| dj H e wKQz
wefe kw jvf Ki| ewU hw` f~c co ZLb H cwigvY KvR KiZ
cvi|
m fii Kvbv eK f~c _K h DPZvq (wP : 4.5) DVvZ KZ
KvRB nQ eZ mwZ wefe kwi cwigvc| Avi G KZ KvR nQ wP : 4.5
ei Dci chy AwfKl ej Z_v ei IRb Ges DPZvi Ydji mgvb|
74 c`v_wevb

? wefe kw = ei IRb u DPZv

= mgh
?Ep = mgh (4.3)
A_vr wefe kw = ei fi u AwfKlR ZiY u DPZv
wefe kw f~c _K ei DPZvi Dci wbfi Ki| DPZv hZ ewk ne, wefe kwI ZZ ewk ne|
wefe kw ei fii DciI wbfi Ki| fi hZ ewk ne wefe kwI ZZ ewk ne|
Kvbv ei ga wefe kw _vKj Ges ZvK eenvi KiZ nj GwUK AvM Ab kwZ icvi Ki
wbZ ne| hgb Qv`i Dci _vKv cv_i LwU ZZY wecbK bq hZY bv Gi wefe kw MwZkwZ
icvwiZ nq A_vr GwU Qv` _K cov i Ki|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 4.3 : GKwU ei fi 6 kg| GK f~c _K 20 m DPZvq Zzjj wefe kw KZ ne?
g = 9.8 ms - 2
Avgiv Rvwb, GLvb,
Ep = mgh ei fi, m = 6 kg
DPZv, h = 20 m
= 6 kg u 9.8 m s 2 u 20 m g = 9.8 m s - 2
= 1176 J wefe kw, Ep = ?
Di : 1176 J
4.3 kwi cavb Drm
Prime sources of energy
hwbfi eZgvb mfZv kw Qvov GK gyn~ZI PjZ cvi bv| kwi wewbgq KvR cvIqv hvq| mKj Rxei
euP _vKvi Rb kwi wbiewQb hvMvb _vKZ ne| Rxeb hvvi gvbvbqbi mv_ gvbyli kwi Pvwn`v
w`b w`b eoB PjQ| evowZ kwi cqvRb gvbylK wbZbZzb kwi Drmi mvb KiZ nQ| mwK
wUwKq ivLvi Rb kwi hvMvb AevnZ ivLZ nj kwi Drm mK Avgv`i cwivi aviYv _vKv
cqvRb| Avgiv Rvwb m~hB cvq mKj kwi Drm| G QvovI cigvYyi Afi wbDKxqvmi wbDKxq kw I
cw_exi Afi AewZ MwjZ D c`v_ _K cv kwI kwi Drm wnme weewPZ nQ| cw_exZ
hZ kw AvQ Zvi cvq meUvB Kvbv bv Kvbvfve m~h _K Avmv ev m~h wKiY eeZ nqB Zwi nqQ|
ivmvqwbK/Rvjvwb kw :
Avw`gKvj gvbyl mKj KvR cyivcywi wbfi KiZ Zvi cwk kwi Dci| Gici gvbyl cK ek Avbj Ges
c kwK wewfb KvR eenvi KiZ jvMj| c kwi mvnvh KwlKvR, wRwbmc enb BZvw` KvR gvbyl
KiZ| KvV I MvQi cvZv cywoq Zvc kw mw, RjmvZ I evqycevn _K hkw Drcb Kiv wQj mfZvi
cv_wgK i| hkw eenvii dj gvbyli A_bwZK DbwZ i njv| wk wece I evxq Bwbi
Avwevi gvbyli I c`i cwk kwi Dci wbfiZv Kwgq w`j| ev kwi mvnvh gvbyl wewfb hvcvwZ
PvjvZ _vKj| G ev kw Drcb Kivi Rb Rvjvwb cqvRb| wewfb cKvi RvjvwbKB ZvB Avgiv kwi
Drm wnme weePbv Kwi|
c`v_wevb 75

kwi AwZ cwiwPZ Drm njv Kqjv, LwbR Zj I cvKwZK Mvm| f~Afi Kqjv, Zj ev cvKwZK Mvm
cvIqv hvq hv mivmwi ev mvgvb cwikvwaZ Ki Rvjvwb wnme eenvi Kiv hvq|
Kqjv : kwi Drmjvi ga Kqjvi cwiwPwZ mePq ewk| Kqjv GKwU Re c`v_| cw_exZ GK mgq
AbK MvQcvjv wQj| wewfb cvKwZK wechq I ^vfvweKfve MvQi cvZv ev Kv gvwUi wbP Pvcv co Ges
RgZ _vK| MvQi cvZv I Kv ivmvqwbK cwieZbi dj Kqjvq icvwiZ nq| Kqjv cywoq mivmwi Zvc
cvIqv hvq| GwU GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ Rvjvwb| Ze Rvjvwb wnme eenvi QvovI Kqjv _K e cqvRbxq
c`v_ Drcvw`Z nq| G`i ga iqQ Kvj Mvm, AvjKvZiv, ewb, Avgvwbqv, Ujywqb cfwZ| ivbv KiZ
I evxq Bwb PvjvZ Kqjv eeZ nq| AvaywbK Kvj Kqjvi cavb eenvi we`yr Drcv`b K`|
Zvcwe`yr K`i cavb Dcv`vb Kqjv|
Kqjv PvwjZ we`yr Drcv`b K`i cavb mgmv nQ GwU mvjdvii auvqv wbMgY Ki| GB auvqv GwmW
ewi mw Ki| GB GwmW hw`I Lye `yej, wK Zv cyKzi, n` I Lvj wej gvQ gi dj, eb asm
Ki Ges cvPxb cv_yi Lv`vB Kiv KvR b Ki dj|
LwbR Zj : kwi AbZg cavb Drm LwbR Zj ev cUvwjqvg| eZgvb mfZvq cUvwjqvgi eenvi AZ
evcK| Mvgi KzuoNi _K i Ki AvaywbKZg cwienb eev meB Gi eenvi iqQ| cUvwjqvg
_K wbvwkZ Zj cUvj, cvKv ivvi Dci `Iqv wcP, Kivwmb I Pvlvev`i Rb eeZ ivmvqwbK mvi
cvIqv hvq| cwienbi Rvjvwb wnme cUvji Rywo bB| cUvwjqvg _K Aviv cvIqv hvq bvbvb iKg
Kwg e| Gjv njv Uwiwjb, cwjqvi, Kvkwgjb BZvw`| GQvov cUvwjqvg _K Zwi nq bvbv
iKg cmvabx| GZme eenvi _vKv mI Gi g~j eenvi Rvjvwb wnwme| cUvwjqvgRvZ mvgMxi cavb
eenvi njv Zwor I hvwK kw Drcv`b| cUvwjqvg GKwU jvwUb k| GwU Zwi nqQ cUv I Awjqvg
wgj| jvwUb fvlvq cUv ki A_ cv_i Ges Awjqvg ki A_ Zj| myZivs cUvwjqvg njv cv_ii Zj A_vr
cv_ii ga mwZ Zj| Uviwkqvwi hyM A_vr AvR _K cuvP Qq KvwU eQi AvM mgy`i Zj`k cvjwjK wkjvi
i i MvQcvjv I mvgyw`K cvYx Pvcv co hvq| wewfb ivmvqwbK cwieZbi dj Giv icvwiZ nq LwbR Zj|
AvRKi jfvMi AbKvsk cvMwZnvwmK hyM mgy`i Zj`k wQj|
cvKwZK Mvm : cvKwZK Mvm kwi GKwU cwiwPZ Drm| wekl Ki evsjv`k cvKwZK Mvmi eenvi
evcK| DbZ `kjvZI cvKwZK Mvmi eenvi Lye ewk| wewfb wk KviLvbvq Gi eenvi iqQ| Gi
eenvi cavbZ Rvjvwb wnme| evsjv`k ivbvi KvR Gi evcK eenvi iqQ| GQvovI eenvi iqQ
AbK mvi KviLvbvq| Mvmi mvnvh Zvckw Drcvw`Z nq Ges Zv _K Zvc we`yr K` Drcvw`Z nq
we`yr|
cvKwZK Mvm cvIqv hvq f~Mf _K| myMfxi K~c Lbb Ki f~Mf _K G Mvm Dvjb Kiv nq| cw_exi
Afi cP Zvc I Pvc G aiYi Mvm mwi g~j KviY| cUvwjqvg K~c _KI cvKwZK Mvm cvIqv hvq|
cvKwZK Mvmi cavb Dcv`vb wg_b Mvm| GB mKj kwK Rxevk kwI ejv nq|
Dci kwi h wZbwU Drm mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv gvbyli kwi Pvwn`v ewi dj Gjv Lye `Z dzwiq
AvmQ| cw_exi eZgvb fZ Aev hv ZvZ Ki G mKj Drm hgb Kqjv, LwbR Zj, cvKwZK Mvm Avi
bZzb Ki mw nIqvi bq G`iK AbevqbhvM kw ejv nq| dj kwi weK Drmi w`K SzuKQ
gvbyl| G mKj kwi wecixZ weK h mKj Drm eenvii w`K gvbyl AvK nQ Zvi ga mikw,
76 c`v_wevb

cvwb cevn _K cv kw, RvqvifvUv kw, f~Zvcxq kw, evqy kw, evqvgvm BZvw` Drmjv cavb| G
Drmjv cZ ev civfve m~hi Dci wbfikxj| hZw`b cw_ex m~hi Avjv cZ _vKe ZZw`b ch G
mKj Drm _K kwi mieivn cvIqv me ne| ZvB GB mKj DrmK bevqbhvM kwi Drm ejv nq|
mikw : m~h _K h kw cvIqv hvq ZvK ej mikw| Avgiv Rvwb m~h mKj kwi Drm| cw_exZ hZ
kw AvQ Zvi cvq meB Kvbv bv Kvbvfve m~h _K Avmv ev m~h wKiY eeZ nqB Zwi nqQ| hgb
AvaywbK mfZvi aviK Rxevk Rvjvwb (Kqjv, LwbR Zj, cvKwZK Mvm) Avmj e w`bi mwZ mikw|
cvPxbKvj _K gvbyl m~h wKiYK mivmwi eenvi KiQ Kvbv wKQz Kvbvi KvR| eZgvb m~hi kwK
memgq eenvii Rb gvbyl bvbvb iKg Dcvq Aej^b KiQ| j ev `cYi mvnvh m~h iwkK Awfmvix
Ki Avb Rvjvbv hvq| m~h wKiYK avZe cwZdjKi mvnvh cwZdwjZ Ki Zwi nq miPzwj| G PzwjZ
ivbv Kiv hvq|
Ki `L : 15 cm ev 20 cm dvKvm `~iZi GKwU AeZj `cY bvI| `cYwUK m~hi w`K gyL
Ki ai| KvMRi UzKivwU nvZ wbq `cYi mvnvh KvMRi Dci m~hvjvK K`xf~Z Ki|
Gfve KvMRi UzKivwUZ Avb bv Rjv ch ai _vK|

mikwK kxZi `k Nievwo Mig Kivi KvR eenvi Kiv nq| km, gvQ, mewR Kvbvi KvR mikw
eeZ nq| gvQ wKq uUwK Zwi Ki Zv ew`b msiY Kiv hvq| mikwi Aviv D`vniY nQ
mvjvi IqvUvi wnUvi, mvjvi KzKvi BZvw`|
AvaywbK Kkj eenvi Ki Zwi nqQ miKvl| miKvli ewk njv Gi Dci m~hi Avjv coj G
_K mivmwi Zwor cvIqv hvq| miKvli bvbv iKg eenvi iqQ|
1| Kwg DcMn Zwor kw mieivni Rb G Kvl eeZ nq| G Rb Kwg DcMn ew`b ai Zvi
Kc_ NyiZ cvi|
2| wewfb BjKUwbK hcvwZ hgb cKU KvjKzjUi, cKU iwWI, BjKUwbK Nwo mikwi
mvnvh Pvjvbv nQ|
3| eZgvb Avgv`i `kI mikwi mvnvh AbK Mvg, evmv-evwo ev Awdm we`yr kw Drcv`b Ki
we`yZi Pvwn`v gUvbv nQ|
mikw eenvii myweav njv G kw eenvi cwiek `~lYi mvebv Kg| G kw eenvi wec`i Avkv
bB ejjB Pj| mikwi mnmv wbtkl nq hvIqvi Kvbv mvebv bB| G kwi ZvB cPwjZ kw Drm
Rxevk Rvjvwbi weK wnme eenvii mvebv Lye ewk|
Rjwe`yr (hvwK kwi icvi)
cvwb bevqbhvM kwi AbZg Drm| cvwbi mvZ I RvqvifvUvK eenvi Ki kw Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
cevwnZ cvwbi mvZ wewfb aibi kw AvQ hgb MwZkw I wefe kw| cvwbi cevn ev mvZK KvR
jvwMq h Zwor ev we`yr Drcv`b Kiv nq ZvK ejv nq Rjwe`y| cw_exi wewfb `ki Rjwe`yr cK
Rjwe`yr Drcv`bi Rb wefe kw eenvi Kiv nq| cevwnZ cvwbi mvZK eenvi Ki we`yr Drcv`bi
cwqvwU mnR| cvwbi mvZi mvnvh GKwU UvevBb Nvivbv nq| GB UvevBbi N~Yb _KB GLvb hvwK
kw I P^Kkwi mg^q NUvbv nq|
c`v_wevb 77

cevwnZ cvwbi mvZ _K hvwK kw msMn Ki P^K kwi mg^q Zwor Drcv`b Kiv nq ej G

gWj Zwi : co cvwbi kwK KvR jvwMq

UvevBb Nywiq GKwU Wvqbvgv Pvwjq Rjwe`yr
Drcv`b K`i GKwU gWj Zwi Ki| wP :
(4.6)|

wP : 4.6
aiYi ZwoZi bvg Rjwe`yr| Avgv`i `k KvvB we`yr Drcv`b K` cvwbi wefe kwK eenvi Ki
we`yr Drcv`b Kiv nq|
b`x ev mgy`i cvwbi RvqvifvUvi kwK eenvii cPv gvbyl ew`b _K Pvwjq hvQ| RvqvifvUvi
kwK KvR jvwMq wewfb h Pvjbvi evcviwU AbKw`b AvMB DvweZ nqQ|
dv RvqvifvUvi kwi mvnvh Zwor kw cK mdjZvi mv_ KvR KiQ| eZgvb cw_exi wewfb `k
RvqvifvUvi kwK KvR jvwMq Zwor Drcv`bi Pv PjQ|
evqy kw : cw_ex ci Zvcgvvi cv_Ki KviY evqy cevwnZ nq| evqy cevnRwbZ MwZkwK Avgiv hvwK
ev Zwor kwZ icvwiZ KiZ cvwi| kw icvii Gic hK evqyKj ej|evqy cevnK KvR jvwMq
cvPxbKvji gvbyliv Kyqv _K cvwb Zvjv, RvnvR Pvjvbv BZvw` KvR mv`b KiZv| bKvq cvj Zzj
AvRI evqy kwK KvR jvMvbv nq| eZgvb chyw eenvi Ki evqyKj KvR jvwMq Zwor Drcv`b Kiv
nQ|
f~Zvcxq kw : f~Afii ZvcK kwi Drm wnme eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| f~Afii Mfxi Zvci
cwigvY GZ ewk h Zv kxjvLK Mwjq djZ cvi| G MwjZ kxjvK gvMgv ej| f~ZvwK cwieZbi
dj KLbv KLbv GB gvMgv Dcii w`K DV Avm hv f~ci LvwbK wbP Rgv nq| G mKj RvqMv nU
U (Hot spot) bvg cwiwPZ| f~-Mf cvwb G nU Ui msk Gm ev cwiYZ nq| GB ev f~Mf
AvUKv co hvq| nU Ui Dci MZ Ki cvBc XzwKq DP Pvc GB evK ei Ki Avbv hvq hv w`q
UvevBb Nywiq we`yr Drcv`b me| wbDwRjv G iKg we`yr Drcv`b K` AvQ|
evqvgvm kw : mi kwi GKwU z` fMvsk hv meyR MvQcvjv viv mvjvK msklY cwqvq ivmvqwbK kwZ
icvwiZ nq evqvgvmic MvQcvjvi wewfb Ask gRy` _vK| evqvgvm ejZ mB me Re c`v_K eySvq
hv`iK kwZ icvwiZ Kiv hvq| gvbylmn AbK cvYx Lv` wnme evqvgvm MnY Ki ZvK kwZ
icvwiZ Ki Rxebi KgKv mPj ivL| evqvgvmK kwi GKwU egyLx Drm wnme weePbv Kiv hvq|
Re c`v_mg~n hv`iK evqvgvm kwi Drm wnme eenvi Kiv hvq mjv nQ MvQMvQvjx, Rvjvwb KvV,
KvVi eR, km, avbi Zzl I Kzov, jZvcvZv, c cvwLi gj, ci eR BZvw`| evqvgvm cavbZ Kveb I
nvBWvRb viv MwVZ| bevqbhvM kwi AbZg Drm evqvgvm|
evqvgvm _K mnR Drcv`b Kiv hvq evqvMvm| G Mvm Avgiv cvKwZK Mvmi weK wnme ivbvi KvR
GgbwK we`yr Drcv`bi KvRI eenvi KiZ cvwi| Gi Drcv`b cwZI ek mnR| GKwU Ave cvi
78 c`v_wevb

ga Mvei I cvwbi wgkY 1 t 2 AbycvZ iL cPvbv nj evqvMvm Drcb nq| hv bji mvnvh ewiq
Avm| G Mvm ivbvi KvR eenvi Kiv hvq| 4/5 Rbi GKwU cwievii ivbv I evwZ Rvjvbvi Mvmi Rb
2/3 wU Mii MveiB h_|
wbDKxq kw : wbDKxq wewqvq Drcb kw eenvi Ki we`yr Drcv`b Kiv hvq| h wbDKxq wewqvq cv
kwK we`yr Drcv`b eenvi Kiv nq mB wewqvK ejv nq wbDKxq wdkb| GZ BDiwbqvgi mv_
wbw` kwi wbDUbi wewqv NUbv nq| wbDKxq PzjxZ GB wewqv NUbv nq|
wbDKxq wewqvq mvaviYZ c`v_ Z_v fi kwZ icvwiZ nq| Aek wbDKxq wewqvq gvU fii Kej
GKwU z` fMvsk kwZ icvwiZ nq| c`v_ kwZ icvwiZ nj hw` E cwigvY kw cvIqv hvq, Zvnj
E = mc 2
GLvb m nQ kwZ icvwiZ fi Ges
c nQ Avjvi eM hv 3 u 10 8 m s -1 Gi mgvb|
cixv Ki `Lv MQ GKwU wdkb wewqvq A_vr GKwU wbw` kwi wbDUb hw` GKwU BDiwbqvg
wbDKxqvmK AvNvZ Ki Zvnj cvq
200 Mev = 200 u 10 6 ev = 200 u 10 6 u 1.6 u 10 -19 J = 3.2 u 10 -11 J kw wbMZ
nq| hnZz wdkb wewqv GKwU kLj wewqv, gyn~Zi ga KvwU KvwU weqv msNwUZ nq Ges wecyj cwigvY
kw wbMZ nq|
wnmve Ki : 1 kg eK hw` m~Yi~c kwZ i~cvwiZ Kiv me nZv, Zvnj KZ wKjvIqvU NUv
kw Drcb nZv? 1 wKjvIqvU NUv (1kWh) = 3.6 u 10 6 J
GB wewqvq cv kwK wbqwZ Dcvq DP Pvci Kveb WvB AvBW Mvmi AfixY kw wnme
wbiewQbfve cv Ki Ab cv bIqv nq| GB D Mvm GKwU wekl ev eqjvii Pvicvk Nyi
eqjvii wfZii evK D Ki hv UvevBb Nywiq we`yr Drcv`b Ki| wbDKxq wewqvq GK Ub
BDiwbqvg _K h kw cvIqv hvq Zv `k j Ub Kqjv cywoq cvIqv kwi mgvb|
wK wbDKxq we`yr Drcv`b K`i AbK Amyweav AvQ| wbDKxq Rvjvwbi eR AwZgvvq ZRwq Ges
GB eRK wbivc` cwiYZ KiZ nvRvi nvRvi eQi ai msiY KiZ nq| GQvov wbDKxq PzjxZ DP
Zvcgvv I Pvc Zwi nq| ZvB GK Ggb c`v_ w`q Zwi KiZ ne hb Zv mn KiZ cvi| Kvbv
`~NUbv h KZ gvivZK Zv Avgiv mvwfqZ BDwbqbi (eZgvb BDbi) Pibvwej Ges Rvcvbi dzKzwkgv
Gi AwfZv _K Rvwb| Ze wbDKxq we`yr Drcv`b cwiek wMb nvDm Mvm Kg Drcb nq|
bevqbhvM kwi mvgvwRK cfve I myweav : Avgv`i mvgvwRK Rxeb bevqbhvM kw eenvii my`~i cmvix
cfve iqQ| Avgv`i `k Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq cvKwZK kw hgb Kqjv, LwbR Zj I cvKwZK Mvmi gRy`
AwZ bMY| ZvB Avgv`i kwi cqvRb gUvZ Ag~j e`wkK gy`v eq Ki we`k _K LwbR Zj,
Kqjv Avg`vwb KiZ nq| wK Avgv`i `k h mKj bevqbhvM kwi Drm iqQ mjv wekl Ki
evqvMvm Drcv`b I eenvi cjx Aji gvbylK Dy KiZ cvij mnRB Avgv`i cjx Aji Pnviv
e`j `Iqv me ne|
c`v_wevb 79

evqyKj eenvi Ki we`yr Drcv`bi w`KI Avgiv bRi w`Z cvwi| MelYvi gvag mikwi eenvi myjf
KiZ cvij Avgv`i kwi hveZxq cqvRb Adzi G Drm _K gUvbv me ne|
bevqbhvM kw eenvii cavb myweavB nQG Drm kl nq hvIqvi Avkv bB| ZvQvov cwiek `~lYi
nvZ _K `kK evPvbv me ne|
4.4 kwi icvi
Transformation of energy
kw Anin GKic _K Abic icvwiZ nQ| G gnvwek bvbv NUbv cevn PjQ kwi icvi AvQ ej|
kw GKic _K GKvwaKic icvwiZ njI gnvweki gvU kw fvvi Kvbv cwieZb nQ bv|
gvbyl, KwDUvi wKsev Kvbv hK Kvbv KvR KiZ nj wKsev Kvbv cwqv ev cwieZb mvab KiZ
nj kwi icvii cqvRb nq| GKici kwK Ab ici kw Drcv`b eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|
cKZc, GKici kw mvivYB Abvbici kwZ cwiewZZ nQ| GwUB kwi icvi wnme
cwiwPZ| hLb KD wMUvi evRvq ZLb Kx nq? wkxi nvZi AvOyji cwk kw Kgvb Zvi hvwK kwZ
icvwiZ nq hv mygayi wgDwRKic k kwZ icvwiZ nq Avgv`i Kvb cek Ki| hLb KvV ev Lwo
cvovbv nq, ZLb ivmvqwbK kw gy nq Ges Zv Zvc I AvjvK kwZ icvwiZ nq| GKwU Zwor Kvli
Afi ivmvqwbK wewqv NU Ges GB mKj wewqvi ivmvqwbK kw Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq hv bvbvwea
KvR eeZ nq|
GKici wbw` cwigvY kw Abic icvwiZ Kij KZUzKz kw cvIqv hve? kwi wbZZv ev
msiYkxjZv bxwZ _K Zv Rvbv hvq| kw hLb GKic _K Abic cwiewZZ nq ZLb kwi Kvbv q
nq bv| GK e h cwigvY kw nvivq Aci e wVK mB cwigvY kw jvf Ki| cKZc Avgiv bZzb
Kvbv kw mw KiZ cvwi bv ev kw asmI KiZ cvwi bv| A_vr weki mvgwMK kw fvvii Kvbv
ZviZg NU bv| G wek mwi c_g gyn~Z h cwigvY kw wQj AvRI gnvwek mB cwigvY kw eZgvb|
GUvB kwi AwebkiZv ev wbZZv ev msiYkxjZv|
kwi msiYkxjZv bxwZ : kwi mw ev webvk bB, kw Kej GKic _K Aci GK ev GKvwaKic
cwiewZZ nZ cvi| gnvweki gvU kwi cwigvY wbw` I AcwieZbxq|
kwi icvi : Avgiv AvMB wewfb cKvi kwi K_v ejwQ mjv mKjB ciii mv_ mwKZ| A_vr
Kvbv GKUv _K AbUvZ cwieZb me| G cwieZbK kwi icvi ej| Avmj cvq cZK cvKwZK
NUbvKB kwi icvi wnme aiv hZ cvi| wbP kwi icvii KqKwU D`vniY `Iqv njv :
1| hvwK kwi icvi : nvZ nvZ Nlj Zvc Drcb nq| G hvwK kw Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nq|
Kjgi Lvwj gyL duy w`j hvwK kw k kwZ icvwiZ nq| cvwb hLb cvnvo ceZi Dci _vK ZLb
ZvZ wefe kw mwZ _vK| GB cvwb hLb Sibv ev b`xic Dci _K wbP bg Avm ZLb wefe kw
MwZkwZ cwiYZ nq| GB cvwb cevni mvnvh PvKv Nywiq we`yr Drcv`b Kiv nq| Gfve hvwK kw
Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq|
80 c`v_wevb

2| Zvc kwi icvi : evxq Bwb Zvci mvnvh ev Drcb Ki ijMvwo BZvw` Pvjvbv nq| GLvb
Zvc kw hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nQ| evji wdjvgUi ga w`q Zwor cevni dj Zvc kw AvjvK
kwZ icvwiZ nq| `ywU wfb avZe c`v_i mshvMj Zvc cqvM Kij Zvc Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq|
3| AvjvK kwi icvi : nvwiKbi wPgwbZ nvZ w`j Mig Abyf~Z nq| GLvb AvjvK kw Zvc kwZ
icvwiZ nQ| dUv-fvjUvBK Kvli Dci Avjvi wqvq AvjvK kw Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq|
dUvMvwdK KvMRi Dci Avjvi wqvq dj AvjvK kw ivmvqwbK kwZ icvwiZ nq|
4| ivmvqwbK kwi icvi : Lv` Ges Rvjvwb hgb Zj, Mvm, Kqjv I KvV nQ ivmvqwbK kwi Avavi|
ivmvqwbK wewqvi gvag Lv`i kw Avgv`i `n gy nq Ges Ab kwZ icvwiZ nIqvi mgq Avgiv
`iKvix KvR KiZ cvwi| Bwb ev eqjvi hLb Rvjvwb cvovbv nq ZLb kwi icvi NUvq| Zwor Kvl I
evUvwiZ ivmvqwbK kw Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq| Zwor kw Avevi evwZi wdjvgU AvjvK kw I Zvc
kwZ icvwiZ nq|
5| Zwor kwi icvi : e`ywZK gvUi Zwor kw hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nq| e`ywZK Bw, wnUvi
BZvw`Z Zwor kw Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nq| e`ywZK evj Zwor kw AvjvK kwZ icvwiZ nq|
Uwjdvb I iwWIi MvnK h Zwor kw k kwZ icvwiZ nq| mqK Kvl Zwor kw ivmvqwbK
kwZ icvwiZ nq| ZvwoZPy^K Zwor kw P^K kwZ icvwiZ nq|
6| wbDKxq kwi icvi : wbDKxq mvegwib wbDKxq kwK hvwK kwZ icvwiZ Kiv nq| wbDKxq
evgvi asm jxjv wbDKxq kwi icvi wfb Avi wKQzB bq| wbDKxq PzjxZ wbDKxq kw Abvb kw wekl
Ki Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq AvRKvj kwi Pvwn`v AbKvskB c~iY Ki _vK|
e`ywZK cvIqvi kb _K eySv hvq kw Kxfve GKic _K Abic icvi nq Avgiv evwo Ni Avjv
I Zvc kw cvB| cvIqvi kb Kqjv I cvKwZK Mvm cywoq ivmvqwbK kw _K Zvc kw cvIqv hvq|
UvevBbi mvnvh Zvc kwK hvwK kwZ icvwiZ Kiv nq hv e`ywZK RbviUii KzjxK Nyivq|
GZ Zwor kw Drcb nq| evwo Ni, Kj KviLvbvq e`ywZK evwZ I wnUvi Zwor kwK Avjv I Zvc
kwZ icvwiZ Ki|
Avevi Avgiv hLb nvZzwo w`q AvNvZ Ki Kvbv ciKK KvVi ga cek KivB ZLb Kvb Kvb kw
Kvb Kvb kwZ icvwiZ nq? Avgv`i kixii ivmvqwbK kw nvZzwoK Dci DVvZ KZ KvR eq nq
hv nvZzwoi DP Aevb wefe kwic Rgv _vK| hLb nvZzwo wbP bvg ZLb GB wefe kw MwZkxj
nvZzwoi MwZkwZ icvwiZ nq| GB MwZkw ciKwUK KvVi ga cek KivZ cqvRbxq KvR eeZ
nq Ges mv_ mv_ k kw Drcb nq Ges ciK, KvV I nvZzwoZ Zvc kw Drcb nq|
kw icvwiZ nIqvi mgq kw mw ev asm bv njI kwi AebwZ NUZ cvi| hgb Avjv ev Zwor kwi
gZv Zvc kwi meUvB Avgiv KvR jvMvZ cvwi bv|
c`v_wevb 81

4.5 gZv
Power
gZv kwUi mv_ Avgiv mevB cwiwPZ| `bw`b Rxeb gZv mvaviYZ wmv MnY I evevqbi mv_
mwKZ| wevb gZv kwU gvUi, cv, Bwb BZvw` h Z_v KvR mv`bKvix Kvbv wKQzi mv_
mswk| AbK mgq Avgiv Kvbv KvR `Z mgvav KiZ PvB| aiv hvK, Avgiv Kvbv eZj febi
wbPZjvi wiRvfvi ev cyKzi _K cvwb wbq Qv`i UvsK cvwb c~Y KiZ PvB| Avgiv hw` evjwZ w`q cvwb enb
Ki G KvRwU KiZ hvB Zvnj AbK mgq jvMe| Avi hw` GKwU gvUi ev cvi mvnvh mivmwi UvsKwU
cvwb c~Y Kiv nq, Zvnj mgq AbK Kg jvMe|
Kvbv KvR KLbI `Z Kiv nq KLbI axi Kiv nq| KZ `Z ev KZ axi KvR Kiv nq Zvi cwigvc njv
gZv| gb Ki iwb I Awb `yB ez GKwU febi cuvPZjvq evm Ki| Zv`i `yRbi fi mgvb| Zviv
wbPZjvq wjdUi `iRvi mvgb Gm `Lj wjdU b| Zv`i wmuwo w`q Dci DVZ njv| iwbi cuvP Zjvq
DVZ mgq jvMj 40 mK Avi Awbi jvMj 80 mK| Avgiv ewj iwb Awbi Pq ewk gZvevb hw`I
Zviv `yRbB GKB DPZv DVvi Rb GKB cwigvY KvR KiQ| iwbi gZv ewk KviY m GKB KvR `Z
KiQ| gZv nQ KvR Kivi ev kw icvii nvi| Kvbv e ev ew GKK mgq KZUzKz KvR Kij Zv
viv gZv cwigvc Kiv nq|
KvR
gZv =
mgq
Kvbv ew ev h viv t mgq W cwigvY KvR mb nj ev kw icvwiZ nj gZv P ne
W
P (4.4)
t
gZvi w`K bB| KvRB gZv GKwU jvi ivwk|
KvR
gvv : gZvi gvv -Gi gvv|
mgq
KvR ej u miY fi u ZiY u miY
gZv = = =
mgq mgq mgq
fi u miY u miY fi u miY 3
mgq 2 u mgq mgq 3
ML2
?[ P] = ML2 T - 3
T3

GKK : KvRi GKKK mgqi GKK w`q fvM Ki gZvi GKK cvIqv hvq| hnZz KvRi GKK Ryj (J)
Ges mgqi GKK njv mK (s), myZivs gZvi GKK ne Ryj/mK (Joule / second)| GK IqvU
ejv nq| IqvUK W w`q cKvk Kiv nq|
GK mK GK Ryj KvR Kiv ev kw icvii nviK GK IqvU ej|
82 c`v_wevb

1J
1W 1 Js  1
1s
IqvU Lye QvU GKK nIqvq AbK mgq Gi Pq nvRviY eo GKK wKjvIqvU eenvi Kiv nq|
1 wKjvIqvU = 1000 IqvU
Zzwg nqZv KLbI Ak gZvi K_v b _vKZ cvi| AvM gZvi GB GKKwU eenvi Kiv nZv| GLbI
AbK mgq Mvwo ev gvUii gZv eySvbvi Rb GwU eenvi Kiv nq|
1 Ak gZv = 746 IqvU|
Zzwg wK wKjvIqvU Nvi K_v bQv? GwU Kx eySvq? Avmj GwU KvR ev kwi GKwU GKK| Avgiv evwo Ni
KjKviLvbv BZvw`Z eeZ we`yr kwi we`yr wej GB GKK cwikva Ki _vwK| GK wKjvIqvU NUv ejZ
eySvq GK wKjvIqvU gZvmb Kvbv h GK Nv ai KvR Kij h kw eq nq Zv| Kvbv evwZi Mvq
60 IqvU jLv _vKvi A_ G evwZwU cwZ mK 60 Ryj Zwor kwK Avjv I Zvc kwZ icvwiZ Ki|
Kvbv e`ywZK cvIqvi kbi gZv 200 gMvIqvU ejZ eySvq H cvIqvi kbwU cwZ mK
200000000 Ryj Zwor kw mieivn KiQ| G Zwor kw Avgiv evwo Ni, Kj KviLvbv I Awdm Av`vjZ
eenvi KiwQ|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 4.4 : 70 kg fii GK ew cwZwU 25 cm DuPz 30wU wmuwo 15 s -G DVZ cvib| Zvi
gZv KZ? (g = 9.8 ms - 2)
GLvb,
Avgiv Rvwb,
ewi fi, m = 70 kg
KvR Fs ej, F = ewi IRb = mg
P
mgq t = 70 kg u 9.8 ms -2
686 N 7.5 m = 686 N
15 s miY, s = 30 u 25 cm = 750 cm
= 7.5 m
= 343 W
mgq, t = 15 s
Di : 343 W gZv , P = ?

Ki `L : Zvgvi yji ev evmvi ev Kvbv `vjvbi Qv` IVvi wmuwoi msLv MYbv Ki| cwZwU wmuwoi
DPZv ji mvnvh wbYq Ki| Gi _K Qv`i DPZv KZ wgUvi wbYq Ki| IqU gwkbi mvnvh
Zvgvi fi KZ wKjvMvg Zv wbbq Ki| Zvgvi fiK 9.8 w`q Y Kij Zvgvi IRb KZ wbDUb Zv
cve| Gi ci Zzwg `o Qv`i Dci IV| c IqvPi mvnvh Qv` IVvi gvU mgq wbYq Ki|

Zvgvi KZ KvR ne Zvgvi IRb u gvU DPZv|

KZ KvR
Zvgvi gZv ne Zvgvi gvU KZ KvR y gvU mgq A_vr |
gvU mgq
Zvgvi ez`i mv_ wbq GB KgKvwU cwiPvjbv Ki Ges Zv`i mv_ Zvgvi gZv Zzjbv Ki|
Zvgvi Kvki mePq gZvevb wkv_xwU K?
c`v_wevb 83

4.6 Kg`Zv
Efficiency
kw icvii mnvqZvq Avgiv `bw`b Rxebi cqvRb gUvB| hgb cUvj mwZ ivmvqwbK kw
MwZkwZ icvii gvag Avgiv Bwb PvjvZ cvwi| kwi msiYkxjZv bxwZ Abymvi Kvbv Bwb _K
mB cwigvY kw Avgv`i cvIqv DwPZ h cwigvY kw Bwb c` nq| wK GUv `Lv hvq h cwigvY kw
Bwb c` nq me`vB Zvi Pq Kg cwigvY kw jvf Kiv hvq| GwU cavbZ nq GB KviY h Bwb
NlY eji wei h KvR KiZ nq, Zv Zvc kwic AcPq nq| Bwb _K h cwigvY kw cvIqv hvq
ZvK jf KvhKi kw ej| G kwi mgxKiY `uvovq :
c` kw = jf KvhKi kw + Abfve ewqZ kw|
Kvbv hi Kg`Zv ejZ eySvq, h h cwigvY kw c`vb Kiv nq Zvi KZ Ask KvhKi kw wnme
cvIqv hvq| myZivs, Kg`Zv ejZ gvU h KvhKi kw cvIqv hvq Ges gvU h kw `Iqv nqQ Zvi
AbycvZK eySvq| GK mvaviYZ kZKiv wnme cKvk Kiv nq _vK|
jf KvhKi kw
Kg`Zvz, K u 100 % (4.5)
gvU c` kw
GKwU mvaviY we`yr Drcv`b K`, AbK avc kwi icvi NU| GB icvi Kqjv, Zj, cvKwZK Mvm
ev BDiwbqvg _K i Ki we`yr kw cvIqv ch PjZ _vK| `Lv MQ kwi GB icvimg~ni
c` kwi cvq 70 % ch AcPq nq Ges Zvc kwic nvwiq hvq|
c` kwi Kej 30 % kl ch eenvihvM Zwor kwZ icvwiZ nq| myZivs Avgiv ejZ cvwi h
Drcv`b K`i Kg`Zv gv 30 % |
MvwYwZK D`vniY 4.5 : GKwU 50 N IRbi eK 5 m DPZvq DVvbvi Rb GKwU e`ywZK gvUi
eenvi Ki njv| GwU 65 J Zwor kw eenvi Ki|
(K) gvUi KZK AcPqKZ kwi cwigvY KZ?
(L) gvUii Kg`Zv KZ?
(K) GLvb ewqZ kw = KZ KvR = ej u miY = IRb u DPZv
= 10 N u 5 m
= 50 J
myZivs AcPqKZ kw = mieivn KZ kw ewqZ kw
= 65 J 50 J
= 15 J
jf KvhK i kw
(L) Kg`Zvz, K u 100 %
gvU c` kw
50 J
u 100 %
65 J
76.92 %
84 c`v_wevb

Abymvb 4.1
wmuwo w`q `o DV wkv_xi gZv wbbq|
Dk : gZv wbYq Ges wbRi wewfb mgq cqvMKZ gZvi Zzjbv Ges Acii gZvi mv_ Zzjbv|
hcvwZ : _vgv Nwo|
KvRi aviv :
1. GKwU `vjvb wVK Ki (wZbZjv _K QqZjvi ga nj fvjv nq)| mwU Zvgvi zj, evmv ev h
Kvbv feb nZ cvi|
2. GB `vjvbi Qv` DVvi wmuwoi msLv MYbv Ki|
3. GKwU wmuwoi DPZv ji mvnvh wbYq Ki ZvK wmuwoi msLv w`q Y Ki Qv`i gvU DPZv
wbYq Ki|
4. GKwU IqU gwkbi (IRb gvcvi h) mvnvh Zvgvi fi wbYq Ki|
5. Zzwg hZ Rvi cviv `o Qv`i Dci IV|
6. _vgv Nwoi mvnvh Qv` IVvi mgq wbYq Ki|
7. Gi ci Zzwg Av `o, Rvi nuU, ^vfvweKfve nuU Ges Av Av nuU GKBfve Qv`
IVvi mgq wbYq Ki|
8. wbv QK Abymvi cwZ Zvgvi gZv ei Ki|
Abymvbi QK
Zvgvi fi, m = kg
Qv`i DPZv, h = m
AwfKlR ZiY, g = 9.8 m s-2
cvV `oi cKwZ Qv` DVvi mgq, t mgh
gZv = (W)
(s ) t
1 Rvi `o
2 Av `o
3 Rvi nU
4 ^vfvweK fve nU
5 Av nU
9. wewfb mgq Zvgvi gZv wewfb njv Kb, Zv AvjvPbv Ki|
10. GKB fve cv Zvgvi ez`i gZvi mv_ Zvgvi gZvi Zzjbv Ki|
11. Zvgvi Kvki mePq ewk Ges mePq gZv cqvMKvix cvuPRb wkv_xi bvg wjL|
Abymvb - 4.2
evqvgvm _K evqvMvm Drcv`b|
Dk : bevqbhvM kwi eenvi c`kb|
hcvwZ/DcKiY : Mvei, PvDji Zzl,KvVi uov, cvwK ev KvPi eo evZj (ev jveiUwiZ _vKj
KwbKvj dv), KK, bj BZvw` |
c`v_wevb 85

KvRi aviv :
1. evZji ga Mvei, Zzl,KvVi uovi wgkY Ges cvwb 1 t 2 AbycvZ bvI|
2. Gevi bj jvMvbv KK w`q evZji ev dvi gyL e Ki `vI|
3. bji gyLwUI KK w`q fvjv Ki e Ki `vI|
4. evZj ev dvwUK Nii GK KvY iL `vI|
5. `y GK w`b ci bji gyLi KK mwiq `L Mvm ei nQ wK bv |
6. Mvm ei nj bji gyL Rj w`qvkjvBqi KvwV ai||
7. Mvm Avb Rje |

Abykxjbx
ewbevPbx ck :
1| KvRi GKK KvbwU ?
(K) Ryj (L) wbDUb
(M) Kjwfb (N) IqvU
2| GKwU eK Uvb Uvb Kij Gi ga Kvb kw Rgv _vK ?
(K) MwZ kw (L) wefe kw
(M) Zvc kw (N) ivmvqwbK kw
3| m fii GKwU eK 20 m, 30 m, 40 m I 50 m Dci ivLv njv| Kvb Aevb Zvi wefe kw
mePq ewk?
(K) 20 m (L) 30 m
(M) 40 m (N) 50 m
wbPi jL wP Abymvi 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI |

4| jL wPi Kvb Ask eM mgqi mgvbycvZ ew cvq

(K) OA Ask (L) AB Ask
(M) CDAsk (N) DE Ask
5| mevP MwZ kw KZ ?
(K) 1.25 u 10 5 J (L) 5 u 10 4 J
4
(M) 1.25 u 10 J (N) 6.2 u 10 3 J
86 c`v_wevb

6| kwi msiYkxjZv bxwZ _K cvIqv hvq

(i) kwi mw I webvk bvB| gnvweki gvU kw wbw` I AcwieZbxq|
(ii) AbevqbhvM kw `yZ wbtkl nq hve, ZvB bevqbhvM kw eenvi KiZ ne|
(iii) kwK iv KiZ Gi KvhKi eenvi Ges wmg jm Kgvbv Riywi |
wbPi KvbwU mwVK
(K) i (L) ii
(M) iii (N) i, iiI iii
mRbkxj ck
1| 40 kg fii GKwU evjK Ges 60 kg fii GKRb hyeK GKwU febi wbPZjv _K GK mv_ `o iy
Ki `o GKB mgq Qv`i GKB RvqMvq cuQvjb| `uoi mgq Dfqi eM wQj 30 m/min|
(K) gZv wK ?
(L) 50J KvR ejZ Kx eySvq ?
(M) hyeKi MwZkw wbYq Ki
(N) Qv` DVvi `yRbvi gZv mgvb wQj wKbv MvwYwZK hywmn hvPvB Ki
M. mvaviY ck
1| GKwU `qvkjvB Gi KvwV `qvkjvB ev 5 N ej Nlv njv| KvwVwUK 5 cm Uvbv njv|
(K) KvwV NlvZ KZ kw eq njv ?
(L) KvwV UvbZ hw` 0.5 s mgq jvM Zvnj KZ gZv jvMj ?
2| GKwU Rjwe`yr cKi wiRvfvi mgy` mgZj _K 800 m DuPzZ Ges cvIqvi kbwU 250 m DuPz Z
AewZ| wiRvfvii cvwb cvBci gvag Gm cvIqvi kbi UvevBb Nyivq| wiRvfvi 2u108
wjUvi cvwb AvQ| hw` 1 wjUvi cvwbi fi 1 kg nq, Ze wiRvfvii cvwbZ KZ wefe kw mwZ
AvQ|
3| 40 kg fii GK evjK wmwo w`q 12 s Qv` DV| wmwoZ avci msLv 20 wU Ges cwZwU avci
DPZv 20 cm|
(K) H evjKi IRb KZ ?
(L) evjKwU gvU KZ DPZvq AvivnY KiwQj ?
(M) Qv` IVZ m KZ KvR Kij ?
(N) wmwo w`q `o DVZ m KZ gZv KvR jvMvj ?
4| h mKj cvIqvi kb Rxevk Rvjvwb eenvi Ki Zv`i Pq wbDKxq kw Drcv`bi GKwU geo
myweav nQ h, GZ wMbnvDm Mvm Drcb nq bv|
(K) wbDKxq kw eenvi Abvb myweavjv Kx Kx ?
(L) wbDKxq kw eenvi Amyweavjv Kx Kx ?
c`v_wevb 87

cg Aavq

c`v_i Aev I Pvc

PRESSURE AND STATES OF MATTER

[Avgiv c`v_i wZbwU Aevi K_v Rvwb-KwVb, Zij I evqexq| c`v_i Aviv GKwU Aev AvQ hvi bvg
cvRgv| Zij I evqexq c`v_ mnR cevwnZ nZ cvi ej G`iK cevnx ej| cevnx Pvc c`vb Ki|
cevnxi PvcK KvR jvwMq AbK KvR mnR Kiv hvq| c`v_i GKwU wekl ag njv wwZvcKZv|
eZgvb Aavq Avgiv G me welq wbq AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

1. ej I dji cwieZbi mv_ Pvci cwieZb evLv KiZ cvie|
2. NbZ evLv KiZ cvie|
3. `bw`b Rxeb NbZi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
4. evqygji Pvc evLv KiZ cvie|
5. Zij i DPZv eenvi Ki evqygjxq Pvc cwigvc KiZ cvie
6. DPZv ewi mv_ evqygji Pvci cwieZb weklY KiZ cvie|
7. AvenvIqvi Dci evqygjxq Pvci cwieZb weklY KiZ cvie|
8. wi Ziji ga Kvbv we`yZ Pvci ivwkgvjv cwigvc KiZ cvie|
9. Zij wbgwZ ei EagyLx Pvci Abyf~wZ evLv KiZ cvie|
10. e Kb cvwbZ fvm Zv evLv KiZ cvie|
11. evsjv`k bc_ `~NUbvi KviY weklY KiZ cvie|
12. cvmKji m~ evLv KiZ cvie|
13. cvmKji m~i eenvwiK wqv c`kb KiZ cvie|
14. cxob I weKwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
15. Ki m~ evLv KiZ cvie|
16. c`v_i AvYweK MwZZ evLv KiZ cvie|
17. c`v_i cvRgv Aev evLv KiZ cvie|
88 c`v_wevb

5.1| Pvc I dj
Pressure and Area
Zzwg `yB cvq hZ mnR `uvwoq _vKZ cvi, GK cvq Kx Zv cvi? nvBwnj RyZv ci KD big gvwUi Dci
w`q nvUj RyZv gvwUi ga `e hvq| Avevi hw` KD Pvv ZjvIqvjv RyZv cib, Ze Zv gvwUZ `ve bv|
Pvci ZviZgi KviY h GUv nq Zv Avgiv `Le|

wP 5.1
Kvbv ei cwZ GKK dji Dci j^fve chy ejK Pvc ej| aiv hvK A dji Dci wqviZ
jfve chy ej F
ej
Zvnj Pvc, p = A_vr, Pvc = dj

jYxq h, dj A hZ Kg nq, Pvc p ZZ ewk nq Ges ej F hZ ewk nq, Pvc p ZZ ewk nq|

D`vniY
i) GKwU ciKi m~Pvjv gyLi dj Lye Kg| ZvB KvV RvZxq Kvbv Zji Dci m~Pvjv gyLwU iL
ciKi PIov gv_vq AvNvZ Kij m~Pvjv gv_vq AcvKZ ewk Pvc co, dj ciKwU mnRB
ewUi ga XyK hvq|
ii) Qywii avivjv cvZi dj Lye Kg| ZvB Kvbv ei Dci avivjv cvZwUK ai ej cqvM Qzwii
cv eivei ei Dci ewk Pvc co| dj ewU mnRB KvUv hvq|
wbR Ki :
GKwU Zx avivjv Avjwcb Ges GKwU fvZv Avjwcb wbq KvMR wQ` Ki| KvbwU w`q
wQ` Kiv mnR? evLv Ki|

Zx avivjv Avjwcbi PIov gv_vq ej w`j mi gv_vq ewk Pvc Abyf~Z nq|
fuvZv Avjwcbi PIov gv_vq ej w`j fuvZv gv_vq AZ Pvc Abyf~Z nq bv| dj avivjv Avjwcb w`q KvMR
wQ` Kiv mnR|
c`v_wevb 89

hvPvB Ki :
mgvb BUi ivZvq Lvwj cvq nuvUv Avi BUi Lvqvi Dci w`q nuvUv| KvbwU Kmva| evLv Ki?

Pvci GKK
eji GKKK dji GKK w`q fvM Kij Pvci GKK cvIqv hvq| AZGe Pvci GKK N m-2| GK
cvmKj (Pa) ej|
? 1 Pa = 1 Nm-2.
cwZ 1m2 dji Dci 1N ej j^fve wqv Kij h Pvc nq ZvK 1Pa ej|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 5.1 : RyZv cvq Kvbv gwnjvi fi 50 kg| Zvi RyZvi Zjvi dj 200 cm2 nj Pvc
ei Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb
`Iqv AvQ, fi, m = 50 kg
F W
Pvc, p = A = A ej, F = W = mg = 50 kg u 9.8 ms-2
= 490 N
490 N 4 RyZvi Zjvi dj, A = 200 cm2
= = 2.45 u 10 Pa
200 u 10-4 m2
= 200u10-4 m2

5.2| NbZ
Density
Kvbv e h RvqMv Ryo _vK ZvK Gi AvqZb ej| mgvb AvqZbi GK UzKiv KK Avi GK UzKiv jvnv
cvwbZ Qo w`j `Lv hve KKi UzKiv fm AvQ Avi jvnvi UzKiv Wze MQ|mvaviYfve ejv hvq KKi
Pq jvnvi NbZ ewk ZvB Wze MQ| Avmj AvqZb mgvb njI hvi NbZ ewk mwU fvix Avi hvi NbZ
Kg mwU nvjKv| Kvbv ei GKK AvqZbi fiK Zvi Dcv`vbi NbZ ej| NbZ c`v_i GKwU mvaviY ag|
NbZ ei Dcv`vb I Zvcgvvi Dci wbfikxj|

NbZK U viv cKvk Kiv nq| m fii Kvbv ei AvqZb V nj, NbZ U ne|
m ei fi
U = V = ei AvqZb (5.2)

NbZi GKK kg m-3

KvR :
`ywU RM bvI hv`i AvqZb mgvb| GKwU RM cvwb viv fi Ges GKwU gay viv c~Y Ki| nvZ w`q DVvI|
KvbwU fvix gb nQ?

gay fwZ RMwU ewk fvix gb ne KviY gayi NbZ ewk|

90 c`v_wevb

KqKwU c`v_ I Zv`i NbZ :

c`v_ NbZ (kgm-3) c`v_ NbZ (kgm-3)
evqy 1.29 cvwb (4 0 CG) 1000
KK 250 jvnv 7,800
wMmvwib 1260 iycv 10,500
eid 920 mvbv 19,300

Zvgiv wbqB gZ mvMii (Dead Sea) bvg bQv| GUv RWvb

AewZ| jeY I Abvb Ac`e wgwkZ _vKvi Rb GB mvMii cvwbi
NbZ GZ ewk h gvbyl mLvb Wye bv|
`bw`b Rxeb NbZi eenvi:
wewfb Abyvbi DvabxZ ejyb Dovbv nq| GB ejybi ga
nvBWvRb Mvm _vK| nvBWvRb Mvmi NbZ evqyi NbZi Pq ek
Kg| ZvB GB MvmfwZ nvjKv ejyb mnR Dcii w`K DV hvq|
we`yr Pj Mj Avgiv AbKB AvB.wc.Gm evenvi Ki _vwK| GZ eo
evUvwi _vK| MvwoZ ev gvBKI Abyi~c evUvwi _vK hv`iK mqx Kvl ej| GB mKj Kvl eenZ
mvjwdDwiK GwmWi NbZ 1.5 u 103 kg m-3 _K 1.3u103 kg m-3| nvBWvwgUvi w`q gvS gvS NbZ
gc `LZ nq| NbZ ewk nj KvlUv b nq hvq| G Rb gvS ga cqvRbxq cvwb w`q NbZ wVK
ivLZ nq|
fvjv wWg cvwbZ Wze hvq wK cPv wWg cvwbZ fvm| cPv wWgi NbZ cvwbi Pq Kg ej Zv fvm|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 5.2: 2 m3 AvqZbi Ziji fi 2000 kg nj Ziji NbZ KZ?
Avgiv Rvwb, `Iqv AvQ
fi m fi, m =2000 kg
NbZ, U = AvqZb = V AvqZb, V = 2 m3
NbZ, = ?
2000 kg
= 2 m3 = 1000 kg m-3

5.3 evqygji Pvc

Atmospheric pressure
GB cw_ex evqygj viv cwie| evqygji IRb AvQ| ZvB evqygji Pvc AvQ| cw_exc GB Pvc cwZ
eMwgUvi cvq 105 N| GKRb c~Yeq gvbyli `ni dj 1.5 m2 aij evqygj Zvi `ni Dci
1.5u105 N ej cqvM Ki| Ze gvbyli kixii wfZi ii Pvc evBii GB Pvc Acv mvgvb ewk ej
gvbyl mvaviYZ evqyi GB Pvc Abyfe Ki bv|
c`v_wevb 91

evqygj Zvi IRbi Rb f~c cwZ GKK dj j^fve h cwigvb ej cqvM Ki ZvK H vbi
evqygjxq Pvc ej|
Uwimwji cixv I evqygjxq Pvci cwigvc
cvq GK wgUvi j^v, GKgyL Lvjv Ges mylg evmhy cyiy KvPi bj bvI|
bjwU we cvi` viv c~Y Ki KvPbji LvjvgyL AvOyj w`q AvUwKq
bjwUK Dv Ki GKwU cvi`c~Y cvi ga WyevI (wP 5.3)| Gevi AvOyj
mwiq bjK Lvov Ki ivLvi eev Kij `Lv hve cvi` wKQy`~i bg Gm
wi nq `uvwoq AvQ| AvcvZ`wZ gb ne h bji wfZii cvi`Z
Avcbv-Avcwb `uvwoq AvQ, wK eve Zv bq| evqygjxq Pvci `iyb
Gic nQ| cvi cvi`i Dci evqygj me`v Pvc w`Q| GB Pvc cvi`i wP 5.3
ga w`q mvwjZ nq bji wfZi DagyL wqv Ki| GB PvcB bji
wfZi cvi`ZK ai ivL| GB Pvc bv _vKj AwfKli Rb bji wfZii cvi` wbP bg AvmZ|
myZivs evqygjxq Pvc = bji cvi`Zi Pvc| mvaviY bji wfZi h cvi`Z _vKe Zvi DPZv
cvq 76 cm A_vr evqygji Pvc 76 cm DPz cvi`ZK ai ivLZ mg| Gfve Zij i DPZv
eenvi Ki evqygjxq Pvci cwigvc Kiv hvq|
KvPbj h cvi`Z `uvwoq _vK Zvi Dci bji e cvZ chZ vb k~b| GB b vbK Uwimwji
k~bvb ej| GLvb mvgvb cvi` ev _vK| evqyi Pvc cwigvc Kivi hK evivwgUvi ej|
5.4| DPZv I evqygjxq Pvc
Altitude and atmospheric pressure
evqygjxq Pvc wbfi Ki evqygji DPZv Ges evqyi NbZi
Dci| f~c A_vr mgy` mgZj evqyi mvaviY Pvc njv 76cm
cvi`Zi Pvci mgvb| f~ci mgy` mgZj _K hZ Dci DVv
hvq ZZ evqyZi IRb Ges NbZ DfqB nvm cvq| GRb DPZv
ewi mv_ mv_ evqygWjxq Pvc Kg nq| Gfvi ceZki
Dci evqygjxq Pvc mgy` mgZji Pvci cvq 30%| mRb ewk wP 5.4
DPZvq DVj kvm-ckvm bIqv KKi nq| Avevi ewk DPZvq evqygjxq Pvci Pq gvbyli iPvc ewk
_vK ej bvK w`q i coZ cvi| AvRKvj wegvb hLb ewk DPZvi wbgPvc Aj w`q Do hvq ZLb
Gi AfZi hvx`i myweav_ ^vfvweK Pvc eRvq ivLvi eev Kiv nq|
f~c _K hZ Dci DVv hvq ZZ evqygjxZ Pvc Kg| DPZvi mv_ evqygjxq Pvci cwieZb jLwP
`Lvbv njv (wP 5.4)|

5.5| evqygjxq Pvci cwieZb I AvenvIqv

Change in atmospheric pressure and weather
Kvbv vb mgqi m m evqygjxq Pvci cwieZb NU| Gi KviY evqyZ DcwZ Rjxq evi
cwigvYi nvmew Z_v evqyi NbZi cwieZb nq| Avgiv evqygjxq Pvci cwieZb eySZ cvwi evivwgUvii
cvi`Zi DPZvi cwieZb `L|
92 c`v_wevb

1| evivwgUvii cvi`Zi DPZv axi axi KgZ _vKj evSv hve evqyZ Rjxq evi cwigvY
axi axi evoQ| KviY Rjxq ev evqyi Pq nvjKv| G ewcvZi mvebv AvQ|
2| nVvr hw` cvi`Zi DPZv Lye Kg hvq Ze eySZ ne Pviw`K evqygji Pvc mnmv Kg MQ
Ges H vb wbgPvci mw nqQ| cvkeZx DPPvci vb _K cej eM evqy H wbgPvci
Aj QyU Avme| myZivs Soi mvebv AvQ|
3| evivwgUvi cvi`Zi DPZv axi axi evoj eySZ ne evqygj _K Rjxq ev AcmvwiZ
nQ Ges evZvm mB vb AwaKvi KiQ| myZivs; AvenvIqv I cwivi _vKe| Gfve
evqyi Pvci cwieZb evivwgUvi viv wbYq Ki AvenvIqvi c~evfvm `Iqv hvq|

5.6| wi Ziji ga Kvbv we`yZ Pvc

Pressure at a point in a liquid at equlibrium
Zij c`v_i wfZi Kvbv we`yZ Pvc ejZ wVK H we`yi Pviw`K cwZ GKK dji Dci j^fve
Abyf~Z ejK eySvq| 5.5 bs wP GKwU cv wKQz cwigvY Zij c`v_ AvQ|
aiv hvK, cvi f~wgi dj = A
Ziji NbZ = U
Ziji MfxiZv = h
AwfKlR ZiY = g
Avgiv Rvwb, Pvc = ej y dj
GLvb A dj chy ej = Ziji IRb
= Ziji fi u g
= Ziji AvqZb u NbZ u g
= Ziji dj u Ziji MfxiZv uNbZ u g
wP 5.5
=AhU g
? Pvc, p = A hU g / A
ev Pvc, p = hU g (5.3)
Avevi hnZz g ayeK ZvB, p v hU
A_vr wi Ziji Afi Kvbv we`yZ Pvc H we`yi MfxiZv I NbZi
mgvbycvwZK| myZivs Ziji MfxiZv evoj Pvc evo Ges NbZ evojI
Pvc evo| MfxiZv evoj Pvc evo weavq wP ewk MfxiZvi wQ` _K
wbMZ Ziji eM ewk (wP 5.6)|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 5.4 : GKwU cv Kivwmb AvQ| Kivwmbi
DcwiZj _K 75 cm Mfxi Kvbv we`yZ Pvci gvb wbYq Ki| wP 5.6
Kivwmbi NbZ 800 kg m-3.
Avgiv Rvwb, `Iqv AvQ'
p = hUg Ziji MfxiZv,
h = 75 cm= 0.75 m
= 0.75 mu800 kg m-3u9.8 ms-2 = 5880 Pa
Ziji NbZ, U = 800 kg m-1
D: 5880 Pvc p = ?
c`v_wevb 93

5.7| cevnxi Pvc I ceZv

Pressure of a fluid and buoyancy
h c`v_ cevwnZ nq ev nZ cvi ZvK cevnx (fluid) ej| Zij I evqexq G `yB kwYi c`v_ cevnxi Afy|
cevnxi Pvc: Kvbv Zj wi Aevq _K cevnx Zvi cwZ GKK dj j^fve h ej cqvM Ki Zvi
gvbK cevnxi Pvc ej| hw` GKwU Zji dj A Ges cevnx KZK j^fve chy ej F nq Zvnj Pvc,
F
p=A.

ceZv : cvwbc~Y GKwU KjwmK cvwbi ga mivbv hZ mnR, cvwbZ bv iL mivbv ZZ mnR bq| cvwbi
ga Wye Aevq KjwmwU ek nvjKv gb nq KviY Kjwmi Dci GKwU DagyLx ej KvR Ki|
Zij ev evqexq c`v_ AvswkK ev m~Yfve wbgwZ Kvbv ei Dci Zij ev
evqexq c`v_ j^fve h DagyLx ej wqv Ki ZvK ceZv ej| ceZvi gvb
ei wbgwZ Ask KZK AcmvwiZ Zij ev evqexq c`v_i IRbi mgvb nq|
ceZvi gvb :
Ziji ga Kvbv KwVb eK wbgwZ Kij ei cwZ we`yZ megyLx Pvc
Abyf~Z ne| aiv hvK A cQ`i Ges h DPZvi GKwU wmwjvi PQRS| GUv U
wP : 5.7
NbZi cevnxZ m~Y wbgwZ AvQ (wP : 5.7)| Ziji gy Zj _K wmwjvii
Dcii Ges wbPi ci MfxiZv h_vg h1 I h2
myZivs h = h2 - h1
wmwjvii Dcwi c PQ-G Zij KZK wbggyLx ej, F1 = Ah1Ug
wmwjviwUi wbg c SR- G Zij KZK DagyLx ej, F2 = Ah2 Ug
wmwjvii ec Zij KZK chy cvkPvc cii wecixZgyLx I mgvb weavq bvKP nq hvq|
myZivs jw DagyLx ej ev ceZv -
= F2- F1
= Ah2 Ug Ah1 Ug
= A(h2-h1) Ug
= AhUg
= (hA) Ug
= VUg, [ V = hA = wmwjvii AvqZb]
= e KZK AcmvwiZ cevnxi IRb|
myZivs wbgwZ ei Dci wqviZ DagyLx ej ev ceZv e KZK AcmvwiZ cevnxi IRbi mgvb| GB
EagyLx eji RbB Zij wbgwZ e IRb nvivq ej gb nq|

5.8 ei fvmb I wbgb

Floatation and immersion of a body
wi Zij Kvbv eK Qo w`j ewUi Dci GKB m `ywU ej wqv Ki-
1| ei IRb W1 Lvov wbPi w`K wqv Ki
94 c`v_wevb

2| wbgwZ ei Dci Ziji ceZv W2 Dj^fve Icii w`K wqv Ki|

ei fvmb I wbgbi wZbwU Aevi mw nZ cvi-
K) hw` W1 > W2 nq, A_vr hw` ei IRb Ziji ceZvi Pq ewk nq
Zvnj e Zij Wye hve|
G ei IRb e KZK AcmvwiZ Ziji IRb Acv ewk|
L) hw` W1 = W2 nq, A_vr ei IRb Ziji ceZvi mgvb nq Zvnj
wP 5.8
ewU Zij m~Y wbgwZ Aevq fvme| G ei IRb,
e KZK AcmvwiZ Ziji IRbi mgvb|
M) hw` W1 < W2 nq, A_vr hw` ei IRb Ziji ceZvi Pq Kg nq Zvnj ewU Zij AvswkK
wbgwZ Aevq fvm| G ei IRb e KZK AcmvwiZ Ziji IRbi Pq Kg|
5.9 AvwKwgwWmi m~
Archemedes Law
Avgv`i cvZwnK Rxebi AwfZv _K `LZ cvB h Kvbv KwVb eK
cvwbZ Wzevj nvv ej gb nq| Gi KviY Wze ei Dci GKUv EagyLx ej ev
ceZv KvR Ki| wLc~e ZZxq kZvxZ wMK `vkwbK AvwKwgwWm Avwevi Kib
h, Kvbv eK wi Zij A_ev evqexq c`v_ AvswkK ev m~Y Wyevj
ewU wKQy IRb nvivq ej gb nq| GB nvivbv IRb ewUi viv wP 5.9
AcmvwiZ Zij ev evqexq c`v_i IRbi mgvb|

cixY : GKwU e bvI hvi IRb Rvbv| Gevi ewUK GKwU nvjKv myZvq eua Kvbvq Kvbvq cvwb fwZ
eo weKvii ga WyevI| Gi dj wKQy cvwb DcP coe| cvwbZ wbgwZ Aevq ewUi IRb bvI| Rvbv
IRb _K GB IRb weqvM Ki AvcvZ IRb nvm ei Ki| Gevi DcP cov cvwbi IRb ei Ki| `Lv hve
ei IRbi AvcvZ nvmi cwigvY AcmvwiZ Ziji IRbi mgvb| Gfve Avgiv AvwKwgwWmi bxwZi
GKUv mnR cgvY cZ cvwi|

wnmve Ki : GKwU AvqZvKvi eKi Zj`ki dj 25 cm2, GK cvwbi ga Wyevbv njv| cvwbi
NbZ 1000 kg m-3| cvwbi DcwiZj _K eKi Dcii ci MfxiZv = 5 cm, eKi DPZv 2 cm. nj
1| eKi DcwiZj cvwbi Pvc p1 ei Ki
2| eKi Zj`k cvwbi Pvc p2 ei Ki
3| eKi DcwiZj cvwb Kx cwigvY ej cqvM Kie?
4| eKi wbgZj cvwb Kx cwigvY ej cqvM Kie? djvdj Zvgvi ge wjL|
evsjv`k bc_ `~NUbvi KviY:
Avgv`i `k cvqB b-`~NUbv NU| GKUv bhvb hLb Zwi Kiv nq ZLb Zvi AvKwZ I AvKvi Ggb nq
h cvwbZ fvmvj Wye AskUzKz KZK AcmvwiZ cvwbi IRb bhvbi IRbi mgvb| GLb hZ hvx DVe
ZZ bhvbwU fvix ne Ges cvwbi ga WyeZ _vKe| aviY gZvi ewk hvx DVj mUv Wye hve| hnZz
b`xZ mvZ _vK, XD _vK ZvB aviYgZvi Pq eis wKQy Kg hvx wbq ev AvenvIqvi mZK msKZ
c`v_wevb 95

AbymiY Ki mZKKZvi mv_ bhvb Pvjvbv DwPZ| bhvbi wUc~Y bvi RbI AbKmgq fiK`
cwiewZZ nq `~NUbv NUvq| KLbI AwZwi hvx nq bhvb DVv wVK bq|

5.10| cvmKji m~
Pascals Law
Kvbv Ave Zij ev evqexq c`v_i Kvbv Ask Pvc cqvM Kij mB Pvc mew`K mvwjZ nq| cvmKj
Pvci G mvjb mK wbgv m~ c`vb Kib
Ave cv Zij ev evqexq c`v_i Kvbv Aski Dci evBi _K Pvc cqvM Kij mB Pvc wKQy gv bv
Kg Zij ev evqexq c`v_i mew`K mgvbfve mvwjZ nq Ges Zij ev evqexq c`v_i msjM cvi Mvq
j^fve wqvKi|
cvmKji m~i MvwYwZK evLv : ejewKiY bxwZ
Ave Zij c`v_i z`Zg Aski Dci wcb viv Kvbv ej cqvM Kij Gi eng wcb mB eji
eb ewk ej chy nZ cvi| GK ej ewKiY bxwZ ej|
aiv hvK, C1 I C2 `ywU wmwjvi (wP 5.10)| G`i cQ`i dj h_vg A1 I A2| wmwjvi `ywU
GKwU bj viv mshy Ges cZK wmwjvi GKwU Ki wcb wbwQ`fve jvMvbv AvQ| GLb wmwjvi `ywU
h Kvbv Zij c`v_ c~Y Ki hw` QvU wcb F1 ej
F
cqvM Kiv nq Zvnj H wcb Abyf~Z Pvci gvb A1 |
1

cvmKji m~vbymvi G Pvc Zij c`v_ viv mew`K

F
mvwjZ ne| myZivs eo wcb chy DPvc A1 ne|
1

G Pvci Rb eo wcb Abyf~Z DgyLx ej ne, Pvc

F1 wP 5.10
u dj ev A1 uA2 Gi mgvb| myZivs eo wcb
Abyf~Z DagyLx ej F2 nj,
F1
F2 = A uA2
1

F2 A2
?F =A (5.4)
1 1

KvRB eo wcbi cQ`i dj hZ ewk ne ejI ZZ ewk Abyf~Z ne| QvU wcbi Pq eo
wcb hw` 100 Y eo nq Zvnj QvU wcb 1 wbDUb ej cqvM Kij eo wcb 100 wbDUb DagyLx
ej Abyf~Z ne|
96 c`v_wevb

5.11| wwZvcKZv: cxob I weKwZ

Elastcity : stress and strain
mvaviY AwfZv _K Avgiv Rvwb GKUv ievii wdZv Uvbj Zv `N eo hvq| Avevi Uvb Qo w`j
c~bivq c~ei `N wdi cvq ev wdi cZ Pv Ki| GLvb Uvbv A_ ej cqvM Kiv Avi `N eo hvIqv
A_ weKZ nIqvq| g~jZ : hLbB e weKZ nq ZLbB ei wfZi GKUv evav`vbKvix eji mw nq hvi
Rb c~ei Aevq wdi AvmZ mP nq|
evwnK ej cqvM Ki Kvbv ei AvKvi ev AvqZb ev Dfqi cwieZbi Pv Kij, h agi Rb ewU GB
cPvK evav `q Ges ej AcmvwiZ nj e Zvi c~ei AvKvi ev AvqZb wdi cvq mB agK wwZvcKZv
ej| h me c`v_i GB ag AvQ Zv`iK wwZvcK c`v_ ej| Ze eji GKwU mxgv AvQ, hvi ewk ej cqvM
Kij e Avi c~ei AvKvi wdi cvq bv| GB mxgvK wwZvcK mxgv ej|
hLb wwZvcK ei Dci evwnK ej cqvM Kiv nq ZLb ei AYyjv cii _K mi hvq| Zvi dj
ei `N, AvqZb ev AvKwZi cwieZb NU| GKK `Ni ev GKK AvqZbi GB cwieZbK weKwZ ej|
evwnK eji cfve Kvbv ei ga weKwZi mw nj wwZvcKZvi Rb ei wfZi GKwU cwZiva
eji De nq| GB cwZiva ej evwnK ejK evav`vbi Pv Ki| ei wfZi GKK dj j^fve
DyZ G cwZivaKvix ejK cxob ej|
Ki m~ (Hookes law) : wevbx ievU K wwZvcKZvi g~jm~wU Avwevi Kib| GB m~vbymvi-
wwZvcK mxgvi ga cxob weKwZi mgvbycvwZK|
MvwYwZKfve
cxob u weKwZ
? cxob = ayeK u weKwZ
cxob
ev, weKwZ = ayeK

GB ayeKwUK ei Dcv`vbi wwZvcK Yv ej| DjL h weKwZi Kvbv GKK bB| cxobi GKK
N m-2| wwZvcK Yvi GKKI N m-2|
5.12| c`v_i AvYweK MwZZ
Molecular Kinetic Theory of Matter
c`v_i AYyjv MwZkxj Aevq AvQ, GB aviYv ai bIqvB
c`v_i AvYweK MwZZi g~j welq| wbgewYZ ^xKvhjvi Dci
c`v_i AvYweK MwZZ cwZwZ:
1| h Kvbv c`v_ AmsL z` z` KYvi mg^q MwVZ|
wP 5.11
GB KYvjvK c`v_i AYy ej|
2| AYyjv GZv z` h Zv`iK we`yer weePbv Kiv nq|
3| c`v_i KYvjv me`v MwZkxj|
c`v_wevb 97

4| Mvmi AYyjv ek `~i `~i _vK, G Rb Zv`i ga Kvbv AvKlY ev weKlY ej KvR Ki
bv ejjB Pj| Ziji AYyjv wKQyUv `~i `~i _vKjI Zv`i ga AvKlY ej KvR Ki Ges
ZijK cvi AvKvi aviY KiZ eva Ki| KwVb c`v_i KYvjv Lye KvQvKvwQ _vK Ges
Zv`i gvS Zxe AvKlY ej KvR Ki weavq KwVb c`v_i wbR^ AvKvi I AvqZb _vK|
5| Mvm I Ziji KYvjv Gjvgjv QzUvQzwU Ki GRb Giv ciii mv_ Ges cvi
`qvji mv_ msNl wj nq
5.13| c`v_i cvRgv Aev
Plasma state of matter
c`v_i PZz_ Aevi bvg cvRgv| GB cvRgv njv AwZ DP Zvcgvvq AvqwbZ Mvm| cvRgvi eo Drm nQ
m~h| ZvQvov Abvb bjvI cvRgvi Drm| cvq KqK nvRvi wWwM mjwmqvm Zvcgvvq cvRgv Aevi
Drcw nq| Mvmi bvq cvRgvi Kvbv wbw` AvKvi ev AvqZb bB| cvRgv KYvjv Zwor Avavb enb
Ki ZvB cvRgv Zwor cwievnx wnme KvR Ki| wk KviLvbvi cvRgv UP w`q avZe c`v_ KvUv nq|

Abymvb 5.1
KwVb ei NbZ wbYq
Dk : h Kvbv AvKvii Nbei NbZ wbYq Kiv|
hcvwZ : gvcPvO, wbw, hKvbv AvKvii Nbe
Z : Kvbv KwVb e hZUzKz vb `Lj Ki _vK ZvK H eZzi AvqZb ej| Avi ei GKK AvqZbi
fiK Zvi NbZ ej|
Kvbv KwVb eK Zij c`v_ m~Y Wzevj Zvi wbRi
AvqZbi mgvb Zij vbPyZ Ki| KwVb eK cvwbZ
Wzevbvi c~e I ci gvcPvOi cvwbi DcwifvMi cvV h_vg
V1 cm3 Ges V2 cm3 nj KwVb ei AvqZb,
V = (V2 - V1 ) cm3 ... ... ... (1)
GLb ei fi M gm nj, Gi NbZ,
M gm M
d = V cm3 = V 103 kg m-3 ... (2)
wP 5.12

KvRi aviv :
1. GKwU wbwi mvnvh cixYxq KwVb ewUi fi wbYq Ki|
2. gvc PvOi AaK cvwb viv c~Y Ki cvwbi DcwifvMi cvV bvI|
3. KwVb ewUK myZv w`q ea mveavb PvOi cvwbZ WzevI hb Zv PvOi Zjvq Aevb Ki| GB
Aevq cvwb wi nj Gi DcwifvMi cvV bvI|
4. gvcPvO wewfb cwigvY cvwb wbq 2 I 3 bs cwqv cybivew Ki cvV QK Dcvcb Ki|
5. cqvRbxq wnmvei mvnvh KwVb ei AvqZb wbYq Ki 2 bs mgxKiYi mvnvh NbZ wbYq Ki|
98 c`v_wevb

ei fi I AvqZb wbYqi QK:

cheY msLv KwVb ei fi cvwbi cvwbi KwVb ei Mo AvqZb
M DcwifvMi DcwifvMi cvV AvqZb V cm3
gm cvV, eK eZzK V = (V2 -
Wzevbvi Wzevbvi V1 ) cm3
3
c~e V1 cm ci V2 cm3
1
2
3

wnmve:
KwVb ei AvqZb V = (V2 - V1) cm3 = . 10-6 m3
M
KwVb ei NbZ d = V 103 kg m-3

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPwb ck :
1| evqyPvc cwigvci hi bvg Kx ?
K) _vgvwgUvi L) evivwgUvi
M) gvbvwgUvi N) wmmgvwgUvi
2| Ziji Pvci cwigvY Kx ne ?
K) MfxiZvi mgvbycvwZK L) dji mgvbycvwZK
M) NbZi evbycvwZK N) AwfKlxq ZiYi mgvb
3| c`v_i PZz_ Aevi bvg Kx?
K) Mvm L) cvRgv
M) KwVb N) Zij
wP _K wbPi 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI :

4| cvi wbgZj Kx cwigvY Pvc Abyf~Z ne ?

K) 98 Pa L) 980 Pa
M) 196 Pa N) 1960 Pa
5| hw` cvi gyL F ej cqvM Kiv nq Ze G ej-
i. aygv cvi Zjvq Pvc cqvM Kie
ii. aygv cvi e Zj Pvc cqvM Kie
iii. cvi mKj w`K Pvc cqvM Kie
c`v_wevb 99

wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i L. ii
M. iii N. i, ii I iii

(L) mRbkxj ck :
wP `L wbPi ckjvi Di `vI :

K) NbZ Kvj ej ?
L) wP ewUi Gfve fm _vKvi KviY evLv Ki|
M) ewUi NbZ wbYq Ki|
N) Ziji Zvcgvv gvMZ ewi djvdj evLv Ki|
(M) mvaviY ck :
1| ej, Pvc I dji mK Kx?
2| NbZ KvK ej? Gi GKK Kx?
3| evqygjxq Pvc KvK ej?
4| Uwimwji k~bvb wK cKZ c k~b? evLv Ki|
5| Ziji Pvc I DPZvi ga mK wbYq Ki|
100 c`v_wevb

l Aavq
ei Dci Zvci cfve
EFFECT OF HEAT ON SUBSTANCES

[Zvc GKcKvi kw hv c`v_i AYyi MwZi mv_ mwKZ| Zvcgvv nQ Zvckw Kvb w`K cevwnZ ne Zvi GKwU
wb`kK| Zvc cqvM ev AcmviY KwVb c`v_i AvKvii cwieZb NU, Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwiewZZ nq Ges
evqexq c`v_i AvqZb I Pvci cwieZb NU| Zvc cqvM ev AcmviY c`v_ GK Aev _K Ab Aevq icvwiZ
nq| ei Dci Zvci G mKj cfve GB Aavq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|]
GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-
1. Zvc I Zvcgvv evLv KiZ cvie|
2. c`v_i ZvcgvwK ag evLv KiZ cvie|
3. dvibnvBU, mjwmqvm Ges Kjwfb ji ga mK weklY KiZ cvie|
4. ei AfixY kw ewi mvc Zvcgvv ew evLv KiZ cvie|
5. c`v_i Zvcxq cmviY evLv KiZ cvie|
6. KwVb c`v_i `N, dj Ges AvqZb cmviY evLv KiZ cvie|
7. Ziji AvcvZ Ges cKZ cmviY evLv KiZ cvie|
8. c`v_i Aevi cwieZb Zvci cfve evLv KiZ cvie|
9. Mjb, evxfeb I Nbxfeb evLv KiZ cvie|
10. Mjbv I zUbv evLv KiZ cvie|
11. Mjbvi Dci Pvci cfve evLv KiZ cvie|
12. zUb I evvqb evLv KiZ cvie|
13. Mjb Ges evxfebi myZvc evLv KiZ cvie|
14. evvqb kxZjxKiYi KviY evLv KiZ cvie|
15. evvqbi Dci wbqvgKi cfve evLv KiZ cvie|
16. AvcwK Zvc I ZvcaviY gZv evLv KiZ cvie|
17. Zvc cwigvci g~jbxwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
c`v_wevb 101

6.1 Zvc I Zvcgvv

Heat and temperature
Zvc :
Zvc njv GK cKvi kw hv Vvv I Migi Abyf~wZ RvMvq| Zvc DZi e _K kxZjZi ei w`K
cevwnZ nq| myZivs DZvi cv_Ki Rb h kw GK e _K Ab eZ cevwnZ nq ZvK Zvc ej|
c`v_i AYyjv me mgq MwZkxj Aevq _vK| ZvB G`i MwZkw AvQ| Kvbv c`v_i gvU Zvci
cwigvY Gi gawZ AYyjvi gvU MwZkwi mgvbycvwZK| Kvbv eZ Zvc c`vb Kiv nj AYyjvi MwZ
eo hvq dj MwZkwI eo hvq|
Zvci GKK : SI cwZZ Zvci GKK njv Ryj (J)| c~e Zvci GKK wnmve Kvjwi (Cal) eeZ
nZv| Kvjwi Ges Ryji ga mK njv 1 cal = 4.2 J|

KvR :
Uwej iwZ wZbwU cv A, B, C jej `vI|
cvjvi A-Z K Zvcgvvi cvwb Ges C -Z
ek Mig cvwb (Ze Zvgvi nvZ mnbxq) bvI| B
-Z LvwbKUv Mig I K Zvcgvvi cvwb gkvI|
Gevi A -cv Zvgvi Wvb nvZ Ges C- cv evg
nvZ WzevI| GK wgwbU ci nvZ `ywU DVvI Ges
GKmv_ `yB nvZ B -cv WzevI| Gevi Zvgvi `yB
wP 6.1
nvZi Abyf~wZ Kx ?

hw`I C- cv GKwU wbw` Zvcgvvi cvwb AvQ ZeyI Wvb nvZ Mig Ges evg nvZ Vvv Abyf~Z ne|
KviY Wvb nvZ AvM h cvwbi ga Wzevbv wQj Zvi Pq B Gi cvwbi Zvcgvv ewk| Abyi~cfve evg nvZ
Vvv Abyf~Z ne KviY evg nvZ AvM h cvwbi ga Wzevbv wQj Zvi Pq B Gi cvwbi Zvcgvv Kg|
Zvcgvv
Zvcgvv nQ Kvbv ei Ggb GK Zvcxq Aev hv wbaviY Ki H ewU Ab ei Zvcxq msk Gj
ewU Zvc nvive bv MnY Kie|
ZvcgvvK Ziji gy Zji mv_ Zzjbv Kiv hZ cvi|
Avgiv Rvwb DPZi Zj _K Zij me`v wbZi Zji w`K
cevwnZ nq| wP A cvi Ziji DPZv B cvi Ziji
DPZvi Pq ewk| wK A cv Ziji cwigvY Kg Ges B
cv Ziji cwigvY ewk| c KK S Lyj w`j A cv _K
B cv Zij cevwnZ nZ _vKe hZY bv Dfq cvk Ziji
DPZv mgvb nq| Zgwbfve Zvcxq mshvM vcb Kij DZi
e _K kxZjZi eZ Zvc cevwnZ nq hZY bv Dfqi
Zvcgvv mgvb nq|
wP 6.2
h ei Zvcgvv ewk m Zvc nvivq Avi h ei Zvcgvv Kg
102 c`v_wevb

m Zvc MnY Ki| Zvcgvv cwigvci hi bvg _vgvwgUvi|

Zvcgvvi GKK: AvRvwZK cwZZ Zvcgvvi GKK Kjwfb (K)|
Kjwfb : h wbw` Zvcgvv I Pvc cvwb wZb AevZB A_vr eid, cvwb Ges Rjxq evi~c Aevb Ki
ZvK cvwbi awe`y (Triple Point) ej| GB awe`yi Zvcgvv 273 K aiv nq| cvwbi awe`yi
1
Zvcgvvi 273.16 fvM K GK Kjwfb (1 K) ej|

6.2 c`v_i ZvcgvwK ag

Thermometric properties of matter
Zvcgvv cwigvci c`v_i wekl wekl agK KvR jvMvbv nq| Zvcgvvi ZviZgi Rb c`v_i
h ag wbqwgZfve cwiewZZ nq Ges GB cwieZb j Ki mnR I m~fve Zvcgvv wbicb Kiv hvq mB
agKB c`v_i ZvcgvwK ag ej| H c`v_K ZvcgvwK c`v_ ej| _vgvwgUvii ga ZvcgvwK c`v_
eenvi Kiv nq|
ZvcgvwK agjv nQ c`v_i AvqZb, iva, Pvc BZvw`| cvi` _vgvwgUvii KvPi KwkK bji
wfZi iwZ cvi`K ZvcgvwK c`v_ Ges cvi` `NK ZvcgvwK ag ejv nq| GKBfve Mvm
_vgvwgUvii ae AvqZb cv iwZ MvmK ZvcgvwK c`v_ Ges Mvmi PvcK ZvcgvwK ag ejv
nq|
6.3 : mjwmqvm, dvibnvBU I Kjwfb ji ga mK
Relation between Celsius, Farenheit and Kelvin scale
Kvbv ei Zvcgvv mwVKfve wb`k Kivi Rb Zvcgvvi GKwU j cqvRb| Zvcgvvi j Zwii
Rb `ywU wbw` ZvcgvvK wi ai bIqv nq|GB Zvcgvv `ywUK wiv ej| wiv `ywU-
wbgwiv I Eawiv| cgvY Pvc h Zvcgvvq we eid Mj cvwb nq A_ev we cvwb Rg eid
nq ZvK wbgwiv ej| GK wngv ev eid we`yI ej| Avevi cgvY Pvc dzU we cvwb h
Zvcgvvq Rjxq ev cwiYZ nq ZvK Eawiv ej| EawivK zUbvsK ev evwe`yI ej|
wiv`ywUi gaeZx Zvcgvvi eeavbK gwjK eeavb ej| gwjK eeavbK bvbvfve fvM Ki
Zvcgvvi wewfb j Zwi Kiv nqQ|Zvcgvvi cPwjZ j wZbwU : mjwmqvm, dvibnvBU I Kjwfb|
mjwmqvm, dvibnvBU I Kjwfb j Zvcgvvi GKK
h_vg 0C, 0F Ges K| mjwmqvm j wbg wiv
00 C, dvibnvBU j 320F Ges Kjwfb j 273
K| Dawiv mjwmqvm j 1000F, dvibnvBU
j 2120F Ges Kjwfb j 373K |
Zvcgvvi wewfb ji ga mK vcb :
wbgwiv A Ges Eawiv B wPwZ GKwU
_vgvwgUvi bIqv njv (wP 6.3)| Zvici mjwmqvm,
dvibnvBU I Kjwfb j `vMvwZ Aviv wZbwU
_vgvwgUvi cvkvcvwk ivLv njv| AB _vgvwgUvii P
Aevbi cvV Aci wZbwU j h_vg C, F Ges K|

wP 6.3
c`v_wevb 103

PA
myZivs GB wZb j PA `~iZ h_vg C-0, F-32 Ges K-273| Avevi BA aeK nIqvq jLv hvq,

PA C-0 F-32 K-273

BA =100-0 =212-32 =373-273
C F-32 K-273
ev, 100 = 180 = 100

C F-32 K-273
ev, 5 = 9 = 5 (6.1)

mgxKiY (6.1) njv mjwmqvm,dvibnvBU I Kjwfb ji ga mK wb`k Ki|

Ze mjwmqvm I Kjwfb ji mnR mK njv- mjwmqvm ji cvVi mv_ 273 hvM Kij
Kjwfb j cvV cvIqv hvq| hgb 10C Zvcgvv = (1+273) K = 274K Zvcgvv|
Ze Zvcgvvi cv_K 10C nj mUv 1K Gi mgvb ne|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 6.1 : my gvbyli `ni Zvcgvv 98.40
F | mjwmqvm j GB Zvcgvv KZ ne? `Iqv AvQ,
Avgiv Rvwb dvibnvBU j Zvcgvv,
F =98.40 F
C F-32 mjwmqvm j Zvcgvv, C = ?
5= 9
C 98.4-32
ev 5 = 9
ev C = 36.890 C
Di : 36.890 C
6.4 ei Zvcgvv ew I AfixY kw
Raise of temperature and internal energy of a body
c`v_i AvYweK MwZZi wfwZ Avgiv Rvwb h, c`v_i AYyjv me`v MwZkxj| KwVb c`v_i AYyjv
GKvb _K Gw`K-Iw`K w`Z nq| Zij I Mvmxq c`v_i AYyjv Gjvgjvfve QzUvQzwU Ki|
AYyjvi GB MwZi Rb MwZkwi mvi nq| Avevi KwVb c`v_i AYyjvi ga AvKlY-weKlY ej AvQ
ej wefekw AvQ| Mvmxq c`v_i AYyjvi ga AvKlY-weKlY ej bB ej wefekw bB| c`v_i
AYyjvi MwZkw I wefekwi mgwK AfixY kw ej| Z AfixY kwi GK Ask MwZkw Aci
Ask wefekw| Kvbv eZ Zvcxq kw c`vb Kij Zvi AfixY kw evo| Ze AfixY kwi
MwZkw AskUzKz aygv Zvcgvv ew NUvq|
6.5 c`v_i Zvcxq cmviY
Thermal expansion of substance
cvq mKj c`v_B Zvc cqvM cmvwiZ nq Avi Zvc AcmviY msKzwPZ nq| hLb Kvbv e D nq, ZLb
ewUi cZK AYyi Zvckw Z_v MwZkw ew cvq| KwVb c`v_i ejvq AvtAvYweK eji wecixZ
AYyjv Aviv ewaZ kwZ w`Z nZ _vK dj mvgvev _K AYyjvi miY ew cvq| wK Kvbv
104 c`v_wevb

AYy Gi mvgvev _K mi hvevi mgq Uvb Abyfe Ki| A_vr, AYywU hLb cvkeZx AYyi KvQvKvwQ hZ Pvq
ZLb weKlY Abyfe Ki| Avevi AvtAvYweK `~iZ hLb ew cvq ZLb AvKlY Abyfe Ki| Zvcgvv ewi
KviY KwVb ei AYyjv w`Z nZ _vK Ze Zv mij Qw`Z `b bq| Gi KviY, `yB AYyi ga
`~iZ mvgvevi Zzjbvq hw` Kg hvq Zvnj weKlY ej `Z ew cvq| wK G`i ga `~iZ mvgvevi
Zzjbvq ew cj AvKlY ej ZZ `Z ew cvq bv|dj Zvcgvv ew cvevi dj KwVb ei ga AYyjv
hLb KvucZ _vK ZLb GKB kw wbq wfZi w`K hZUv mi AvmZ cvi, evBii w`K Zvi Pq ewk
mi hZ cvi| Gi dj cZK AYyi Mo mvgvevb evBii w`K mi hvq Ges ewU cmviY jvf
Ki|Zij c`v_i ejvq AvtAvYweK eji cfve Kg ej Zvci KviY Gi cmviY ewk nq| evqexq
c`v_i ejvq Zvcgvv ewi dj AYyjvi QzUvQzwU ew cvq| Zvcxq cmviY Mvmxq c`v_ mePq ewk,
Zij Zvi Pq Kg Ges KwVb c`v_ mePq Kg|
6.6 KwVb c`v_i cmviY
Expansion of solids
Zvc cqvM Kij KwVb c`v_i `N, dj Ges AvqZb ew cvq|
KwVb c`v_i `N cmviY I `N cmviY mnM:
KwVb eZ Zvc cqvM Kij wbw` w`K `N eivei h cmviY nq ZvK ewUi `N cmviY ej|
aiv hvK, T1 Zvcgvvq Kvbv `i `N l1 Zvcgvv ew Ki T2 nj kl `N = l2,
`N ew = l2 l1
Ges Zvcgvv ew = T2 T1
`N cmviY mnM viv cKvk Kiv nq hvi ivwkgvjv
l2-l1
= l ( - ) (6.2)
1 2 1

`N ew
=
Avw` `N Zvcgvvi ew wP 6.4
6.2 bs mgxKiY hw` Avw` `N l1 =1m Ges Zvcgvv ew
T2  T1 = 1 K nq Ze,
= l2 l1 = `N ew
myZivs 1 m `Ni Kvbv KwVb c`v_i `i Zvcgvv 1 K ewi dj hZUzKz `N ew cvq ZvK H
`i Dcv`vbi `N cmviY mnM ej| Gi GKK K-1| Zvgvi `N cmviY mnM 16.7 u 10-6 K-1 ejZ
eySvq h 1 m `Ni Zvgvi `i Zvcgvv 1 K ew Kij Gi `N 16.7 u 10-6 m ew cvq|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 6.2 : 200C Zvcgvvq GKwU BvZi `i `N 100 m| 500 C Zvcgvvq Gi `N
100.033 m nj BvZi `N cmviY mnM wbYq Ki|
c`v_wevb 105

l -l `Iqv AvQ,
Avgiv Rvwb, `N cmviY mnM, = l (2 -1 )
1 2 1
Avw` `N, l1 = 100 m
0.033 m
= 100 m30K kl `N, l2 = 100.033 m

= 11 u 10-6 K-1 Avw` Zvcgvv, T1 = 20qC

kl Zvcgvv, T2 = 50qC
Zvcgvv ew, T2 - T1 = 30K
`N ew, l2 l1 = 0.033m
`N cmviY mnM, D = ?

cheY: ij jvBb hLvb `ywU jvnvi evi wgwjZ nq mLvb duvK _vK Kb?

i`i Zvc I PvKvi NlY jvnv D nq cmvwiZ nq| GB

cmviYi myweavi Rb dvuK ivLv nq|dvuK bv _vKj cmviYi Rb ij
jvBb euK hve|
cmviY I cmviY mnM:
GKwU KwVb ei Zvcgvv ew Kij Gi dj ew cvq| GK wP 6.5
cmviY ej| aiv hvK T1 Zvcgvvq Kvbv KwVb c`v_i ci
Avw` dj=A1
Zvcgvv ew Ki T2 Kij kl dj= A2
myZivs Zvcgvv ew= T2 -T1
dj ew= A2 A1
cmviY mnMK E viv cKvk Kiv nq hvi ivwkgvjv
A -A
E = A (2 - 1 ) (6.3) wP 6.6
1 2 1

dj ew
=
Avw` dj u Zvcgvvi ew
6.3 bs mgxKiY hw` Avw` dj A1= 1 m2 Ges Zvcgvv ew (T2 -T1) = 1 K nq Ze
E = A2- A1= dj ew|
myZivs 1 m2 dji Kvbv KwVb c`v_i Zvcgvv 1 K ewi dj hZUzKz dj ew cvq ZvK H
ei Dcv`vbi cmviY mnM ej| Gi GKK K-1|
Zvgvi cmviY mnM 33.4 u 10-6 K-1 ejZ eySvq h 1 m2 dji Kvbv Zvgv Li Zvcgvv 1 K
ew Kij Zvi dj 33.4 u 10-6 m2 ew cvq|
106 c`v_wevb

AvqZb cmviY I AvqZb cmviY mnM

Kvbv KwVb c`v_i Zvcgvv ew Kij Gi AvqZb ew cvq| GK
AvqZb cmviY ej|
aiv hvK, Kvbv KwVb c`v_i Avw` AvqZb V1 Ges Avw` Zvcgvv
T1|
Gi Zvcgvv evwoq hLb T2 Kiv njv ZLb AvqZb ew cq V2
wP 6.7
njv| myZivs AvqZb ew = V2 - V1| Zvcgvv ew= T2 -T1|
AvqZb cmviY mnMK J viv cKvk Kiv nq hvi ivwkgvjv wbic,
2 V -V
1
J = V ( (6.4)
1 2- 1)

AvqZb ew
=
Avw` AvqZb Zvcgvvi ew
6.4 bs mgxKiY hw` Avw` AvqZb V1 = 1 m3 Ges Zvcgvv ew T2 -T1 = 1 K nq Ze
J = V2- V1 = AvqZb ew|
myZivs 1 m3 AvqZbi Kvbv KwVb c`v_i Zvcgvv 1 K ewi dj hZUzKz AvqZb ew cvq ZvK H
ei Dcv`vbi AvqZb cmviY mnM ej|
Zvgvi AvqZb cmviY mnM 50.1 10-6 K-1 ejZ eySvq 1 m3 AvqZbi Zvgvi Zvcgvv 1 K ew Kij
AvqZb 50.1 10-6 m3 ew cve|
G`i ga mK :
J = 3D Ges E=2D
6.7 Zij c`v_i cmviY
Expansion of liquid
Zij c`v_i wbw` `N ev dj bB| Ze wbw` AvqZb AvQ| Ziji Zvcgvv ew Kij Gi
AvqZb ew cvq| myZivs Ziji cmviY ejZ Ziji AvqZb cmviYKB evSvq| Zvcgvv ewi mv_ mv_
mKj Zij mgvb nvi ew cvq bv| GKB Zvcgvv ewi Rb mg-AvqZbi wewfb Zij c`v_i cmviY
wewfb nq|
cixv :
j^v bjhy mgAvqZbi I mgAvKvii KqKwU KvPi evj bIqv
njv| GZ mgAvqZb cvwb, AvjKvnjv, Kivwmb,B_vi cfwZ
KqKwU Zij bIqv njv (wP : 6.8) Gevi GKwU AcvKZ eo cv
K Zvcgvvi cvwb wbq Zvi ga GB evjjvK Dj^fve vcb Kiv
njv| me KwU evji ga Ziji DcwiZj GKB _vKe| GLb cv
wKQz Mig cvwb Xvjv njv| wKQzY ci hLb evjjv DP Zvcgvv cv
wP : 6.8
c`v_wevb 107

ne ZLb `Lv hve evji bj Ziji DcwiZj GKB DPZvq bB, wewfb bj Ziji DPZv wewfb| G
_K evSv hvq h wbw` Zvcgvv ewZ mgAvqZbi wewfb Ziji AvqZb cmviY wewfb nq|
6.8 Ziji cKZ I AvcvZ cmviY
Real and apparent expansion of liquids
ZijK me`v Kvbv cv iL D KiZ nq| Zvc cqvM Kij Zij I cv DfqiB cmviY NU| GB
KviY Ziji h cmviY Avgiv j Kwi Zv Zvi cKZ cmviY bq - AvcvZ cmviY| myZivs Ziji cmviY
`yB cKvi :
K) cKZ cmviY I L) AvcvZ cmviY
cKZ cmviY : ZijK Kvbv cv bv iL (hw` me nq) Zvc w`j Zvi h AvqZb cmviY nZv ZvK
Ziji cKZ cmviY ej| Ze Zv me bq dj cvi cmviY weePbv Ki cKZB Ziji hUzKz cmviY
NU ZvB cKZ cmviY| GK Vr viv cKvk Kiv nq|
AvcvZ cmviY : Kvbv cv Zij iL Zvc w`j Ziji h AvqZb cmviY `LZ cvIqv hvq, A_vr cvi
cmviY weePbvq bv Gb Ziji h cmviY cvIhv hvq ZvK Ziji AvcvZ cmviY ej| GK Va viv cKvk
Kiv nq|
cKZ cmviY I AvcvZ cmviYi ga mK :
GKUv `vM KvUv mi bjwewk KvPi evj wbq Zvi A `vM ch Kvbv Zij viv c~Y Kiv njv| GLb Zij
i w`K j iL evjwUK Mig Kij `Lv hve h, Ziji DcwiZj A _K B `vM ch bg Avm|
Zvici Avevi B `vM _K i Ki A `vM AwZg Ki C `vM ch IV| Gi KviY Zvc cqvM c_g
evjwUi AvqZb ew cvq| hvi Rb Zij A _K B Z bg hvq| ci Zij hB Mig nq mB Zvi AvqZb
ew i nq Ges B _K C ch IV| KwVb c`v_i Pq Ziji cmviY ewk weavq Gi~c NU| AvcvZ
`wZ gb ne Zij c_g A `vM ch wQj Ges mekl C `vM DVQ| ZvB CA njv AvcvZ cmviY|
CB njv cKZ cmviY Ges AB njv cvi cmviY|
wP _K `Lv hvq h,
CB = CA + AB
ev cKZ cmviY = AvcvZ cmviY + cvi cmviY
Vr = Va + Vg (6.5)
6.9 c`v_i Aevi cwieZb Zvci cfve
Effect of heat on change of state.
c`v_ wZbwU Aevq _vKZ cvi| hgb- KwVb, Zij I evqexq| cvwbi wZbwU
Aev Avgiv mKjB Rvwb- eid, cvwb I Rjxqev| G wZbwU AevK h_vg wP 6.9
KwVb, Zij I evqexq ejv nq| cvwbi GB Aevjv wbfi Ki evqyPvc I
Zvcgvvi Dci|
Kvbv KwVb c`v_K Zvc cqvM Ki Zij cwiYZ Kiv hvq, GK Mjb ej| c_g Zvc w`j ei
Zvcgvv evoZ _vK Ges GK chvq Zvc cqvM KijI ei Zvcgvv evo bv| G mgq h Zvc e
kvlY Ki Zv viv KwVb c`v_wU Zij cwiYZ nq| 00C Zvcgvvi wbPi eidK Zvc w`Z _vKj Zvcgvv
108 c`v_wevb

ew cq 0qC -G Avme| Gi ci Zvc w`j Zvcgvv ew cve bv wK eid Mj 00C Zvcgvvi

cvwbZ cwiYZ nZ _vKe| KwVb Aev _K Zij Aevq icvii mgq c`v_ h Zvc kvlY Ki Zv
Zvi AvtAvYweK eb fvOZ KvR Ki|
00C Zvcgvvi D cvwbK Avi Zvc cqvM Kij Zvcgvv evoZ _vK| Avevi GK chvq Gm cvwb hLb
Rjxqev cwiYZ nZ _vK ZLb Avi Zvcgvv evo bv| GB mgq cvwb Zvc kvlY Ki evqexq Aevq
icvZwiZ nq| GI Ziji AvtAvYweK eb fvOZ Zvci cfve we`gvb| wecixZg evqexq c`v_
_K Zvc AcmviY Ki ZvK c_g Zij Ges Zij _K Zvc AcmviY Ki ZvK KwVb cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
myZivs c`v_i Aevi cwieZb Zvci cfve DjLhvM|
6.10 Mjb, evxfeb I Nbxfeb
Fusion,vaporization and condensation
Mjb
Zvc cqvM KwVb c`v_K Zij cwiYZ KivK Mjb ej| h wbw` Zvcgvvq KwVb c`v_ MjZ iy Ki
mB ZvcgvvK Mjbv ej| mg c`v_ bv Mjv ch GB Zvcgvv wi _vK|
evxfeb
c`v_i Zij Aev _K evxq Aevq cwiYZ nIqvi NUbvK evxfeb ej| GB evxfeb `ywU cwZZ
nZ cvi-
(i) evvqb (Evaporation) I
(ii) zUb (Boiling)
evvqb:
h Kvbv Zvcgvvq Ziji aygv DcwiZj _K axi axi ev cwiYZ nIqvi cwqvK evvqb ej|
KgKv:
GKwU evwUZ wKQyUv cvwb wbq Zvgvi Nii GK KvY iL `vI| `yB GKw`b ci `L cvwbi Kx nqQ?
`Lv hve evwUi cvwb Kg MQ GB cvwb Kgvi KviY Kx?
Nii ZvcgvvZI cvwb Rjxqev cwiYZ nqQ| ZvB cvwb Kg MQ| GUvB evvqb|
zUb : Zvc cqvM GKU wbw` Zvcgvvq Ziji mKj vb _K `yZ ev cwiYZ nIqvi NUbvK zUb
ej| h wbw` Zvcgvvq Kvbv Ziji zUb nq, ZvK H Ziji zUbv ej| zUbvi gvb Pvci
Dci wbfi Ki|
cixv:
hw` wKQy cwigvY cvwb cv wbq Mig Kiv nq Ze `Lv hve Zvcgvv ew cq cvwb GKwU wbw`
Zvcgvvq dzUZ i KiQ Ges Rjxq ev i~cvwiZ nQ GUvB zUb| myZivs evSv Mj Zij h
Kvbv Zvcgvvq evqexq Aevq hZ cvi Avevi zUbvi ZvcgvvqI evqexq Aevq hZ cvi|
Nbxfeb :
DZvi nvm NwUq Kvbv c`v_i evqixq Aev _K Zij Aevq icvZwiZ nIqvi cwqvK Nbxfeb
ej|
c`v_wevb 109

6.11 Mjbvi Dci Pvci cfve

Effect of pressure on boiling point
wbR Ki `Lv : `yB UzKiv eidK GK m wbq wKQyY Rvi Pc ai Qo `vI| Kx `LZ
cvQ? UzKiv `yBwU Rvov jM wMqQ| Kb?

eid UzKiv `yUvi kZj Pvc covq mLvb Mjbv Kg hvq A_vr Mjbv
0qC Gi Pq Kg nq| wK kZji DZv 0qC _vK| ZvB kZji
eid Mj hvq| Mjvi Rb cqvRbxq Zvc eid _K msMnxZ ne| Pvc AcmviY
Kij Mjbv cybivq 0qC- nq|
ZvB kZji eid Mjv cvwb Rg eid cwiYZ nq| GB
KviY Pvc cqvM Kij `yB UzKiv eid GK UzKivq cwiYZ nq| wP 6.10

Pvc w`q KwVb eK Zij cwiYZ Ki I Pvc nvm Ki Avevi

KwVb Aevq AvbvK cybtwkjxfeb ej|
c`v_i Dci Pvci nvm-ewi Rb Mjbv cwiewZZ nq| Pvci Rb Mjbv cwieZb `yB fve nZ cvi|
x KwVb _K Zij icvii mgq hme c`v_i AvqZb nvm cvq (hgb eid), Pvc evoj Zv`i
Mjbv Kg hvq A_vr Kg Zvcgvvq Mj|
x KwVb _K Zij icvii mgq hme c`v_i AvqZb eo hvq (hgb gvg), Pvc evoj Zv`i
Mjbv eo hvq A_vr ewk Zvcgvvq Mj|
6.12 Mjbi myZvc I evxfebi myZvc
Latent heat of fusion and Latent heat of vaporisation
Mjbi myZvc: Avgiv Rvwb, Zvc cqvMi dj KwVb c`v_i Zvcgvv hLb Mjbv cQvq ZLb m~Y
c`v_ Zij i~cvwiZ nIqv ch Zvcgvvi Avi cwieZb nq bv| GLvb h cwigvY Zvc KwVb c`v_K
Zij Aevq icvZi Kij ZvB Mjbi myZvc|
GB Zvc ei Zvcgvvi cwieZb Ki bv wKz AvtAvYweK eb wkw_j KiZ eq nq|
evxfebi myZvc: Zij c`v_K Zvc cqvM KiZ _vKj hLb Zvcgvv zUbv Pj Avm ZLb hZB
Zvc cqvM Kiv nvK bv Kb m~Y Zij ev i~cvwiZ nIqv ch Zvcgvv wi _vK| GLvb h
cwigvY Zvc Zij c`v_K evxq Aevq icvZi Kij ZvB evxfebi myZvc|
evvqb kxZjZvi De: Migi w`b bZzb gvwUi KjwmZ cvwb ivLj H cvwb Vvv nq| gvwUi Kjwmi Mvq
AmsL wQ` _vK H wQ` w`q me`v cvwb PzBq evwni Avm I ev cwiYZ nq| GRb cqvRbxq myZvc
Kjwmi cvwb mieivn Ki Ges Vvv nq|
KvP ev wcZji cv cvwb ivLj Zv Vvv nq bv| KviY, H cvi Mvq wQ` _vK bv Ges evvqbi Kvbv
myhvM mw nq bv|
Gevi ej Zvgvi `n _K hLb Nvg ei nq; ZLb cvLvi evZvm Vvv Abyf~Z nq Kb?
110 c`v_wevb

6.13 wewfb welqi Dci evvqbi wbfikxjZv

Dependence of evaporation on various factors
wbgwjwLZ welqi Bci evvqb wbfi Ki :
evqy cevn : Ziji Dci evqy cevn ew cj evvqb `yZ nq|
Ziji DcwiZji
dj : Ziji DcwiZji dj hZ ewk nq, evvqb ZZ `yZ nq|
Ziji cKwZ : wewfb Ziji evvqbi nvi wewfb| Ziji zUbv Kg nj evvqbi nvi ewk
nq| Dvqx Ziji evvqbi nvi mevwaK|
Ziji Dci Pvc : Ziji Dci evqygji Pvc evoj evvqbi nvi Kg hvq| Pvc Kgj evvqbi nvi
evo| k~bvb evvqbi nvi mevwaK|
Zij I Zij msjM
evqyi DZv : Zij I Zij msjM evqyi DZv evoj evvqb `yZ nq|
evqyi Zv : Zij c`v_i DcwiZji evZvm hZ ne, A_vr evqyZ hZ Kg cwigvY Rjxq
ev _vKe evvqb ZZ `zZ ne| kxZKvj evqy _vK ej wfRv Kvco ZvovZvwo
Kvq|
6.14 ZvcaviY gZv
Thermal capacity
Kvbv ei Zvcgvv 1K evovZ h cwigvY Zvci cqvRb ZvK H ei ZvcaviY gZv ej|
ZvcaviYgZv ei Dcv`vb Ges fii Dci wbfikxj| Gi GKK JK-1| Kvbv ei ZvcaviYgZv 10
JK-1 ejZ eySvq h H ei Zvcgvv 1K evovZ 10 J Zvci cqvRb|
Kvbv ei Zvcgvv 'T evovZ aiv hvK Q cwigvY Zvc jvM| myZivs 1K Zvcgvv evovZ Zvc
Q
jvM= 'T |
Q
myZivs ZvcaviY gZv, C = 'T (6.6)

6.15 AvcwK Zvc

Specific heat GLvb, C = ZvcaviY gZv,
Q = kwlZ Zvc
1kg fii ei Zvcgvv 1K evovZ h cwigvY Zvci cqvRb nq ZvK
'T = Zvcgvv cwieZb
H ei Dcv`vbi AvcwK Zvc ej| AvcwK ZvcK s viv cKvk Kiv
m = ei fi
nq|
C 1 Q Q
MvwYwZKfve, AvcwK Zvc S nj, S = m = m =
'T m'T
(6.7)
GKK: AvcwK Zvci GKK J kg-1 K-1
mxmvi AvcwK Zvc 130 J kg-1 K-1 ejZ eySvq 1 kg mxmvi Zvcgvv 1 K evovZ 130 J Zvci cqvRb|
c`v_wevb 111

c`v_ AvcwK Zvc (J kg-1 K-1)

cvwb 4200
eid 2100
Rjxq ev 2000
mxmv 130
400
Zvgv
230
icv

6.16 AvcwK Zvc I ZvcaviY gZvi mK

Relation between specific heat and thermal capacity
Avgiv Rvwb, Kvbv ei Zvcgvv 1 K evovZ h Zvci cqvRb nq ZvK H ei Zvc aviY gZv ej|
Avevi hw` ei Dcv`vbi AvcwK Zvc S nq, Ze GKK fii ei Zvcgvv 1 K evovZ S Ryj Zvci
cqvRb nq|
AZGe,
1 kg ei Zvcgvv 1 K evovZ Zvci cqvRb= S Ryj

m kg 1K = mS Ryj
GUvB mkg fii ei Zvc aviY gZv|
AZGe, ZvcaviY gZv C= mS Ryj (6.8)

ev, ZvcaviY gZv= fi u AvcwK Zvc

ZvcaviY gZv
myZivs, AvcwK Zvc= fi
GUvB, AvcwK Zvc I ZvcaviY gZvi mK|

6.17 KvjwiwgwZi g~jbxwZ

Fundamental principle of calorimetry
wfb Zvcgvvi `ywU eK Zvcxq msk Avbv nj Zv`i ga Zvci Av`vb-c`vb nq| h ei Zvcgvv
ewk m Zvc eRb Kie Avi h ei Zvcgvv Kg m Zvc MnY Kie| Zvci GB MnY I eRb PjZ
_vKe hZY bv Dfqi Zvcgvv mgvb nq|
hw` MnY I eRbi mgq Kvbv Zvc b bv nq, Ze ewk Zvcgvvi e h cwigvY Zvc eRb Kie Kg
Zvcgvvi e mB cwigvY Zvc MnY Kie|
A_vr gvU ewRZ Zvc = gvU MwnZ Zvc (6.9)
GUvB KvjwiwgwZi g~jbxwZ|
112 c`v_wevb

Abymvb bs 6.1
eidi Mjbv wbYq|
Dk : eidi Mjb cheY I Mjbvi mv_ Zvcgvvi mK wbYq I jLwP Ab|
hcvwZ: mjwmqvm _vgvwgUvi, eid, v, evYvi, weKvi, cIqvP|
KvhcwZ : 1. wKQy eid wbq P~Y Ki GKwU weKvi ivL|
2. _vgvwgUviK mZKZvi mv_ eid P~Yi ga WyevI hvZ evjwU eidi ga _vK wK
weKvii Mvq bv jvM|
3. Zvc cqvM Ki axi axi Zvcgvv iKW KiZ ne|
4. cwZ wgwbU Zvcgvv iKW Ki hZY ch me eid bv Mj hvq|
5. Dcii wbqg eid m~Y Mj cvwb nevi ciI Zvc w`Z _vKv hZY bv Zvcgvv 20 C-
25 C nq| cwZ wgwbU Zvcgvv wjwce Ki|
6. cv Z_i AvjvK Zvcgvv ebvg mgq jLwP Ab Ki|
7. jLwP ev Mvd _K eidi Mjbv ei Ki|
8. jLwPi cKwZ AvjvPbv Ki|

Abymvb bs 6.2
cixvi bvg: cvwbi zUbv wbYq|
Dk : cvwbi zUb cheY I zUbvi mv_ Zvcgvvi mK wbYq Kiv|
hcvwZ: _vgvwgUvi, evbvi, weKvi, c IqvP|
KvhcwZ: 1. GKwU weKvi K Zvcgvvi cvwb bvI Ges weKvii cvwbZ _vgvwgUviwU Ggbfve vcb Ki
hb evjwU weKvii Mvq bv jvM|
2. evbvii mvnvh cvwbZ Zvc `vI Ges 1 wgwbU ci ci cvwbi Zvcgvv ew iKW Ki|
3. j Ki cvwbi Zvcgvv 100qC nIqvi ci Avi hZB Zvc ew KiQ Zvcgvv ew cvQ bv|
4. cv Z_i AvjvK Zvcgvv-mgq jLwP Ab Ki|
5. jLwP _K eidi Mjbv wbYq Ki|
6. jLwPi cKwZ AvjvPbv Ki|
Zvcgvv ebvg mgq jLwP (Graph) Ab|
c`v_wevb 113

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPbx ck
mwVK DiwUi cvk wUK () wP `vI|
1| ij jvBb wbgvYi mgq `yUv ij hLvb wgwjZ nq mLvb GKUz dvuKv ivLv nq Kb ?
K. jvnv mvkq Kivi Rb|
L. MxKvj ijjvBbi Zvcgvv ew nvm Kivi Rb|
M. ijMvwo Pjvi mgq LU LU k Kivi Rb|
N. Zvcxq cmviYi Rb ij jvBbi weKwZ cwinvi Kivi Rb|
2| Ngv `n cvLvi evZvm Avivg `q Kb ?
K. cvLvi evZvm Mvqi Nvg ei nZ `q bv ZvB
L. evvqb kxZjZvi mw Ki ZvB
M. cvLvi evZvm kxZj Rjxq ev aviY Ki ZvB
N. cvLvi evZvm mivmwi jvgK~c w`q kixi XzK hvq ZvB|
3| myZvci gvag
i. ei Zvcgvv ew nq|
ii. ei Aevi cwieZb nq|
iii. ei AfixY kw ew cvq|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i L. ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wPi mvnvh 5 I 6 bs cki Di `vI

4| m~Y eid MjZ KZ mgq jMwQj ?

K. 2 wgwbU L. 4 wgwbU
M. 6 wgwbU N. 8 wgwbU
5| MwjZ cvwbi Zvcgvv zUbv cQvZ cqvRbxq mgq KZ wgwbU
K. 6 L. 8
M. 12 N. 18
mRbkxj ck :
1| `ywU e`ywZK LywUi gaeZx `~iZ 30 m| LywU `ywUi mv_ 30.01m `Ni Zvgvi Zvi hw`b mshvM
`qv nq H w`b evqyi Zvcgvv wQj 30o C | Zvgvi `N cmviY mnM 16.7 10-6 K-1| kxZKvj
hw`b evqyi Zvcgvv 4o C njv mw`b ZviwU wQo Mj|
K. cvwbi awe`yi msv `vI|
L. `ywU ei Zvc mgvb njI G`i Zvcgvv wfb nZ cvi wK? evLv Ki|
M. evqyi ZvcgvvK dvibnvBU j cKvk Ki|
N. ZviwU wQo hvevi KviY MvwYwZK hywmn evLv Ki|
114 c`v_wevb

mg Aavq
Zi I k
WAVES AND SOUND

[cyKzii cvwbZ wXj Qyoj Avgiv Zi `LZ cvB| Zi kwK GK vb _K Ab vb eq wbq hvq|
k GK cKvi Zi| k kw Avgv`iK keYi Abyf~wZ RvMvq| ki gvagB Avgiv Z_ ciY KiZ
cvwi| ZvB k Avgv`i Rxebi mv_ IZcvZfve RwoZ| Avevi k `~lY Avgv`i gvivZK wZ Ki| GB
Aavq Avgiv Zi, k, ki cwZawb, ki eM, k `~lY cfwZ wbq AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

1. Zii ewk evLv KiZ cvie|
2. Zimswk ivwkmg~ni ga mij MvwYwZK mK vcb Ges cwigvc KiZ cvie|
3. k Zii ewk evLv KiZ cvie|
4. cwZawb mw evLv KiZ cvie|
5. `bw`b Rxeb cwZawbi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
6. ki eM, Kv Ges Zi `Ni MvwYwZK mK vcb Ges Zv _K ivwkmg~n
cwigvc KiZ cvie|
7. ki eMi cwieZb evLv KiZ cvie|
8. kveZvi mxgv I G`i eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
9. ki cxP I ZxZv evLv KiZ cvie|
10. k `~lYi KviY I djvdj Ges cwZivai Kkj evLv KiZ cvie|
c`v_wevb 115

7.1 chve MwZ, `b ev Qw`Z MwZ

Periodic motion, oscillatory or harmonic motion
chve MwZ : Kvbv MwZkxj eKYvi MwZ hw` Ggb nq h, GwU Gi
MwZc_i Kvbv wbw` we`yK wbw` mgq cici GKB w`K _K AwZg
Ki Ze mB MwZK chve MwZ ej| Nwoi KvuUv Ges e`ywZK cvLvi MwZ
evKvi chve MwZ| ws Gi msKvPb I cmviYi MwZ iwLK chve MwZ|
chve MwZmb Kvbv ei GKwU c~Y chvq mb KiZ h mgq jvM
ZvK chvq Kvj ej| wP 7.1
`b MwZ : chve MwZmb Kvbv KYv hw` Zvi chvq Kvji AaK mgq h w`K Pj,
evKx AaK mgq Zvi wecixZ w`K Pj Ze mB MwZK `b MwZ ej| GKwU wcsK
Kvb `p Aej^b _K Szwjq w`q Zvi wbPi cv GKwU e AvUKvbv nj [wP 7.2]
Gevi hw` ewUK GKUz Lvwb Ub Qo `Iqv hvq, Zvnj ei Dci-wbP `yjZ
_vKe| ewUi GB MwZ njv `b MwZ ev `vjb MwZ ev Kb MwZ| mij `vjKi MwZ,
myikjvKvi Kbi MwZ `b MwZ|

7.2 Zi wP 7.2
Waves
cyKzii wi cvwbZ GKwU wXj Qyo gviv njv| wXjwU hLb cvwbZ AvNvZ Ki ZLb H vbi cvwbi
KYvjv Av`vwjZ nq| GB Av`vwjZ KYvjv cvkeZx wi KYvjvK Av`vwjZ Ki| Gfve KYv nZ
KYvZ vbvZwiZ nq Av`vjb Aekl cyKzii wKbvivq wMq cQvq| cvwbi KYvjv ay Dci wbP
IVvbvgv Ki wK mvgbi w`K AMmi nq bv| cZK KYvi GB
aibi MwZi dj h chve Av`vjb cvwbi Dci w`q Pj hvq
ZvKB Zi ej| cvwbZ Av`vjbi KviY cvwbi KYvmg~n h
hvwK kwi mw nq Zv Kbi gvag GKvb nZ
Abvb mvwjZ nq| myZivs Zi viv kw GKvb _K Ab
vb mvwjZ nq|
h chve Av`vjb Kvbv Ro gvagi GKvb _K Abvb wP 7.3
kw mvwjZ Ki wK gvagi KYvjvK vqxfve vbvZwiZ Ki bv ZvK Zi ej|
KwVb, Zij ev Mvmxq gvag h Zii De nq Zv hvwK Zi| cvwbi Zi,k Zi cfwZ hvwK
Zi| hvwK Zi mvjbi Rb wwZvcK gvagi cqvRb| Avi GK aibi Zi AvQ hv mvjbi Rb
Kvbv gvag jvM bv| Giv njv ZvwoZ P^Kxq Zi|
DjL h eZgvb Aavq Avgv`i AvjvPbv aygv hvwK Zii ga mxgve ivLev| GLvb Zi
ejZ wwZvcK gvag m ZiK eySev|
Zii ewkmg~n wbgic:
1. gvagi KYvjvi `b MwZi dj Zi mw nq wK KYvjvi vqx vbvi nq bv|
116 c`v_wevb

2. hvwK Zi mvjbi Rb gvag cqvRb|

3. Zi GKvb _K Abvb kw mvjb Ki|
4. Zii eM gvagi cKwZi Dci wbfi Ki|
5. Zii cwZdjb I cwZmiY I DcwicvZb NU|
Zii cKvif`:
Zi `yB cKvi: 1) Abyc Zi 2) Aby`N Zi|

KvR : wPi bvq GKUv j^v `wo bvI| `woi GKcv GKwU k Aej^bi mv_ AvUKvI| Aci
cv ai nvZ Dci-wbP ev Wvb-evg mvjb Ki|
`woZ Gevi 7.4 wPi bvq GKwU Zii mw ne| j Ki
nvZi mvjb ev Kbi w`K Dci-wbP ev Wvb-evg wK
Zii MwZi w`K AbyfzwgK| GLvb Kbi w`K Zii MwZi
w`Ki mv_ AvovAvwo ev c eivei| GB ZiB nQ Abyc
Zi| myZivs Avgiv ejZ cvwi, h Zi Kbi w`Ki mv_
j^fve AMmi nq ZvK Abyc Zi ej| cvwbi Zi Abyc
Zii D`vniY| wP 7.4

wP 7.5
GKwU wcsK wPi bvq 7.5 AvUKvbv njv| Gevi Avgiv D wswUi gy cvZ ai wPi bvq mvgb-
wcQ nvZ mvjb Kwi| nvZ mvgbi w`K wbj ws-G GKwU mvPb cevni mw ne Avevi nvZ wcQbi
w`K wbj GKwU cmviY cevni mw ne| mvPb I cmviY cevn mvgbi w`K AMmi nZ _vK| GLvb
nvZi mvjb ev Kb hw`K ZiI mB w`K AMmi nq| A_vr GLvb Kbi w`K Ges Zii MwZi
w`K cii mgvZivj ev GKB| myZivs Avgiv ejZ cvwi, h Zi Kbi w`Ki mv_ mgvZivjfve
AMmi nq ZvK Aby`N Zi ej| evqy gvag ki Zi Aby`N Zii D`vniY|
Abyc Zii mevP I mewb we`yK Zikxl I Zicv` ej| Aby`N Zi Abyi~c ivwk nQ
mvPb I cmviY|
7.3 Zi mswk ivwk
Wave Related Quantities
c~Y `b : Zii Dci Kvbv KYv GKwU wbw` we`y _K hvv iy Ki
Avevi GKB w`K _K mB we`yZ wdi Gj ZvK GKwU c~Y `b ejv nq|
chvqKvj : h mgq ci ci Zii cybivew NU| A_vr h mgq Zii Dci wP 7.6
Kvb KYvi GKwU c~Y `b mb nq ZvK chvqKvj ej| chvqKvjK T viv cKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK
mK (s)|
c`v_wevb 117

wP 7.7

Kv : cwZ mK hZjv c~Y Zi mw nq ZvK Zii Kv ej| Zi mw nq Kbkxj

e _K|ZvB Kbkxj ei Kv Zii Kvi mgvb| Kvi GKK nvR (Hz)| `bkxj
Kvbv eZzKYv GK mK GKwU c~Y `b mb Kij Zvi KvK 1 Hz ej| GK f viv cKvk
1
Kiv nq| Kv I chvqKvji mK njv f =
T
weZvi : Zii mw nZ nj gvagi KYvjv mvgvevbi `yB cvk KwZ nZ ne| mvgvevb
_K h Kvbv GKw`K ZiwZ Kvb KYvi mevwaK miYK weZvi ej| wP a njv weZvi|
`kv : Kvbv GKwU ZivwqZ KYvi h Kvbv gyZi MwZi mvgwMK Aev cKvkK ivwkK Zvi `kv ej|
MwZi mvgwMK Aev ejZ KYvi MwZi w`K, miY, eM,ZiY BZvw` eySvq| Abyc Zii DaP~ovmg~n ev
wbP~ovmg~n me`v GKB `kvq _vK|
wP P Ges P/ ev R I R/ Aevbi KYvjv GKB `kvq AvQ|

wP 7.8
Zi `N : Zii Dci GKB `kvq AvQ Ggb ci ci `ywU KYvi gaeZx `~iZB Zi `N| Kgvb
ei GKwU c~Y Kb h mgq jvM mB mgq Zi hUzKz `~iZ AwZg Ki ZvK Zi `N ej|
Zi `NK viv wPwZ Kiv nq| Gi GKK wgUvi (m)|
wP PP/ ev RR/ ev SS/ `N njv Zi`N |
Zi eM : wbw` w`K Zi GK mK h `~iZ AwZg Ki ZvK Zi eM ej|
7.4 KqKwU mK
A few relations
Kv I chvqKvji ga mK :
Avgiv Rvwb `bkxj eKYv 1 mK hZUv c~Y`b mb Ki ZvK Kv ej| GB KvK f
viv m~wPZ Kiv nq| Avevi chvqKvj T nj
T mK `bi msLv 1wU
1
1 mK ,, ,, T wU
118 c`v_wevb

1
1 mKi GB `b msLvB Kv| myZivs Kbv f = T (7.1)
ZieM I Zi`Ni ga mK :
Avgiv Rvwb 1 mK hZjv c~Y`b mb nq ZvK Kv ej| Avevi 1 wU c~Y `bi mgq
Zii AwZvZ `~iZK Zi`N ej| myZivs Zi`N nj,
1 wU c~Y Kbi mgq Zii AwZvZ `~iZ =
f wU c~Y Kbi mgq Zii AwZvZ `~iZ = f
hnZz Kv f ZvB f wU c~Y Zi Zwi nq 1 mK
myZivs 1 mK Zii AwZvZ `~iZ = f
GUvB ZieM v. myZivs Zi eM
v= f (7.2)
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.1 : GKwU e evZvm h k mw Ki Zvi Zi `N 20 cm| evZvm ki eM
340 ms-1 nj Gi Kv I chvqKvj ei Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb,
eM, v = f `Iqv AvQ,
v 340 ms-1 Zi`N, = 20 cm = 0.2 m
f = = 0.2 m = 1700 Hz ki eM , v = 340 ms-1

1 1 Kv, f = ?
T = f = 1700 s-1 = 0.000588 s chvqKvj, T=?
= 5.88 u 10-4 s
wbYq Kv 1700 Hz ; chvqKvj 5.88 u 10-4 s
7.5 k Zi
Sound Wave
Avgiv Rvwb k GK cKvi kw| GB kw mvwjZ nq k-Zii gvag| k Zi njv GKwU Aby`N
Zi| GB Zi mvjbi mgq gvagi KYvjvi ev Zimg~ni
msKvPb I cmviYi mw nq (wP 7.9)| gvag w`q mvwjZ nq
GB k-Zi Avgv`i Kvb Gm keYi Abyf~wZ RvMvq| DjL h
Drmi Kb Qvov ki Drcw nq bv| myikjvKv, Kvmvi evwU,
zji NUv hLb evR ZLb nvZ w`q AvZ AvZ k Kij
eySZ cvie h IUv KuvcQ| hLb Zzwg K_v ej ZLb hw` Zvgvi
Kbvjx k Ki `Le Zvgvi Kbvjx KuvcQ| wP 7.9

KgKv :
GKwU Kvumvi evwUZ cvwb bvI| evwUK AvNvZ Ki| k bZ cvQv| cvwbZ z` z` XDI `LZ
cvQv| Gevi nvZ w`q evwUwUK aiv| k wK GLb bZ cvQv? cvwbi XD wK AvQ?
c`v_wevb 119

hZY evwUwU k mw KiwQj ZZY mwU KucQ ZvB z` z`

Zii mw nqQ| evwUwUi k _g Mj Zvi KbI _g
MQ Avi XDI _g MQ| myZivs evSv Mj Kgvb e k
mw Ki| wK Kvbv e KuvcjB h Avgiv mB k bZ
cviev Ggb Kvbv K_v bB| ki Drm I kvZvi gvS GKwU
Ro gvag _vKZ ne Ges Drmi Kv 20Hz _K
wP 7.10
20,000Hz Gi ga nZ ne|
k Zii ewk:
Kvbv ezi Kbi dj k Zi mw nq Ges mvjbi Rb wwZvcK Ro gvagi cqvRb nq|
ZvB kK GKwU hvwK Zi ejv nq| GB Zii cevni w`K Ges Kbi w`K GKB ej GwU GKwU
Aby`N Zi| k Zii eM gvagi cKwZi Dci wbfikxj| evqexq gvag Gi eM Kg, Zij Zvi
Pq ewk, KwVb c`v_ Aviv ewk| ki ZxeZv Zii weZvii eMi mgvbycvwZK| A_vr Zii
wevi ewk nj ki ZxeZv ewk ne| k Zii cwZdjb, cwZmiY I DcwicvZb me| ki eM
gvagi Zvcgvv I Av`Zvi DciI wbfikxj|
7.6 cwZawb
Echo
b`xi cvo `uvwoq k Kij wKQyY ci mB ki c~bivew kvbvi AwfZv nqZv Avgv`i AbKiB
AvQ| cvnvo ev `vjvbi KvQ Rvi k Kij Abyic NUbv NU| eo Lvwj Nii GKcvZ awb Kij
wKQyY ci wVK mB k kvbv hvq| Gme NUbv ki cwZdjbi Rb NU|
hLb Kvbv k g~j k _K Avjv`v nq g~j ki cybivew Ki, ZLb H cwZdwjZ kK cwZawb ej|
mnR K_vq cwZdjbi Rb awbi cybivewK cwZawb ej|
cwZdjKi b~bZg `~iZ:
1
Kvbv Yvqx k ev awb Kvb kvbvi ci mB ki ik cvq 10 mK hver Avgv`i gwZ _K hvq|
1 1
GK kvbyfywZi vqxZKvj ej| GB 10 mKi ga Ab k 10 Kvb Gm cuQvj Zv Avgiv Avjv`v Ki
kybZ cvB bv| myZivs Kvbv Yvqx ki cwZawb bZ nj cwZdjKK Drm _K Ggb `~iZ ivLZ ne
1
hvZ g~j k cwZdwjZ nq Kvb wdi AvmZ AZZ 10 mK mgq bq| hw` 00C Zvcgvvq evqyZ ki
eM 332 ms-1 aiv nq Zvnj mK k 33.2 m hvq| myZivs
33.2
cwZdjKK kvZv _K Kgc 2 ev 16.6 m `~iZ ivLZ ne| Gevi
ej Qv Ni ki cwZawb kvbv hvq bv Kb?
7.7 cwZawbi eenvi
Uses of echo
Kci MfxiZv wbYq : cwZawbi mvnvh Lye mnR K~ci ga cvwbi
DcwiZj KZ Mfxi AvQ Zv wbYq Kiv hvq| Kci Dci Kvbv k Drcb
Kij mB k cvwb c _K cwZdwjZ nq wdi Gj cwZawb kvbv hvq| wP 7.11
120 c`v_wevb

GLb k Drcb Kiv I mB ki cwZwawb kvbvi gaeZx mgq _vgv Nwoi mvnvh wbYq Kiv hvq|aiv hvK,
cvwbci MfxiZv = h ,
k Drcb Kiv I cwZawb kvbvi gaeZx mgq = t,
ki eM = v,
GLb k Drcb nIqvi ci cvwb c cwZdwjZ nq kvZvi KvQ wdi AvmZ hnZz 2h `~iZ AwZg Ki
AZGe, 2h = v u t
ev h = v u t/2|
Kzci cvwbci MfxiZv 16.6 wgUvii Kg nj, cwZawb wfwK GB cixvwU Kiv me ne bv|
GKBfve f~-Mfi LwbR c`v_i mvb jvf G cwZi eenvi nQ|
ev`yii c_Pjv :
ki cwZawbi mvnvhB ev`yi c_ Pj| ev`yi PvL `L bv| ev`yi kvi Kvi k Zwi KiZ
cvi Avevi bZI cvi|GB k Avgiv bZ cvB bv| ev`yi kvi Kvi k Zwi Ki mvgb
Qwoq `q| H k Kvbv cwZeK evav cq Avevi ev`yii KvQ Pj Avm|wdi Avmv k b eySZ
cvi h mvgb Kvbv e AvQ wKbv| ev`yi Gfve Zvi wkKviI ai| hw` evav cq k

wP : 7.12
wdi bv Avm Ze eySZ cvi h dvuKv RvqMv AvQ, mB c_ eivei m Do Pj| AbK mgq e`ywZK
Zvii mwVK Aevb wbYq KiZ e_ nj mgvZivj `yB Zvii ga w`q Do Pjvi mgq hB gv abvZK
I FYvZK Zvi (ev mwq I wbic Zvi) ev`yii kixii gvag mshvM cq hvq mB ev`yii kixii
ga w`q we`yr cevwnZ nq Avi m gviv hvq| gvSga e`ywZK Zvi SzjZ giv ev`yi `Lv hvq|
ev`yi cvq 1,00000 nvR KvsKi k Zwi KiZ I bZ cvi|
7.8 ki eMi cwieZb
Variation of velocity of sound
k Drm _K Avgv`i Kvb k AvmZ wKQzUv mgq bq| cwZ mK k hZUv c_ AwZg Ki ZvK
ki eM ej| ki eM KqKwU welqi Dci wbfi Ki|
gvagi cKwZ : wewfb gvag ki eM wewfb| D`vniY ^i~c evqy, cvwb Ges jvnvZ ki eM wfb
wfb| 200C Zvcgvvq evqyZ ki eM 344 ms-1, cvwbZ 1450 ms-1, Avi jvnvq 5130 ms-1|
mvaviYfve ejv hvq evqyZ ki eM Kg,Zij Zvi Pq ewk Avi KwVb c`v_ mePq ewk|
c`v_wevb 121

wbRiv Kiv : `yUv Lvwj wUbi KUv bvI| cvq wek wgUvi j^v wPKb Zvi viv KUv `yUvK mshy
Ki| Zvgvi ez GKUv KUvq gyL jvwMq K_v ejQ| Aci KUvq Zzwg Kvb jvwMq mB K_v kvbvi
Pv Ki|

Zzwg wK K_v bZ cvQv? nuv k bZ cvwQ| GLvb k mvwjZ nQ Zvi viv hv GKwU KwVb c`v_|

wP 7.13

Zvcgvv: evqyi Zvcgvv hZv evo evqyZ ki eMI ZZv evo| GRb kxZKvj Acv MxKvj ki
eM ewk|
wnmve Kiv : 200C Zvcgvvq evqyZ ki eM 344 ms-1| 00C Zvcgvvq eM 332 ms-1
cwZ 10C Zvcgvv ewZ evqyZ ki eM KZUzKz ew cvq?

evqyi Av`Zv : evqyi Av`Zv ew cj ki eM ew cvq| GRb evqyi Pq wfRv evqyZ ki eM

ewk|
7.9 kveZvi mxgv I G`i eenvi
Audibility range and their uses
Avgiv Rvwb, ei Kb Qvov k Drcb nq bv| hw` Kvbv e cwZ mK Kgc 20 evi Kvuc Ze
mB e _K Drcb k kvbv hve| Gfve Avevi Kb hw` cwZ mK 20,000 evi Gi ewk nq
ZvnjI k kvbv hve bv| myZivs Avgv`i Kvb h k kvbv hvq Zvi Kvi mxgv njv 20 Hz _K
20,000 Hz| Kvi GB cvjvK kveZvi cvjv (Audible Range) ej| hw` Kv 20 Hz Gi Kg
nq Ze ZvK kZi (Infrasonic)Kb ej| hw` Kv 20,000Hz Gi ewk nq Ze ZvK kvi
(Ultrasonic) Kb ej| kvi Kvi k gvbyl bZ bv cjI ev`yi, KzKzi, ggvwQi bvq wKQz
wKQz cvYx Drcb KiZ cvi Avevi bZI cvi|

kvi ki cqvM I eenvi :

mgy`i MfxiZv wbYq: mgy`i MfxiZv wbYqi Rb SONAR bvgK h eeZ nq| SONAR Gi c~iv
bvg Sound Navigation And Ranging. GB h kvi Kvi k ciY I MnYi eev
122 c`v_wevb

wP-7.14
AvQ|cvwbi ga GB hi mvnvh kvi Kvi k Drcb Ki ciY Kiv nq Ges GB k mgy`i
Zj`k evuav cq Avevi Dci DV Avmj MvnK hi mvnvh MnY Kiv nq| k ciY I MnYi mgq
iKW Ki weqvM Kij ki fgYKvj ei Kiv nq| aiv hvK GB mgq t Ges mgy`i
MfxiZv d hw` cvwbZ ki eM v nq Ze,
2d = vt
vt
or, d = 2 (7.3)
k hvIqv I Avmv wgj d + d = 2d c_ AwZg Ki| GLb ki eM Rb Dcii mgxKiYi mnvh
mgy`i MfxiZv wbYq Kiv hvq|
Kvcoi gqjv cwivi Kiv: AvRKvj AvaywbK Iqvwks gwkb ei nqQ hvi viv mnR Kvco cwivi Kiv
hvq| cvwbi ga mvevb ev ov mvevb wgwkZ Ki Kvco wfwRq iL mB cvwbi ga kvi Kbi k
ciY Kiv nq| GB k Kvcoi gqjvK evBi ei Ki Avb Ges Kvco cwivi nq hvq|
ivM wbYq : gvbyli `ni AfixY Qwe G-i viv hgb Zvjv hvq Zgb kvi Kbi ki
mvnvh Qwe Zzj ivM wbYq Kiv hvq| GB cwqvi bvg AvvmbvMwd (Ultrasonography)| GB k `ni
Afi ciY Kiv nq Ges cwZdwjZ kK AvjvK kwZ i~cvZi Ki Uwjwfkbi c`vq djv nq| dj
Kvbv ivM _vKj aiv co|
wPwKrmv: `uvZi wjs ev cv_i Zvjvi Rb kvi Kbi k eeZ nq| wKWwbi QvU cv_i
fO ov Ki Zv AcmviYi KvRI GB k eeZ nq|
Abvb KvR: avZe wc ev cvZ m~Zg dvUj Abymvb,m~ BjKUwbK hcvwZ cwivi Kivi KvR,
wZKi ivMRxevYy asmi KvRI kvi Kbi k eeZ nq|
kZi Kvi ki eenvi :
kZi Kbi mxgv nQ 1 Hz _K 20 Hz.| GB Kbi k
gvbyl bZ cvqbv Ze Kvbv Kvbv Rxe-R bZ cvq| nvwZ GB
Kbi k viv wbR`i ga hvMvhvM iv Ki Pj| Kvbvic
weKwZ Qvov GB k e`~i ch hZ cvi| f~wgK Ges cvigvYweK
weviYi mgq GB kZi Kbi mw nq Ges cej SvKzwbi
gvag asm h Pvjvq|
wP 7.15
c`v_wevb 123

MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.3 : b`xi GK cvo `vuwoq GK ew nvZZvwj w`j| IB k b`xi Aci cvo _K wdi
Gm 1.5 s ci cwZawb kvbv Mj|IB mgq evqyZ ki eM 340 ms-1 nj b`xwUi ckZv KZ ?
mgvavb : aiv hvK b`xi ckZv d| myZivs Avgiv cvB,
2d = v . t GLvb,
vt eM v = 340 ms-1
AZGe d = 2 mgq t = 1.5 s,
-1 ckZv d = ?
340 ms 1.5 s
= 2
= 255 m
myZivs b`xi ckZv 255 m

7.10 myihy k I Zvi ewk

Musical sound and its characteristics
Avgiv cwZw`b e iKg k bZ cvB| ivZv w`q hvbevnb PjvPji k, nvUevRvii k,elvKvj ew
covi k,wewfb ev`hi k BZvw` Avgiv cwZw`b b _vwK| GmKj ki wKQy wKQy bZ kywZgayi
jvM Avi wKQz wKQz bZ kywZKUz jvM| Abyf~wZi w`K w`q wePvi Kij kywZgayi k nQ myihy k|
g~jZ k Drmi wbqwgZ I chve Kbi dj h k Drcb nq Ges hv Avgv`i Kvb kywZgayi ej gb
nq ZvK myihy k ej| wMUvi, envjv, evki euvwk cfwZ ev`hi k myihy k|
myihy ki ewk:
myihy ki wZbwU ewk AvQ- i) cvej ev ZxeZv (Loudness or Intensity) ii) ZxZv (Pitch) Ges
iii) Y ev RvwZ (Quality or Timbre)
cvej ev ZxeZv: cvej ev ZxeZv ejZ k KZUv Rvi nQ Zv eySvq| k weZvii AwfgyL j^fve
ivLv GKK dji ga w`q cwZ mK h cwigvY kkw cevwnZ nq ZvK ki ZxeZv ej| SI
cwZZ ki ZxeZvi GKK Wm-2|
ZxZv: myihy ki h ewk w`q GKB cveji Lv`i myi Ges Pov myii ga cv_K eySv hvq ZvK
ZxZv ev cxP ej| ZxZv Drmi Kvi Dci wbfi Ki| Kv hZ ewk nq, myi ZZ Pov nq Ges
ZxZv ev cxP ZZv ewk nq|
Y ev RvwZ: myihy ki h ewki Rb wewfb Drm _K Drcb GKB cvej I ZxZvhy ki ga
cv_K eySv hvq ZvK Y ev RvwZ ej|
cyiyli Mjvi ^i gvUv wK bvix I wki Mjvi ^i Zx Kb?
gvbyli Mjvi ^ih `y'Uv c`v AvQ G`iK ej ^iZx ev Vocal Chord| GB fvKvj KWi Kb
dj Mjv _K k wbMZ nq Ges gvbyl K_v ej| eq cyiyl`i fvKvj KW eqmi m m `p nq
co| wK wk ev bvix`i fvKvj KW `p _vK bv, dj eq cyiyl`i Mjvi ^ii Kv Kg Ges bvix
ev wkky`i ^ii Kv ewk nq| ZvB cyil`i Mjvi ^i gvUv wK wk ev bvix`i K^i Zx|
124 c`v_wevb

7.11 k `~lY
Noise pollution
cviwiK hvMvhvM I fve Av`vb-c`vbi Rb k cqvRb| wK AcqvRbxq k I Kvjvnjv Amn
jvM| wewfb Drm _K Drcb Rvivjv Ges AcqvRbxq k hLb gvbyli mnbkxjZvi gvv Qvwoq weiw
NUvq Ges ^vi wZmvab Ki ZLb ZvK k `~lY ej|
gvBKi Aeva eenvi, Xvji k, evgvevwR, cUKv dvUvbvi AvIqvR, Kj KviLvbvi k, Mvwoi nbi
AvIqvR, DP fjyg PvwjZ Uc iKWvi I Uwjwfkbi k, cyibv Mvwoi Bwbi k, DovRvnvR I Rx
wegvbi Zxe k cfwZ k `~lYi cavb KviY|
Aweivg Zxe k gvbwmK DRbv evovq I gRvR wLUwLU Ki| k `~lY ewg ewg fve, yav g`v, iPvc ew,
`wc I gwZi RwUj ivM,Awb`vRwbZ AmyZv, KvwZ I Aemv`M nq cov, KggZv nvm, wZkw nvm,
gv_v Nviv cfwZ wZKviK cfve mw Ki| nVvr Zxe k gvbyli keYkw b KiZ cvi|
eZgvb k `~lY gvivZK mgmvi mw KiQ| Gi Kej co cvqB Amy ivMx Ges cixv_xiv wZM
nQ| k `~lYi nvZ _K evPuvi Dcvq njv k Kgvbv| Gcm Avgiv wKQz c`c MnY KiZ cvwi|
h Kvbv Drme ev Abyvb DP^i gvBK evRvbv _K weiZ _vKZ ne| Drme cUKv, evwR dvUvbv
cfwZ wbwl KiZ ne| Mvwoi nb Ah_v evRvbv ev Rvi evRvbv cwinvi Kiv DwPZ| Kg k
Drcv`bKvix Bwb ev hcvwZ Zwi Ges jvKvjq _K `~i KjKviLvbv I wegvb e`i vcb KiI Avgiv
k`~lYi nvZ _K invB cZ cvwi| knii gvS gvS Dby RvqMv ivLv Ges ivZvi avi k kvlYKvix
MvQcvjv jvMvbv DwPZ| KjKviLvbvq k kvlY hi eenvi Pvjy Ki Ges RbmPZbZv ew Ki k
`~lY wbqY Kiv me|

Abykxjbx
K.ewbevPbx ck :
mwVK DiwUi cvk wUK ( ) wP `vI|
1| k Kvb& aibi Zi?
K. wZhK Zi L. ZvwoZP^Kxq Zi
M. Aby`N Zi N. eZvi Zi
2| ki eM Kvb& gvag mePq ewk|
K. KwVb L. Zij
M. Mvmxq N. cvRgv
3| e`ywZK jvBb gZ ev`yi Szj _vKZ `Lv hvq Kb ?
i. e`ywZK Zvijvi Aevb Ges gaeZx `~iZ mK ZvrwYKfve my aviYv bv _vKvq|
ii. mvgbi w`Ki kvi Zii cwZawb bZ bv cvIqvq|
iii. ev`yi GKwU Zvi Szj Aci ZviwU k Kivq|
126 c`v_wevb

Ag Aavq

Avjvi cwZdjb
REFLECTION OF LIGHT

[ Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk bvbviKg e `LZ cvB| hLb Kvbv AvjvK Drm _K Avjv mivmwi Avgv`i PvL
Avm ZLb Avgiv DrmwU `LZ cvB| Avevi AvjvK Drm _K wbMZ Avjv Kvbv ei c _K cwZdwjZ nq
hLb Avgv`i PvL Avm ZLbI Avgiv ewU `LZ cvB| Avjv nQ GK cKvi kw ev evwnK KviY hv Avgv`i
`LZ mvnvh Ki ev `kbi Abyf~wZ mw Ki| G Aavq Avgiv Avjvi cKwZ, `cY, Avjvi cwZdjbi m~vejx,
`cYi cKvif`, `cY Kxfve cwZwe^ mw nq, `cYi eenvi I cwZwe^i weeab mK AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

1. Avjvi cKwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
2. Avjvi cwZdjbi m~ evLv KiZ cvie|
3. `cY evLv KiZ cvie|
4. cwZwe^ evLv KiZ cvie|
5. AvjvK iwki wqviLv Ab Ki `cY Avjvi cwZwe^ evLv KiZ cvie|
6. mgZj I Mvjxq `cY cwZwe^ mwi wKQz mvaviY NUbv evLv KiZ cvie|
7. `cYi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
8. weeab evLv KiZ cvie|
9. cwZwe^ mw c`kb KiZ cvie|
10. Avgv`i Rxeb wewfb AvjvKxq NUbvi cfve Ges G`i Ae`vb Dcjw KiZ cvie Ges cksmv KiZ
cvie|
c`v_wevb 127

8.1 Avjvi cKwZ

Nature of light
Avgiv Rvwb, Avjv njv GK cKvi kw hvi gvag Avgiv Kvbv e `LZ cvB| Avgiv hLb Kvbv e
`wL, ZLb e _K Avjv Avgv`i PvL Avm| PvL cwe Avjv PvLi iwUbvq ewUi cwZwe^ mw
Ki Ges RwUj cwqvi gvag Avgv`i gw ewUi Abyic GKwU ei Abyf~wZ mw Ki| cvPxbKvj
nZ gvbyl Avjvi cKwZ mK vb jvfi Pv Ki AvmQ| GK mgq aviYv Kiv nZv Avgv`i PvL nZ
Avjv Kvbv ei Dci co, ZvB Avgiv mB e `LZ cvB| Avmj hLb Kvbv e _K Avjv
Avgv`i PvL Avm, ZLbB Kej Avgiv mB e `LZ cvB|
Avjvi cavb cavb agjv wbgic:

1. Kvbv ^Q mgmZ gvag Avjv mijc_ Pj|

2. Kvbv wbw` gvag Avjv GKwU wbw` eM Pj| k~bvb GB eMi gvb, c = 3 u 108 ms-1|
3. Avjvi cwZdjb, cwZmiY, ewZPvi, AceZb, weQziY Ges mgeZb NU|
4. Avjv GK cKvi kw|
5. Avjv GK aibi ZvwoZP^K Zi|
6. Kvbv Kvbv NUbvq Avjv Zii bvq, Avevi KLbv KLbv Avjv KYvi bvq AvPiY Ki|
8.2 Avjvi cwZdjb
Laws of reflection of light
Avgiv Avgv`i Pvicvk AbK iKg e `L _vwK| G`i KvbvwU Pviw`K Avjv Qovq Avevi KvbvwU
Avjv Qovq bv| h mKj e hgb-m~h,Zviv, Rj gvgevwZ, b BZvw` wbR _K Avjv wbtmiY Ki
Zv`iK ejv nq `xwgvb e| Avevi h mKj e hgb- gvbyl, MvQcvjv, Uwej, `qvj, Qwe, PK evW
BZvw`i wbRi Avjv bB ev wbR Avjv wbtmiY KiZ cvi bv Zv`iK ejv nq `xwnxb e| hLb
`xwgvb e _K Avjv Avgv`i PvL Avm ZLb Avgiv mB ewU `LZ cvB| Avgv`i Pvicvk h
mKj mvaviY e `LZ cvB mjv `xwgvb e bq, ZeyI Avgiv mjv `LZ cvB| Gi KviY nQ
Avjvi cwZdjb| 8.1 wP Zvgiv `LZ cvQv Kxfve Avgiv GKwU `xwgvb e (m~h) Ges GKwU
`xwnxb eK (weovj) `LZ cvwQ| PvL `xwgvb ewUK `LZ cvq Kbbv GwU _K Avjv mivmwi
PvL cek Ki| xwgvb e _K Avmv Avjv weovj _K cwZdwjZ nq Avgv`i PvL cek Ki ej
weovjwU Avgiv `LZ cvB|

`xwgvb

`xwnxb
wP 8.1
128 c`v_wevb

GKwU ^Q I mgm gvag (hgb-KvP) AvjvKiwk mijc_ Mgb Ki Ges GKB eM Pj| wK
AvjvKiwk hLb GK gvag w`q PjZ PjZ Ab GK gvagi Kvbv Zj AvcwZZ nq ZLb `yB gvagi
wef`Zj nZ wKQz cwigvY Avjv Avevi c_g gvag wdi Avm| G NUbvK Avjvi cwZdjb ej|
h c nZ AvjvKiwk cwZdwjZ nq wdi Avm ZvK cwZdjK c ej|
cwZdjbi m~:
AvcwZZ iwk Ges cwZdwjZ iwk `ywU mnR m~ gb Pj-
1. c_g m~: AvcwZZ iwk, cwZdwjZ iwk Ges AvcZb we`yZ cwZdjKi Dci AwZ Awfj^ GKB
mgZj Aevb Ki|
2. wZxq m~: cwZdjb KvY AvcZb KvYi mgvb nq|

wP 8.2: Avjvi cwZdjb

hLb Avjv Kvbv c _K cwZdwjZ nq ZLb Zv AekB cwZdjbi m~ gb Pj| Kvbv c _K
Kxfve Avjv cwZdwjZ ne Zv wbfi Ki cwZdjKi ci cKwZi Dci| cwZdjK ci cKwZi Dci
wbfi Ki cwZdjbK `yBfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. wbqwgZ ev mylg cwZdjb
2. ev ev AwbqwgZ cwZdjb

1. wbqwgZ cwZdjb :
hw` GKQ mgvivj AvjvKiwk Kvbv gmY Zj AvcwZZ nq cwZdjbi ci mgvivj iwkQ ev Awfmvix
ev Acmvix iwkQ cwiYZ nq Ze G aiYi cwZdjbK Avjvi wbqwgZ cwZdjb ej| D`vniY wnme
ejv hvq- hw` GKQ mgvivj AvjvKiwk Kvbv mgZj `cY ev Lye fvjvfve cvwjk Kiv Kvbv avZe
c AvcwZZ nq, Ze cwZdjbi ciI iwkQ mgvivj _vK| G iwkQi cZKwU AvjvKiwki
AvcZb KvYi gvb mgvb Ges wbqwgZ cwZdjbi dj cZKwU iwki cwZdjb KvYiI gvb mgvb nq [
wP 8.3]|

wP 8.3: wbqwgZ cwZdjb wP 8.4 : ev cwZdjb

c`v_wevb 129

2. ev cwZdjb
hw` GKQ mgvivj AvjvKiwk Kvbv Zj AvcwZZ nq cwZdjbi ci Avi mgvivj bv _vK ev Awfmvix
ev Acmvix iwkQ cwiYZ bv nq Ze G aiYi cwZdjbK Avjvi ev ev AwbqwgZ cwZdjb ej|
8.4 wP `Lv hvQ h, GKQ mgvivj AvjvKiwk GKwU AgmY Zj AvcwZZ nQ| G iwkjv
AgmY Zji wewfb AvcZb we`yZ wewfb AvcZb KvY AvcwZZ nq, dj GmKj iwki AvbylwK cwZdjb
KvYjvI wewfb nq| hvi dj cwZdwjZ iwkjv Avi mgvivj _vK bv| Avgv`i Pvicvk h mKj ey
`LZ cvB, Zv`i AwaKvski c gmY bq| djkywZZ Avgv`i PvL h mKj cwZdwjZ iwk cek Ki
Zviv ev cKwZi| hvi dj ejv Avgv`i wbKU Dj bv nq Abyj `Lvq| Lvwj PvL `Lv
AwaKvsk c AvcvZ`wZ gmY gb njI cKZc G mKj c gmY bq| hLb AbyexY h viv G
mKj c `Lv nq ZLb Zv evSv hvq|
8.3 `cY
Mirror
`cY njv Ggb GKwU gmY Zj hLvb Avjvi wbqwgZ cwZdjb NU| `cY Avjvi cwZdjbi dj `cYi
mvgb vwcZ ei GKwU cwZwe^ MwVZ nq|
GKwU gmY Zj cwZdjK AviY w`q `cY cZ Kiv nq| mvaviYZ KvPi GK c avZzi cjc jvwMq
`cY Zwi Kiv nq| KvPi Dci cvi` ev iycvi cjc jvMvbvi GB cwqvK cviv jvMvbv ev wmjfvwis ejv
nq| avZzi cjc jvMvbv ci wecixZ cwU G cwZdjK c wnme KvR Ki| GQvovI wi cvwb
c, gmY eid BZvw`I `cYi bvq KvR Ki _vK|
`cY cavbZ `yB cKvi| h_v-
1. mgZj `cY
2. Mvjxq `cY
mgZj `cY
cwZdjK cwU hw` gmY I mgZj nq Ges ZvZ Avjvi wbqwgZ cwZdjb NU,Ze m cK mgZj `cY
ej| Avgiv mPivPi h `cY ev Avqbv eenvi Ki _vwK| mwU njv mgZj `cY|
Mvjxq `cY
cwZdjK cwU hw` gmY Ges Mvjxq nq A_vr cwZdjK cwU hw` Kvbv MvjKi Askwekl nq Ges ZvZ
Avjvi wbqwgZ cwZdjb NU Ze ZvK Mvjxq `cY ej| 8.5 I 8.6 wP MvjKxq `cY `Lvbv nqQ|
GKwU KvPi dvcv MvjKi LvwbKUv Ask KU wbq hw` Zvi GK c cviv jvMvbv nq, Ze Mvjxq `cY
Zwi nq| Mvjxq `cY Avevi `yB cKvi| h_v-
1. AeZj `cY
2. Dj `cY
AeZj `cY: Kvbv MvjKi AeZj c hw` cwZdjKi~c KvR Ki A_vr Avjvi wbqwgZ cwZdjb hw`
Mvjxq `cYi AeZj c nZ msNwUZ nq Ze m `cYK AeZj `cY ej| G MvjKi KU bqv
Aski Dj c cviv jvwMq AeZj `cY Zwi Kiv nq [wP 8.5]| AeZj `cY GKwU Awfmvix `cY Kbbv
130 c`v_wevb

mgvivj AvjvKiwk AeZj `cY AvcwZZ nIqvi ci cwZdwjZ nq GKwU we`yZ AwfmvixZ nq ev GK
wgwjZ nq|

wP 8.5: AeZj `cY wP 8.6: Dj `cY

Dj `cY: Kvbv MvjKi Dj c hw` cwZdjKi~c KvR Ki A_vr Avjvi wbqwgZ cwZdjb hw` Mvjxq
`cYi Dj c nZ msNwUZ nq, Ze m `cYK Dj `cY ej| G MvjKi KU bIqv Aski
AeZj c A_vr wfZii w`K cviv jvwMq Dj `cY Zwi Kiv nq [wP 8.6]|
Dj `cY GKwU Acmvix `cY, KviY mgvivj AvjvKiwk Dj `cY AvcwZZ nq cwZdwjZ nevi ci
Acmvix iwkQ cwiYZ nq A_vr Qwoq co Ges KLbB GKwU we`yZ wgwjZ nq bv|
Mvjxq `cY msv KqKwU msv
giy (Pole) : Mvjxq `cYi cwZdjK ci gawe`yK `cYi giy ej| 8.7 wP P `cYi giy| AeZj
`cYi cwZdjK ci mePq wbPz we`y Ges Dj `cYi cwZdjK ci mePq DPz we`yB
`cYi giy|
eZvi K` : Mvjxq `cY h MvjKi Askwekl, mB MvjKi K`K H `cYi eZvi K` ej| 8.7
wP C we`y `cYi eZvi K`|
eZvi evmva : Mvjxq `cY h MvjKi Ask, mB MvjKi emvaK H `cYi eZvi evmva ej| 8.7
wP PC ev MC njv Mvjxq `cYi eZvi evmva| eZvi evmvaK r viv cKvk Kiv nq|

wP 8.7: Mvjxq `cY

cavb A : Mvjxq `cYi giy I eZvi K`i ga w`q AwZgKvix mijiLvK `cYi cavb A ej|
8.7 wP PC mijiLv njv `cYi cavb A|
MY A : giy we`y ewZZ `cYi cwZdjK ci Dci h Kvbv we`y I eZvi K`i ga w`q
AwZgKvix mijiLvK MY A ej| 8.7 wP PcC mijiLv `cYi MY A|
c`v_wevb 131

cavb dvKvm : cavb Ai wbKUeZx I mgvivj iwkQ Kvbv Mvjxq `cY AvcwZZ nq cwZdjbi ci
cavb Ai Dci h we`yZ wgwjZ nq (AeZj `cY) ev h we`y _K AcmZ nQ ej gb nq (Dj
`cY) ZvK H `cYi cavb dvKvm ej| 8.8 I 8.9 wP F we`y njv h_vg AeZj I Dj `cYi
cavb dvKvm|

wP 8.8: cavb dvKvm wP 8.9: cavb dvKvm

dvKvm `~iZ : Mvjxq `cYi giy we`y _K cavb dvKvm ch `~iZK dvKvm `~iZ ej| GK f viv
cKvk Kiv nq| 8.8 I 8.9 wP PF njv dvKvm `~iZ| Mvjxq `cYi dvKvm `~iZ eZvi evmvai
r
AaK, A_vr f |
2
dvKvm Zj : Mvjxq `cYi cavb dvKvmi ga w`q cavb Ai mv_ j^fve h mgZj Kbv Kiv nq
ZvK dvKvm Zj ej|
8.4 cwZwe^
Image
Zzwg hLb Kvbv Avqbvi w`K ZvKvI, ZLb Zzwg Zvgvi cwZQwe `LZ cvI| ay Avqbv Kb, Zzwg hLb
Kvbv cyKzi ev b`xi cvo w`q nuU hvI ZLbI cvwbi ga Zvgvi cwZQwe fm IV| GB cwZQweB njv
Zvgvi cwZwe^| hLb Zvgvi `n ev Kvbv ey _K AvjvKiwk Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nq Zvgvi PvL Avm
ZLbB Avgiv cwZwe^ `wL|
Kvbv e _K cwZdwjZ AvjvKiwk hLb mivmwi Avgv`i PvL cek Ki ZLb Avgiv mB ewU
`LZ cvB| Avevi e _K AvjvKiwk hw` mivmwi Avgv`i PvL bv Gm Ab Kvbv gvag cwZdwjZ
ev cwZmZ nq PvL cek Ki ZLbI Avgiv ewUK `LZ cvB| ZLb gb nq hb ewU Zvi AvMi
Aevb bB| Zzwg hLb Avqbvq Zvgvi cwZQwe `L, ZLb Zvgvi KvQ gb nq hb Zzwg Avqbvi wcQb
AvQ| cKZ c Zywg Avqbvi mvgbB AvQ| Avqbvi DcwwZi Rb bZzb Aevb Avgiv ei h cwZQwe
`LZ cvB ZvB njv ei cwZwe^|

wP 8.10
132 c`v_wevb

wP 8.10-G AeZj `cYi myL O GKwU we`y je| O nZ cavb Ai mgvivj iwk OM `cY
AvcwZZ nq cavb dvKvm w`q MFI c_ cwZdwjZ nq| OP iwk `cYi giwe`y P-Z AvcwZZ nq
cwZdjbi ci PI c_ hvq| cwZdwjZ iwk `ywU I we`yZ Q` Ki| GB I we`yB njv O we`yi cwZwe^|

wP 8.11: cwZdjbi Rb Aeve cwZwe^|

wP 8.11-G O mgZj `cYi mvgb AewZ GKwU we`y je| O nZ OT iwk Awfj^fve `cY
AvcwZZ nq Ges TO c_ cwZdwjZ nq| OQ iwk ZxhKfve `cY AvcwZZ nq Ges QR c_ cwZdwjZ
nq| G iwk `ywU Acmvix nIqvq iwkjvK wcQbi w`K ewaZ Kij Gjv I we`yZ wgwjZ nq| A_vr
cwZdwjZ iwkjv `cYi wcQb I we`y _K AcmvwiZ nQ ej gb nq| GB I we`yB njv O we`yi
cwZwe^|
Kvbv we`y nZ wbMZ AvjvKiwkQ Kvbv Zj cwZdwjZ ev cwZmwiZ nevi ci wZxq Kvbv we`yZ
wgwjZ nq ev wZxq Kvbv we`y nZ AcmvwiZ nQ ej gb nq, ZLb H wZxq we`ywUK c_g we`yi
cwZwe^ ej| GKwU e njv AmsL we`yi mgw| dj we`yi bvq eiI cwZwe^ MwVZ nq|
cwZwe^i cKvif`
Zzwg hLb Avqbvq Zvgvi Pnviv `L, ZLb Avqbvi wcQb Zvgvi cwZwe^ `LZ cvI| Avjvi cwZdjbi
Rb GgbwU NU| Avqbvq `Lv Zvgvi Gic cwZwe^ mwZKvi A_ Avjv wgwjZ nq bv| G aibi
cwZwe^K ej Aeve cwZwe^| Avi h mKj cwZwe^ Avjv mwZKvi A_ wgwjZ nq (hgb- wmbgvi
c`vq djv Kvbv `k) mjvK ejv nq eve cwZwe^| wWwRUvj Kvgivi c`vq fm IVv Qwe njv
eve cwZwe^| eve cwZwe^ c`vq djv hvq wK Aeve cwZwe^ c`vq djv hvq bv| cwZwe^ `yB
cKvii nq-
(K) eve cwZwe^
(L) Aeve cwZwe^
(K) eve cwZwe^: Kvbv we`y nZ wbtmZ AvjvK iwkMyQ Kvbv Zj cwZdwjZ ev cwZmwiZ nevi ci
hw` wZxq Kvbv we`yZ cKZc wgwjZ nq Zvnj H wZxq we`ywUK c_g we`yi eve cwZwe^ ej|
wP : 8.10 G I njv cwZdjbi Rb eve cwZwe^|
(L) Aeve cwZwe^: Kvbv we`y nZ wbtmZ AvjvK iwkQ Kvbv Zj cwZdwjZ ev cwZmwiZ nevi ci
hw` wZxq Kvbv we`y _K AcmvwiZ nQ ej gb nq, Ze H wZxq we`ywUK c_g we`yi Aeve
cwZwe^ ej| wP 8.11 G I njv cwZdjbi Rb m Aeve cwZwe^|
8.5 `cY ei cwZwe^
Image in Mirror
Avgiv Rvwb `cY `yB cKvi| (K) mgZj `cY Ges (L) Mvjxq `cY| mgZj Ges Mvjxq `cY Kxfve cwZwe^
mw nq Zv Avgiv AvjvPbv Kie|
c`v_wevb 133

mgZj `cY m cwZwe^ :

(K) we`y je
wP 8.12 G M mgZj `cYi mvgb O GKwU we`y je| O _K OT iwk Awfj^fve `cY
AvcwZZ nq Ges TO c_ wdi Avm| OQ iwk `cY ZxhKfve AvcwZZ nq Ges QR c_ cwZdwjZ nq|
cwZdwjZ iwk QR Ges TO wcQb ewaZ Kij Giv I we`yZ wgwjZ nq| A_vr cwZdwjZ iwk `ywU hb
`cYi wcQb AewZ I we`y _K AvmQ| AZGe, GB I we`yB njv O we`yi Aeve cwZwe^|

wP : 8.12
Q we`yZ QN Awfj^ AvuKv njv|
wP TO Ges QN mgvivj| OQ Q`K|
?TOQ = OQN = i

(8.1)
Avevi, OI Ges QN mgvivj, RQI mijiLv G`i Q`K|
?TIQ = NQR = r (8.2)
Avgiv Rvwb, i = r
? (8.1) I (8.2) mgxKiY nZ cvB,
TOQ = TIQ
GLb, 'QOT Ges 'QIT-Gi ga,
TOQ = TIQ, TQ mvaviY ev,
Ges QTO = QTI = 90
myZivs, wfzRq memg|
myZivs, TO = TI
A_vr, je O `cYi hZ mvgb AewZ, cwZwe^ I `cYi wVK ZZUv wcQb MwVZ nq|
134 c`v_wevb

(L) weZ je
we`y jei bvq weZ jei RbI cwZwe^ AvuKv hvq| G, weZ jeK AmsL
we`yi mgw wnme MY KiZ ne| G, cZK we`yi Rb `cYi wcQb Aeve cwZwe^
MwVZ nq [wP 8.13]|

wP : 8.13
wP AO je Ges Gi cwZwe^ BI `Lvbv nqQ| O Ges A nZ M1M2 `cYi Dci j^
Uvbv njv| Giv `cYK h_vg R Ges L we`yZ Q` Ki| GLb OR Ges. AL -K wcQbi
w`K h_vg I Ges B ch ewaZ Kiv njv hb OR = IR Ges AL= BL nq|
O Ges A nZ `ywU Ki iwk ZxhKfve `cY AvcwZZ nq cwZdwjZ nq| cwZdwjZ iwk `ywUK
cQbi w`K ewaZ Kij Gjv h_vg I I B we`y _K AvmQ ej gb nq| I I B hvM Kiv
njv| Zvnj BI-B njv mgZj `cY MwVZ AO jei Aeve cwZwe^|
mgZj `cY m cwZwe^i AvKvi jei AvKvii mgvb nq|
mgZj `cY MwVZ cwZwe^i ewk
mgZj `cY m cwZwe^i wbwjwLZ agjv iqQ:
1. mgZj `cY _K ei `~iZ hZ, `cY _K cwZwe^i `~iZI ZZ|
2. cwZwe^i AvKvi jei AvKvii mgvb|
3. cwZwe^ Aeve Ges mvRv|
Mvjxq `cY m cwZwe
Mvjxq `cY Zv AeZj nvK wKsev Dj nvK, G`i mvgb Kvbv e ivLj `cY Zvi cwZwe^ mw nq|
GB cwZwe^i Aevb, AvKwZ I cKwZ RvbZ nj, e _K wbtmZ AvjvK iwkQ cwZdjbi ci
Kvbv w`K cwZdwjZ ne Zv Rvbv `iKvi| wbewYZ wZbwU iwki h Kvbv `ywU eenvi Ki Avgiv Mvjxq
`cY cwZwe^ AvuKZ cvwi|
1. Mvjxq `cYi eZvi evmva eivei AvcwZZ iwk cwZdjbi ci cybivq mB c_B wdi Avm [wP 8.14]|

wP: 8.14
c`v_wevb 135

2. AeZj `cYi cavb Ai mgvivj AvcwZZ iwk cwZdjbi ci cavb dvKvm w`q hvq; [wP 8.15 K]
Dj `cYi cavb Ai mgvivj AvcwZZ iwk cwZdjbi ci cavb dvKvm nZ AvmQ ej gb nq [wP
8.15 L]|

(K) (L)
wP : 8.15
3. AeZj `cYi cavb dvKvmi ga w`q AvcwZZ iwk cavb Ai mgvivj cwZdwjZ nq; Dj `cYi
cavb dvKvm AwfgyL AvcwZZ iwk cwZdjbi ci cavb Ai mgvivj nq| [wP : 8.16]|

wP : 8.16
AeZj `cY cwZwe^: Mvjxq `cY MwVZ cwZwe^i Aevb, AvKwZ I cKwZ `cYi mvgb AewZ
jei Aevbi Dci wbfi Ki| jei Aevbi cwieZb nj cwZwe^i Aevb, AvKwZ I
cKwZiI cwieZb NU| aiv hvK MPMc GKwU AeZj `cY| P njv Gi giy Ges F cavb dvKvm Ges C
eZvi K`| `cYi mvgb cavb Ai Dci j^ fve AewZ je AO|
jeK Amxg Ges cavb dvKvmi ga `cYi mvgb hLvbB ivLv nvK bv Kb m cZwe^ me`v
eve I Dv ne| Avevi jeK cavb dvKvm I gii ga vcb Kiv nj MwVZ cwZwe^ ne
Aeve Ges mvRv| wb AeZj `cY m eve Ges Aeve cwZwe^ eYbv Kiv njv:
eve cwZwe^
O we`y _K GKwU iwk OM cavb Ai mgvivj `cYi M we`yZ AvcwZZ nq cavb dvKvmi ga
w`q MI c_ cwZdwjZ nq| O nZ Aci GKwU iwk OCMc eZvi K` C eivei `cY AvcwZZ nq
cwZdjbi ci mwU GKB c_ wdi hvq| cwZdjbi ci iwk `ywU I we`yZ cKZc wgwjZ nq| myZivs I
njv O we`yi eve cwZwe^| A _K cavb A eivei AvcwZZ iwk H c_B wdi hvq| dj A -Gi
cwZwe^ H iLvi DciB ne| I _K cavb Ai Dci IB j^ Ab Kwi| BI -B njv je OA -
Gi eve cwZwe^ [wP 8.17]|
136 c`v_wevb

wP : 8.17
cwZwe^i cKwZ njv eve I Dv|
Aeve cwZwe^: wP : 8.18-G je cavb dvKvm Ges giyi ga AewZ| O we`y _K GKwU iwk
cavb Ai mgvivj AvcwZZ nq cavb dvKvmi ga w`q cwZdwjZ nq Ges Aci GKwU iwk eZvi
evmva eivei `cY AvcwZZ nq cwZdjbi ci mwU GKB c_ wdi hvq| cwZdjbi dj iwk `ywU cii
Acmvix iwkZ cwiYZ nq| iwk `ywUK wcQbi w`K evovj Giv I we`y _K AvmQ ej gb nq| A_vr, I
we`yB njv O we`yi Aeve cwZwe^| I we`y _K cavb Ai Dci AwZ IB j^ Uvbv njv| myZivs BI
nj ei Aeve I mvRv cwZwe^|

wP : 8.18
m cwZwe^i Aevb njv `cYi wcQb, cKwZ Aeve Ges mvRv Ges AvKvi weewaZ A_vr ei Pq
AvKvi eo|
(L) Dj `cY cwZwe^: Avgiv Rvwb, AeZj `cY jeyi Aevbi Dci wbfi Ki eve A_ev Aeve
cwZwe^ MwVZ nq| wK Dj `cY me`v ei Aeve cwZwe^ MVb Ki| GB cwZwe^ memgq mvRv
Ges ei Pq AvKvi QvU nq| wP 8.19 G
MPMcGKwU Dj `cY| C Gi eZvi K`, F cavb
dvKvm Ges P `cYi giy| AO je `cYi
mvgb cavb Ai Dci j^fve AewZ| O we`y
_K cavb Ai mgvivj OM iwk `cY AvcwZZ
nq| cwZdjbi ci iwkwU `cYi cavb dvKvm F
_K AcmZ nQ ej gb nq| Aci GKwU iwk OD
`cYi eZvi K` eivei j^fve AvcwZZ nq GKB
c_ cwZdwjZ nq| GLb GB Acmvix cwZdwjZ iwk wP : 8.19
`ywUK wcQbi w`K evwoq w`j Giv I we`yZ Q` Ki Ges I we`y _K AvmQ ej gb nq| myZivs, I
we`yB njv O we`yi Aeve cwZwe^| GLb I we`y _K cavb Ai Dci IB j^ Ab Kiv njv| GB
BI njv je AO -Gi Aeve cwZwe^| cwZwe^ `cYi wcQb MwVZ nq Ges Zv Aeve, mvRv Ges
c`v_wevb 137

AvKvi jei Pq QvU nq| jeK gk `cYi wbKU Avbv nj cwZwe^I `cYi KvQ mi
Avme Ges cwZwe^i AvKwZ gk eo nZ _vKe Ze Zv me`vB ei AvKvii Pq QvU _vKe|
8.6 mgZj I Mvjxq `cY cwZwe^ mwi wKQz mvaviY NUbv
1. mij cwivc: `~ii Kvbv wRwbm mvRvmywR `LZ evav _vKj cwivc eenvi Kiv nq| GKwU
mij cwivc `ywU mgZj `cY viv MwVZ| Avjvi wgK cwZdjb eenvi Ki G h Zwi Kiv nq|
8.20 wP GKwU mij cwivc `Lvbv nqQ| GKwU j^v AvqZvKvi KvV ev avZe bji ga `ywU
mgZj `cYK ciii mgvivj Ges bji Ai mv_ 45q KvY Ki
ivLv nq| `~ii e _K mgvivj AvjvKiwk c_g M1 `cY
Awfj^i mv_ 45q KvY AvcwZZ nq| AvcwZZ iwk M1 `cY viv
45q KvY cwZdwjZ nq bji A eivei Gm M2 `cY AvcwZZ nq|
AvjvK iwk M2 `cY cybivq cwZdwjZ nq Abyf~wgKfve PvL co
dj ewU `Lv hvq|
mgZj `cY eenvi Ki Gfve AvjvK iwki w`K cwieZb Ki Avgiv
mivmwi `LZ cvB bv Ggb eKI `LZ cvB|
fxoi ga Ljv `Lv, DuPz `qvji Dci w`q `Lv, k mbi
wP 8.20 : cwivc
MwZwewa cheY BZvw` KvR cwivc eenvi Kiv nq| WzevRvnvR
wcRg eenvi Ki Aviv DbZ aibi cwivc eenvi Kiv nq|
2. mjyb mgZj `cY: mjyb ev cvjvi Pzj KvUvbvi mgq Avgiv mvgb I cQb mgZj `cY `LZ cvB|
mvgbi `cY Avgiv gv_vi myLfvM `LZ cvB| gv_vi cQb AewZ `cY gv_vi cQbi Aski cwZwe^
MwVZ nq| GB cwZwe^ mvgbi `cYi Rb Aeve e wnme KvR Ki Ges mvgbi `cY cybivq
cwZwe^ MVb Ki| dj mvgb AewZ `cY Avgiv gv_vi cv`fvMI `LZ cvB|
3. wPwKrmv AeZj `cY: `uvZi wPwKrmKiv `uvZ cixv Kivi KvR AeZj `cY eenvi Kib| `uvZ
cixv Kivi mgq `cYwUK `uvZi ek wbKU aiv nq| dj `cY `uvZi GKwU Aeve I weewaZ cwZwe^
MwVZ nq| G Qvov bvK-Kvb-Mjv wefvMi wPwKrmKivI wewfb cqvRb AeZj `cY eenvi Ki _vKb|

8.7 `cYi eenvi

Uses of Mirror
wewfb aiYi `cY Avgiv wewfb KvR eenvi Ki _vwK| Gjv wb eYbv Kiv njv:
mgZj `cY
1. mgZj `cYi mvnvh Avgiv Avgv`i Pnviv `wL|
2. PvLi WvviMY ivMxi `w kw cixv Kivi Rb eYgvjv cvVi myweav_ mgZj `cY eenvi Ki
_vKb|
3. mgZj `cY eenvi Ki cwivc Zwi Kiv nq|
138 c`v_wevb

4. cvnvwo ivvi euvK `yNUbv GovZ GwU eenvi Kiv nq|

5. wewfb AvjvKxq hcvwZ hgb- Uwjvc,IfvinW cRi, jRvi Zwi KiZ mgZj `cY eenvi
Kiv nq|
6. bvUK, PjwP BZvw`i mywUs Gi mgq mgZj `cY w`q Avjv cwZdwjZ Ki Kvbv vbi Jj
ew Kiv nq|
AeZj `cY
1. myweavRbK AvKwZi AeZj `cY eenvi Ki gyLgji weewaZ Ges mvRv cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv nq, GZ
i~cPPv I `uvwo KuvUvi myweav nq|
2. ` wPwKrmKMY AeZj `cY eenvi Kib|
3. cwZdjK wnme AeZj `cY eenvi Kiv nq| hgb- UPjvBU, wgvi ev ji mvPjvBU AeZj `cY
eenvi Ki MwZc_ wbaviY Kiv nq|
4. AeZj `cYi mvnvh AvjvKkw, Zvckw BZvw` K`xfZ Ki Kvbv eK D KiZ eenvi
Kiv nq| GQvovI GwU ivWvi Ges wUwf msKZ msMn eeZ nq| hgb- wWk GUbv, miPzjx,
Uwjvc Ges ivWvi msMvnK BZvw`|
5. AeZj `cYi mvnvh AvjvK iwkQK GKwU we`yZ K`xf~Z Kiv hvq ej Wvviiv PvL, bvK, Kvb
I Mjv cixv Kivi mgq G `cY eenvi Kib|
Dj `cY
1. Dj `cY me`v Aeve, mvRv Ges LweZ cwZwe^ MVb Ki weavq cQbi hvbevnb ev c_Pvix `Lvi
Rb MvwoZ Ges weqi mgq wfD wgii wnme G `cY eenvi Kiv nq|
2. Dj `cYi mvnvh weZ GjvKv `LZ cviv hvq ej `vKvb ev kwcsgj wbivcvi KvR Dj `cY
eenvi Kiv nq|
3. cwZdjK Uwjvc ZwiZ G `cY eeZ nq|
4. G `cY weZ GjvKvq AvjvKiwk Qwoq `q ej ivvi evwZZ cwZdjKic eeZ nq|
8.8 wbivc` WvBwfs
Safe driving
wbivc` Mvwo, gvUi mvBKj BZvw` hvbevnb Pvjvbvi Rb PvjKK AbK wKQy Lqvj KiZ nq| c_gB
ZvK Mvwoi mKj evwZ Rvwjq Gjv wVK AvQ wKbv Zv cixv Ki wbZ nq| wbuLyZ Ges wbivc` Mvwo
PvjvZ nj PvjKK aygv Mvwoi mvgb Kx AvQ Zv `LjB Pj bv| eis Mvwoi wcQb Kx AvQ G
evcviI mRvM _vKZ nq| Mvwoi Rb `cYjv AZ iyZc~Y Ges Acwinvh A| GRb Mvwo PvjKK
MvwoZ DVvi ciciB `cYMyjvK wVKgZ DchvRb KiZ nq|
8.9 cvnvox ivvi A`k euvK
Blind turns on hilly roads
wbivc` MvwoPvjbv mKj MvwoPvjKi Rb AekB KZe| GQvov Lvivc AvenvIqv hgb- ewcvZ, Kzqvkvi
gvS Mvwo Pvjvbv AviI KwVb KvR| weklZ cvnvwo ivvq Mvwo Pvjvbv AZwaK SuzwKc~Y| Kbbv cveZ
moK hgb AvKveuvKv, Zgwb h_ DPz wbPz [wP 8.23]| cvnvwo ivvq MvwoPvjbvi Rb AbK mgq 90q
KvY euvK wbZ nq| GB euvK bIqvi mgq h_ mveavbZv Aej^b KiZ ne| A`k euvK wecixZ w`K
c`v_wevb 139

_K Avmv Mvwoi PvjK ciiK `LZ cvb bv, GQvov euvKi Aci cvk Kx AvQ Zv Av` Zviv Rvbb bv|
G mgmv mgvavbi Rb wecbK euvK 45q KvY enr AvKwZi mgZj `cY emvbv nq| Gi dj
MvwoPvjKMY euvKi Avkcvk mewKQz `LZ cvb Ges wbivc` Mvwo PvjvZ mg nb| gb ivLZ ne,
cvnvwo ivvi euvK KLbI Rvi Mvwo Pvjvbv wVK bq| GQvov Riywi Kvbv KvR bv _vKj ivZi ejvq
cvnvwo ivvq Mvwo Pvjvbv DwPZ bq| Kbbv AvjvK ^Zvi Rb ivZi ejvq `wMvnZv AbK Kg hvq|

wP : 8.21
8.10 weeab
Magnification
Avgiv hLb Kvbv `cY ev j m cwZwe^ `wL, ZLb mwU j ei Zzjbvq eo, QvU ev mgvb AvKvii
nZ cvi|
Kvbv `cY ev j MwVZ cwZwe^ ei Pq AvKvi KZUzKz eo ev QvU weeab viv Zv cwigvc Kiv nq|
Abfve ejv hvq cwZwe^i `N I jei `Ni AbycvZK iwLK weeab ev msc weeab ej|
hw` l `Ni GKwU ei Rb Kvbv `cY ev j lc `Ni GKwU cwZwe^ MwVZ nq Ze H ei
weeab ne lc I l Gi AbycvZi mgvb|
lc
A_vr, m = (8.3)
l
weeab m Gi gvb _K Avgiv cwZwe^ jei Zzjbvq KZY eo ev QvU Zv RvbZ cvwi|
Abymvb : 8.1
AeZj `cY eenvi Ki cwZwe^ mw I c`kb
Dk : jveiUwiZ AeZj `cY eenvi Ges eve cwZwe^ mw Kiv|
hcvwZ : GKwU AeZj `cY|
KvRi aviv :
1. GKwU AeZj `cY bvI|
2. `cYwU wbq Zvgvi jveiUwii `iRv A_ev Rvbvjvi wbKU `uvovI|
3. Gevi `cYwUK evwnii Kvbv `k hgb-MvQcvjv, `vjvb BZvw`i w`K aiv|
4. `cYwUK Wvb evg bovPov Ki Zvgvi Lye wbKUeZx gmY `qvj H `ki cwZwe^ Zwi Ki|
5. cwZwe^wUK Kivi Rb `cYwUK `qvj nZ mvgb ev wcQb mivI|
6. Kvbv GKwU wbw` `~iZ Zzwg ei cwZwe^ `qvj `LZ cve|
7. Gfve `~ii ei cwZwe^ `qvj c`kb Kiv hvq|
8. cwZwe^i cKwZ AvjvPbv Ki|
142 c`v_wevb

beg Aavq
Avjvi cwZmiY
REFRACTION OF LIGHT

[GKUv jvwVK wZhKfve cvwbi ga Wyevj euvKv `Lvq| RM fiv ^Q cvwbi w`K Dci _K ZvKvj RMi Zjv
Dci DVQ ej gb nq| Gme NUbv Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb wbqB j KiwQ| G NUbvjvi g~j iqQ Avjvi
GKUv wekl ag hv nQ cwZmiY| cwZmiYi GKUv wekl NUbv nQ c~Y AfZixY cwZdjb| c~Y AfZixY
cwZdjbi RbB giyf~wgZ gixwPKvi mw nq, nxiKK Dj `Lvq, AcwUKvj dvBevii mvnvh Z_ msKZ ciY
Kiv nq| Avgiv AbKB `wi wU `~i Kivi Rb Pkgv eenvi Ki _vwK| GB Pkgvi KvP GKUv j| Avgiv GB
Aavq Gme welq AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv -

1. cwZmiYi m~ evLv KiZ cvie
2. cwZmiYv evLv KiZ cvie
3. c~Y AfixY cwZdjb evLv KiZ cvie
4. AcwUKvj dvBevii eenvi evLv KiZ cvie
5. j Ges Gi cKvif` evLv KiZ cvie
6. AvjvKiwki wqviLv Ab Ki j msv wewfb ivwk eYbv KiZ cvie
7. j m cwZwe^ AvjvK iwki wqviLv Ab Ki eYbv KiZ cvie
8. ji gZv evLv KiZ cvie
9. AvjvK iwki wqviLv Ab Ki PvLi wqv evLv KiZ cvie
10. `kbi wbKUZg we`y evLv KiZ cvie
11. `wi wU evLv KiZ cvie
12. AvjvK iwki wqviLv Ab Ki `wi wU mskvab ji eenvi evLv KiZ cvie
13. iwOb ei AvjvKxq Dcjw evLv KiZ cvie
14. `bw`b Rxeb Avjvi cwZmiYi eenvi evLv KiZ cvie
c`v_wevb 143

9.1 Avjvi cwZmiY

Refraction of Light
wP 9.1 j Ki| GLvb evqy Ges KvP `ywU gvag `Lvbv nqQ| AvjvK iwk evqy gvag AB c_ Gm
gvagqi wef`Zj PQ Gi B we`yZ wZhKfve AvcwZZ njv| mvRv c_ Mj Avjv KvPi ga BCc
c_ hZv wK Zv bv hq BC c_ euK wMqQ| AvjvK iwki GB euK hvevi NUbvB nQ cwZmiY|
myZivs AvjvK iwk GK ^Q gvagi _K wfb ^Q gvag wZhKfve cek Kij `yB gvagi wef`Zj
Gi w`K cwiewZZ nq| AvjvK iwki GB w`K cwieZbi NUbvK Avjvi cwZmiY ej|

A N
Nc
Cc
C
evqy i
evqy r
P Q
B P Q
KvP KvP B
r i
A
c c N
N C C
wP : 9.2
wP : 9.1

wP 9.1-G AB AvcwZZ iwk, BC cwZmZ iwk Ges NBNc, B we`yZ PQ Gi Dci AwZ Awfj^| 
ABN K AvcZb KvY i Ges NcBC K cwZmiY KvY r ej|
wewfb gvag Avjvi eM wewfb ZvB gvag cwieZbi mgq Avjvi cwZmiY NU| AvjvK iwk nvjKv gvag
(hgb evqy) _K Nb gvag (hgb KvP) cwZmZ nj cwZmZ iwk Awfj^i w`K euK hvq A_vr i > r|
Avevi wecixZfve Nb gvag _K AvjvK iwk nvjKv gvag cwZmZ nj (wP 9.2) AvjvK iwk Awfj^
_K `~i euK hve| A_vr G r > i|

Ki `L :
GKwU mv`v KvMRi Dci GKwU Kvwji `vM `vI Ges Zvi Dci GKwU ^Q KvPi djK ivL| Kx `Lj?

O we`y Oc we`yZ DV GmQ| Avjvi cwZmiYi Rb Gi~c NU| O we`y _K AvMZ AvjvK iwk Nb
gvag _K Gm nvjKv gvag cwZmZ nq (wP 9.3) dj Awfj^ _K cwZmZ iwkjv `~i euK hvq|
cwZmZ iwkjvK wcQb ewaZ Kij Oc we`y _K AvmQ ej gb nq| Oc we`y O we`yi Aeve
cwZwe^| ZvB Dci _K `Lj O we`y Oc we`yZ DV GmQ ej gb nq|
144 c`v_wevb

Avjvi cwZmiYi m~
Avgiv BZvga wP : 9.1 (GLvb wP : 9.4) G j KiwQ AB AvcwZZ iwk, BC cwZmZ iwk Ges
NBNc, B we`yZ PQ Gi Dci AwZ Awfj^| ABN K AvcZb KvY i Ges NcBC K cwZmiY
KvY r ej| A N
GLb hw` AvcZb KvY ew Kiv nq Ze cwZmiY KvYI
ew cve| wK cwZmiY KvY AvcZb KvYi mgvYycvwZK
ne bv, A_vr AvcZb KvY i wY Kij cwZmiY KvY r evqy (nvjKv gvag) i
wY ne bv| `Lv MQ i1, i2, i3 ....... AvcZb KvYi Rb
P Q
sini B
cwZmiY KvY h_vg r1, r2, r3 ...... BZvw` nj, sinr1 = KvP (Nb gvag)
1 r
sini2 sini3
sinr2 = sinr3 = ........ = aeK ne| GB aeKwUi gvb
wbfi Kie AvcZb I cwZmiY gvagi cKwZ Ges AvcwZZ Nc C Cc
Avjvi eYi Dci| Avevi `Lv hvQ AB, BC Ges
Awfj^ NBNc wZbwU iLvB Zvgvi eBqi cvi mgZj wP : 9.4
AvQ| Gi _K `Lv hvq Avjvi cwZmiY wbgv `ywU m~ gb Pj|
c_g m~ : AvcwZZ iwk, cwZmZ iwk Ges AvcZb we`yZ wef`Zji Dci AwZ Awfj^ GKB mgZj
Aevb Ki|
wZxq m~: GKRvov wbw` gvag Ges wbw` eYi AvjvK iwki AvcZb KvYi mvBb Ges cwZmiY
KvYi mvBb-Gi AbycvZ me`v ayeK|
GB wZxq m~K ji m~I ej|
9.2 cwZmiYv
Refractive index
GKRvov wbw` gvag Ges Kvbv GKwU wbw` eYi AvjvKiwk GK gvag _K Aci gvag cwZmZ nj
sin i
hw` AvcZb KvY i Ges cwZmiY KvY r nq Zvnj
sin r h ae msLv nq ZvK ejv nq H eYi Avjvi
Rb c_g gvagi mvc wZxq gvagi cwZmiYv| GK n w`q cKvk Kiv nq|
c`v_wevb 145

AvjvKiwk hw` a gvag _K b gvag cek Ki Ze, a gvagi mvc b gvagi AvcwK
cwZmiYv, (wP 9.5)
sin i
anb = sin r (9.1)
A N A N

i a i k~b
P Q P Q
B B
b b
r r

N N C
C
wP : 9.5 wP : 9.6
n Gi wbP Wvbw`Ki AiwU wb`k Ki Kvb gvagi cwZmiYv Ges evgw`Ki AiwU wb`k Ki Kvb
gvagi mvc|
Avevi k~b vb _K hLb AvjvK iwk Kvbv gvag cek Ki ZLb gvagi h cwZmiYv nq ZvK H
eYi Rb H gvagi cig cwZmiYv ej (wP 9.6)| hw` k~b vb _K b gvag Avjv cwZmZ nq
sin i
Ze, b gvagi cig cwZmiYv nb = sin r | G n Gi evgw`K wKQz bv wjL Kej Wvbw`K gvag
jLv nq| hgb b gvagi cig cwZmiYv nb|
Avevi AvjvKiwk hw` b gvag _K a gvag cek Ki Ze m AvjvKiwki cZveZbi m~vbymvi
(9.6 wP) CB ne AvcwZZ iwk, BA cwZmZ iwk,A_vr AvcZb KvY = r I cwZmiY KvY = i Ges b
gvagi mvc a gvagi AvcwK cwZmiYv ne [mgxKiY 9.1 Abymvi]
sin r 1 1
bna = sin i = sin i / sin r = n (9.2)
a b

myZivs gb ivLZ ne
1 1
bna = n Ges wecixZg anb = n
a b b a

Avevi,
cwZmiYvK Avjvi eMi mvnvhI cKvk Kiv hvq,
a gvag Avjvi eM
anb =
b gvag Avjvi eM
Ges

k~b gvag Avjvi eM

onb =
b gvag Avjvi eM
|
146 c`v_wevb

h gvagi cwZmiYv ewk mB gvag ewk Nb Ges ZvZ Avjvi eM Kg| Avi h gvagi cwZmiYv
Kg mB gvag Kg Nb Ges ZvZ Avjvi eM ewk|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 9.1 : evqy _K cvwbZ cwZmiYi AvcZb KvY 300 Ges cwZmiY KvY 190 nj,
evqy mvc cvwbi cwZmiYv KZ ?
sin i `Iqv AvQ,
Avgiv Rvwb, sin r = n AvcZb KvY i = 300
sin i sin 30 cwZmiY KvY r = 190
0 .5
anw = 1.538
sin r = sin 19 0.325
evqy mvc cvwbi cwZmiYv
anw =?
Di : wbYq cwZmiYv 1.538
MvwYwZK D`vniY 9.2 : evqyi mvc cvwbi cwZmiYv 1.33 nj cvwb mvc evqyi cwZmiYv KZ ?
Avgiv Rvwb
1 `Iqv AvQ,
wn a = n evqyi mvc cvwbi cwZmiYv, anw = 1.33
a w

1 cvwbi mvc evqyi cwZmiYv, wna = ?

= 1.33 = 0.75

D : 0.75
9.3 vwZ KvY I c~Y AfZixY cwZdjb
Critical angle and total internal reflection
vwZ KvY : Nb gvag _K AvjvK-iwk hLb nvjKv gvag cwZmZ nq, ZLb cwZmZ iwkwU nvjKv
gvag Awfj^ _K AviI `~i euK hvq, dj AvcZb KvYi Pq cwZmiY KvY eo nq|
1. awi, AB njv KvP Ges evqy gvagi wef` Zj| KvP Nb gvag Ges evqy nvjKv gvag| KvPi ga P
we`y _K PQ iwk y` AvcZb KvY AB wef` Zji Q we`yZ AvcwZZ nj evqy gvag cwZmZ iwk
QR ne [wP : 9.7 K]| G AvcZb KvY (PQNc) Gi Pq cwZmiY KvY (NQR) eo ne|

Tc i>Tc

wP : 9.7
c`v_wevb 147

2. GLb Nb gvag AvcZb KvY ew Kij, nvjKv gvag cwZmiY KvYI ew cve| GBfve AvcZb
KvY ew Kij kl GKwU wekl AvcZb KvY P1QNc cvIqv hve (wP 9.7 L) hvi Rb cwZmZ iwk
QR1 gvag `ywUi wef` Zj AB eivei Pj hve A_vr cwZmiY KvY NQR1 = 900 ne| GB Aevq
Nb gvagi AvcZb KvYwUK (P1QNc) nvjKv gvagi mvc Nb gvagi vwZ KvY ej| 9.7 L
bs wP P1QNc = Tc = vwZ KvY| GB vw KvYi gvbI gvagqi cKwZ Ges Avjvi eYi Dci
wbfi Ki|
c~Y AfZixY cwZdjb : Nb gvag AvcZb KvYwUK vwZ KvYi Pq AviI GKUz evovj (i > Tc)
AvjvK iwki meUzKzB `yB gvagi wef`-Zj m~Y cwZdwjZ nq Nb gvagB wdi Avm| GB Aevq
Avi Kvbv cwZmZ iwk cvIqv hvq bv| GB Aevq gvag `ywUi wef`-Zj `cbi gZ AvPiY Ki| GB
NUbvK c~Y AfZixY cwZdjb ej|
[wP 9.7 M] G Nb gvag AvcZb KvY P2QNc gvag `ywUi vw KvY Tc - Gi Pq eo| mBRb P2Q
iwkwU `yB gvagi wef` Zj AB- Gi Dci AvcwZZ nq cwZdjbi wbqgvbymvi QR2 c_ cwZdwjZ
nqQ|
c~Y AfZixY cwZdjbi kZ :
x AvjvK-iwkK AekB Nb gvag _K nvjKv gvagi AwfgyL hZ ne Ges `yB gvagi wef`-
Zj AvcwZZ nZ ne|
x Nb gvag AvcZb KvY vwZ KvYi Pq eo nZ ne|
9.4 gixwPKv
Mirage
gizf~wgZ ZvZ cw_K mgq mgq `~ieZx MvQi Dvbv cwZwe^ `L gb Kib mLvb cvwb AvQ|
wK MvQi KvQ Mj wZwb Zvi fyj eySZ cvib h mLvb Kvbv cvwb bvB| Avjvi c~Y AfZixY
cwZdjbi RbB G iKg nq| GUvB gixwPKv|

wP : 9.8
m~hi cPZvc gizf~wgi evwj D nIqvi m m evwjmsjM evqyZijvI Mig nq IV| wbPi evqy
D I nvjKv nq, Ze Dcii evqy wbPi evqy Zii Zzjbvq Vvv _vKvq Nb _vK| GLb MvQ _K h
Avjv Avm Zv NbZi gvag _K nvjKv gvag cek KiZ _vK| Gi dj cwZmZ iwk Awfj^ _K
148 c`v_wevb

`~i mi hZ _vK| GK mgq H AvjvK-iwk Kvbv GKwU evqyZi vw KvYi Pq eo KvY AvcwZZ
nq I Avjvi c~Y AfZixY cwZdjb NU| H mgqB MvQi Dvbv cwZwe^ `Lv hvq [wP 9.8], hvK
Avgiv gixwPKv ewj|
cheY: MxKvj cLi iv` wcP Xvjv c_ nvUvi mgq ev hvbevnb hvevi mgq gvS ga nqZv `L _vKe
ivv wPKwPK KiQ| gb ne hb ivZvq cvwb RgQ| GLvbI giyfzwgi gwiwPKvi bvq NUbv NUQ|

9.5 AcwUKvj dvBevi ev AvjvKxq Z

Optical fiber
AcwUKvj dvBevi Zwi Kiv nq KvP ev cvwKi Lye miy,
`xN bgbxq A_P wbiU dvBevi ev Z viv| GB dvBevii
c`v_i cwZmiYv 1.7| dvBevii Dci AcKZ Kg
cwZmiYvi (1.5) c`v_i GKwU AveiY `Iqv nq|
dvBevii GKcvZ z` KvY AvcwZZ AvjvK iwk
wP 9.9
dvBevii wfZi evievi c~Y AfixYfve cwZdwjZ nq
kl chZ Ab cvZ w`q ewiq Avm|
dvBeviwU evKuv ev cvKvbv Aevq _vKjI AvjvK Gi wfZi w`q cvq Kvbv kwq QvovB cvVvbv hvq
(wP 9.9)| GKQ AcwUKvj dvBeviK AvjvK bj ej|
^v Ges UwjKwgDwbKkb AcwUKvj dvBevii eenvi:
Kvbv ivMxi cvKwji wfZii `qvj cixv KiZ nj GKwU AvjvK bjK gyLi wfZi w`q cvKwjZ
XvKvbv nq| GB AvjvK bji GK mU AvjvKxq Z w`q Avjv cvwVq cvKwji `qvji mswk AskK
AvjvwKZ Kiv nq, Ab mU w`q IB AvjvwKZ AskK evBi _K `Lv hvq| GB cwZ Gvvwc bvg
cwiwPZ| Gfve AvjvK bj XzwKq ievnx agwb ev wkivi eK ev rwci fvjfjvi wqv `Lv hvq|
GK vb _K Ab vb e`ywZK msKZ Av`vb-c`vbi Rb AcwUKvj dvBevi eenvi Kiv nq; Aek AvM
e`ywZK msKZK c_g AvjvK msKZ icvwiZ Ki wbZ nq| cvq 2000 Uwjdvb msKZK Gfve
GKm GKwU AcwUKvj dvBevii ga w`q mvjb Kiv hvq| GZ msKZjvi ZxeZvi cvq Kvbv cwieZb nq
bv| AcwUKvj dvBevii eenvi eZgvb hvMvhvM eevq DjLhvM cwieZb NwUqQ|

9.6 j I Zvi cKvif`

Lenses and their classification
`ywU Mvjxq c viv mxgve Kvbv ^Q cwZmviK gvagK j ej|
j `yB iKgi nq : (i) Dj j ev Awfmvix j I (ii) AeZj j ev
Acmvix j
Dj j : h ji gafvM cyi Ges cvZfvM mi ZvK Dj j ej|
Dj ji Dci mgvZivj iwkQ AvcwZZ nj cwZmiYi ci wbMZ nIqvi K L
wP : 9.10
mgq Awfmvix Ki ej Dj jK Awfmvix jI ej [wP 9.10 K]|
c`v_wevb 149

AeZj j : h ji gafvM mi Ges cvZfvM gk: cyi ZvK AeZj j ej| AeZj j mgvZivj
iwkQ AvcwZZ nj cwZmiYi ci wbMZ nIqvi mgq Acmvix nq ej AeZj jK Acmvix jI ej
[wP 9.10 L]|

9.7 j msvZ KqKwU msv

Few definitions
eZvi K` : ji Dfq cB GK GKwU wbw` MvjKi Ask| cZK MvjKi K`K H ci eZvi
K` ej| 9.11 bs wP C1 Ges C2, LN ji `ywU eZv K`| hw` ji Kvbv GKwU c Mvjxq
bv nq mgZj nq Ze Zvi eZv K` Amxg AewZ ne|
cavb A : ji `ywU Mvjxq c _vK| GB cqi eZv K` `ywUK hvM Kij h mijiLv cvIqv hvq
ZvK H ji cavb A ej| 9.11bs wP, C1C2 mijiLvwU ji cavb A|

2 1 2 1

wP t 9.11
AvjvK K` : AvjvK K` njv ji ga cavb Ai Dci AewZ GKwU wbw` we`y, hvi ga w`q Kvbv
iwk AwZg Kij cwZmiYi ci ji Aci c _K wbMZ nIqvi mgq AvcwZZ iwki mgvZivjfve wbMZ
nq| 9.12 bs wP ji GKc PQ iwk AvcwZZ nq QR c_ cwZmZ nqQ| GB iwk Aci c _K RS
c_ wbMZ nqQ| wbMZ iwk RS Ges AvcwZZ iwk PQ cii mgvZivj| GLb ji ga cwZmZ iwk
QR cavb A C1C2 K O we`yZ Q` KiQ, O we`y njv ji AvjvK K`|

C2 o C1

2 1

cyiy j wP : 9.12 cvZjv j

jwU hw` cvZjv nq ne AvjvK K` nQ ji ga AewZ cavb Ai Dci Ggb GKwU we`y h we`y
w`q AvjvK iwk AvcwZZ nj w`K cwieZb bv Ki cwZmZ nq|
cavb dvKvm : ji cavb Ai mgvZivj Ges wbKUeZx iwkQ cwZmiYi ci cavb Ai Dci h
we`yZ wgwjZ nq (Dj ji ) A_ev h we`y _K AcmZ nQ ej gb nq (AeZj ji ),
mB we`yK ji cavb dvKvm ej| 9.13 bs wP ji cavb dvKvm F|
150 c`v_wevb

dvKvm `~iZ : ji AvjvK K` _K cavb dvKvm ch `~iZK dvKvm `~iZ ej| 9.13 bs wP
OF ji dvKvm `~iZ| dvKvm `~iZK f viv m~wPZ Kiv nq|

P Q

1 2 1

wP : 9.13
dvKvm Zj : cavb dvKvmi ga w`q ji cavb Ai m j^fve AewZ KwZ mgZjK ji
dvKvm Zj ej| 9.14 bs wP ABCD nQ dvKvm Zj|

wP 9.14
j iwk wP Abi wbqgvejx :
1. ji AvjvK K` w`q AvcwZZ iwk cwZmiYi ci mvRvmywR Pj hvq (wP 9.15 K I L)
2. ji cavb Ai mgvivj iwk cwZmiYi ci cavb dvKvm w`q hvq (Dj j) [wP 15 M] ev
cavb dvKvm _K AvmQ ej gb nq (AeZj j) [wP 15 N)
3. ji cavb dvKvmi ga w`q (Dj j) [wP 15 O] ev cavb dvKvm AwfgyLx (AeZj j) [wP
15 P] AvcwZZ iwk cwZmiYi ci cavb Ai mgvivj nq hvq|
iii
i ii)

F F
F o F o
F o F

vi v)

O O
F F F F
wP 9.16
c`v_wevb 151

Dj j cwZwe^ MVb :
LOL1 GKwU Dj j| FOFc cavb A, O AvjvK K`, cavb F dvKvm GB ji cavb Ai Dci PQ
GKwU eK jwUi dvKvm `~iZi Pq ewk wK wY dvKvm `~iZi Kg `~i Lvovfve ivLv njv|
GLb P _K AvMZ PR iwk cavb Ai mgvZivjfve Gm ji ga w`q cwZmZ nIqvi ci cavb
dvKvm F-Gi ga w`q RFP1 c_ hvq| P _K wbMZ Ab GKwU iwk PO c_ AvjvK K` O-Z
AvcwZZ nq mvRvmywR OP1 eivei cwZmZ njv| RFP1 Ges OP1 iwk `ywU cii P1 we`yZ Q` Ki|
P1 we`y _K Ai Dci P1Q1 j^Uvbv njv| P1Q1 njv PQ Gi eve cwZwe^| GLvb OQ ei
`~iZ Ges OQ1 cwZwe^i `~iZ (wP 9.16)|

GB cwZwe^ eve, Dv I weewaZ nqQ|

jei wewfb Aevbi Dci wbfi Ki cwZwe^ eve, Aeve; mvRv, Dv; weewaZ, LweZ ev AvKvi
mgvb nZ cvi|
je Dj ji cavb dvKvmi wfZi _vKj cwZwe^ Aeve mvRv I weewaZ ne|
AeZj j cwZwe^ MVb :
aiv hvK LOL1 GKwU AeZj j| FOFc Gi cavb A, O AvjvK K`, F cavb dvKvm| ji
mvgb PQ GKwU je cavb Ai Dci j^fve AewZ (wP 9.17) PQ Gi cwZwe^ Ab KiZ
ne|

P we`y _K wbtmZ GKwU AvjvK iwk PR cavb Ai mgvivj nq j R we`yZ AvcwZZ nj

cwZmiYi ci RM c_ Ggbfve cwZmwiZ nq hb iwkwU cavb dvKvm F _K AvmQ ej gb nq| P
_K Avi GKwU iwk PO AvjvK K` w`q j AvcwZZ nq mvRvmywR PON c_ cwZmZ nq| GB
cwZmZ iwk `ywU Acmvix ej wgwjZ nq bv| G`iK cQb w`K evwoq w`j P1 we`y _K AvmQ ej gb
nq| myZivs P1 we`yB nQ P we`yi Aeve cwZwe^| GLb P1 _K cavb Ai P1Q1 j^ Uvbj P1Q1
ne PQ jei cwZwe^| GB cwZwe^ Aeve, mvRv Ges AvKvi jei Pq QvU| AeZj j
me`v Aeve, mvRv Ges QvU AvKvii cwZwe^ MVb Ki|
152 c`v_wevb

j Pbvi Dcvq : ji Lye KvQvKvwQ wK wcQb GKUv AvOyj aij hw` GwUK mvRv Ges AvKvi eo
`Lvq Ze jwU Dj| mvRv Ges AvKvi QvU `Lvj jwU AeZj| Gfve j mbv Kiv hvq|

Ki `Lv : Zvgvi eB Gi jLvi KvQvKvwQ GKwU Dj j aiv| jLvjv eo `LZ cvQv Kx ?

Kb?

Dj j KZK cwZmiYi ci weewaZ cwZwe^ Zvgvi PvL coQ ej jLvjv eo `LvQ|

9.8 ji gZv
Power of a lens
gb Kiv `ywU Dj j (wP 9.18)| c_gwUi dvKvm `~iZ ewk Ges wZxqwUi dvKvm `~iZ Kg| GLb
hw` GKQ mgvivj

wP 9.18 wP 9.19
iwk j `ywUi cavb Ai mgvZivjfve Gm AvcwZZ nq Ze Zviv j KZK cwZmZ nq cavb
dvKvm wgwjZ ne| c_g ji H dvKvm we`y ji hZ `~i ne wZxq ji Zv ne bv
eis Kg ne| Dj ji gZv ejZ Avgiv eywS h H j mgvZivj iwkQK KZ ewk KvQ wgjvZ
cvi ev Awfmvix KiZ cvi| G ejv hvq c_g ji gZv Kg Avi wZxq ji gZv ewk| ji
gZv Kg nj dvKvm `~iZ ewk Avi gZv ewk nj dvKvm `~iZ Kg|
9.19 bs wP AeZj j mgvivjfve AvMZ AvjvK iwkQi cwZmiY `Lvbv nqQ| G h j
mgvZivjfve AvMZ AvjvK iwkQK cwZmiYi ci hZ ewk Qwoq w`Z cvi ev Acmvix KiZ cvi
Zvi gZv ZZ ewk| GI ji dvKvm `~iZ hZ Kg, gZv ZZ ewk|
myZivs Avgiv mvaviYfve ejZ cvwi Kvbv ji Awfmvix ev Acmvix Kivi mvg_K Zvi gZv ej|
1
gZv P Ges dvKvm `~iZ f Gi ga GKwU mK AvQ| mKwU nQ, P = f
c`v_wevb 153

GK wgUvi dvKvm `~iZwewk Kvbv ji gZvK 1 Wvqvvi ej| Pz wekliv Pkgvi KvPi h
gZv wjL _vKb Zv Wvqvvi GKK wjLb|
wPi c_v : mKj `~iZ ji AvjvK K` _K cwigvc KiZ ne| mKj eve `~iZ abvZK, eve
`~iZ ejZ AvjvKiwk cKKc h `~iZ AwZg Ki mB `~iZK eySvq| myZivs mKj eve
je,eve cwZwe^ ev eve dvKvmi `~iZK abvZK aiv nq|mKj Aeve `~iZ FYvZK|Aeve
je,Aeve cwZwe^ I Aeve dvKvmi `~iZK Aeve `~iZ aiv nq|
Dj ji dvKvm `~iZ abvZK Ges AeZj ji dvKvm `~iZ DfqB FYvZK|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 9.3 : Kvbv ji dvKvm `~iZ + 0.1 m nj gZv KZ?
1 1
Avgiv Rvwb, P = f = +0.1 m = 10 D `Iqv AvQ,
dvKvm `~iZ, f = + 0.1 m
D: 10 D
gZv, P =?

9.9 PvLi MVb

1. AwMvjK (Eye-ball) : PvLi KvUii ga AewZ Gi MvjvKvi AskK AwMvjK ej| Gi mvgb I
wcQbi Ask LvwbKUv Pvv| GwU PvLi KvUii ga GKUv wbw` mxgvi Pviw`K NyiZ cvi|
2. kZgj (Sclerotic) : GwU k, mv`v, A^Q Z w`q Zwi AwMvjKi evBii AveiY (wP
9.20)| GwU PvLi AvKwZ wVK ivL| evBii bvbv cKvi Awb nZ PvLK iv Ki|
3. Kwbqv (Cornea) : GwU kZgji mvgbi Ask| kZgji G Ask ^Q Ges evBii w`K wKQzUv
Dj|
4. Kgj (Choroid) : kZgji wfZii Mvq Kvjv iOi
GKwU AviY _vK hvK Kgj ej| GB Kvjv AvZiYi
Rb PvLi wfZi AfZixY cwZdjb nq bv|
5. AvBwim (Iris) : Kwbqvi wVK wcQb AewZ GKwU A^Q c`vK
AvBwim ej| AvBwimi is wewfb jvKi wewfb iKgi nq|
mvaviYZ Gi is Kvjv, nvjKv bxj ev Mvp ev`vgx nq| AvBwim Pz
ji Dci AvcwZZ Avjvi cwigvY wbqY Ki|
wP : 9.20
6. PvLi gwY I Zvivi (Pupil) : AvBwimi gvSLvb GKwU QvU
wQ` _vK| GK PvLi gwY ev Zvivi ej| Zvivii ga w`q Avjv PvLi wfZi cek Ki|
7| Pyj (Eye Lens) : PvLi gwYi wVK wcQb AewZ GwU PvLi mePq iyZc~Y Ask| GwU ^Q
Re c`v_i Zwi| ji wcQbi w`Ki eZv mvgbi w`Ki eZvi Pq wKQzUv ewk| jwU
AwMvjKi mv_ wmwjqvwi gvsmcwk I mvmcwi wjMvgU viv AvUKvbv _vK| GB gvsmcwk I
wjMvgUjvi msKvPb I cmviYi dj Pz ji eZv cwiewZZ nq dj ji dvKvm `~iZi
cwieZb NU| `~ii ev KvQi wRwbm `Lvi Rb Pz ji dvKvm `~iZi cwieZb Kivi cqvRb
nq|
154 c`v_wevb

8. iwUbv (Retina) : Pz ji cQb AewZ AwMvjKi wfZii ci Mvjvcx iOi Cl`Q AvjvK
mse`b AveiYK iwUbv ej| GwU iW I Kvb (rods & cones) bvg KZjv mvqyZ viv Zwi|
GB Zjv Py mvqyi mv_ mshy _vK| iwUbvi Dci Avjv coj Zv H mvqyZZ GK cKvi
DRbv mw Ki dj gwZ `kbi AbyfywZ RvM|
AvKzqvm wnDgvi I wfwUqvm wnDgvi (Aqueous humour and Vitreous humour) : Kwbqv I Pz
ji gaeZx vb h ^Q jeYv Rjxq c`v_ c~Y _vK ZvK AvKzqvm wnDgvi ej| iwUbv I Pz ji
gaeZx vb h Rwj RvZxq c`v_ c~Y _vK ZvK wfwUqvm wnDgvi ej|
PvLi DchvRb : GKwU Dj ji mvgb dvKvm `~iZi evBi Kvbv e ivLj ji wcQb ewUi
GKwU evZe cwZwe^ MwVZ nq| ji wcQb GKU c`v ivLj c`vi Dci ewUi GKwU Dv cwZwe^
`Lv hvq| cixv Kij `Lv hvq h c`vwUi GKwU wbw` Aevb cwZwe^ mePq cwivi nq| GKwU
eK hw` ji wbKU Avbv nq ev j _K `~i mwiq bIqv nq Zvnj cwivi cwZwe^ cvIqvi Rb
c`vwUK mvgb ev wcQb mivZ nq| GLb Avgiv hw` c`vi c~e Aevb cwivi we^ cZ PvB Zvnj wfb
dvKvm `~iZi j eenvi KiZ ne|
PvLi wVK GKB iKg NUbv NU| Kwbqv, AvKzqvm wnDgvi, Pz j I wfwUqvm wnDgvi GK GKwU
Awfmvix ji KvR Ki| PvLi mvgb Kvbv e _vKj mB ei cwZwe^ hw` iwUbvi Dci co
Zvnj gwZi `kbi Abyf~wZ RvM Ges Avgiv mB e `LZ cvB| Avgiv PvLi mvnvh wewfb
`~iZi e `wL| PvLi ji GKwU wekl Y nQ Gi AvKwZ cqvRb gZv e`j hvq dj dvKvm
`~iZi cwieZb NU| dvKvm `~iZi cwieZbi dj jei h Kvbv Aevbi Rb j _K GKB
`~iZ A_vr, iwUbvi Dci we^ MwVZ nq| h Kvbv `~iZi e `Lvi Rb PvLi ji dvKvm
`~iZ wbqY Kivi GB gZvK PvLi DchvRb ej|
`kbi b~bZg `~iZ : Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi AwfZv _K Avgiv `LZ cvB h Kvbv eK
PvLi hZ wbKU wbq Avmv hvq ewUI ZZ `Lv hvq| wK KvQ AvbZ AvbZ Ggb GKUv `~iZ
Avm hLb Avi ewU Lye `Lv hvq bv| h b~bZg `~iZ ch PvL webv kvwZ `LZ cvq ZvK
`kbi b~bZg `~iZ ej| ^vfvweK PvLi Rb `kbi b~bZg `~iZ cvq 25 mwUwgUvi| PvL
_K 25 mwUwgUvi `~ieZx we`yK PvLi wbKU we`y ej| Kvbv e 25 mwUwgUvii Kg `~iZ _vKj
ZvK `Lv hvq bv|
mePq ewk h `~iZ Kvbv e _vKj Zv `Lv hvq ZvK PvLi `~iwe`yI ej| ^vfvweK PvLi
Rb `~iwe`y Amxg `~iZ AweZ nq| A_vr ^vfvweK PvL e`~i ch `LZ cvq|
`kbvbyf~wZi vwqZKvj : PvLi mvgb Kvbv e ivLj iwUbvq Zvi cwZwe^ MwVZ nq Ges Avgiv ewU
`LZ cvB| GLb hw` ewUK PvLi myL _K mwiq bIqv nq Zvnj mwiq bIqvi 0.1 mK
chZ Gi Abyf~wZ gwZ _K hvq| GB mgqK `kbvbyfzwZi vwqZKvj ej|
c`v_wevb 155

`ywU PvL _vKvi myweav : `ywU PvL w`q GKwU e `Lj Avgiv Kejgv GKwU eB `LZ cvB| hw`I
cZKwU PvL Avcb Avcb iwUbvq cwZwe^ MVb Ki, wK gw `ywU wfb cwZwe^K GKwU cwZwe^
cwiYZ Ki| `ywU PvL _vKvi Rb `~iZ wbfzjfve cwigvc Kiv hvq| ZvB GKwU PvL e iL myBq myZv
civZ LyeB Amyweav nq| ZvQvov ei Zzjbvq `ywU PvLi wewfb Aevbi Rb Wvb PvL Wvb w`KUv ewk
Ges evg PvL evg w`KUv ewk `L| `yB PvL w`q e `Lj `ywU wfb cwZwe^i DcwicvZ NUe Ges
eK fvjvfve `Lv hve|
9.10 PvLi wqv
Function of an eye
c~eB Avgiv RbwQ h,Avgv`i PvLi gwYi wVK wcQb GKwU Ki Dj j AvQ hvi bvg Pz j| `~ii
ev KvQi wRwbm `Lvi Rb Pz ji dvKvm `~iZi cwieZb Kivi cqvRb nq|

wP Pz j `Lvbv nqQ| PvLi mvgb Z_v ji mvgb PQ GKwU e| ewUi P we`y _K

GKwU AvjvKiwk PR, cavb Ai mgvZivj hq ji R we`yZ AvcwZZ njv| j cwZmiYi
ci Zv RFP1 c_ Mj| P _K Avi GKwU AvjvKiwk PO c_ ji AvjvKK` AvcwZZ nq
mvRvmywR OP1 eivei cwZmZ njv| RP1 Ges OP1 cwZmZ iwk `ywU P1 we`yZ wgwjZ njv| Gevi cavb
Ai Dci P1Q1 jg AvuKj P1Q1 ne PQ ne eve I DjUv cwZwe^|
cwZweewU hLvb MwVZ njv Zv njv PvLi iwUbv| GwU iW I KvY (rods and cones) bvg KZjv
AvjvK mse`bkxj Kvl Z_v mvqyZ viv Zwi| iwUbvi Dci we^ ev Avjv coj Zv H mvqyZZ GK
cKvi DRbv mw Ki dj gwZ `kbi Abyf~wZ RvM Ges Avgiv mB e `LZ cvB|
DjL h iwUbvi Dci ei Dv cwZwe^ co| GB Abyf~wZ Py bvfi mvnvh gwZ Pj hvq|
iwUbvq MwVZ ei cwZwe^ Dv njI gwZi wekl cwqvi Rb Avgiv eK mvRv `wL|

9.11 PvLi ywU I Zvi cwZKvi

Defects of vision and their remedy
^vfvweK PvLi `wi cvjv 25cm _K Amxg chZ weZZ A_vr, ^vfvweK PvL 25cm _K Amxg
`~iZi ga h Kvbv e `LZ cvq| hw` Kvbv PvL GB cvjvi ga Kvbv eK `LZ
bv cvq Zvnj mB PvL wUc~Y ej aiv nq| PvL cavbZ `yB aibi wU `Lv hvq| h_v-
156 c`v_wevb

1. n^ `w (Short sight or Myopia)

2. `xN `w (Long sight or Hypermetropia)
1. n^ `w: GB wUM PvL `~ii wRwbm fvjvfve `LZ cvq bv wK KvQi wRwbm `LZ cvq| GgbwK
GB PvLi wbKU we`y 25 cm GiI Kg nq|myZivs PvLi wbKUwe`y 25 cm GiI Kg nj mUvI n^ `w|
KviY : AwMvjKi evmva eo Mj ev PvLi ji dvKvm
`~iZ Kg Mj A_vr, Awfmvix gZv eo Mj GB wU `Lv `q
[9.22 (K)]|
wUi dj : G AbK `~ieZx e _K AvMZ mgvivj
iwkQ PvLi j cwZmwiZ nq iwUbvi mvgb I we`yZ wgwjZ
nq [wP 9.22 (K)] dj je `Lv hvq bv| GB PvLi
`~iwe`y Amxgi cwieZ F we`yZ nq ZvB GB PvL F Gi ewk
`~ii Kvbv e `LZ cvq bv [wP 9.22 (L)]
cwZKvi : PvLi ji Awfmvix gZv eo hvevi Rb GB wUi
De nq| `wi G wU mskvab Kivi Rb mnvqK j ev Pkgv
wnme AeZj j eenvi Kiv nq wP 9.22 (M)| wP : 9.22

ZvQvov GKgv AeZj jB jei PqI wbKU mvRv I Aeve cwZwe^ MVb Ki ej G PvLi
ji mvgb mnvqK j ev Pkgv wnme AeZj j eenvi KiZ ne| GB jwUi gZv Z_v dvKvm
`~iZ Ggb ne hv Amxg `~iZ AewZ jei cwZwe^
wUc~Y PvLi `~iwe`yZ MVb Ki [wP 9.22 (M)]| Avgiv
Rvwb Amxg `~iZ AewZ jei cwZwe^ dvKvm MwVZ
nq| myZivs AeZj ji dvKvm `~iZ wUc~Y PvLi
`~iwe`yi `~iZi mgvb nZ ne|
2. `xN`w : GB wUM PvL `~ii wRwbm `LZ cvq wK
KvQi wRwbm `LZ cvq bv| ev PvLi ji dvKvm
`~iZ eo Mj A_vr, Awfmvix gZv Kg Mj PvL G
aibi wU `Lv `q [wP 9.23 (K)]|
wUi dj: G PvLi mvgb je _K AvMZ AvjvK
wP : 9.23
iwkQ PvLi j cwZmwiZ nq iwUbvi cQb I we`yZ
wgwjZ nq [wP 9.23 (K)]| dj je `Lv hvq bv| [GB PvLi wbKU we`y N _K `~i mi O
we`yZ Pj hvq hv 25cm Pq AbK ewk| ZvB G PvL O-Gi Pq wbKUeZx vbi e `Lv
hvq bv [wP 9.24 (L)]|
c`v_wevb 157

cwZKvi : PvLi ji Awfmvix gZv Kg hvIqvi `ib G ywUi De nq| ZvB G wU `~i (wP 9.23)
KiZ PvLi ji Awfmvix gZv evovZ nq| G Rb mnvqK j wnme Dj j eenvi Kiv nq|
ZvQvov GKgv Dj jB jei PqI `~i mvRv Aeve cwZwe^ MVb Ki| G ZvB PvLi
ji mvgb mnvqK j ev Pkgv wnme Ggb gZv Z_v dvKvm `~iZwewk Dj j eenvi KiZ ne
hv ^vfvweK PvLi wbKU we`y N-G vwcZ jei we^ wUc~Y PvLi wbKU we`y O-Z MVb Ki [wP
9.23 (M)]|

9.12 iwOb ei AvjvKxq Dcjw

Perceptions of coloured objects
Avgiv hLb Kvbv e `wL ZLb e _K Avjv Gm Avgv`i PvL co| Pz j KZK D Avjv
cwZmwiZ nq ei GKwU cwZwe^ iwUbvq MVb Ki| iwUbvq emsLK mvqy _vK hviv GB AbyfzwZ
gw ciY Ki| gw wbLyuZ weklYi ci Avgiv mB eK `LZ cvB| iwUbv _K h bvfjv
gw wMqQ mjvi bvg iW I KvY (rods and cones)| G`i ga KvYjv eY mse`bkxj
(colour sensitive)| wZb aiYi KvY AvQ bxjeY mse`bkxj KvY, jvj eY mse`bkxj KvY Ges meyR
eY mse`bkxj KvY| Kvbv eY hZB wgk ev RwUj nvK bv Kb PvL mKj eYK gv GB wZbwU eY aviY
Ki| iwUbvi KvYjv GB aviYKZ Z_ gw ciY Ki| gw Avevi wekl cwqvi gvag mKj
eYK Avjv`v Ki `q| GfveB Avgiv iwOb ei AvjvKxq Dcjw cvB|

9.13 `bw`b Rxeb Avjvi cwZmiYi eenvi

Uses of refraction in our daily life
Avgv`i PvL GKwU Dj j AvQ| hLb Avgiv Kvbv e `wL ZLb Avjv H e _K Gm PvLi
j KZK cwZmZ nq iwUbvi Dci co| iwUbvq H ei GKwU evZe I Dv cwZwe^ MVb Kivi ci
Avgiv eK `LZ cvB| myZivs Avgv`iK `Lvi KvR mvnvh KiQ Avjvi cwZmiY|
AbKi PvL `wi ywU AvQ| KD nqZv KvQi e `L bv KD Avevi `~iiUv `L bv| Gme ywU `~i
Kivi Rb Avgiv wbw` gZvi j viv Zwi Pkgv eenvi Kwi| Pkgvi ga w`q AvMZ AvjvK iwk
cwZmZ nq PvL co Ges e mwVKfve `LZ mnvqZv Ki| myZivs `wi ywU `~i KiZ Avjvi
cwZmiY KvR Ki|
Avgiv Kvgiv w`q Qwe Zzwj, gvBvvc w`q AwZz` wRwbm eo Ki `wL, Uwjvc w`q `~ii wRwbm
KvQ `wL Gme hB Avjvi cwZmiY agK eenvi Kiv nq|
^v I UwjKwgDwbKkb Avgiv h AcwUKvj dvBevi eenvi Ki _vwK ZvI Avjvi cwZmiY agi Ae`vb|
Avgv`i AbKi Ni gvQi GvKzwiqvg AvQ| GLvb wKQz iwOb gvQ ivLj Zv`i gRvi MwZwewa `Lv hvq|
gvQ _K c_g Avjv cvwbi ga w`q Gm KvPi ev AvcwZZ nq| KvP cwZmiYi ci Avgv`i PvL
mB `k Avm| myZivs GLvbI cwZmiYi Ae`vb iqQ|
158 c`v_wevb

Abymvb : 9.1
Dj j eenvi Ki cwZwe^ mw I c`kb
Dk : jveiUwiZ Dj j eenvi Ges eve cwZwe^ mw|
hcvwZ : GKwU Dj j|
KvRi aviv :
1. GKwU Dj j bvI|
2. jwU wbq Zvgvi jveiUwii `iRv A_ev Rvbvjvi wbKU `uvovI|
3. Gevi jwUK evwnii Kvbv `k hgb-MvQcvjv, `vjvb BZvw`i w`K aiv|
4. jwUK Wvb evg bovPov Ki ji cQbi ivLv mv`v KvMRi Dci H `ki cwZwe^ Zwi Ki|
5. cwZwe^wUK Kivi Rb jwUK KvMR nZ mvgb ev wcQb mivI|
6. Kvbv GKwU wbw` `~iZ Zzwg ei cwZwe^ KvMR `LZ cve|
7. Gfve `~ii ei cwZwe^ `qvj c`kb Kiv hvq|
8. cwZwe^i MVb AvjvPbv Ki|

Abymvb : 9.2
wewfb ewi PvLi `kbi b~bZg `~iZ wbYq I eenvihvM Pkgv mbvKiY
Dk : `kbi b~bZg `~iZ cwigvc Ki PvLi wU wPwZ Ki I eenvihvM Pkgv mbv Kiv|
DcKiY : Leii KvMR A_ev eB|
KvRi aviv :
1. Zvgvi wkK, mncvVx, gv-evev, eo fvB-evb`i ga _K Pkgv eenvi Ki bv Ggb cuvPRbK
evQvB Ki|
2. evQvBKiv GKRbK Leii KvMRwU coZ `vI|
3. wZwb Leii KvMRwU PvL _K h Aevb iL fvjvfve coZ ^vQ`eva Ki m AevbwU
wPwZ Ki|
4. Gevi GKwU mwUwgUvi j eenvi Ki PvL _K Leii KvMRi Aevb cwigvc Ki| GUvB Zvi
`kbi b~bZg `~iZ|
5. GBfve cuvPRb ewiB `kbi b~bZg `~iZ cwigvc Ki QK wjL|
6. QK _K cZKi `kbi b~bZg `~iZ hvPvB (25cm Gi Kg ev ewk nj) Ki cqvRbxq Pkgv
mycvwik KiZ cvi|
7. wfb wfb ewi Avjv`v `kbi b~bZg `~iZ nIqvi KviY AvjvPbv Ki|
cheY QK
ewi bvg AvbygvwbK eqm `kbi b~bZg `~iZ mycvwikKZ Pkgv
(cqvRb nj)
c`v_wevb 159

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPbx ck :
mwVK Di wUK () wP `vI :
1| Nb gvagi wfZi ivLv Kvbv eK nvjKv gvag _K `Lj Gi cwZwe^ Kv_vq ne?
K) Dcii w`K DV Avme L) wbPi w`K mi hve
M) GKB RvqMvq _vKe| N) cvk mi hve
cvki wP _K 2 I 3 bs cki Di `vI|
2| GLvb cwZmiY KvY KZ?
K) 00 L) 900
M) 1800 N) 450
3| AvcZb KvYwU hw` vwZ KvYi Pq eo nq Zvnj Kx NUe ?
K) c~Y AfZixY cwZmiY L) c~Y AfZixY cwZdjb
M) cwZmiY N) cwZdjb
4| Dj j cwZwe^ Abi mPivPi eeZ iwk wP -

F F
F o F O
o F F

(i)
(ii) (iii)
K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii
5| ji gZvi GKK KvbvwU ?
K) Wvqvvi L) IqvU
M) Ak gZv N) wKjvIqvU-NUv
L. mRbkxj ck
1| `kg kwYi Qvx wkDjx kwY K evK evWi jLv fvjfve `LZ cvq bv| dj Wvvii
mibvcb nj Wvvi ZvK -2D gZvmb j Pkgv wnmve eenvii civgk w`jb|
K) j KvK ej?
L) k bv Ki Kxfve GKwU j mbv Kiv hvq?
M) wkDjxi Pkgvi dvKvm `~iZ wbYq Ki|
N) wkDjxK FYvZK (-) gZvi j eenvii civgk `evi hwKZv weklY Ki|
160 c`v_wevb

`kg Aavq
wiZwor
STATICAL ELECTRICITY

[Avgiv Rvwb cZK c`v_B cvUb I BjKUb _vK| Zzwg wK Rvb h Zvgvi kixi 1028 wU Gi PqI ewk cvUb
Ges cvq mgvb msLK BjKUb AvQ| GB BjKUb I cvUbi GKwU gwjK ag nPQ Avavb (Charge)| cvUbi
AvavbK abvZK I BjKUbi AvavbK FYvZK aiv nq| AvwnZ e ciii Dci ej cqvM Ki hv Zwor ej
bvg cwiwPZ| Zwor ej cKwZi GKwU gwjK I iZc~Y ej| GB Aavq Avgiv `Le Kxfve Kvbv eK AvwnZ
Kiv hvq| Avgiv Aviv `Le Kxfve Avavbi AwZ evSv hvq, Kxfve Zv`i gaKvi ej wnme KiZ nq| GB
Aavq Avgv`i AvjvwPZ Avavbjv GKvb wi _vKe, GB Rb Avgiv GB AavqK wi Zwor wnme AvLvwqZ
KiwQ| Avgiv mekl GB wi Avavbi eenvi Ges Gi _K wKQz wec` I mB wec` _K Kxfve mveavb _vKZ
ne ZvI AvjvPbv Kie|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

1. cigvYy MVbi wfwZ Avavb mwi gwjK KviY evLv KiZ cvie|
2. NlY I Avek cwqvq Avavb mw evLv KiZ cvie|
3 ZworexY hi mvnvh Avavb mbvKiY KiZ cvie|
4 Kzj^i m~ eenvi Ki Zwor ej cwigvc KiZ cvie|
5. Zwor mwi KviY evLv KiZ cvie|
6 Zwor ejiLvi w`K Zwor i w`KK wb`k Ki evLv KiZ cvie|
7. Zwor wefe evLv KiZ cvie|
8. Zwor kw msiY aviKi Kvhg evLv KiZ cvie|
9. wi Zwor eenvi evLv KiZ cvie|
10. wi Zwor wec`RbK SuywK nZ ivi Kkj evLv KiZ cvie|
c`v_wevb 161

10.1 Avavb
Charge
GK kxZi mKvj mif Zvi cvwKi wPibxwU nvZ wbj Pzj AvPovbvi Rb| wK Pzj AuvPovbvi AvM
mif wPibxwUK Zvi Dji cyjIfvii mv_ wKQzY Nl wbj| Gevi Pzj AvPovZ Mj m weqi mv_
j Kij h H wPibx w`q Pzj AuvPovbv hvQ bv, Pzjjv me Lvov nq MQ hb ciiK weKlY Ki `~i
Vj w`Q| mif GLb wPibxwUK Uweji KvQ AvbZB `LZ cj h, Uweji Dci co _vKv UzKiv
KvMRjvK wPibxwU AvKlY KiQ| mifi gZ G iKg AwfZv nqZv Zvgv`i AbKiB nqQ|
Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv `wL h Avgv`i Pvicvki AbK wRwbmB mifi wPibxi gZ AvPiY Ki|
Ki `L : Zvgvi cvwKi jwUK Zvgvi Kbv Pzji mv_ wKQzY Nl KZjv KvMRi
UzKivi KvQ ai |

Avgiv `wL h, Kvbv e wekl Aevq Ab eK AvKlY Ki ev ZworM ev AvwnZ nq A_vr eZ

ZwoZi Drcw nq| GB Zwor hLvb Drcb nq mLvbB _vK ej GK wi Zwor ejv nq| GLb `Lv
hvK, ZworM ev AvwnZ nIqv ejZ Avgiv Kx eywS ?
Avgiv Rvwb cZK c`v_ z` z` KYv viv MwVZ| G`iK cigvYy ej| cZK c`v_i cigvYy,
wbDKxqvmi Pviw`K N~Yvqgvb BjKUb viv MwVZ| wbDKxqvmi ga `yB aiYi KYv _vK-cvUb I
wbDUb| c`v_ mwKvix gwjK KYvmg~ni (Bjb I cvUb) gwjK I ewkg~jK agB nQ Avavb ev
PvR| BjKUbi AvavbK FYvZK Ges cvUbi AvavbK abvZK aiv nq| wbDUb Zwor wbic A_vr
GZ Kvbv Avavb bB|GKwU cvUb Avavbi cwigvY BjKUbi Avavbi mgvb| ^vfvweKfve GKwU
cigvYyZ BjKUbi msLv cvUbi msLvi mgvb _vK| dj GKUv MvUv cigvYyZ Kvbv Zwor ag cKvk
cvq bv| wewfb c`v_i cigvYyZ cvUb I BjKUbi msLv wewfb nq|
Kvbv cigvYyZ hZY ch BjKUb I cvUbi msLv mgvb _vK ZZY ch Zv wbwor ev Zwor
wbic _vK| wK cigvYyZ G`i msLv mgvb bv nj cigvYy ZworM nq A_vr AvwnZ nq| Kvbv
cigvYyZ BjKUbi msLv Kg Mj cvUbi AvwaK `Lv `q| G AevK ejv nq abvZK Avavb AvwnZ
nIqv| Avevi GB wewQb BjKUb Aci Kvbv cigvYyi mv_ hy nj m cigvYyZ cvUbi Pq BjKUbi
msLv eo hvq, dj FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ nq| cigvYyZ BjKUbi msLv ^vfvweKi Pq Kg ev ewk
nIqvK AvwnZ nIqv ej|
h mKj c`v_i ga w`q Zwor Z_v Avavb mnR PjvPj KiZ cvi Zv`iK cwievnK ev cwievnx ej,
hgb avZe c`v_, gvwU, gvbe`n cfwZ| mvaviYZ avZe c`v_ Zwor mycwievnK nq| Zvgv, icv,
Avjywgwbqvg BZvw` mycwievnK| Aci c h mKj c`v_i ga w`q Zwor Z_v Avavb PjvPj KiZ cvi bv
Zv`iK AiK ev AcwievnK ej, hgb KvV, KvMR, KvP BZvw`|
10.2 NlY AvwnZKiY
Electrification by friction
cixY: GKwU nvjKv kvjvi ejK GKwU myZvi mvnvh Kvb v ev K _K Szwjq `vI| GLb GKwU
Kbv wmi Kvcoi UzKiv w`q GKwU Kbv KvP`i GKcv fvjvfve Nlv| KvP` I ikwg
Kvcoi UzKiv m~hi wKiY wKq Mig Ki wbj fvjv nq| GLb KvP`i Nlv cvwU gyfve
Szjvbv nvjKv kvjvi eji KvQ Avbv|
162 c`v_wevb

^vfvweK Aevq c`v_i cigvYyZ BjKUb I cvUb mgcwigvY _vK| Ze cZK cigvYyiB cqvRbi
AwZwi BjKUbi cwZ Avmw _vK| BjKUbi cwZ GB Avmw wewfb

wP : 10.1 wP : 10.2 wP : 10.3

eZ wewfb iKg| ZvB `ywU eK hLb ciii msk Avbv nq ZLb h ei BjKUb Avmw ewk
m e Aci ewU _K BjKUb msMn Ki FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ nq| GKwU KvP`K wm viv Nlj
GiKg NUbv NU (wP 10.1)| wmi BjKUb Avmw KvPi Pq ewk ej, G`i hLb ciii mv_ Nlv
nq, ZLb KvP _K BjKUb wm Pj hvq| Gi dj wm FYvZK Avavb Ges KvP` abvZK Aavb
AvwnZ nq| GRb KvP` kvjvejK AvKlY Ki (wP 10.2)| Avevi dvbji Kvcoi mv_ BevbvBU ev
cwjw_b ` Nlj, cwjw_b ` FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ Ges dvbji Kvco abvZK Avavb AvwnZ nq|
KviY, cwjw_bi BjKUb Avmw dvbji Pq ewk ej, ciii mv_ NlYi dj dvbji Kvco
_K BjKUb BevbvBU ` Pj Avm (wP 10.3)|
10.3 Zwor Avek
Electric Induction
Avgiv `LwQ h, `ywU ei cviwiK NlYi dj Avavbi De nq| Avevi AvwnZ eK AbvwnZ ei
msk Avbj AbvwnZ ewU AvwnZ nq| wK AbvwnZ eK AvwnZ ei msk bv Gb ay KvQvKvwQ
wbq GjI GwU AvwnZ nq| Zwor Aveki Rb GiKg nq|GKwU AvwnZ ei KvQ Gb k bv Ki
aygv Gi DcwwZZ Kvbv AbvwnZ eK AvwnZ Kivi cwZK Zwor Avek ej| wbPi mnR cixvi
mvnvh Zwor Avek evLv Kiv hvq|

wP : 10.4
cixY : ivevii nvZj wewk GKwU Kbv KvP`K ikg w`q fvjv Ki Nl Gi GK cv nvZ
ai Aci cv GKwU AbvwnZ cwievnK ` AB Gi A cvi wbKU Avbj, cwievnKi gy BjKUbjv
KvP`i abvZK Avavb viv AvK nq A cv mi Avm (wP 10.4 K)| dj B cv BjKUb NvUwZ
mw nq, A_vr B cv abvZK Avavb AvwnZ nq Ges A cv FYvZK Avavbhy nq| Avavb msMvnK [GKwU
Acwievnx nvZji cv jvMvbv z` avZe cvZ ev ej] w`q B cv _K wKQz Avavb msMn Ki (wP 10.4 L)
ZworexY hi mvnvh Gi cKwZ wbYq Kij, DcwiD eei mZZv cgvwYZ ne|
GLvb bZzb Kvbv Avavb Drcb nq bv| AvwnZ KvP`i DcwwZi KviY mgcwigvY wecixZ RvZxq Avavb
c_K nq cwievnxi `yB cv mi MQ gv| hZY KvP`wU AB cwievnxi KvQ _vKe ZZY wecixZ
Avavb Gfve c_K nq cwievnxi `yB cv Aevb Kie| Dcii cixvq KvP`i abvZK Avavb hv AB
c`v_wevb 163

cwievnxZ Avek mw Kij ZvK Avekx Avavb ej| Avi AB cwievnxZ h Avavbi mvi nq ZvK
Avwe Avavb ej|
mmvwiZ KgKv : GKwU dzjvbv ejybK Zvgvi Rvgvi mv_ Nl | Gi ci GwUK Nii
`Iqvji mv_ GKUz Lvwb Pc ai Qo `vI| wK `Lj ? ejybwU `Iqvj AvUK AvQ|
mmvwiZ KgKv : GKwU cvwKi eK Rvgvi mv_ Nl | Gi ci cvwbi Kj _K cov
GKwU xY cvwbi avivi KvQ ai | cvwbi aviv ei w`K eK Avme |

wP 10.5
wP : 10.6
ejyb m FYvZK Avavb `Iqvj Avek mw Ki| `Iqvj Avwe abvZK Avavb FYvZK Avavbwewk
ejybK AvKlb Ki ivL (wP 10.5)| GKB NUbv NU cvwbi avivi (wP 10.6)|
10.4 ZworexY h
Electroscope
MVb : h hi mvnvh Kvbv eZ Avavbi AwZ I cKwZ wbbq Kiv hvq ZvK ZworexY h
ej| GB h GKwU wcZj ev Ab Kvbv avZe ` R Gi Dci GKwU avZe PvKwZ ev MvjK AvUKvbv
_vK (wP 10.7)| `i wbPi cv `ywU nvjKv mvbvi cvZ mshy _vK| cvZ `ywU mvbvi e`j
Avjywgwbqvg ev Ab Kvbv nvjKv avZziI nZ cvi| cvZmn `i wbPi Ask Acwievnx c`v_ w`q Zwi
wQwc C Gi ga w`q GKwU KvP cvi ga cek Kivbv _vK| hwU KvP cvi wfZi _vKvq evqy cevn
Gi wZ KiZ cvi bv|
ZworexY hK AvwnZKiY : GKwU KvP`K ikg w`q Nlj KvP`
abvZK Avavbi De nq| H AvwnZ KvP`K ZworexYi PvKwZ ev
MvjKi Mvq k Kivj ` nZ LvwbKUv Avavb PvKwZZ Pj hvq| GB
Avavb mycwievnx avZe `i ga w`q mvbvi cvZq cuQ| dj mvbvi cvZ
`ywU GKB RvZxq Avavb cq ciiK weKlY Ki Ges cii _K `~i mi
hvq ev wevwiZ nq| GB Aevq KvP` mwiq wbj hw` cvZqi gaeZx
dvuK bv Kg, Zvnj hwU abvZK Avavb AvwnZ nqQ ej wmv bIqv
hvq|hK FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ KiZ nj GKwU BevbvBU `K dvbj
viv Nl FYvZK Avavbhy Ki DcwiD cwqvq PvKwZ k Kiv nq| Gi wP : 10.7
dj ^YcvZ `ywU FYvZK Avavb cq cii _K `~i mi dvuK nq hve Ges
mB AevqB _vKe| Avavb hZ ewk ne, avZe cvZjvI ZZ ewk dvuK nq hve|
164 c`v_wevb

Avavbi DcwwZ wbYq : Kvbv eZ Avavbi AwZ A_vr Kvbv eZ Avavb AvQ wK bv wbYqi Rb
ewUK GKwU AbvwnZ ZworexY hi PvKwZi KvQ AvbZ ne| GZ hw` cvZ `ywU cii _K `~i
mi hvq, Zvnj eySZ ne ewUZ Avavbi AwZ AvQ| wK hw` cvZ `ywU cii _K `~i mi bv
hvq, Zvnj eySZ ne ewUZ Avavb bB|
Avavbi cKwZ wbYq : Kvbv ZworM eZ Kx aiYi Avavb AvQ Zv RvbZ nj ZworexY hwUK
c_g abvZK wKsev FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ KiZ ne| aiv hvK, hwUK abvZK Avavb AvwnZ Kiv
njv| H Avevq cvZq abvZK Avavb _vKvq Giv dvuK nq hve| GLb cixYxq ewUK ZworexY
hi PvKwZi msk Avbj hw` cvZ `ywUi dvuK Kg hvq, Zvnj eySZ ne H ewU FYvZK Avavb
AvwnZ| cvi cixYxq ewUK PvKwZi msk Avbj hw` dvuK eo hvq, Zvnj eySZ ne ewU
abvZK Avavb AvwnZ|
10.5 Zwor ej
Electric force
eji cKwZ : GKwU abvZK Avavb AvwnZ cvwK `K bvBjbi myZv w`q Szwjq `Iqv njv (wP 10.8
K)| Gevi GKwU FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ cwjw_bi `K Gi wbKU Avbv njv| wK `Lv hve ? cvwKi
`wU cwjw_bi `i w`K Nyi hve| G _K eySv hvq, `ywU wecixZ Avavb AvwnZ e ciiK AvKlY
Ki|

(K) (L)
wP : 10.8
Gevi GKwU abvZK Avavb AvwnZ cvwK `K Szjvb abvZK Avavb AvwnZ cvwKi `i w`K wbq Gj
(wP 10.8 L) wK `Lv hve? Szjvb `wU `Z
`~i mi hve| A_vr mgRvZxq Avavb ciiK weKlY Ki|
Kzj^i m~ : Avgiv `Ljvg, `ywU wecixZ RvZxq Avavb ciiK AvKlY Ki, `ywU mgRvZxq Avavb
ciiK weKlY Ki| `ywU Avavbi gaeZx GB AvKlY ev weKlYi eji gvb wbfi Ki,
1. Avavb `ywUi cwigvYi Dci|
2. Avavb `ywUi gaeZx `~iZi Dci|
3. Avavb `ywU h gvag AewZ Zvi cKwZi Dci|
`ywU Avavbi gaeZx AvKlY ev weKlY ej mK wevbx Kzj^
GKwU m~ weeZ Kib| GK Kzj^i m~ ej|
m~ : wbw` gvag `ywU we`y Avavbi ga wqvkxj AvKlY ev weKlY
eji gvb Avavbqi Ydji mgvbycvwZK, gaeZx `~iZi eMi
wP : 10.9
evbycvwZK Ges GB ej G`i mshvRK mijiLv eivei wqv Ki|
aiv hvK, `ywU Avavbi cwigvb h_vg q1 I q2 Ges G`i gaeZx
`~iZ d (wP 10.9)| G`i gaeZx wqvkxj AvKlY ev weKlY ej F nj, Kzj^i m~vbymvi,
c`v_wevb 165

q1q2
Fv
d2
q1q2
ev, F C (10.1)
d2
GLvb C GKwU mgvbycvwZK aeK| k~bvbi Rb Gi gvb 9 u109 Nm2 C2 | GK AbK mgq
Kzj^i aeK ejv nq|
Avavbi GKK : Avavbi GKK nQ Kzj^ (C)| GwU GKwU j GKK| Awqvii mvnvh Gi msv `Iqv
nq|
Kvbv cwievnKi ga w`q GK Avwqvi (1 A) cevn GK mK (1 s) ai Pjj Gi h Kvbv cQ`
w`q h cwigvY Avavb cevwnZ nq ZvK GK Kzj^ (1 C) ej|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 10.1 : GKwU 20 C Gi AvwnZ eK k~bvb Avci GKwU 50 C Gi AvwnZ e _K
2 m `~i ivLv njv| G`i gaeZx eji gvb wbbq Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb,
q1q2 GLvb,
F C
d2 1g Avavb, q1 = 20 C
20 C 50 C 2q Avavb, q2 = 50 C
9 u 109 N m 2 C-2 `~iZ, d = 2 m
( 2 m) 2
ej, F = ?
= 2.251012 N

10.6 Zwor
Electric field
aiv hvK A GKwU abvZK Avavbi e| GLb P we`yZ (wP 10.10) hw` GKwU Avavb +q ivLv nq
Zvnj A ei Avavbi Rb +q Avavb wU GKwU ej Abyfe Kie| Avgiv
ewj P we`yZ GKwU Zwor weivR KiQ hvi Drm nQ AvwnZ e A|
A_vr, GKwU AvwnZ ei wbKU Ab GKwU AvwnZ e Avbj mwU AvKlY
ev weKlY ej Abyfe Ki| AvwnZ ei Pviw`K h Aj Ryo GB cfve
we`gvb _vK mB AjKB GB ewUi Zwor ej|
Zwor ZxeZv: Kzj^i m~ _K `Lv hvq h, P we`ywU A ewUi hZ
wbKUeZx nq H we`yZ Zwor i mejZvI ZZ ew cvq| Zwor i
mejZvK ZxeZv ejv nq | Zwor i Kvbv we`yZ GKwU GKK abvZK
Avavb vcb Kij mwU h ej Abyfe Ki ZvK H we`yi Zwor ZxeZv ej| wP : 10.10
hw` P we`yZ vwcZ AvavbwU F ej jvf Ki Zvnj P we`yi Zwor ZxeZv,
F
E (10.2)
q
Zwor ZxeZv GKwU fi ivwk Ges Gi w`K nQ Zwor vwcZ abvZK Avavbi Dci wqvkxj eji w`K|
Zwor ZxeZvi GKK nQ wbDUb / Kzj^ (N C 1)|
166 c`v_wevb

MvwYwZK D`vniY 10.2 : Kvbv Zwor 5 C Gi GKwU AvwnZ e vcb Kij hw` mwU 200 N ej
jvf Ki Ze H we`yZ Zwor i ZxeZvi gvb wbYq Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb,
F GLvb,
E
q Avavb, q = 5 C
200 N ej, F = 200 N
5C Zwor ZxeZv , E = ?
= 40 N C-1

Dt 40 N C1
Zwor ejiLv : Zwor mK aviYv cvIqvi Rb gvBKj dvivW Zwor ejiLvi AeZviYv Kib|
Kvbv Zwor GKwU abvZK Avavb vcb Kij GwU ej jvf Kie| hw` AvavbwU gy nq Ze mwU GB ej
jvfi dj wi bv _K GKwU wbw` c_ Pje| Zwor GKwU gy abvZK Avavb vcb Kij GwU h
c_ cwigY Ki ZvK Zwor ejiLv ej| ejiLvi eve Kvbv AwZ bB| GB iLvjv KvwbK| Zwor
ejiLv Zwor i Kvbv we`yZ Zwor ZxeZvi cwigvc I w`K evLv Kivi Rb eenvi Kiv nq|Zwor i
ejiLvjv Ggb nq h, Zwor i Kvbv we`yZ ejiLvi mv_ AwZ kK H we`yZ Zwor ZxeZvi w`K
wb`k Ki| ejiLvi mv_ j^fve AewZ GKK dji ga w`q AwZv ejiLvi msLv ZxeZvi
mgvbycvwZK| Kvbv Zwor i ejiLvi wP ejiLvi gaeZx dvuK Zwor ZxeZvi gvb wb`k Ki| Zwor
i h me GjvKvq ejiLvjv KvQvKvwQ AewZ, A_vr Nbmwbwe mLvb E Gi gvb ewk, Avi h me
GjvKvq ejiLvjv `~i `~i AewZ m me vb E Gi gvb QvU ev Kg nq|
AvwnZ ei wewfb Aevbi Rb Zwor i ejiLvi cKwZ wfb nq| wbP KqKwU Zwor i
ejiLv eYbv Kiv njv| AvjvPbvi myweav_ cwievnKjvK MvjvKvi aiv nqQ|
1. GKwU c_K abvZK Avavbi Rb ejiLvi cKwZ 10.11 (K) wP `Lvbv njv| G ejiLvjv
cwievnKi c _K j^ eivei mylgfve ei nqQ| ewUi Avavbi cwigvY evoj ejiLvi
msLvI evoe|
2. `ywU mgvb I wecixZ RvZxq Avavb viv m Zwor
i ejiLv 1.11 (L) wP `Lvbv njv| G
ejiLvjv abvZK Avavb _K ei nq FYvZK
Avavb cek Ki|
3. mgvb gvbi `ywU abvZK Avavb cvkvcvwk vcb Kij
G`i m Zwor i ejiLv 1.11 (M) wP `Lvbv
njv| G ejiLvjv cii _K `~i mi hve,
dj `yB Avavbi gvSLvb Kvbv ejiLv _vK bv|
wP GB vbK X wP w`q `Lvbv njv| GB vb
Kvbv Avavb vcb Kij mwU Kvbv ej jvf Kie wP : 10.11
bv| GB we`yK wbic we`y ejv nq|
c`v_wevb 167

4. `ywU Amgvb abvZK Avavbi Rb m Zwor i ejiLv 1.11 (N) wP `Lvbv njv| G
wbic we`y N z`Zi Avavbi wbKUeZx ne|
10.7 Zwor wefe
Electric potential
Zwor i hgb ZxeZv _vK, Zgwb Zwor i wefeI _vK| wefe viv wbavwiZ ne Zwor
GKwU Avavb Kvbv w`K MwZkxj ne ev `ywU cwievnK mshy Kij Kvb cwievnK _K Kvb cwievnK
Avavb cevwnZ ne| Zwor mwKvix AvwnZ ewUi Avavb abvZK nj GKwU abvZK AvavbK ei
w`K AvbZ weKlY eji wei KvR KiZ nq| myZivs, Amxg _K GKwU GKK abvZK AvavbK ei
hZ wbKUeZx Kvbv we`yZ AvbZ ne ZZ ewk KvR KiZ ne| ZvB abvZKfve AvwnZ GKwU ei
Zwor i ga GKwU we`y ewUi hZ wbKU ne Zvi wefeI ZZ ewk ne|abvZKfve AvwnZ GKwU
ei Zwor vwcZ GKwU abvZK Avavb hw` gyfve PjZ cvi, Ze mwU abvZKfve AvwnZ e
_K `~i mi hve| myZivs ejv Pj abvZK Avavb DP wefe _K wb wefei w`K Pj| Acic
FYvZK Avavb abvZK fve AvwnZ ei w`K Pj| myZivs, FYvZK Avavb wbwefe _K DP wefei
w`K Pj| mwKvix AvwnZ ewU FYvZKfve AvwnZ nj GKwU GKK abvZK AvavbK H ei
w`K AvbZ AvKlY ej viv KvR mb ne| FYvZKfve AvwnZ ei Zwor Amxg _K abvZK
Avavb ei w`K AvmZ wbRB KvR Ki| dj AvavbwU kw nvivq Ges Zwor i Kvbv we`yi
wefeK FYvZK aiv nq|
wefei cwigvc : Amxg `~iZ _K cwZ GKK abvZK AvavbK Zwor i Kvbv we`yZ AvbZ h
cwigvb KvR mb nq ZvK H we`yi Zwor wefe ej| Avevi, Amxg _K cwZ GKK abvZK AvavbK
cwievnKi Lye wbKU AvbZ Zwor ej viv ev Zwor eji wei h cwigvY KvR mb nq, ZvK H
cwievnKi wefe ej|
Amxg _K z` Avavb q K Zwor i Kvbv we`yZ ev cwievnKi Lye wbKU AvbZ hw` mb KvRi
W
cwigvY W nq, Ze H we`yi ev H cwievnKi wefe V ne V (10.3)
q
`ywU AvwnZ cwievnKK ZworMZfve hy Kij Kvb w`K w`q Avavb cevwnZ ne Zwor wefe viv Zv
wbavwiZ nq|
`ywU Avavbhy avZe MvjKK GKwU cwievnK Zvi viv hy Kij (wP 10.12) wbPi h Kvbv GKUv NUbv
NUZ cvi|
1. evg MvjK _K wKQz Avavb Wvb MvjK hZ cvi|
2. Wvb MvjK _K wKQz Avavb evg MvjK hZ cvi|
3. Avavb hgb wQj ZgbB _vKZ cvi|
Avavb Kvb MvjK _K Kvb MvjK hve Zv wK MvjKqi
Avavbi cwigvYi Dci wbfi Ki bv| GwU wbfi Ki h welqwUi
Dci ZvK Zwor wefe ejv nq| h MvjKi wefe ewk Zv _K Kg
wefei MvjK abvZK Avavb cevwnZ ne| `ywU MvjKi wefe mgvb
bv nIqv ch Avavbi GB cevn Pje| wP : 10.12
168 c`v_wevb

myZivs, wefe nQ AvwnZ cwievnKi Zwor Aev hv wbaviY Ki H cwievnKwU Ab Kvbv cwievnKi mv_
ZworMZfve hy Kij Avavb `e bv be|
Zvcgvv I Ziji gyZji mv_ wefei mv`k : Zvcwevb I D`wwZwe`vq h_vg Zvcgvv I Ziji
gyZj h f~wgKv cvjb Ki _vK wi Zworwe`vq wefeI mB GKB f~wgKv cvjb Ki _vK| Avgiv Rvwb,
`ywU eK Zvcxqfve mshy Kij Zv`i ga Zvci Av`vb c`vb nZ cvi| Zvci cevn ei fi Z_v
Zvci cwigvYi Dci wbfi Ki bv -Zvci cevn wbfi Ki Zvcgvvi Dci| AZ D GKwU eK
Zvi Pq AbKY fvix wK Kg Zvcgvv wewk Aci ei mv_ mshy Kij Zvc QvU e _K eo
eZ cevwnZ ne, hw`I eo ei Zvci cwigvY QvU ei ga Zvci cwigvYi Pq AbK ewk|
GKB Abyf~wgK Zj vwcZ `ywU cv A I B GKwU
bj viv c-KK S Gi gvag hy AvQ (wP
10.13)| c-KK e Ki A I B Z cvwb Xvjv
njv hvZ A I B Dfq bj cvwbi DPZv mgvb nq|
B bji evm A bji evmi Pq AbK eo nIqvq
GKB DPZv ch cvwb c~Y KiZ B bji Rb AbK
ewk cvwbi cqvRb ne| GLb hw` c-KK Lyj
`Iqv nq Ze `Lv hve Zv`i DPZvi Kvbv
cwieZb nq bv, A_vr cvwbi cevn NU bv| `yB bji
ga cvwbi cwigvY wfb nIqv mI DPZv mgvb wP : 10.13
_vKvi Rb cvwbi cevn nQ bv| GLb hw` cybivq
c-KK e Ki A bj mvgvb cwigvY cvwb Xvjv nq Ze A-Z cvwbi cwigvY B Gi Pq KgB _vKe
wK Gi DPZv A ew cve| Gici c-KK Lyj `Lv hvq h A _K cvwb B Z cevwnZ nq Ges
cybivq A I B -Gi cvwbi i DPZv mgvb nq| G _K eySv hvq, cvwbi cevn A_vr Av`vb-c`vb cvwbi
cwigvYi Dci wbfi Ki bv DPZvi Dci wbfi Ki|
aiv hvK, `ywU cwievnK abvZKfve AvwnZ| c_g cwievnKi Avavbi cwigvY wZxq cwievnKi Avavbi
Pq ewk, wK c_gwUi wefe wZxqwUi Pq Kg| GLb cwievnK `ywUK GKwU cwievnK Zvi w`q mshy
Kij wZxq cwievnK _K c_g cwievnK abvZK Avavb cevwnZ ne| Avavbi cwigvY c_g cwievnK
ewk nIqv mI wefe Kg nIqvq GwU Avavb MnY Ki| Avavbi cevni dj hLb cwievnK `ywUi wefe
mgvb ne ZLb Avavbi cevn e nq hve|
myZivs, ejv hvq, Zvcwevb Zvcgvvi f~wgKv, D`wwZwe`vq Ziji gyZji f~wgKv Avi wi
Zworwe`vq wefei f~wgKv GKB|
cw_ex ev f~wgi wefe k~b : cw_ex GKwU Zwor cwievnK| Kvbv AvwnZ eK cw_exi mv_ hy Kij
ewU wbwoZ nq| abvZKfve AvwnZ eK f~-mshy Kij cw_ex _K BjKUb Gm eK
wbwoZ Ki| Avi FYvZKfve AvwnZ eK cw_exi mv_ mshy Kij e _K BjKUb f~wgZ
cevwnZ nq, dj ewU wbwoZ nq| cw_ex GZ weivU h, GZ Avavb hvM-weqvM Kij Gi wefei
cwieZb nq bv| hgb, mgy` _K cvwb Zzj wbj ev mgy` cvwb Xvjv nj Gi cvwb Zji Kvbv cv_K nq
bv| cw_ex wewfb e _K cwZwbqZ Avavb MnY Ki Avevi mv_ mv_ Ab eK Avavb mieivnI Ki,
dj cw_exK Avavbnxb gb Kiv nq| Kvbv vbi DPZv wbYqi mgq mgy`i DcwiZji DPZvK hgb
k~b aiv nq Zgwb wefe wbYqi mgq cw_exi wefeKI k~b aiv nq|
c`v_wevb 169

k~b, abvZK I FYvZK wefe : Kvbv Avavbnxb cwievnKi wefeK k~b aiv nq| Kvbv AvwnZ
cwievnKK cw_exi mv_ mshy Kij Zvi wefeI k~b nq| Kbbv, mshy Aevq cw_ex I cwievnK GK
GKwU cwievnK cwiYZ nq| abvZK Avavb AvwnZ cwievnKi wefe abvZK Avi FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ
cwievnKi wefe FYvZK |
wefei GKK fv : Amxg _K cwZ Kzj^ (1C) abvZK AvavbK Zwor i Kvbv we`yZ AvbZ hw`
GK Ryj (1J) KvR mb nq, Ze H we`yi wefeK GK fv (1V) ej|
Zwor i Kvbv we`yi wefe 20V ejZ eySvq Amxg _K cwZ Kzj^ abvZK AvavbK Zwor i H
we`yZ AvbZ 20J KvR mb nq|
wefe cv_K : aiv hvK, Zwor i ga AewZ A I B
`ywU we`y hv`i wefe h_vg VA I VB (wP 10.14)|
Amxg _K cwZ GKK abvZK AvavbK A we`yZ AvbZ
KvRi cwigvY VA Ges B we`yZ AvbZ KvRi cwigvY
VB| AZGe cwZ GKK abvZK AvavbK B we`y _K A wP : 10.14
we`yZ AvbZ KvRi cwigvY VA - VB A_vr GB `yB we`yi wefe cv_K|
cwZ GKK abvZK AvavbK Zwor i GK we`y _K Ab we`yZ vbvi KiZ mb KvRi
cwigvYK GB `yB we`yi wefe cv_K ej| wefe cv_Ki GKK AekB fv|

10.8 Zwor aviK

Electric capacitor
Zwor Avavbic kw mq Kivi mvg_K aviKZ ejv nq| aviKZ eRvq ivLvi Rb DvweZ hvwK
KkjB aviK| Kvbv Drm _K hgb Zwor Kvl _K
aviK kw mq Ki Zv cybivq eenvi Kiv nq| h
Kvbv AvKwZi `ywU cwievnKi gaeZx vb Kvbv A
iK c`v_ hgb- evqy, KvP, cvwK BZvw` vcb Ki
aviK Zwi Kiv nq| myZivs, KvQvKvwQ vwcZ `ywU
cwievnKi gaeZx vb AiK c`v_ iL Zwor
Avavbic kw mq Ki ivLvi hvwK KkjKB
aviK ej| wP : 10.15
GKwU mij aviK Zwi Kiv nq `ywU AwiZ avZecvZK
cii mgvivjfve iL| hLb GKwU evUvwiK Gi `ywU cvZi mv_ mshy Kiv nq (wP 10.15), ZLb
evUvwii FYvZK ` _K BjKUb GKwU cvZ cevwnZ nq Ges GwU FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ nq| aviKi
Ab cvZ _K BjKUb evUvwii abvZK ` cevwnZ nq, dj H cvZ abvZKfve AvwnZ nq| cvZjvZ
KZ Avavb Rgv ne Zv evUvwii fvRi Dci wbfi Ki|
aviK iwWI, Uwjwfkb, iKW cqvi Ges Avbvb BjKUwbK hcvwZ m^wjZ eZbxZ evcKfve eeZ
nq|
170 c`v_wevb

10.9 wi ZwoZi eenvi I wec`

Uses and dangers of static electricity
1| wi e`ywZK is : Mvwo, mvBKj Avjgvwi ev Abvb
wRwbm is Kivi Rb B`vwbs is Gi eenvi Kiv nq| GwU
Kiv nq wi Zwor eenvi Ki| Mvb Ggbfve Zwi Kiv
nq h GwU is Gi AwZ y` y` AvwnZ KYv Zwi Ki| is
Mvbi m~Pvjv cvwU GKwU wi Zwor RbviUi Gi GK
cvi mv_ mshy Kiv nq| RbviUii Aci cvwU h avZe
cvZwU is KiZ ne Zvi mv_ mshy Kiv nq hv AekB f~-
wP 10.16
mshy _vK| GKwU Mvwo is Kivi Mvb _K wbMZ
AvwnZ z` z` KYv Mvwoi evBii KvVvgv viv AvK nq| dj Mvwoi ewniveiYi Gi Dci is Gi GKwU
mylg AviY co| GQvovI GB z` KYvjv Zwor i ej iLv eivei Pj KvVvgvi wPcvPvcv A_vr Gi
AcKvk vb cuQ mLvbI is Ki|
2| B RU wcUvi : GwU nQ mePq mvaviY aibi wcUvi hv KwDUvii mv_ mshvM `Iqv _vK|
GKwU B-Mvb Zvi m~Pvjv gyL w`q AwZ z` z` Kvwji KYv wbc Ki| GB z` KYvjv abvZK (+)
fve AvwnZ| GB Kvwji KYvjv `ywU cvZi gaj w`q Pj
(wP 10.17)| GB abvZK Kvwji KYvjvK abvZK cvZ
weKlY Ki Ges Gjv FYvZK cvZ AvK nq|
GKwU KwDUvi cvZjvi fvR Ggbfve wbqY Ki h
cvZjv KLbv abvZK, KLbv FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ nq Ges
Kvwji KYvjv wew nq Pjgvb KvMRi Dci wewfb vb wP 10.17
co Ges cqvRbgZ Ai ev Qwei AvKwZ Qvc| iwOb Qvcvi
Rb Pvi iKgi iwOb Kvwj eenvi Kiv nq|
3| dUv Kwcqvi : AvRKvj dUv Kwcqvi ev dUv Kwc gwkb LyeB cqvRbxq Ges Rbwcq GKwU h| wkv
cwZvb I wewea Awdm QvovI mvaviY RbMY h Kvbv cqvRbxq `wjj ev KvMRci GK ev GKvwaK AweKj
Kwci Rb GB h eenvi Ki _vKb| GB hI wi Zwor eenvi Kiv nq| dUv Kwcqvii wfZi AKvi
GKwU N~Yvqgvb Wvg _vK| GB Wvgi Dci abvZK Avavb Kiv nq| h cv dUvKwc KiZ ne GKwU Dj
Avjv ZvK AvjvwKZ Ki| cvi mv`v Ask Avjv cwZdwjZ Ki, wK AKvi ev Qvcvbv Ask Kvbv Avjv
cwZdwjZ Ki bv| cwZdwjZ Avjv Wvgi Dci Kw`f~Z nq| Wvgi h vbwU mv`v KvMR viv cwZdwjZ Avjv
co Dj nq, mB Ask _K Avavb ei nq hvq| Wvgi Kej AKvi AskB abvZK Avavb AvwnZ _vK|
FYvZKfve AvwnZ Kvebi cvDWvi Kvwj (Uvbvi) Wvgi Dci Kiv nq| FYvZK fve AvwnZ GB Kvwji KYvjv
Wvgi abvZKfve AvwnZ Aski mv_ AvVvjvfve jM _vK| GK UzKiv mv`v KvMRK abvZKfve AvwnZ Kiv
nq| GwUK Wvgi mv_ Pc ivLv nq| GB KvMRwU Wvg _K Kveb cvDWvii cvUvY Zvi Mvq Zzj Avb| Uvbvi
(-) wU KvMR (+) KZK AvK ne| KvMRLvbv D ivjvii ga w`q Pvjbv Kiv nq| GZ Uvbvii Kvwj Mj
hvq Ges KvMRi mv_ wgk hvq, dj GKwU vqx Kwc Zwi nq|
c`v_wevb 171

wi ZwoZi wec`
AbK wi ZwoZi DcwwZ AmyweavRbK Ges wec` WK AvbZ cvi|
wegvb Rvjvwb fiv : AvKvk hLb wegvb Do ZLb evqyi mv_ NlYi dj GwU ZwoZvwnZ nZ cvi|
wegvbi Avavb evoZ _vKj wegvb I f~ci ga wefe cv_K evoZ _vK| GZ DP wefe cv_Ki
KviY wegvb hLb Rvjvwb fiv nq ZLb wKQz Avavb f~wgZ Pj hvIqvi mgq zwj mw nIqvi mvebv
_vK, hv weivU weviYi KviY nZ cvi| GB Rb wegvbi PvKv cwievnK ivevi viv Zwi Kiv _vK,
hvZ wegvb f~wg k Kij wegvb Rgv nIqv Avavb wbivc` f~wgZ Pj hZ cvi| GB mgmvi mgvavb
nQ wegvb f~wgZ AeZiYi ci h_v me Zvovovwo Ges Rvjvwb fiv i Kivi AvMB GKwU cwievnK viv
f~mshy Kiv|
UvsKvi Rvjvwb fiv : h mKj UvsKvi jix cUvj, wWRj BZvw` Rvjvwb wbq ivv w`q GK vb _K
Ab vb hvZvqvZ Ki Zv`i ejvqI ywj mw I weviY _K iv cvIqvi Rb Rvjvwb vbvii
AvM f~mshy Ki wbZ nq|
Uwjwfkb I KwDUvii gwbUi : eenviKvj Uwjwfkbi c`v I KwDUvii gwbUi wi ZwoZ AvwnZ
nq| GB Avavbjv AbvwnZ KYv hgb ayjv evwj BZvw` AvKlY Ki, dj Gjv ZvovZvwo gqjv nq hvq|
Kvco cvvbv : Avgv`i cwiaq Kvco Pvco AbK mgq wbR`i gaKvi NlYi dj AvwnZ nq hZ cvi|
hLb Avgiv Kvco e`jvB ZLb ZLb Avavb f~wgZ Pj hvIqvi mgq Avgv`i A kK& LvIqvi GKUv mvebv _vK
Acvikb w_qUvi : hnZz ayjvevwj I RxevYy AvwnZ e viv AvK nq, KvRB nvmcvZvji Acvikb
w_qUvi mveabZv Aej^b Kiv nq hb mvRb, mswk evweM Ges wPwKwrmvmvgMx Avavbgy _vK| G Rb
Zv`iK f~mshy ivLvi Rb cwievnK ivevii RyZv ciZ nq Ges nvZ ivevii Mvfm eenvi KiZ nq,
hvZ f~wg _K mnR BjKUb Avmv hvIqv KiZ cvi|
cUvjevnx UvKi mv_ avZe wkKj Szjvbv _vK : cUvj, wWRj ev Ab Zij Rvjvwbevnx UvsKvi ev UvKi
mv_ GKwU avZe wkKj jvMvbv _vK hv UvK Pjvi mgq ivv Qzuq Qzuq hvq| hLb ivv w`q UvK Pj ZLb
cUvj UvsKi Mvq evievi avv Lvq Ges Gw`K Iw`K `yjZ _vK| UvsKi mv_ cUvji GB NlYi dj
Avavb mwZ nq| hw` UvsKi wKbviv _K GKUv zwj mw nq Zvnj ggvwK `~NUbv NUZ cvi Ges
cUvj Avb ai hve| KvRB cUvj Avavbi Rb wbivc` vb bq| UvsKi cQb wkKj jvwMq GB
Zwor f~wgZ Pj hvevi c_ Zwi Kiv nq| hnZz avZz Lye fvjv cwievnx, ZvB Zwor axi axi avZe
wkKji ga w`q gvwUZ Pj hvq|
we`yr jvBbi mv_ avZe LywUi mivmwi mshvM _vK bv : ivvq we`yr jvBbi Zvi LvUvevi mgq avZe LywUi
mv_ mivmwi mshy Kiv nq bv| avZz ZwoZi mycwievnx| avZe LywUi mv_ mivmwi mshvM Kiv nj Zvii
Zwor LywUi ga w`q gvwUZ Pj hZ| KD H LywU k Kij mv_ mv_ Zwor nZv Ges gvivZK
`yNUbv NUZv| ZvB Acwievnx cvmwjbi Kvci ga w`q ZviK LywUi mv_ mshvM `Iqv nq|
eRcvZ I eR wbivaK : Avgiv Rvwb evqygj Rjxq ev _vK| GB Rjxq ev evqygji AvwnZ
Avqbjvi Dci Nbxf~Z nq cvwb KYvi mw Ki Ges ZwoZvwnZ nq| GB aiYi cvwbi KYvjv GKwZ
njB gNi Drcw nq| gN abvZK ev FYvZK h Kvbv fveB AvwnZ nZ cvi| ZwoZvwnZ `ywU gN
KvQvKvwQ Gj Zv`i ga ZworiY nq, ZLb weivU AwMzwji mw nq| GK we`yPgK ejv nq|
172 c`v_wevb

we`yPgKi mgq gNi Pvicvki evqygj nVvr Zvc cq cmvwiZ nq| nVvr cmviYi dj evqygji Pvc
Kg hvq| ZLb Avk-cvki ewk Pvci evqy Gm GB cmvwiZ evqyK msKzwPZ Ki| Lye ZvovZvwo G aiYi
msKvPb I cmviY nq ej cP ki mw nq| GKB gN MRb ej| ZwoZvwnZ gN hw` ZwoZi
cwigvY ewk nq, Zvnj Zv ZworiYi gvag cw_exZ Pj Avm| GK ej eRcvZ|
eRcvZi mv_ mv_ h k kvbv hvq ZvK ej eRbv`|
eR wbivaK : eRcvZi dj hvZ evwoNii wZ bv nq Zvi Rb eR wbivaK eenvi
Kiv nq| GKwU avZe ` R K (wP 10.18) evwoi Mv Nl Ggbfve vcb Kiv nq hb
Gi DcwifvM Qv`i PqI ewk DuPzZ _vK Ges Gi wbfvM fvjvfve gvwUZ cyZ ivLv
nq| `i DcwifvM KqKwU m~wPgyL _vK|
hLb ZworM gN evwoi Dci Avm, ZLb GwU R ` wecixZ Avavb Avwe Ki| wK
`i Dcwi cv ZxvM wewk nIqvq H ZxvMjvZ ewk Avavb Rgv nq Ges m~wPgyL w`q
ZworiY nq| evqyKYvjv GB Avavb wbq AvwnZ nq Ges gNi wecixZ Avavb KZK AvK
nq gNi w`K Pj hvq Ges gNK wbwoZ Ki| dj eRcvZi mvebv Kg _vK| wP : 10.18
Zwor memgq cwievnxi ga w`q mswZg c_ Pj| gN gN m Zwor DuPz ei wfZi w`q cw_exZ
AvmZ Pvq| So ewi mgq ZvB QvZvi wbP, Kvbv MvQi wbP, Zwor cwievnx avZzi KvQ, jvnvi Zwi cyj
wKsev KvuUv Zvii eov `Iqvji KvQvKvwQ `vuovbvi Pq ewZ fRv AbK fvjv|
Abymvb10.1
NlY I Avek cwqvq Avavb mw|
Dk : Nlb I Avek cwqvq Avavb mw Ki Zv c`kb|
hcvwZ : kvjvi ej, KvP `, wmi Kvco, ivevii UzKiv Ges GKwU cwievnK `|
KvRi aviv :
1. GKwU nvjKv kvjvi ejK GKwU myZvi mvnvh Kvbv v ev K _K Szwjq `vI|
2. GKwU Kbv KvP` bvI|
3. GK UzKiv ivevii mvnvh KvPi GK cv AveZ Ki mB cv nvZ w`q aiv|
4. GKwU Kbv wmi Kvcoi UzKiv w`q KvP`i Aci cv fvjvfve Nlv|
5. GLb KvP`i Nlv cvwU gyfve Szjvbv kvjvi eji KvQ Avbv|
6. KvP ` kvjvi ejK Zvi w`K AvKlY KiQ A_vr NlYi dj KvP`wU AvwnZ nqQ|
7. KvP `wU abvZKfve AvwnZ nqQ| (ZworexY hi mvnvh cixv Kij ZvB cvIqv hve|)
8. GLb AvwnZ KvP `wU GKwU AbvwnZ cwievnKi GK cvi wbKU Avbv|
9. Aveki dj AbvwnZ cwievnKwU AvwnZ ne|KvP `i wbKU cv FYvZK Ges `~ieZx cv
abvZK Avavb Avwe ne|
10. KvP `wU bv mwiq Avwe `wUi `~ieZx cv f~mshy Kij (GKwU Zvi w`q ev gvwUZ Lvwj cvq
`vwoh `wUK k Ki) f~wg _K Bjb Gm abvZK AvavbK wbwq Ki `e| dj `wUZ
Kej FYvZK Avavb _vKe|
11. GLb mB `wUK kvjvi eji KvQ wbj kvjvi ejK AvKlb Kie|
12. cwievnKwU Avek cwqvq AvwnZ nqQ|
c`v_wevb 173

Abykxjbx
K. e wbevPbx ck
1| Kvb eZ Avavbi AwZ wbYqi h nj
(K) AvwgUvi (L) fwwgUvi
(M) AYyexY h (N) ZworexY h
2| `ywU Avavbi gaKvi Zwor ej wbPi KvbwUi Dci wbfi Ki bv ?
i. Avavb `ywUi gaeZx `~iZi Dci|
ii Avavb `ywU h gvag AewZ Zvi cKwZi Dci |
iii Avavb `ywUi fii Dci|
KvbwU mwVK
K) i I ii
L) i I iii
M) ii I iii
N) i, i I iii
3| Zwor ZxeZvi GKK nyQ
(K) N (L) N m (M) N m-1 (N) N C -1
4| fv wKmi GKK ?
(K) Zwor (L) Zwor wefe (M) Zwor Avavb (N) Zwor cevn
5| wbPi wP

(i) A MvjK _K wKQz Avavb B MvjK hve

(ii ) B MvjK _K wKQz Avavb A MvjK hve
(iii) Avavb cv_K me`v mgvb _vK|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
(K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) i,ii I iii

mRbkxj
1| wigv Pzj AvPovbvi ci `LZ cj Zvi wPibx QvU QvU KvMRi UzKivK AvKlY KiQ| mxgv ejj
wPibxwU aYvZK fve AvwnZ nqQ, hvi Rb GUv NUQ| wigvi ee wPiYwU FYvZK Avavb
AvwnZ nqQ| welqwUi myivnvi Rb `yRb Zv`i c`v_wevb wkKK LyuRZ wMq ZvK c`v_wevb
MelYvMvi cj| wZwb me b Zv`iK ZworexY hi mvnvh cixv Ki wPibxi Avavbi
cKwZ wbbq KiZ ejjb |
(K) Avavb ejZ wK eyS ?
(L) NlY Kb e AvwnZ nq eywSq `vI |
(M) wPiwbwU AvwnZ nIqvi KviY eYbv Ki |
(N) hwUi mvnvh wKfve wPiwbwUi Avavbi cKwZ wbYq Kiv hve evLv Ki|
174 c`v_wevb

2|

(K) Zwor wK ?
(L) P we`yZ vwcZ ei Aevb cwieZb Kij GwUi Dci Abyf~Z eji wKic cwieZb NUe ?
(M) K wP P we`yZ Zwor cvej wbbq Ki |
(N) wP K Acv wP L G Abyf~Z eji cwieZb weklY Ki|
M. mvaviY ck
1| cigvYyi MVbi wfwZ Kvbv ei AvwnZ nIqvi NUbv evLv Ki|
2| Kvbv eK NlY cwZZ Kxfve AvwnZ Kiv hvq eYbv Ki|
3| Zwor Avek Kx?
4| Avewk Avavb I Avwe Avavb ejZ Kx evS?
5| Kvbv eK Avek cwZZ Kxfve AvwnZ Kiv hvq eYbv Ki|
6| GKwU ^YcvZ ZworexY hi MVb eYbv Ki|
7| GKwU ^YcvZ ZworexY hK Kxfve abvZK Avavb AvwnZ Kiv hvq eYbv Ki|
8| GKwU ^YcvZ ZworexY hi mvnvh Kxfve Kvbv AvwnZ ei Avavbi cKwZ wbbq Kiv hvq
eYbv Ki|
9| `ywU Avavbi gaeZx Zwor ej Kvb Kvb welqi Dci wbfi Ki?
c`v_wevb 175

GKv`k Aavq
Pj Zwor
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

[Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi wewfb Avgiv Zwor ev we`yZi Dci wbfi Ki _vwK| AvaywbK hcvwZ ev mivgi
cvq meB ZwoZi mvnvh Pj| Avgiv ZwoZi Dci GZUvB wbfikxj h, ZwoZ Qvov Avgv`i Rxeb Kgb ne Zv
KbvI KiZ cvwi bv| c~eeZx Aavq Avgiv wi Zwor wbq AvjvPbv KiwQ| G Aavq Avgiv Pj ZwoZi wewfb
e`ywZK ivwk hgbZwor cevngvv, iva, ZwoPvjK kw Ges wefe cv_K mK RvbZ cvie| GQvovI Zwor
cevni w`K, cwievnx, Acwievnx Ges Aacwievnx, Zwor eZbx, Ingi m~, wi Ges cwieZbkxj iva, ivai
wbfikxjZv, ivai kwY I mgvivj mgevq, Zwor gZvi wnmve, ZwoZi wmg jm Ges jvWkwWs, ZwoZi
wbivc` I KvhKi eenvi wbq AvjvPbv Kie|]

G Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

1. wi Zwor nZ Pj Zwor mw c`kb KiZ cvie|
2. Zwor cevni w`K Ges BjKUb cevni w`K evLv KiZ cvie|
3. Zwor h I DcKiYi cZxK eenvi Ki eZbx Ab KiZ cvie|
4. cwievnx,Acwievnx Ges Aacwievnx evLv KiZ cvie|
5. jLwPi mvnvh Zwor cevn Ges wefe cv_K GB `yBqi ga mK vcb KiZ cvie|
6. wi iva Ges cwieZbkxj iva evLv KiZ cvie|
7. ZwoPvjK kw Ges wefe cv_K evLv KiZ cvie|
8. ivai wbfikxjZv evLv KiZ cvie|
9. ivaKZ I cwievnKZ evLv KiZ cvie|
10. kwY I mgvivj eZbx eenvi KiZ cvie|
11. eZbxZ Zzj iva eenvi KiZ cvie|
12. Zwor gZvi wnmve KiZ cvie|
13. ZwoZi wmg jm Ges jvWkwWs evLv KiZ cvie|
14. ZwoZi wbivc` I KvhKi eenvi eYbv KiZ cvie|
15. evmv evwoZ eenvi DchvMx eZbxi bKkv cYqb Ki Gi wewfb Ask Gwm Drm-Gi eenvi c`kb
KiZ cvie|
16. ZwoZi wbivc` I KvhKi eenvii welq mPZbZv mw KiZ cvie|
17. Zwor kwi AcPq iva I msiY mPZbZv mwi Rb cvvi Ab KiZ cvie|
176 c`v_wevb

11.1| wi Zwor nZ Pj Zwor mw

Production of current electricity from static electricity
Zwor cevn
`ywU wfb wefei eK hLb cwievnx Zvi viv mshy Kiv nq, ZLb wb wefei e _K DP wefei
eZ BjKUb cevwnZ nq| hZY ch eqi ga wefe cv_K k~b bv nq ZZY ch GB cevn
eRvq _vK| Kvbv cwqvi gvag hw` eqi ga wefe cv_K eRvq ivLv hvq ZLb GB BjKUb cevn
wbiewQbfve PjZ _vK| BjKUbi GB wbiewQb cevnB njv Zwor cevn|
Kvbv cwievnxi h Kvbv cQ`i ga w`q GKK mgq h cwigvY Avavb cevwnZ nq ZvK Zwor cevn ej|
Kvbv cwievnxi h Kvbv cQ`i ga w`q t mgq hw` Q cwigvY Avavb cevwnZ nq, Zvnj Zwor cevn
Q
I ne, I
t
GKK : Zwor cevni GKK njv Avwqvi|
Kvbv wewQb AvwnZ cwievnxZ Avavb Gi c Aevb Ki Ges PjvPj KiZ cvi bv| G aibi AvavbK ejv
nq wi Zwor Avavb| hw` GB Avavbi PjvPji Rb cwienb c_i eev Kiv nq ZLb GB Avavb cwievnxZ
Ave bv _K cevwnZ iy Ki| hLb GgbwU NU, ZLb Avgiv ewj h, Zwor cevni mw nqQ|
GK A viv m~wPZ Kiv nq| k~b gvag Kvbv cwievnxi h Kvbv cQ`i ga w`q 1s -G 1 C Avavb cevwnZ
nj h cwigvY Zwor cevni mw nq ZvK 1 A ej|
1C
? I= = 1Cs -1 = 1 A
1s

wP: 11.1
MwZkxj Avavb KZK Kxfve PjZwor Drcb nq Zv Dcii 11.1 wPi eZbxi AvjvK eYbv Kiv njv|
iyZB `ywU cvM Pvwe K1 Ges K2 DwVq djv nq Ges avZe cvZ A Ges B K nvZ viv k Ki AbvwnZ
Kiv nq| Gevi Pvwe K1 e Ki w`j DP wefe DrmwU avZe cvZ `ywUi mv_ mshy ne|
Gici DP wefe Drmi myBPwU Ab& Ki avZe cvZ `ywUK mgcwigvY abvZK Ges FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ Kiv
nq| Gevi Pvwe K1 Lyj dj Ges K2 Pvwe cvM cek Kivj abvZK Ges FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ cvZ `ywU
MvjfvbvwgUvii mv_ mshvMi dj GKwU AwewQb cwienY c_i mw Kie| GLvb MvjfvbvwgUvi njv Ggb
GKwU h hv Zwor cevni AwZ wbYq KiZ cvi| `Lv hve MvjfvbvwgUvii KuvUvwU wYKi Rb GKw`K
wew nqQ Ges ciYB Zv c~ei Aevb wdi GmQ|
c`v_wevb 177

MvjfvbvwgUvii wec wb`k Ki h Zwor cevni mw nqQ| GB Zwor cevn Kxfve mw njv?
FYvZK Avavb AvwnZ cvZ B _K BjKUb MvjfvbvwgUvii ga w`q cevwnZ nq abvZK Avavb AvwnZ
cvZ A -G cQvq Ges Gi dj Zwor cevni mw nq|
A cvZi abvZK Avavb, B cvZ _K AvMZ FYvZK AvavbM BjKUb viv wbwq nq| hvi dj avZe cvZ `ywUi
Avavb iYi gvag Yvqx cevni mw nq, hv MvjfvbvwgUvii wec viv mbv Kiv hvq|

11.2| Zwor cevni w`K Ges BjKUb cevni w`K

Direction of electricity and direction of electron flow
c_g hLb Pj Zwor AvweZ nq, ZLb gb Kiv nZv h abvZK Avavbi cevni dj Zwor cevni mw
nq Ges GB abvZK Avavb DPZi wefe _K wbZi wefei w`K cevwnZ nq| ZvB Zwor cevni cPwjZ
w`K aiv nq DPZi wefe _K wbZi wefei w`K A_ev Zwor Kvli abvZK cvZ _K FYvZK cvZi
w`K| wK Avgiv Rvwb h, cKZc Zwor cevn njv FYvZK Avavb Z_v BjKUbi cevni Rb, dj
Zwor cevni cKZ w`K njv wbZi wefe _K DPZi wefei w`K A_vr Zwor Kvli FYvZK cvZ _K
abvZK cvZi w`K| myZivs Zwor cevni cKZ w`K cPwjZ w`Ki wecixZ| wP c`wkZ Zxi wP Zwor
cevni cPwjZ w`K wb`k KiQ|

wP 11.2
eZbx wP Ab Kivi mgq Avgiv Zwor cevni cPwjZ w`KKB AbymiY Kie|

11.3| Zwor cZxK

Electric symbols
Zwor cevn Pjvi m~Y c_K Zwor eZbx ej| hLb Kvbv Kvli cvZ `ywUK Kvbv ivaKi `yB cv ev
Zwor DcKiYi `yB cvi mv_ mshy Kiv nq, ZLb GKwU Zwor eZbx Zwi nq|
PjZwor cvVi mgq Avgv`iK mnR Ges cwivi eZbx wP AuvKZ nq| wbPi mviwYZ wKQz e`ywZK
DcKiYi cZxK `Lvbv njv hjv mvaviYZ Zwor eZbx AuvKZ eeZ nq|
178 c`v_wevb

11.1: eZbxi cZxKmg~n

DcKiY cZxK
myBP
Kvl
evUvwi
wi iva

cwieZbkxj iva

wdDR
AvwgUvi

fvwgUvi
MvjfvbvwgUvi
fmshvM
AvovAvwo Zvi
mshvMwenxb Zvi
evj
ev

wbR Ki:
GKwU myBP, Zwor Kvl, wi gvbi iva Ges AvwgUvi eenvi Ki GKwUkwY eZbx Ab Ki|
Gevi GKwU fvwgUviK wi gvbi ivai `yB cv mgvivj hy Ki|
11.4| cwievnx, Acwievnx Ges Aacwievnx
Conductor, insulator, semiconductor
Avgiv Rvwb, Zwor cevn njv Kvbv c`v_i ga w`q Avavbi cevn| GB Zwor cevn Kvbv Kvbv c`v_i
ga w`q Lye mnRB PjvPj KiZ cvi| Avevi Ggb wKQz c`v_ AvQ hjvi ga w`q Zwor Av` PjvPj
KiZ cvi bv| Zwor cwievwnZv agi Dci wfw Ki KwVb c`v_K wZb kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (1)
cwievnx (2) Acwievnx (3) Aacwievnx|
1. cwievnx: h mKj c`v_i ga w`q Lye mnRB Zwor cevn PjZ cvi Zv`iK cwievnx ej| GmKj
c`v_i ga w`q BjKUb gyfve PjvPj KiZ cvi| avZe Zvii ga w`q Avavb BjKUb viv
cwievwnZ nq| G KviY avZe c`v_jv Zwor mycwievnx| Zvgv, icv, Avjywgwbqvg BZvw` mycwievnx c`v_|
h KviY e`ywZK mshvRK avZe Zvi eenvi Kiv nq|
2. Acwievnx: h mKj c`v_i ga w`q Zwor cevn PjZ cvi bv Zv`iK Acwievnx ev AiK c`v_ ej| A_vr
h mKj c`v_i ga w`q BjKUb PjvPj KiZ cvi bv mjv njv Acwievnx c`v_| hgb- cvwK, ivevi,
c`v_wevb 179

KvV, KvP BZvw`| Acwievnx c`v_i ga gy BjKUb _vK bv| cvwK RvZxq c`v_i ga w`q mnR BjKUb
cevwnZ nZ cvi bv| hvi dj cvwK njv we`yZi Rb Acwievnx c`v_| G KviYB e`ywZK wgwMY h mKj
z WvBfvi Ges cvqvi eenvi Kib Zv`i nvZj cvwK RvZxq c`v_ viv gvovbv _vK| G Qvov Avgv`i `bw`b
cqvRb h mKj Zvgvi e`ywZK Zvi eenvi Kwi mjv cvwK viv AveZ _vK|
3. Aacwievnx: h mKj c`v_i Zwor cwienb gZv mvaviY Zvcgvvq cwievnx Ges Acwievnx c`v_i
gvSvgvwS, m mKj c`v_K Aacwievnx ej| hgb- Rvgwbqvg, wmwjKb BZvw`| myweavgZ Ac`e wgwkq
Aacwievnx c`v_i Zwor cwievnKZ ew Kiv hvq|
11.5| wefe cv_K Ges Zwor cevni ga mK: Igi m~
Relationship between potential difference and electricity- Ohms law
Avgiv Rvwb Kvbv cwievnxi `yB cvi ga wefe cv_K _vKj Zvi ga w`q Zwor cevwnZ nq| GB Zwor
cevni gvb wbfi Ki cwievnxi `yB cv Kx cwigvY wefe cv_K cqvM Kiv nqQ Zvi Dci, cwievnx Ges
Zvi Zvcgvvi Dci| RR mvBgb Ig Kvbv cwievnx Zvii ga w`q cevwnZ Zwor cevngvv Ges Gi `yB
cvi wefe cv_Ki ga h mK iqQ m welq wbewYZ m~ c`vb Kib hv Igi m~ bvg cwiwPZ|
Igi m~
Zvcgvv wi _vKj Kvbv cwievnxi ga w`q h Zwor cevn Pj Zv H cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe cv_Ki
mgvbycvwZK| mgvbycvwZK ejZ eySvq hw` cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe cv_K wY Kiv nq, Ze cwievnxi ga
w`q cevwnZ Zwor cevn wY ne| Avevi, hw` cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe cv_K GK-ZZxqvsk Kiv nq,
Ze cwievnxi ga w`q cevwnZ Zwor cevnI GK-ZZxqvsk ne|

gb Kwi, AB GKwU cwievnx Zvi| Gi `yB cvi wefe h_vg VA Ges VB [ wP 11.3]| hw` VA ! VB
nq, Zvnj cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe cv_K ne V = VA - VB|

wP: 11.3
GLb wi Zvcgvvq cwievnxi ga w`q cevwnZ Zwor cevn I nj, Igi m~vbymvi,
IvV
V I
R = ayeK
I
GB aeKK H Zvcgvvq H cwievnxi iva ej|
V V
A_ev I wP 11.4
R
GKwU QK KvMRi X A eivei cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe cv_K V Ges Y A eivei Zwor cevn I vcb
Ki jLwP Ab Kij GwU g~jwe`yMvgx GKwU mijiLv ne [ wP 11.4 ]|
180 c`v_wevb

MvwYwZK D`vniY 11.1 : GKwU gvUi Mvwoi nWjvBUi wdjvgUi gaw`q 4 A Zwor cevwnZ nQ|
wdjvgUi cvqi wefe cv_K 12 V nj Gi iva KZ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
V GLvb,
I
R Zwor cevn, I = 4 A
wefe cv_K , V = 12 V
V
ev R iva , R = ?
I
12V
4A
=3: D: 3 : |
11.6| iva: wi Ges cwieZx iva
Resistance : constant and variable
Avgiv Rvwb, Zwor cevn njv BjKUbi cevn| BjKUb Kvbv cwievnxi ga w`q Pjvi mgq Gi Afii
AYy-cigvYyi mv_ msNl wj nq| dj G`i MwZ evavM nq Ges Zwor cevn wewNZ nq| cwievnxi GB
agK iva ej| Igi m~ _K Avgiv cvB,
V
wbw` Zvcgvvq, iva R
I
Zvii `yB cvi wefe cv_K
= Zvii Zworcevn
A_vr, wbw` Zvcgvvq Kvbv cwievnx `yB cvi wefe cv_K Ges Zworcevn I Gi AbycvZ viv H
Zvcgvvq H cwievnxi iva cwigvc Kiv nq|
ivai SI GKK njv Ig| GK eo nidi IgMv (:) viv cKvk Kiv nq| h cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe
cv_K 1V nj Zvi ga w`q 1A Zwor cevn Pj, Zvi ivaK 1: ej|
ivaK: wbw` gvbi ivawewk h cwievnx Zvi Kvbv eZbxZ eenvi Kiv nq ZvK ivaK ej| ivaK
eenvii cv_wgK Dk njv eZbxZ cevwnZ ZwoZi gvb wbqY Kiv| eZbxZ eeZ ivaK `yB
cKvi| h_v-
1. wi gvbi ivaK
2. cwieZx ivaK
1. wi gvbi ivaK: h mKj ivaKi ivai gvb wbw` Zv`iK wi gvbi ivaK ej| mvaviYZ
jveiUwiZ h mKj wi gvbi ivaK eenvi Kiv nq mjv 11.5 bs wP `Lvbv njv:

wP 11.5
c`v_wevb 181

2. cwieZx ivaK: cwieZx ivaK njv mB mKj ivaK hv`i ivai

gvb cqvRb Abyhvqx cwieZb Kiv hvq| G`iK wiIUI ejv nq|
Kvbv eZbxZ hLb Zwor cevni gvbi cwieZbi cqvRbxqZv `Lv
`q ZLbB Kej eZbxZ wiIU Af~ Kiv nq|
11.6 bs wP jveiUwiZ mvaviYZ h aibi wiIU eenvi Kiv
wP 11.6
Zv `Lvbv nqQ|
11.7 ZwoPvjK kw Ges wefe cv_K
Electromotive force and potential difference
ZwoPvjK kw
Kvbv eZbxZ Zwor cevn Pvjbv Kivi Rb Zworkwi cqvRb nq| Kvbv Zwor Drm GKK abvZK
AvavbK eZbxi GK we`y _K Drmmn m~Y eZbx Nywiq Avevi H we`yZ AvbZ h cwigvY KvR mb
Ki, Z_v Drm h Zworkw eq Ki, ZvK H Drmi ZwoPvjK kw ej| hw` Q AvavbK m~Y eZbx
Nywiq AvbZ W J cwigvY KvR mb nq, Zvnj 1 C AvavbK m~Y eZbx Nywiq AvbZ KvRi cwigvY
W
ne | AZGe Drmi ZwoPvjK kw,
Q
W
E
Q
GKK: ZwoPvjK kwi SI GKK njv JC-1 hvK fv (V) ejv nq| h mKj h Ab Kvbv aibi
kwK ZworkwZ icvwiZ KiZ cvi Zv`iB Kej ZwoPvjK kw AvQ| hgb- Kvl, RbviUi
BZvw`| ZworKvl ivmvqwbK kwK ZworkwZ icvwiZ Ki Ges RbviUi hvwK kwK
ZworkwZ icvwiZ Ki| Kvbv Kvli ZwoPvjK kw Kvlmn eZbxi wewfb Ask h mKj wefe
cv_Ki mw nq Zv`i hvMdji mgvb|
wefe cv_K
cwievnx `yB cvi wefe cv_Ki KviY cwievnxi ga w`q Zwor cevwnZ nq| GKK abvZK AvavbK
eZbxi GK we`y _K Aci we`yZ vbvi KiZ h cwigvY KvR mb nq ZvK H `yB we`yi wefe cv_K
ej| WvBmj w`q UP Rvjvj mj h Zwor kw mieivn Ki Zv Avjv I Zvc kwZ i~cvwiZ nq|
kwi GB icvi cwqvq kwi wbZZv msiwZ nq| evji ga w`q GKK Avavb vbvii dj h
cwigvY kw icvwiZ nq Zvi cwigvYB njv evji `yB cvi wefe cv_K|
myZivs e`ywZK eZbxi `ywU we`yi ga w`q GKK abvZK Avavb vbvwiZ nj h cwigvY Zworkw Ab
Kvbv aibi kwZ (hgb- Zvc I Avjv) icvwiZ nq, Zvi cwigvYB H `yB we`yi wefe cv_K| Q
Avavb vbvii Rb icvwiZ Zworkwi cwigvY W nj, H `yB
we`yi wefe cv_K njv
W
V
Q
182 c`v_wevb

wefe cv_K Ges ZwoPvjK kwi SI GKK Awfb| A_vr fv (V)| `ywU we`yi wefe cv_K 1 fv ne
hw` 1 Kzj^ abvZK Avavb eZbxi H `yB we`yi ga w`q cevwnZ nevi dj 1 Ryj Zworkw Ab Kvbv
aiYi kwZ icvwiZ nq|
cixY :
fvwgUvii mvnvh GKwU WvBmji `yB cvi wefe cv_K cwigvc Ki GwUB Kvli ZwoPvjK
kw| Gevi KvlwU w`q UPi evj Rvjvbv Aevq Kvli `yB cvi wefe cv_K cwigvc Ki|
cevn PjvKvjxb fvwgUvii cvVB njv evji ev ivai `yB cvi wefe cv_K V| Gevi cwigvcKZ
ZwoPvjKkw Ges wefe cv_Ki gvbi Zzjbv Ki| Zzwg `LZ cve E -Gi gvb V -Gi gvbi Pq eo|
11.8 ivai wbfikxjZv
Dependence of resistance
Avgiv Rvwb, hLb Zvcgvv Ges Abvb fZ Aev (hgb- `N, cQ`, Dcv`vb) AcwiewZZ _vK ZLb
cwievnxi iva wi _vK|
Kvbv cwievnxi iva wbi PviwU welqi Dci wbfi Ki|
1. cwievnxi `N
2. cwievnxi cQ`i dj
3. cwievnxi Dcv`vb Ges
4. cwievnxi Zvcgvv
Zvcgvv wi _vKj Kvbv cwievnxi iva aygv Gi `N, cQ`i dj Ges Dcv`vbi Dci wbfi
Ki| ivai GB wbfikxjZv `yBwU m~i mvnvh cKvk Kiv hvq|
11.7 wP GKB cQ`i dj Ges GKB Dcv`vb viv Zwi `ywU cwievnx Zvi P Ges Q `Lvbv
nqQ| P Zvii `N Q Zvii Pq ewk| ewk nIqvq Zvi ivaI ewk|

wP 11.7
`Ni m~: wbw` Zvcgvvq wbw` Dcv`vbi cwievnxi cQ`i dj wi _vKj cwievnxi iva Gi
`Ni mgvbycvwZK|
cwievwni `N L, cQ`i dj A Ges iva R nj, GB m~vbymvi
R v L hLb Zvcgvv, Dcv`vb Ges A aye _vK| (11.1)
c`v_wevb 183

11.8 wP GKB `Ni Ges GKB Dcv`vb viv Zwi `ywU cwievnx Zvi S Ges T `Lvbv nqQ| S Zvii
cQ`i dj T Zvii cQ`i dj Acv ewk| h Zvii cQ`i dj ewk Zvi iva Kg|

wP 11.8
cQ`i m~: wbw` Zvcgvvq wbw` Dcv`vbi cwievnxi `N wi _vKj cwievnxi iva Gi cQ`i
dji evbycvwZK|
1
A_vr R v hLb Zvcgvv, Dcv`vb Ges L aye _vK (11.2)
A
11.9| AvcwK iva Ges cwievnKZ
Resitivity and conductivity
wbw` Zvcgvvq wbw` Dcv`vbi cwievnxi iva Zvi `Ni mgvbycvZ Ges cQ`i dji
evbycvZ cwiewZZ nq| myZivs ivai m~ _K cvB,
L
R v hLb Zvcgvv I Dcv`vb ae _vK|
A
L
A_ev R U (11.3)
A
GLvb U GKwU ayeK, hvi gvb cwievnxi Dcv`vb Ges Zvcgvvi Dci wbfikxj| GK H Zvcgvvq cwievnxi
Dcv`vbi ivaKZ ev AvcwK iva ej|
(11.3) mgxKiY L= 1 GKK Ges A= 1 GKK nj, A = R nq|
A_vr Kvbv wbw` Zvcgvvq GKK `N I GKK cQ`i djwewk Kvbv cwievnxi ivaK H
Zvcgvvq Gi Dcv`vbi AvcwK iva ej|
wbw` Zvcgvvq Kvbv cwievnxi iva Gi fZ Aevi (hgb `N, cQ` BZvw`) Dci wbfi Ki|
wK Gi AvcwK iva aygv Gi Dcv`vbi Dci wbfikxj|
AvcwK ivai GKK: (11.3) mgxKiYK mvwRq jLv hvq,
A
U R (11.4)
L
: m2
mgxKiYi Wvbcvki ivwkjvi GKK ewmq ivaKZ U -Gi GKK cvIqv hvq| :m
m
184 c`v_wevb

Zvrch: 20 qC Zvcgvvq iycvi ivaKZ 1.6u10-8 : m| A_vr 20 qC Zvcgvvq 1m `N I 1m2

cQ`i djwewk iycvi Zvii iva ne 1.6u10-8 :| Wvb cvki mviwYZ wKQz mvaviY c`v_i
ivaKZ `Lvbv nqQ|
mviwY 11.2: wewfb c`v_i ivaKZ
c`v_ ivaKZ (: m)
iycv 1.6 u 10-8
Zvgv 1.7 u 10-8
Uvsb 5.5 u 10-8
bvBvg 100 u 10-8
Dcii mviwY _K Avgiv `LZ cvB, h mKj c`v_i ivaKZ Kg mjv ZwoZi Rb mycwievnK wnme
KvR Ki| hgb, Zvgv bvBvgi Zzjbvq Zwor mycwievnx| G KviYB e`ywZK eZbxZ mshvM Zvi
wnme Zvgvi evcK eenvi iqQ|
GQvov h mKj c`v_i ivaKZi gvb Z~jbvg~jKfve ewk Zv`iI ewea eenvi iqQ| D`vniY wnme
bvBvg Zvii K_vB aiv hvK| bvBvgi ivaKZ Ges Mjbv Zvgvi Zzjbvq AbK ewk| DP ivaKZi
KviYB bvBvg Zvii ga w`q Zwor cevwnZ nj cPzi Zvc Drcb nq| bvBvgi G agi KviYB
e`ywZK KUjxZ cvwb Lye `yZ Mig nq| Avgiv evwoZ h mKj e`ywZK evj eenvi Kwi Zv`i wdjvgU
Uvsb viv Zwi nq| Uvsbi DP ivaKZ I Mjbvi KviY GwU e`ywZK kwK Lye mnR
AvjvKkwZ icvwiZ KiZ cvi|
cwievnKZ
ivai wecixZ ivwk njv cwievwnZv, Zgwb AvcwK ivai wecixZ ivwkK cwievnKZ ej| cwievnKZK
V Ai viv cKvk Kiv nq| Gi gvb cwievnxi Dcv`vb I Zvcgvvi Dci wbfikxj|
gb Kwi, GKwU cwievnxi Dcv`vbi AvcwK iva = U
myZivs, H cwievnxi Dcv`vbi cwievnKZ V ne-
1
V
U
hnZz U -Gi GKK : m, myZivs V-Gi GKK njv (: m)-1|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 11.4| GKwU e`ywZK wnUvi eeZ bvBvg Zvii AvcwK iva 100 u 10-8 : m|
15 m j^v Ges 2.0 u 10-7 m2 cQ`i djwewk Zvii iva KZ ne ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
L
R U GLvb,
A
(100 u108 : m)(15 m) AvcwK iva, U =100 u 10-8 : m
= Zvii cQ`i dj, A = 2.0 u 10-7 m2
2.0 u107 m 2
= 75 : Zvii `N, L = 15 m
Di : iva 75 :| iva, R = ?
c`v_wevb 185

11.10| kwY Ges mgvivj eZbx Zwi I eenvi

Making series and parallel circuits and their uses

A
C

B
B1 B2
wP : 11.9
kwY eZbx
h eZbxZ Zwor DcKiYjv ci ci mvRvbv _vK ZvK kwY eZbx ej| 11.9 wP Kvl E, `ywU evj
B1, B2 ci ci mvwRq kwY eZbx Zwi Kiv nqQ| hnZz GB eZbxZ GKwU gv c_ iqQ, ZvB Gi
me GKB cevn Pje| GLb hw` GKwU AvwgUviK A, B, ev C we`yZI mshvM `Iqv hvq ZvnjI Zwor
cevni GKB gvb cvIqv hve|
weq evwoZ ev wewfb Abyvbi AvjvKmvq h mKj QvU QvU evwZ eenvi Kiv nq Gjv kwYefve
mshy Kiv nq| Avgiv UP jvBU GKvwaK evUvwiK kwYZ mshy Ki fvR ew Ki _vwK| Zwor cevn
cwigvci Rb AvwgUviK eZbxZ kwYZ hy Kiv nq|
mgvivj eZbx
h eZbxZ Zwor DcKiYjv Ggbfve mvRvbv _vK h cZKwUi GK cvjv GKwU mvaviY we`yZ
Ges Acicvjv Ab GKwU mvaviY we`yZ mshy _vK Ze ZvK mgvivj eZbx ej| 11.10 wP
evj B1 I B2 Gi GKcv a we`yZ Ges Aci cv b we`yZ mshy _vKvq Gjv GKwU mgvivj
eZbx Zwi Ki| mgvivj eZbxZ GKvwaK c_ _vKvq cZK c_ w`q Zwor cevn Pj|

A R

a
b
P

Q
wP 11.13
186 c`v_wevb

aiv hvK eZbxi gvU cevn I| GB cevn a we`yZ Gm `ywU fvM wef nq| Zwor cevni GKwU Ask I1 hvq
c_g evj B1 w`q Ges evKx Ask I2 hvq wZxq evj B2 w`q| b we`yZ Gm cevn `ywU GKwZ nq cybivq I
cevn MVb Ki| P, Q Ges R we`yZ AvwgUvi -Gi mvnvh Zwor cevn cwigvc Kij `Lv hve,
I = I1 + I2
GLvb eZbxi g~j Zworcevn = I
A_vr, mgvivj eZbxZ cZK mgvivj kvLvq cevwnZ ^Z Zwor cevnmg~ni hvMdj eZbxi g~j
cevni mgvb|
Avgiv evwoZ ev Awdm h mKj e`ywZK DcKiY hgb- evwZ, dvb BZvw` eenvi Kwi Gjv Gwm gBb
jvBbi mv_ mgvivjfve mshy Kiv nq| mgvivjfve mshvMi dj cZKwU DcKiY GKB fvR
mieivn cvq| wK DcKiYjv wfb wfb cevn MnY Ki|
11.11| Zzjiva Ges eZbxZ Zzjivai eenvi
Equivalent resistance and its uses in circuit
AbK mgq wewfb cqvRb GKvwaK ivaK GK eenvi KiZ nq| GKvwaK ivaK GK mshvM
KivKB ivai mwbek ej|
Zzjiva: ivai Kvbv mwbeki cwieZ h GKwU gv iva eenvi Kij eZbxi cevngvv I wefe
cv_Ki Kvbv cwieZb nq bv, ZvK H mwbeki Zzj iva ej|
ivai mwbek `yaibi nZ cvi, h_v- kwY mwbek I mgvivj mwbek|
ivai kwY mwbek
wP ivaK R1, R2 Ges R3 kwYefve mshy AvQ| ivajv chvqg GKwUi ci AbwU mshy Kiv
nqQ| G cZKwU ivai ga w`q GKB gvbi Zwor cevn I cevwnZ nQ| GLb Avgiv kwY
mwbek mshy GB wZbwU ivai Zzj iva wbYq Kiev|

wP : 11.11
I'gi m~ _K Avgiv Rvwb,
R1 ivai `yB cvi wefe cv_K, V1 IR1

R2 ivai `yB cvi wefe cv_K, V2 IR2

R3 ivai `yB cvi wefe cv_K, V3 IR3
mejv ivai `yB cvi wefe cv_K A_vr mwbeki `yB cvi wefe cv_K V nj
? V V1  V2  V3
c`v_wevb 187

= IR1  IR2  IR3

I ( R1  R2  R3 ) (11.5)
GLb R1, R2 I R3 gvbi iva wZbwUK hw` Rs gvbi Ggb GKwU iva viv cwZvcb Kiv nq h, GZ
eZbxZ GKB cevn I Pj Ges ivajvi `yB cvi wefe cv_K V AcwiewZZ _vK Zvnj Rs B ne GB
mwbeki Zzj iva|
Zzjivai V = IRs (11.6)
mgxKiY Zzjbv Ki cvB,
IRS I ( R1  R2  R3 )
RS R1  R2  R3
wZbwU ivai cwieZ hw` n msLK iva kwY mwbek hy _vK, Zv nj Zzj iva Rs ne
RS R1  R2  R3  ...  Rn
A_vr kwY mwbek mshy ivajvi Zzjivai gvb mwbek Af~ wewfb ivai gvbi hvMdji mgvb|
kwY mwbek Zzjivai gvb Avjv`v Avjv`v cZKwU ivai gvbi Pq eo|
mgvivj mwbek: KZKjv iva hw` Ggbfve mshy Kiv nq h, meKqwU ivai GKcv GKwU mvaviY
we`y A-Z Ges Aci cvjv Ab GKwU mvaviY we`y B -Z mshy _vK Ges cZKwU ivai `yB cv
GKB wefe cv_K eRvq _vK, Ze ivajvi GB mwbekK mgvivj mwbek ejv nq|

A B

wP : 11.12
11.12 wP wZbwU ivaK R1, R2 Ges R3 mgvivj mwbek mshy Kiv nqQ| G wZbwU ivai `yB
cv GKB wefe cv_K V eRvq AvQ| ivai gvbi wewfbZvi Rb Zv`i cZKi ga w`q Avjv`v
gvbi Zwor cevwnZ nQ| G eZbxi g~j cevn I, A -mshvM we`yZ Gm wZbwU fvM wef nq Ges
cybivq B we`yZ Gm wgwjZ nq| aiv hvK, R1, R2 Ges R3 ivai ga w`q cevwnZ Zwor cevni gvb
h_vg I1, I2 Ges I3| myZivs mgvivj c_jvi cevn I1, I2 Ges I3 -Gi hvMdj mshvM we`y A -Gi cevn
I Gi mgvb| A_vr

? I = I1 + I2 + I3 (11.7)
G, cZKwU ivai `yB cvi wefe cv_K V nIqvq I'gi m~ cqvM Ki Avgiv cvB,
V V V
I1 , I2 Ges I 3
R1 R2 R3
188 c`v_wevb

(11.7) bs mgxKiY I1, I2 Ges I3 -Gi gvb ewmq cvB,

V V V
I  
R1 R2 R3
1 1 1
V(   ) (11.8)
R1 R2 R3
GLb R1, R2 I R3 gvbi iva wZbwUK hw` RP gvbi Ggb GKwU iva viv cwZvcb Kiv nq h, GZ
eZbxZ GKB cevn I Pj Ges ivajvi `yB cvi wefe cv_K V AcwiewZZ _vK, Zvnj RP B ne H
mwbeki Zzj iva|
V
? I (11.9)
RP
(11.8) I (11.9) mgxKiY Zzjbv Ki cvIqv hvq,
V 1 1 1
V(   )
RP R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
(   )
RP R1 R2 R3
wZbwU ivai cwieZ hw` n msLK iva mgvivj mwbek hy _vK, Zvnj Zzjiva RP K wbwjwLZ
fve cKvk Kiv hvq|
1 1 1 1 1
   ...  (11.10)
RP R1 R2 R3 Rn
A_vr mgvivj mwbek mshy cZKwU ivai wecixZ ivwki mgw Zzjivai wecixZ ivwki mgvb|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 11.6 : 5 : Ges 10 : gvbi `ywU iva Avjv`vfve kwY Ges mgvivj mwbek mshy
Kij Dfq Zzj ivai gvb wbYq Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb,
RS R1  R2 GLvb,
c_g iva, R1 = 5 :
= 5 : + 10 :
wZxq iva, R2 = 10 :
= 15 : kwY mgevq Zzj iva, RS = ?
Avevi, mgvjvj mgevq Zzj iva, RP = ?
1 1 1

RP R1 R2
1 1 1

RP 5: 10:
2  1 1
= :
10
c`v_wevb 189

3 1
= :
10
RP = 3.33 :
D: RS = 15 : Ges RP = 3.33 :

11.12 Zwor gZvi wnmve

Electric power
hLb Kvbv cwievnxi `yB cv wefe cv_K cqvM Kiv nq, ZLb H cwievnxZ Zworcevni mw nq| Gi
dj KvR mb nq Ges BjKUbjv kw ARb Ki| GB Zworkw eZbxi cKwZ Abyhvqx wewfb cKvi
kwZ hgb- Zvc, Avjv, hvwKkw BZvw`Z icvwiZ nZ cvi|

wP : 11.13
aiv hvK, AB, R ivai GKwU cwievnx Gi ga w`q t mgq Q cwigvY Avavb cevwnZ nq Ges A I B
we`yi wefe cv_K V| Avgiv Rvwb hw`, Kvbv cwievwni `yB cvi wefe cv_K 1 fv nq Ges Gi ga
w`q 1 Kzj^ Avavb cevwnZ nq, ZLb KZ KvRi cwigvY nq Z_v ewqZ kwi cwigvY nq 1 Ryj| myZivs
cwievnxi ga w`q Q Kzj^ Avavb cwievwnZ nj KZ KvR = VQ Ryj|
myZivs, ewqZ kw Z_v icvwiZ gvU kwi cwigvY
W VQ
Q
Avevi Zworcevn, I
t
ev, Q It
? W VIt (11.11)
Igi m~ eenvi Ki G mKK wbgvfveI cKvk Kiv hvq|
V2
? W VIt I 2 Rt t Ryj (11.12)
R
Zwor gZv
Avgiv evwo I Kj-KviLvbvq h mKj e`ywZK hcvwZ eenvi Kwi Zv`i cZKwUi Mvq mvaviYZ Kx
cwigvY fvR GwU Pj Zv Ges Gi Zwor gZv IqvU jLv _vK| Avgiv Rvwb KvR mv`bi nvi Z_v
kw i~cvii nviK gZv ej| myZivs, Kvbv e`ywZK h Zworkw Abvb kwZ icvwiZ nq,
ZvB njv G hi gZv P|
KZ KvR i~cvwiZ kw
A_vr, gZv = mgq = mgq
190 c`v_wevb

W
? P (11.13)
t
mgxKiY (11.11) _K W -Gi gvb ewmq cvB,
P VI (11.14)
Igi m~ cqvM Ki K V, I Ges R -Gi mvnvh wbvfve cKvk Kiv hvq-
V2
P VI I 2R (11.15)
R
Avgiv Rvwb gZvi GKK nj IqvU (W)| Zwor kw wnmei mgq mvaviYZ IqvUi cwieZ kW, MW
BZvw` eenvi Kiv nq| 1kW = 103W Ges 1MW = 106W|
Avgiv evmvevwoZ h mKj e`ywZK hcvwZ eenvi Kwi Zvi ga KqKwUi gZv DjL Kiv njv|
e`ywZK evji gZv 40, 60, 100 W nq _vK| e`ywZK cvLvi gZv mvaviYZ 65-75 W nq|
Uwjwfkbi gZv mvaviYZ 60-70 W| AvRKvj Avgiv h mKj GbvwR mwfs evj eenvi Kwi Gjvi
gZv mvaviYZ 11-30 W nq|
GQvovI Avgiv evmvq wdR, wnUvi, Bw, eenvi Kwi G`i gZv AbK ewk| ZvB wcK AvIqvi Gme
hcvwZ eenvi bv Kiv fvjv|
Zworkw eqi wnmve
Avgiv evmv-evwo, `vKvb, Kj-KviLvbvq h Zwor kw eenvi Kwi Zvi Rb g~j cwikva KiZ nq| Zwor
kw eenvi Ki Ggb cZK evwoZ GKwU e`ywZK wgUvi _vK hv evwoZ ewqZ Zwor kwi wnmve ivL|
wekevcx Zwor mieivn cwZvb wKjvIqvU-Nv (kWh) GKKK ewqZ Zworkwi cwigvY wbaviY Ki|
Avgiv GB wKjvIqvU-NUv GKKK evW Ae UW BDwbU ev msc BDwbU ej _vwK| e`ywZK wgUvi `yB
mgqi wiwWs-Gi cv_K _K H mgqi eeZ Zwor-kwi cwigvY cvIqv hvq|
KZ KvR i~cvwiZ kw w
hnZz gZv P = = mgq , P = t
mgq
? W = Ptw
hw` P=1 kW Ges t =1h nq, ZLb W=1 kW u 1h=1 kWh nq|
A_vr GK wKjvIqvU gZvmb Kvbv Zwor h GK Nv ai KvR Kij h cwigvY ZworkwK Ab
kwZ icvi Ki ev eq Ki ZvK GK wKjvIqvU-Nv ev GK BDwbU ej|
wbR Ki : 1kWh K Ryj cKvk Ki|
1 kWh = 3.6 u 106 J
gZvK IqvU Ges mgqK Nvq cKvk Kij, ewqZ Zworkw W -K jLv hvq-
W Pt Wh
GK 1000 w`q fvM Kij ewqZ kw kWh G cvIqv hve|
c`v_wevb 191

wbR Ki:
Zzwg h Ni evm Kiv, mB Ni hw` e`ywZK mshvM _vK, Zvnj H Ni Kx Kx e`ywZK
DcKiY AvQ, Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| Gi _K H Nii Rb GK gvmi mve ewqZ
kwi cwigvY wbYq Ki|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 11.7 : GKwU evji Mvq 100 W- 220 V wjLv AvQ| Gi wdjvgUi iva KZ ? Gi
gaw`q Kx cwigvY Zwor cevwnZ ne ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
GLvb
2
V wefe cv_K, V = 220 V
P
R gZv, P = 100 W
iva, R = ?
V2
R Zwor cevn, I = ?
P
220V u 220 V
= 100W
= 484 :
Avevi, P VI
P
I
V
100w
= 220v

= 0.455 A
D: 484 : Ges 0.455 A

11.13 ZwoZi wmg jm Ges jvW kwWs

System loss and load sheding
Avgiv Rvwb, `ki wewfb vb AewZ we`yr cvIqvi cvUjvZ we`yr kw Drcvw`Z nq| Drcb GB
we`yrK cqvRb Abyhvqx wewfbvb mvjb KiZ nq| we`yr mvjb eevi gvag Drcvw`Z we`yr
kwK we`yr K` _K wewfb vb AewZ we`yr mvekb vbvi Kiv nq| Gi ci wewfb mvekb
_K cybivq we`yr weZiY eevi gvag we`yr kwK MvnK chvq weZiY Kiv nq|
we`yr K` we`yr kw wb fvR Drcv`b Kiv nq| ci GB fvRK c Avc Uvdgvi -Gi
mvnvh DP fvR icvwiZ Kiv nq| we`yr mvjbi Rb h mKj cwievnx Zvi eenvi Kiv nq Zv`i
GKwU wbw` cwigvY iva _vK| dj GB ivaK AwZgi Rb Zworkwi GKwU Ask Zvc icvwiZ nq|
A_vr kwi jm ev q nq| GB jmB njv ZwoZi wmg jm| DP fvR we`yr mvjbi dj we`yr
wMW Z_v cwievnxi ivai KviY h jm nq Zv AbKvsk Kg hvq| GKwU wbw` cwigvY we`yrkwi Rb,
wP : 3.3

192 c`v_wevb

DP fvR we`yr mvjbi dj Zwor cevni gvb Kg nq| Gi dj ivaRwbZ jmi cwigvYI Kg hvq|
D`vnviY wnmve ejv hvq- hw` mvjb jvBb fvRK `k Y ew Kiv nq, ZLb Zwor cevni gvb GK
`kgvsk nq| hvi dj we`yr wMWi I2R jmi cwigvY GKkZ fvMi GK fvM nq| A_vr mvjb jvBbi
fvRK ew Ki wmg jm Kgvbv hZ cvi|
jvW kwWs
cZKwU we`yrK` GKwU wbw` cwigvY we`yrkw Drcv`b Ki| mejv we`yr K` _K Drcvw`Z we`yr
RvZxq wMW hvM nq| wewfb GjvKvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx we`yr DcK` RvZxq wMW _K we`yr msMn Ki|
cieZxZ we`yr DcK` MvnK chvq G we`yrK cuQ `q ev weZiY Ki| Kvbv wbw` GjvKvi we`yZi
Pvwn`v Drcv`b ev mieivni Zzjbvq ewk nj ZLb we`yr DcK`i c Pvwn`v gUvbv me nq DV bv|
ZLb eva nq DcK` KZc weZiY eevi wbw` wKQz GjvKvq wKQz mgqi Rb we`yr weZiY e Ki
`q ev we`yr mshvM wewQb Ki| GK jvW kwWs ej| Avevi DcK` hLb cqvRbxq Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
mieivn cvq ZLb cybivq H GjvKvq we`yr mieivn Ki|
hw` jvW kwWs GK bvMvo KqK NUv vqx nq ZLb MvnK chvq jvWkwWsK mnbxq KiZ KZc
PvKvi wewfb GjvKvq jvW kwWs Ki _vK|

11.14 ZwoZi wbivc` I KvhKi eenvi

Safe and effective use of electricity
ZwoZi wecbK w`Kmg~n: Zwor Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AZ iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| Zwor
Avgv`i hgb AbK DcKvi Avm Zgwb Gi AmZK eenvi AZ wecbK nZ cvi| e`ywZK
hcvwZ Ges eZbxZ h Kvbv aibi ywU e`ywZK kK&& w`Z cvi Ges AwMKv NUZ cvi| kixii
ga w`q we`yr cevni dj gvbyli gZyiI SuzwK iqQ| Zworkwi eenvi wbewYZ wZbwU KviY
wecbK nZ cvi|
1. AiKi wZmvab;
2. Kveji AwZ D nIqv;
3. Av` Aev|
1.AiKi wZmvab : e`ywZK hcvwZK KvR KiZ nj Zv`iK fvR Drm-Gi mv_ `ywU cwievnx
Zvi viv mshy Ki eZbx m~Y KiZ nq| GB `ywU ZviK Avgiv ewj Rxe (Live) Ges wbic
(Neutral) Zvi| G mKj cwievnx Zvi mvaviYZ ivevi viv AwiZ Aevq _vK| `ywU ZviK ci GKwZ
Aevq wcwfwm ev ivevi viv AveZ Ki Kvej Zwi Kiv nq|
mgq Ges eenvi Gi mv_ mv_ G mKj AiK c`v_ wZM nq| hgb Avgiv evwoZ h e`ywZK Bw
eenvi Kwi Gi Kvej eenvii mgq euK hvq Ges gvPo Lvq| GZ Ki Afi AiK eev dU
Ges fO hZ cvi| dj cwievnx Zvi Dby nq hvq| GLb Kvbvfve hw` Rxe Zvi kixii msk
Avm, ZLb gvivZK e`ywZK kK& viv Avv nZ nq| GQvov AiK eev wZM nIqvi dj Rxe
Zvi Ges wbic Zvi ciii msk Avmj kU mvwKUi mw ne Ges AwMKv NUZ cvi|
c`v_wevb 193

2. Kveji AwZ D nIqv: hLb A^vfvweKfve ewk cwigvY Zworcevn e`ywZK Kvej ev cwievnx Zvi
w`q hvq ZLb GwU D nq| hgb -hLb e`ywZK cvLvi gvUi AwZ D nq Ges Mj hvq, djkywZZ
Rxe Zvi Ges wbic Zvi GKwZ nq hvq Ges A^vfvweKfve DPgvbi Zwor cevwnZ nq| GQvov
AbK mgq Avgiv mKU gvwcvM eenvi Ki AbKjv e`ywZK hcvwZK GKm mshvM `B|
Gi dj mKUi Afi cwievnx Zvi gBb jvBb _K h cwigvY Zwor MnY Ki Zv GB cwievnx Zvi
wbivc` h cwigvY Zwor cevn MnY KiZ cvi Zvi Pq AbK ewk nq| Gi dj Kvej Zvi AZwaK
D nq IV, AiK eev Mj hvq Ges AwMKv NUvq|
3. Av` Aev: Av` Aevq AbK e`ywZK `~NUbv NU _vK| Avgiv Rvwb,
cvwbi ga w`q Zwor cevwnZ nZ cvi| G KviY Kvbv e`ywZK mivgi
h mKj Ask AwiZ Aevq _vK bv mjv memgq ivLZ ne|
Ab_vq e`ywZK kUmvwKU Ges kK& viv Avv nIqvi SzuwK _vKe| D`vniY
wnme ejv hvq, Kvbv nqvi WvqviK fRv wm iL `Iqv AZ
wecbK| hw` nqvi Wvqvii Zvi Dby _vK wKsev Zvii AiK eev wP 11.14: wecbK Aevq
wZM nq hvq, ZLb whwb wm eenvi KiQb wZwb e`ywZK kK& viv nqvi Wvqvi
Avv nZ cvib| GQvovI fRv nvZ viv Kvbv e`ywZK myBP Ab& ev Ad& KivI wecbK|
ZwoZi wbivc` eenvi
c~eeZx AbyQ` Zvgiv Zwor eenvii wecbK w`K mK AewnZ nqQ| eZgvb AbyQ` Avgiv
evwoZ wKfve ZwoZi wbivc` eenvi mK Rvbe|
evwoZ Zwor eenvii mgq h mKj wbivcvg~jK eev MnY Kiv cqvRb Gjv njv:
1. mvwKU eKvi
2. wdDR
3. myBPi mwVK mshvM
4. f~-mshvM Zvi
1. mvwKU eKvi: wbivcvg~jK Kkj wnmve mvwKU eKvi eenvi Kiv nq| GwU mvaviYZ evwoi mbyL
`iRvi Avkcvk vcb Kiv nq| hLb Kvbv eZbxZ wbw` gvbi AwaK Zwor cevwnZ nq ZLb mvwKU
eKvi eZbxi Zwor mieivn e Ki `q| mvwKU eKvi evwoi Kvbv wbw` Aski Zwor mieivn wewQb
Ki| eZbxZ mvwKU eKvi bv _vKj AwZwi Zwor cevni Rb evwoi Zwor mivg web nq hZ
cvi, GgbwK AwMKvI NUZ cvi|
2. wdDR: wdDR njv GKwU wbivcvg~jK Kkj| e`ywZK eZbxZ AwaK Zworcevn cwZivai Rb
wdDR Afy Kiv nq| wdDRwUK memgq e`ywZK Kveji Rxe Zvi mshvM `Iqv nq| GKwU ^
`Ni wPKb Zvi wdDR wnme eenvi Kiv nq| wbw` gvbi Zworcevn Acv ewk Zwor cevwnZ nj
wdDRwU D nq Ges Mj hvq| GZ eZbx wewQb nq Ges e`ywZK hcvwZ b nIqvi nvZ _K iv
cvq| wdDRi Mvq wbw` gvbi Zworcevni DjL _vK| Kvbv e`ywZK h ev mivg mevP h
194 c`v_wevb

gvbi Zworcevn enb KiZ cvi Zvi Pq mvgvb ewk Zworcevn enb mg Ggb wdDR eenvi KiZ
ne| GZ Ki wdDR cyo MjI e`ywZK mivgwU ZwoZvwqZ _vKe bv| GQvovI wdDR cwieZbi mgq
we`yr mieivni gBb myBP& e KiZ ne|
3. myBPi mwVK mshvM: myBPi KvR njv Kvbv e`ywZK eZbxK m~Y Kiv A_ev eZbxK wewQb Kiv|
eZbxZ myBP jvMvbvi mgq Lqvj ivLZ ne, GwU hb Rxe Zvi mshvM `Iqv nq| GZ Ki myBP e
Kiv gv DP wefe Drm _K e`ywZK mivg wewQb ne [wP 11.15]| myBPwUK hw` fzjekZ wbic
Zvi mshvM `Iqv nq, ZLb myBP e Kivi ciI e`ywZK mivgwU Rxe _vKe [wP 11.16] Ges
e`ywZK kK&i SuywK evoe|

wP 11.15: myBPi mwVK mshvM wP 11.16: myBPi fzj mshvM

3. f~mshvM Zvi: mKj e`ywZK mivg ev DcKiYi e`ywZK eZbx m~Y Kivi Rb Kgc `ywU Zvii
`iKvi| Gjv njv Rxe (L) I wbic (N) Zvi| Rxe Zvi e`ywZK mivg e`ywZK kw mieivn
Ki| Aciw`K wbic Zvii gvag Zworcevn Drm wdi Avm Ges eZbx m~Y Ki| wbic Zvii
wefe k~b| f~mshvM Zvi njv wbivai Zvi| GwU mvaviYZ e`ywZK mivgi avZe XvKbvi (Casing)
mv_ mshy _vK| wewfb KviY eZbx ywUhy _vKZ cvi| hgb- hw` Rxe Zvi mwVKfve mshy bv _vK
Ges Zv hw` e`ywZK hi avZe XvKbvK k Ki Ze eenviKvix e`ywZK kK& viv Avv nZ
cvib| avZe XvKbvwU f~mshy Aevq _vKj GgbwU NUe bv| G Rxe Zvi _K DPgvbi
Zworcevn avZe XvKbv nq f~mshvM Zvi w`q gvwUZ Pj hve| dj wdDRwU cyo hve Ges Zworhi
we`yr mieivn e nq hve| evwoZ eeZ wdRi wbivc` eenvii Rb AekB f~mshvM ev Avw_s `Iqv
DwPr| 11.17 wP f~mshvM Zviwenxb Iqvwks gwkb Kxfve wecbK nZ cvi Zv Zzj aiv nqQ|
11.18 wP f~mshvMZvi Kxfve wbicvg~jK mZKZv wnme KvR Ki Zv `Lvbv nqQ|

wP 11.18: f~mshvMnxb Iqvwks gwkb

c`v_wevb 195

wP 11.21 f~mshvMmn Iqvwks gwkb

G QvovI AvRKvj wewfb enbhvM hcvwZZ w_ wcb cvM eenvi Kiv nq| GjvZ wbivcvg~jK eev
wnme wdDR mshy _vK| wdDRwU Zwor hwUK wbivc` ivL|

Abymvb- 11.1
evmv evwo DchvMx Zwor eZbx bKkv cYqb Ges eenvi c`kb|
Dk: wkv_xiv evmv evwoZ eenvi DchvMx Zwor eZbxi bKkv cYqb Ki Gi wewfb Ask Gwm
Drmi eenvi c`kb KiZ cvie|
KvRi aviv :
1. KvRi iZB e`ywZK Kveji Rxe (L)Ges wbic (N) Zvi Ab Ki|
2. Gevi G `ywU ZviK cavb wdDR ev, e`ywZK wgUvi Ges wWwweDkb evi m cici mshvM
`vI|
3. wWwweDkb ev gBb myBP Ab Ki|
4. wWwweDkb ev `yBwU wdDR AsKb Ki| wdDRjvK AekB L Zvi mshvM w`Z ne|
5. Gevi GKwU wdDR-Gi m `yBwU evwZ, GKwU dvb mgvivjfve mshvM w`q eZbx m~Y Ki|
cZK evwZ I dvbi Rb LZvi Avjv`v myBP Ab Ki|
6. Ab wdDRwU eenvi Ki Uwjwfkb mU, Bw BZvw`i Rb Avjv`v Avjv`v cvIqvi mKU mshvM
`vI|
wbR Ki:
Zwor kwi AcPq iva I msiY mPZbZv mwi Rb cvvi Ab|
1. `vKvb _K cvvi Zwii Rb cvvi ccvi msMn Ki|
2. wewfb iOi Kjg eenvi Ki Zwor kwi AcPq iva I msiY Kx Kx eev
MnY Kiv DwPr Zv cvvi wjL|
3. wkK miv cvviwU wbevPb Kieb Ges cyivii eev Kieb|
196 c`v_wevb

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPbx ck
mwVK Dii cvk wUK () wP `vI|
1| h mKj c`v_i gaw`q Lye mnRB Zwor cevn PjZ cvi Zv`iK Kx ej?
(K) Acwievnx (L) Kzcwievnx
(N) Aacwievnx (N) cwievwn
2| 2 :, 3 : I 4 : gvbi wZbwU iva kwY mgevqi mshy _vKj Zzj ivai gvb ne-
(K) 8 : (L) 7 :
(M) 9 : (N) 20 :
3| Kvbv cwievnxi `yB cvi wefe cv_K 100 V Ges Zwor cevn gvv 10 A nj Gi iva KZ?
(K) 1000 : (L) 0.1 :
(M) 10 : (N) KvbwUB bq
4| eZbxZ e`ywZK Aev cwigvci Rb eenvi Kiv nq -
i. fv wgUvi
ii. AvwgUvi
iii. RbviUi
KvbwU mwVK
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii
(M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
L. mRbkxj ck
1| GKwU e`ywZK wnUvi eeZ bvBvg Zvii `N I cQ`i dj h_vg 30 m Ges 210-7
m2| bvBvgi AvcwK iva 100 10-8 : m| bvBvg ZviwUK GKB `Ni Ges cQ`i
dj wewk Zvgvi Zvi viv cwZvcb Kiv njv| Zvgvi Zvii AvcwK iva 1.710-8 : m|
(K) iva KvK ej?
(L) Zvcgvv evovj cwievnxi iva ew cvq Kb?
(M) Zvgvi Zvii iva wbYq Ki|
(N) Zvgvi Zvi eenvii hwKZv weklY Ki|
2| covi mgq Avjwf 220V100 W Gi GKwU evwZ `wbK 3 Nv Ki Abw`K Zvi fvB Avwjd 220V
 40 W GKwU Uwej jv `wbK 4 Nv Ki eenvi Ki| cwZ BDwbU we`yr kwi g~j 3.5 UvKv|
K. Igi m~wU wjL|
L. wbw` Zvcgvv, Dcv`vb I cQ`i cwievnKi `N 5 Y eo Kij ivai Kx cwieZb ne evLv Ki|
M. Avwjdi evwZ cevngvv wbYq Ki|
N. Avw_K w`K weePbvq Avjwf I Avwjdi ga K wgZeqx? MvwYwZK hywmn weklY Ki|
c`v_wevb 197

M. mvaviY ck
1| Zwor cevn KvK ej?
2| Zwor cevni cPwjZ w`K Ges BjKUb cevni w`K KvbvwU?
3| cwievnx, Acwievwn Ges Aa cwievnx c`v_ KvK ej?
4| Igi m~wU weeZ Ki|
5| `LvI h, V = IR|
6| GKwU QK KvMR I ebvg V jLwP Ab Ki|
7| AvcwK ivai msv `vI|
8| `LvI h, kwY mgevq mshy ivajvi Zzjivai gvb mgevqi Af wewfb ivai gvbi hvM
dji mgvb|
9| Kx Kx KviY Zworkw eenvi wecbK nZ cvi?
10| GKwU evmi nW jvBUi wdjvgUi 2.5 A Zwor cevwnZ nq| wdjvgUi cvqi wefe cv_K 12
V nj Gi iva KZ?
11| GKwU Kvli ZwoPvjK kw 1.5 V| 0.5 C AvavbK m~Y eZbx Nywiq AvbZ Kvli ewqZ
kwi cwigvY wbYq Ki|
12| wi Ges cwieZx iva KvK ej?
13| ZwoPvjK kw Ges wefe cv_K ejZ Kx evS?
198 c`v_wevb

v`k Aavq
ZwoZi P^K wqv
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

ZwoZi P^K cfve hgb AvQ Zgwb Pz^Ki Zwor cfve AvQ| GB `yB cfveK KvR jvwMq AbK
Zwor hcvwZ Zwi Kiv nqQ| GB me hcvwZ Avgv`i AbK mgmvi mgvavb KiQ, Rxeb AbK
Avivg Avqm Gb w`qQ, Avgv`i Rxebgvb DbZ KiQ| GB Aavq Avgiv ZvwoZPz^K,ZvwoZP^K
Avek, Avwe Zworcevn I Avwe ZwoPvjK kw, Zwor gvUi, RbviUi, Uvdgvi BZvw`i KvhcYvwj
I eenvi wbq AvjvPbv Kie|

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

1| Zwor cevni P^K wqv evLv KiZ cvie|
2| ZvwoZP^K Avek evLv KiZ cvie|
3| Avwe Zworcevn I Avwe ZwoPvjK kw evLv KiZ cvie|
4| gUi I RbviUii g~jbxwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
5| Uvdgvii g~jbxwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
6| c Avc I c WvDb Uvdgvii KvhcYvwj evLv KiZ cvie|
7|Avgv`i Rxeb ZwoZi bvbvici eenvi I Gi Ae`vbK cksmv KiZ cvie|
200 c`v_wevb

12.4| ZvwoZPz^K
Electromagnet
mwjbqWi wfZi Kvbv jvnvi ` ev ciKK XyKvj mwjbqWi wbRi
h P^K nqQ Zvi Pq ewk kwkvjx P^K Zwi Ki dj
mwjbqW _K ewk P^K cvIqv hvq| Zwor cevn PjvKvjxb GwU
ek kwkvjx Pz^K cwiYZ nq| GK ejv nq ZvwoZPz^K|GB Pz^Ki
wP 12.3
cvej wbgvfve AviI evovbv hvq
Zwor cevn evwoq
mwjbqWi cuPi msLv evwoq
BsiwR U Aii gZv euvwKq Pz^K gi `ywUK AviI KvQvKvwQ Gb|
wewfb Zwor cevni dj ev mwjbqWi cuPi msLv euvovj mwjbqW viv Pz^KvwqZ ` ev ciKwU Kx
cwigvY Avjwcb ev ccvi wKc AvKlY KiZ cvi Zv Zvgv`i wkKKi mvnvh wbq cixv Ki `L|
e`ywZK Nv Zwi, jvnv ev BvZi fvix wRwbm DVvbvgv Kiv ev AveRbv mivbvi b ZwiZ
ZvwoZPz^K eenvi Kiv nq| PvLi wfZi jvnv ev BvZi uov XzKj Zv ei Kivi KvR GB Pz^K
eenvi Ki nq GQvov Uwjdvbi Bqviwcm I `iRvi ZvwoZP^K Zvjvq ZvwoZPz^K eenvi Kiv nq|
12.5| ZvwoZP^K Avek
Electromagnetic Induction
wevbx IqiWi ZwoZi P^K wqv Avwevii ci AbK wevbx Pv KiZ _vKb P^K
_K Zwor cevn mw Kiv hvq wK-bv| GB wbq hviv KvR KiwQjb Zv`i ga Bsjvi gvBKj
dvivW, AvgwiKvq Rvmd nbwi Ges ivwkqvZ GBP.Gd.B.j wZbRbB c_K c_Kfve mvdj jvf
Kib| wK 1831 mvj gvBKj dvivW Zuvi cixvj djvdj c_g cKvk Kib| wZwb `Lvb h, GKwU
cwieZbkxj P^K ZwoPvjKkw mw KiZ cvi hv GKwU Ave eZbx w`q GKwU Avwe Zworcevn
PvjvZ cvi| cwieZbkxj P^Ki viv Kvbv eZbxZ ZwoPvjKkw ev ZwoZ cevn mwi NUbvK
ZvwoZP^K Avek ej| ZvwoZP^K Avek Avwevii Rb dvivW `yBwU cixv KiwQjb|
cixvjv ZvgivI KiZ cvi|
cixv-1 : KvW evWi GKwU PvOi Mvq AixZ Zvi cuwPq GKwU
Kzjx Zwi Ki| GB KzjxZ Zwor cevni DcwwZ evSvi Rb Gi `yB
cvi mv_ GKwU MvjfvbvwgUvi hy Ki| mshvM `Iqvi mgq Zvii
cvi Acwievnx AveiY Lyj djZ ne|GLb GKwU ` Pz^Ki `wY
giK `Z PvOi wfZi XzKvI| Kx NUQ? A_vr Kzjx w`q Zwor cevn
PjQ| MvjfvbvwgUvii KuvUvi wec NUQ| Gevi Pz^KwU ei Ki bvI| wP : 12.4
Kx NUQ? Pz^K cek Kivbvi mgq MvjfvbvwgUvii KuvUvi wec h
c`v_wevb 201

w`K nqwQj Pz^KK ei Kivbvi mgq wec nqQ Zvi wecixZ w`K| Pz^KwUK wi iL Gevi hw`
MvjfvbvwgUvimn KzjxwUK Pz^Ki w`K `yZ bIqv nq ZvnjI MvjfvbvwgUvi wYK wec `Lv
hve| KzjxwUK Pz^K _K `~i mwiq wbj wec wecixZ w`K `Lv hve|
cixv-2 : GB cixvi Rb AixZ Zvgvi Zvii `ywU e Kyjx wbZ ne| c_g KzjxZ ay GKwU
MvjfvbvwgUvi mshy KiZ ne| wZxq KzjxZ GKwU ZwoPvjK kwi Drmic GKwU evUvwi, GKwU
cwieZbkxj iva I GKwU Ucv Pvwe mshy KiZ ne [wP 12.5 K)| h KzjxZ GKwU ZwoPvjK kwi
Drm mshy ZvK gyL Kzjx ej| Avi h KzjxZ MvjfvbvwgUvi mshy mwU MY Kzjx| gyL KzjxZ
Zwor cevn Pvjvj MY Kzjxi MvjfvbvwgUvi wYK wec `Lv hve wP : 12.5 L| Avevi Zwor cevn
e Kivi mgqI MvjfvbvwgUvi wec `Lv hve| Ze Gevi wec wecixZ w`K nq|

wP : 12.5 K wP : 12.5 L
gyL Kzjxi Zworcevn gvMZ cwieZb KiZ _vKj MvjfvbvwgUvi wec `Lv hve| G Zworcevn
ewi mgq wec hw`K ne Zwor cevn nvmi mgq wec Zvi wecixZ w`K ne| gyL Kzjxi
Zworcevn wi iL hw` Kzjxqi gaeZx `~iZ cwieZb Kiv nq ZvnjI MvjfvbvwgUvi wYK wec
`Lv hve| `~iZ ew Kij wec hw`K ne, `~iZ nvm Kij wec Zvi wecixZ w`K ne| weci
nvi wbfi Kie KZ `Z Kzjxqi `~iZ cwieZb Kiv nq|
15.6| Avwe Zwor cevn I Avwe fvR ev wefe cv_K
Induced current and induced voltage
cixv `ywU _K MvjfvbvwgUvi wec eZbxZ fvR Z_v Zwor cevni AwZ j Kiv hvq| myZivs
Kvbv Zvi Kzjxi KvQ Avgiv hw` Kvbv Pz^KK bvovPvov Kwi, ev Avbv bIqv Kwi ev Kvbv Pz^Ki
wbKU Kvbv Zvi KzjxK Avbv bIqv Kwi Zvnj Zvi KzjxZ Zworcevn Drcb nq| GK ZvwoZP^K
Avek ej| Kvbv Zworevnx Zvi ev eZbxi wbKU Kvbv Zvi Kzjx Avbv bIqv KijI Zvi KzjxZ
Zworcevn Drcb nq| GKI ZvwoZP^K Avek ej| myZivs Avgiv ejZ cvwi h, GKwU MwZkxj Py^K
ev Zworevnx eZbxi `~iZ ev Zworcevni cwieZbi mvnvh Ab GKwU mse eZbxZ Yvqx fvR I
Zwor cevn Drcb nIqvi cwZK ZvwoZP^K Avek ej| GB fvRK Avwe fvR Ges cevnK
Avwe Zworcevn ej|
Pz^K I Kzjxi gaeZx AvcwK MwZ bv _vKj MvjfvbvwgUvi Kvbv wec `Lv hvq bv| AvcwK MwZ
hZ ewk nq weci cwigvYI ZZ ew cvq| myZivs ejv hvq, Pz^K I Kzjxi gaeZx AvcwK MwZ
hZY _vK Avwe Zwor cevnI ZZY vqx nq| Pz^Ki gi cwieZb Kij Avwe Zwor cevni w`KI
cwiewZZ nq| Avwe fvR ev Zworcevn wbvfve ew Kiv hvq
202 c`v_wevb

x Pz^Ki gikw ew Ki|

x Pz^KK ev ZviKzjxK `Z Avbv-bIqv Ki|
x ZviKzjxi cvK ev cuPi msLv ew Ki|
12.7| Zwor cevnx Zvii Dci Pz^Ki cfve
Effect of magnet on current carrying wire
Avgiv Rvwb h, Zworevnx Zvi wbR^ GKwU P^Ki mw Ki|
kwkvjx Pz^Ki wecixZ giqi ga m P^K Ges Zworevnx
Zvii P^K i ga wqv-cwZwqv NU|
Zvgv`i wkK GB wqv cwZwqv Zvgv`i `LvZ cvib| Zvgiv wbR
ev wkKi mnvqZvq GUv Ki `LZ cvi| wPi gZ Ki GKwU kwkvjx
Pz^Ki `yB cvi ga GKwU Zworevnx ZviK ivL| GB Zvii ga w`q
wP : 12.6: wbg fvR
Zwor cevwnZ Ki| `Le GwU Dcii w`K jvwdq DVe| Gi dj evSv
Zwor Drm
hvq h, GKwU ej Gi Dci KvR KiQ| GB ej Kv_v _K Gj?
Zzwg hw` wP : 12.7 (K) Gi w`K ZvKvI Zvnj Pz^Ki giqi gaeZx ejiLvjv `LZ cve|
Zworcevni `iY m P^K wUI `Lvbv nqQ| `yBwU i mg^q m ejiLvjvI 12.7
(L)-Z `Lvbv nqQ| Zvii wbP Zvii Dcii Pq ejiLv ewk| Gi KviY njv Dfq GKB
AwfgyL wqv KiQ| [wP 12.7 (K) Avevi `L]| Zvii Dci q ciii weivwaZv KiQ, KqKwU
ejiLv GK AciK evwZj Ki w`Q dj mLvb iLvi msLv Kg| hnZz iLvjv ciiK Uvb Uvb
ivLZ Pvq (wwZvcK ievi evi gZ) Zviv Zvii Dci EagyLx ej cqvM Ki,

wP 12.7 (K) wP 12.7 (L)

ZviwU gy Aevq _vKj Dcii w`K jvwdq IV| Zwor cevni AwfgyL wecixZ Kiv nj m ZviwU
wbPi w`K hve|
12.8| gvUi ev Zwor gvUi
Electric motor
aiv hvK Pz^Ki giqi ga GKwU Uvb Uvb Zvi eenvi bv Ki wP 12.8 (K) Gi gZv Avgiv Zvii
GKwU jyc ev Kzjx eenvi Kiv njv| hnZz jycwU A _K euK B Z wecixZ AwfgyLx nq wdi GmQ,
jyci `yB AaKi ga (hZY ch Pz^KwU AvQ) ciii wecixZgyLx Zwor cevwnZ ne| myZivs A Z
ZviwU Dcii w`K DVe Ges B Z ZviwU wbPi w`K bvge| Gi dj ZviwU `wYveZ (Nwoi KvUvi
gZv) Nyie| wP : 12.8 (L)-Gi gZ ZviwU hLb Luvov Aevq _vKe ZLb Gi Dci Kvbv ej wqv Kie
c`v_wevb 203

bv| dj GwU _g hve| jycwUK N~Yvqgvb ivLvi Rb Avgiv Kg~UUi bvgK GKwU Kkj (Device) eenvi
Kie| GwU mgvb `yB Ask wef GKwU Zvgvi ejq ev AvswU (wP 12.9 `L)-Gi cZK Aavsk Kqji
GKwU cvi mv_ mshy _vK (h_vg A I B Z)| wef ejqi evBii cvwU GKwU my`p Kveb evki
viv Zwor Drmi mv_ msk vcb Ki| wef ejqwU Kqji mv_ Nyi Ges hLb Gi `yB AaKi
gaKvi duvK Kveb evki wecixZ _vK ZLb Kvbv Zwor cevwnZ ne bv| wK Zv mZI Gi N~Yb MwZi
RoZvi KviY N~Yb AevnZ _vKe Ges cybivq evki msk Gj N~Ybi Rb bZybfve ej jvf Kie|
Gfve N~Yb AweiZ PjZ _vKe|

wP 12.8 (K) wP 12.8 (L)

jYxq h, hw`I A I B Zv`i vb cwieZb KiQ KgyUUii KviUwU AvMi gZB jyci Wvb cv w`q
cek Kie Ges evg cv w`q iweq hve| (wP 12.9 `L) Ges KqjwU `wYveZB NyiZ _vKe| GwUB
e`ywZK gvUii KvhbxwZ| e`ywZK gvUi Zwor kw hvwK kwZ cwiewZZ nq| Gi `wZ I gZv
ewi Rb P^Ki cvej evovZ ne|
P^Ki cvej wewfbfve evovbv hZ cvi| mjv njv
Zworcevn ew Ki
Kqj jyc ev cuPi msLv ew Ki
AwaKZi kwkvjx Pz^K ev AwaK msLK cuPwewk Zwor Pz^K eenvi
Ki
Kqji `N I ea evwoq wP : 12.9

h e`ywZK gvUi Avgiv eenvi Kwi Zv GB bxwZZ KvR Ki| wK

G`i gZv I Nvivi gmYZv ewi Rb GZ AwZwi Dcvsk hvM
KiZ nq| GKgv GKwU Kqj ev GKwU jyci cwieZ AbKjv
Kqj ev jyc Zwi Kiv nq Ges K`xq Ai Pviw`K Zv`iK
evKvi mvRvbv nq| G`i cZKwUK Zvi wbR wbR KgyUUii
mv_ mshy Kiv nq| GwU wbiewQb I gmYfve PjZ mnvqZv c`vb
Ki|
wP : 12.10
cwZwU Kqj big jvnvi UzKivi (hvK AvgPvi ejv nq) Dci Zvii kZ kZ cuP w`q Zwi| Gi dj Zwor
cevwnZ nIqvi mgq AvgPviwU Pz^KvwqZ nq Ges P^K i cvej ew Ki| wP 12.10 Z wZbwU
204 c`v_wevb

AvgPvii 2wU fvOv iLv viv `Lvbv nqQ| Pz^KK euvwKq gijv KvQvKvwQ GbI N~YbK ew Kiv
hZ cvi|
eenvi : e`ywZK cvLv, cv, ivwjs wgj BZvw`Z Zwor gvUi eeZ nq|
12.11| RbviUi
Generator
h Zworh hvwK kwK ZworkwZ icvwiZ Kiv nq ZvK RbviUi ej| ZvwoZP^K Aveki
Dci wfw Ki GB hi g~j bxwZ cwZwZ| RbviUiI `yB cKvi nZ cvi| h_v
1| Gwm RbviUi
2| wW.wm RbviUi
1| Gwm RbviUi : Gwm RbviUi AwaK cPwjZ weavq Gi MVb I KvhcYvjx mK wbg AvjvPbv Kiv
njv :
MVb : GZ GKwU Pz^K NS _vK| Pz^Ki gaeZx vb GKwU
KvPv jvnvi cvZi Dci GKwU Zvii AvqZKvi Kzjx (wP AB) _vK|
KvPv jvnvi cvZwUK AvgPvi ej| AvgPviwUK Pz^Ki `yB gii
gaeZx vb hvwK Dcvq mg `ywZZ Nyivbv nq| AvqZKvi Kyjxi
`yB cv `yBwU wc wis Gi mv_ mshy _vK| wc wis `yBwU AvgPvii
GKB A eivei NyiZ cvi| `yBwU Kveb wbwgZ evk Ggbfve vcb
Kiv nq hb Zviv hLb AvgPvi NyiZ _vK ZLb wc wis `yBwUK k
Ki _vK| evm `yBwUi mv_ ewneZbxi R iva mshy _vK|
wP : 12.11
KvhcYvjx : hLb AvgPviwUK Nyivbv nq ZLb AvgPvi Kzjx P^Ki ejiLvjvK Q` Ki Ges
ZvwoZP^K Aveki wbqgvbyhvqx KzjxZ ZwoPvjK kw Avwe nq| GLb KzjxwUi `yB cv ewneZbxi
mv_ mshy _vKvq eZbxZ chve Zworcevni Drcw nq| Avwe Zworcevni gvb cavbZ P^Ki
cvej I N~Yb eMi Dci wbfi Ki| Kzjxi GKevi N~Ybi ga Avwe Zworcevni AwfgyLI GKevi
cwiewZZ nq| Gfve hvwK kw _K cwieZx cevn Drcb nq|

12.12| Uvdgvi
Transformer
h hi mvnvh chve DP wefeK wbg wefe ev chve wbg wefeK DP wefe icvwiZ Kiv hvq
ZvK Uvdgvi ej| ZvwoZP^K Aveki Dci wfw Ki GB h Zwi Kiv nq| GB h GKwU
Kqj Zworcevn cwieZb Ki Ab Kqj Avwe ZwoPvjK kw ev Zwor Drcv`b Kiv nq| Uvdgvi
mvaviYZ `yB cKvii nq| h_v
c`v_wevb 205

1. Avivnx ev c Avc Uvdgvi (Step up Transformer) : h Uvdgvi A wefei AwaK Zwor

cevnK AwaK wefei A Zworcevn icvwiZ Ki ZvK Avivnx ev c Avc Uvdgvi ej|
2. Aeivnx ev c WvDb Uvdgvi (Step down Transformer): h Uvdgvi AwaK wefei A
ZworcevnK A wefei AwaK Zwor cevn icvwiZ Ki ZvK Aeivnx ev c WvDb Uvdgvi ej|
Uvdgvii MVb : GKwU KvPv jvnvi AvqZvKvi gv ev Kvi bIqv nq| Gi cii wecixZ `yB evZ A
ixZ Zvi cuwPq Uvdgvi Zwi Kiv nq [wP 12.12]| AvhZvKvi gvi GK evi KzjxZ cwiewZ cevn ev
wefe cqvM Kiv nq, GK gyL Kzjx ej| Aci h wecixZ evi KzjxZ cwieZx wefe Avwe nq ZvK
MY Kzjx ej| Avivnx ev cAvc Uvdgvii g~L Kzjxi Pq MY KzjxZ Zvii cvK msLv ewk
_vK| Aeivnx ev cWvDb Uvdgvi g~L Kzjxi Pq MY Kzjxi Zvii cvK msLv Kg _vK|

wP : 12.12 (K) DPavcx Uvdgvi wP : 12.12 (L) wbgavcx Uvdgvi

Gb Ki Kvbv Uvdgvi np cuP wewk g~L KzjxZ Ep cwieZx wefe cqvM Kivi dj GB KzjxZ Ip
cevn cvIqv Mj| GB cevn gvwUK Pz^wKZ Ki P^K ejiLv Drcb Ki hv g~L KzjxZ GKwU Avwe
fvR ev ZwoPvjK kw Drcb Ki| P^K ejiLvi hw` Kvbv iY bv nq Zvnj MY Kzjxi cwZ
cvKI GKB msLK ejiLv mshy ne| dj MY KzjxZI fvR ev ZwoPvjK kw Avwe ne| MY
Kzjxi cvK msLv ns Ges MY KzjxZ Avwe fvR ev ZwoPvjK kw Es nj gyL I MY Kzjxi
fvR I Zvii cvKmsLvi mK ne,

E P nP
(12.1)
E S nS
hLb ns > np, ZLb UvdgviwU Avivnx ev cAvc Uvdgvi Ges hLb ns < np, ZLb UvdgviwU Aeivnx ev
cWvDb Uvdgvi| Kvbv gZvi AcPq bv NUj g~L Kzjxi chy mKj gZv MY KyjxZ mieivn ne|
myZivs, g~L Kqji fvR g~L Kqji Zworcevn = MY Kqji fvR MY Kqji
Zworcevn
A_vr E P I P E S I S
EP IS
ES IP

Gi A_ GB h, Kvbv Uvdgvi h nvi fvR Kgvq wVK m nvi Zwor cevn ew Ki hvZ gZvi
cwigvY mgvb ev aye _vK| myZivs Uvdgvi fvR I Zwor cevn DfqKB icvi Ki|
206 c`v_wevb

`~i`~iv Zwor ciYi Rb Avivnx ev cAvc Uvdgvi eeZ nq| Aeivnx ev cWvDb Uvdgvi
eeZ nq wbg fvR eenviKvixi hcvwZ hgb iwWI, Uwjwfkb, UciKWvi, wfwmAvi, wfwmwc,
BjKwUK Nwo, IqvKgvb BZvw`Z|
MvwYwZK D`vniY : 12.1| GKwU Uvdgvii g~L KzjxZ fvR 10V Ges cevn 6A| MY Kzjxi
fvR 20Vnj, MY Kzjxi cevn wbYq Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb : GLvb,
EP IS gyL Kzjxi fvR, E p 10V
ES IP MY Kzjxi fvR, E S 20V
EP 10V u 6 A gyL Kzjxi cevn, I P 6A
ev, I S u IP 3A
ES 20V
MY Kzjxi cevn, I s ?
Di : 3 A
MvwYwZK D`vniY : 12.2| GKwU Uvdgvii gyL Kzjxi cvK msLv 50, fvR 210V| Gi MY Kzjxi
cvK msLv 100 nj fvR KZ ?
Avgiv Rvwb : GLvb,
EP NP gyL Kzjxi cvK msLv n P 50
ES NS gyL Kzjxi fvR, E P 210V
nS MY Kzjxi cvK msLv, n S 100
ev, E S u EP
NP MY Kzjxi fvR, E S ?

= 100 = 420V
u 210V
50
Di : 420V
MvwYwZK D`vniY : 12.3| GKwU Uvdgvii gyL Kzjxi cvK msLv 18 Ges MY Kzjxi cvK msLv 90,
gyL Kzjxi Zwor cevn 7A nj MY Kzjxi cevn KZ ?
Avgiv Rvwb : GLvb,
IS nP gyL Kzjxi cvK msLv np = 18
IP nS gyL Kzjxi Zworcevn Ip= 7A
nP
ev, I S u IP
nS MY Kzjxi cvK msLv, ns = 90
18 7 MY Kzjxi Zworcevn Is =?
? IS u 7A A 1 .4 A
90 5
Di : 1.4 A
c`v_wevb 207

Abykxjbx

K. ewbevPbx ck
mwVK Dii cvk wUK (3) wP `vI :
1| Kvbv PvOi Dci AixZ Zvi cuwPq mwjbqW Zwi Ki ZvZ Zworcevn Pvjvj P^Ki Kx
NUe?
(K) Nbxf~Z I `yej ne (L) Nbxf~Z I kwkvjx ne
(M) Kg Nbxf~Z I `yej ne (N) Kg Nbxf~Z wK kwkvjx ne
2| KvbvwUi KvhcYvjxZ ZvwoZP^K AvekK eenvi Kiv nq ?
(K) UvbwRi (L) gvUi
(M) Avgwcdvqvi (N) Uvdgvi
3| Kvb cwqv ev Kvhavivq ZwoPvjKkw Drcb nq
(i) Kvbv ZviKzjxi wfZi Kvbv Pz^K wi Aevq ivLj
(ii) Kvbv P^K Kvbv ZviKzjx Nyivj
(iii) Kvbv wi ZviKzjxi Pviw`K Kvbv Pz^K Nyivj
wbPi KvbvwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) ii I iii
Kvbv ZviKzjxi wfZi GKwU ` Pz^K Avbv-bIqv Kiv nQ| GZ ZviKzjxZ fvR Avwe nQ|
Avwe fvR KqKwU welqi Dci wbfi Ki| Gevi wbPi 4 I 5 b^i cki Reve `vI|
4| ZvwoZP^K Aveki ejvq Avwe fvR KvbvwUi Dci wbfi Ki ?
(i) ZviKzjxi mv_ mswk P^Ki cvej
(ii) P^K Avbv-bIqv Kiv ZviKzjxi iva
(iii) P^K Avbv-bIqv Kiv ZviKzjxi `wZ
wbPi KvbvwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) ii I iii
5| ZviKzwji cvKi msLv evovj Avwe Zworcevni Kx NUe?
(K) Zworcevn Kg hve (L) Zworcevn eo hve
(M) Zworcevni gvb k~b ne (N) Zworcevni gvb FYvZK ne
c`v_wevb 209

qv`k Aavq

AvaywbK c`v_wevb I BjKUwb

MODERN PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS

[ wesk kZvxi iyZ c`v_wevbi RMZ GK bZzb hyMi m~Pbv nq| GB mgq KvqvUvg Z I AvcwK Z
AvweKZ nq| AwZ DP MwZmb KYvi MwZ Ges wbDKxq I cvigvYweK c`v_wevbi wewfb NUbv evLvi Rb Z
`ywU cqvRb nq co| G Qvov BjKUwb bvbv weeZbi ga w`q GK DbZZi Aevq cuQvq dj Avgiv Z_ I
hvMvhvMi bvbvbiKg DbZ hcvwZ wbgvY I eenvi mg nB| Gfve AvaywbK c`v_wevb weKvk jvf Ki| GB
Aavq Avgiv ZRwqZv, ZRwqKYv I iwk, BjKUwb Gi gweKvk, Aa cwievnx I mgw^Z eZbx, wewfb
BjKUwb wWfvBm, gvBvdvb, xKvi, iwWI, Uwjwfkb, dvb,dvgwkb, BUvibU I BgBj wbq AvjvPbv
Kie|]

G Aavq cvV kl Avgiv

1. ZRwqZv evLv KiZ cvie
2. Avjdv, weUv I Mvgviwki ewk evLv KiZ cvie
3. BjKUwb Gi gweKvk eYbv KiZ cvie|
4. GbvjM I wWwRUvj BjKUwbi cv_K KiZ cvie|
5. Aacwievnx I mgw^Z eZbx evLv KiZ cvie|
6. gvBvdvb I xKvii Kvhg evLv KiZ cvie|
7. wbevwPZ hvMvhvM chyw wWfvBmi Kvhgi g~jbxwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
8. BUvibU Ges B-gBji mvnvh hvMvhvM cwqv evLv KiZ cvie|
9. Z_ I hvMvhvM chywMZ wWfvBm Kxfve Avgv`i RxebhvvK cfvweZ KiQ Zv Abymvb KiZ
cvie|
10. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw wWfvBm mwVK I KvhKi eenvi wbR mPZb nev Ges Ab`i mPZb
Kie|
210 c`v_wevb

13.1| ZRwqZv
Radioactivity
divmx wevbx nbix eKij (Henry Becquerel) 1896 mvj `LZ cvb h, BDiwbqvg avZzi wbDKxqvm
_K ^ZtyZfve wekl f`bkw mb wewKiY AweiZ wbMZ nq| eKij Aviv j Kib, h gj
_K GB wewKiY wbMZ nq Zv GKwU m~Y bZzb gj icvwiZ nq| GwU GKwU wbDKxq NUbv| NUbvwU
^Zt~Z I Aweivg NUbv Ges m~Yfve cKwZ wbqwZ| gvbe m Kvbv evwnK cfve hgb Pvc, Zvc,
we`yr I P^K GB iwki wbMgb e KiZ ev nvmew NUvZ cvi bv| cieZxKvj gv`vg Kzix
(Madame Marie Curie, 1867-1934) I Zuvi ^vgx cxqvi Kzix (Piree Curie, 1859-1906) GKB iKg
NUbv j Kib| Zuviv `LZ cvb h, iwWqvg, cvjvwbqvg, _vwiqvg, AvKwUwbqvg, cfwZ fvix gji
wbDKxqvm _KI GKB aibi wewKiY wbMZ nq| GB wewKiY GLb ZRwq iwk (Radioactive rays)
bvg cwiwPZ| Kvbv gj _K ZRwq KYv ev iwk wbMgbi NUbvK ZRwqZv (Radioactivity)
ej| ZRwq gj Avjdv, weUv I Mvgv bvg wZb aibi kwkvjx iwk wbMgb Ki| dj Giv fO Abvb
jNyZi gj icvwiZ nq| hgb iwWqvg avZy ZRwq fvbi dj avc avc cwiewZZ nq mxmvq
cwiYZ nq| ZRwqZv cwigvci Rb h GKK eenvi Kiv nq Zvi bvg eKij|

13.2| Avjdv KYv, weUv KYv I Mvgv iwki ewk

Properties of alpha, beta and & gamma rays
Avjdv KYv : AvjdvKYv njv GKwU wnwjqvg wbDKxqvm| Gi wbDKxqvm iqQ `ywU cvUb I `ywU wbDUb|
AvjdvKYvi f`b gZv Kg, 6 cm evZvm f` Ki hZ cvi bv| GB KYv P^K I Zwor viv
cfvweZ nq| GB KYv Zxe Avqbvqb mw KiZ cvi Ges gvivZK wZKi I wec`RbK| Gi fi
nvBWvRb cigvYyi Pvi Y Ges Avavb 3.21019C| dUvMvwdK wdj, KvDW P^vi, ^YcvZ ZworexY
hi mvnvh Gi DcwwZ wbYq Kiv hvq| GB KYv wR mvjdvBW c`vq cwZcfv mw Ki| Gi eM
Avjvi eMi kZKiv 10 fvM|
weUv KYv: GB KYv FYvZK Avavbhy Ges P^K I ZwoZ viv AbK ewk wew nq| Gi `ywZ
Avjvi `ywZi kZKiv 50 fvM Ze kZKiv 98 fvM ch nZ cvi| Gi fi BjKUbi mgvb A_vr
9.1110-31 kg| dUvMvwdK wdj I KvDW P^vi w`q Gi DcwwZ wbYq Kiv hvq| GB KYv cwZcfv
mw KiZ cvi| Gi f`b gZv Avjdv KYv Pq ewk| Gi MwZ 3 mm cyiy Avjywgwbqvg cvZ viv _vwgq
`Iqv hvq| weUvKYv Mvm h_ Avqbvqb mw KiZ cvi|
Mvgv iwk: GB iwk Avavb wbic| GKwU ZvwoZP^K Zi| ^`N Zi wewk| Gi Kvbv fi
bB| GB iwk Zwor I P^K viv wePzZ nq bv| Gi `ywZ Avjvi mgvb A_vr 3108 ms-1|GB
iwki f`b gZv AbK ewk| GwU ek KqK mwUwgUvi cyiy mxmvi cvZ f` Ki hZ cvi| `yej
Avqbvqb gZv mbnjI GB iwk cwZcfv mw KiZ cvi| dUvMvwdK wdj, KvDW P^vi I MvBMvK
g~jvi KvDUvi w`q Gi DcwwZ wbYq Kiv hvq|
c`v_wevb 211

13.3| ZRwq gji Aavqy

Half-life of a radioactive element
GKwU ZRwq gji Kvbv cigvYywU KLb qcv nq Zv Avgiv ejZ cvwi bv| wK KZjv cigvYy
Kvbv mgq qcv ne Zv Avgiv wnmve Ki ei KiZ cvwi| cigvYyi q weePbvi Rb GK Q cigvYy
weePbv Kiv nq| h mgq Kvbv ZRwq c`v_i gvU cigvYyi wVK AaK cwigvY qcv nq ZvK H
c`v_i Aavqy ej| D`vniY^ic aiv hvK, Kvbv gj 800000 wU ZRwq cigvYy AvQ| Gi AaK
A_vr 400000 wU cigvYy q nq Kvbv bZzb gj icvwiZ nZ h mgq jvM ZvK H c`v_i Aavqy
ej| cieZx Aavqyi ci GZ Aewk _vKe 200000wU cigvY~| Avi GKwU Aavqyi ci GB cigvYyi msLv
`uvove 100000wUZ, Gfve PjZ _vKe|
GLvb GKwU mvebvi wbqg KvR KI Kvbv cigvYywU KLb fO hve Zv KD ejZ cvi bv|

13.4| ZRwqZvi eenvi

Uses of radioactivity
ZRwqZvi ej eenvi iqQ wPwKrmv wevb, Kwl I wk KviLvbvZ| wPwKrmv wevb wekl
Ki `~ivivM Kvbmvi ivM wbivgq ZRwqZvi eenvi AvR eisj cPwjZ| GQvov wewfb ivM hgb
wKWwbi eKW, _vBiqWi mgmv wbYq wPwKrmv wevb ZRwq AvBmvUvc ZRwq Umvi (tracer)
ev c`kK ev mvqK wnme eeZ nq| Kwl wekl Ki DbZ RvZi exR Zwi I MvQi Rb
cqvRbxq wekl aibi mvi Drcv`bi MelYvq ZRwq Umvi mdjZvi mv_ eeZ nQ| wk
KviLvbvZI ZRwqZv evcKfve eeZ nPQ| hcvwZ RxevYygy KiZ, KvMRKj KvMRi cyiZ
wbqY, Avbi auvqvi DcwwZ wbYq, avZe SvjvB hvPvBq ZRwqZv eeZ nPQ| LwbR c`v_
wewfb avZzi cwigvY wbYqI Gi eenvi iqQ| GgbwK ivM wbYqi KvRI ZRwq mvqK mdjZvi
mv_ KvR jvMvbv nQ|
AbK Nwoi KuvUv I b^i AKviI RjRj KiZ `Lv hvq| Gi KviY njv ZRwq _vwiqvgi mv_
wR mvjdvBW wgwkq Nwoi KuvUv I b^i cjc `Iqv nq dj Giv AKvi RjRj Ki| j j
eQii cyivbv wRwbmi eqm ev Kvj wbYq ZRwqZv eenvi Kiv nq|
13.5| ZRwqZvi wec`
Danger of radioactivity
ZRwqZv Avgv`i AbK DcKvi jvM wK G _K gvivZK wec`I NUZ cvi| DP gvvi ZRwq
wewKiY gvbe`n bvbv iKg mgmvi mw Ki| GB wewKiY _K giYNvwZ Kvbmvi nZ cvi| `xN w`b
gvvwZwi ZRwq wewKiYi msk _vKj gvbyli ivM cwZiva gZv nvm cvq| gvbyl gvbwmK
weKviM nZ cvi| Ggb wK weKjvZvI mw nZ cvi| ZRwqZvi wZKi cfve esk ciivqI
cwijwZ nq| myZivs hviv ZRwq wewKiY wbq KvR Kib Zv`i mZK _vKZ ne| gvvwZwi
ZRwq wewKiY _K ivi Rb cqvRbxq eev wbZ ne|
212 c`v_wevb

13.6| BjKUwbi gweKvk

Development of electronics
eZgvb hyM njv BjKUwbi hyM| iwWI, Uwjwfkb, dvb, dv, KwDUvi, Kvgiv,Nwo BZvw` mKj
wWfvBm BjKUwbi Ae`vb| fvKzqvg wUDe, wekl aibi Kjvm I wPcmi gaw`q Zworcevni
wbqY njv BjKUwb| BjKUwbi BwZnvm cvq GKkZ eQiiI ewk cyivbv| BjKUwbi cKZ
hvv i 1883 mvj GwWmb wqv Avwevii ga w`q| GwWmb hLb ZworevwZ wbq KvR KiwQjb ZLb
GKwU wRwbm ZvK Lye weeZ KiwQj| Zvi evwZi Kveb wdjvgUi abvZK cv evi evi cyo hvwQj| G
Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb wZwb wdjvgUi mv_ GKwU cU wmjKi XzwKq w`jb| wZwb `LZ cvb wdjvgU
mvc cUK hLb abvZK wefe `Iqv nQ fvKzqvg wUDei ga w`q GKwU Zworcevn Pj|wK
cUK FYvZK wefe w`j Zworcevn Pj bv| GwWmb welqwUi evLv Gfve `b, hnZz D wdjvgU
_K wbtmZ Avavb abvZK cUi w`K hvq,myZivs G Avavb FYvZK| cU FYvZK nj H wbtmZ AvavbK
weKlY KI dj eZbxZ Kvbv Zworcevn _vK bv| GUvB GwWmb wqv bvg cwiwPZ| ewUk c`v_wevbx
dwgs GwWmb wqvK KvR jvwMq c_g fvKzqvg wUDe Avwevi Kib| GB wUDe iKwUdvqvi ev
GKgywLKviK wnmve KvR Ki A_vr GwU w`K cwieZx ZworcevnK (Gwm) GKgywL ZworcevnZ (wWwm)
cwiewZZ Ki| GwUB BjKUwbi Avmj Rb| Gmgq gvKwbi iwWIi Rb wWUKUii Lye cqvRb
wQj|GB wUDe m Afve c~iY Ki| GZ `ywU BjKUvW wQj ej Gi bvg WvqvW|
Gi `yB eQi ci AvgwiKvq ` di UvqvW bvg Avi GKwU fvKzqvg wUDe Avwevi Kib| GZ wZbwU
BjKUvW wQj ZvB Gi bvg `Iqv nq UvqvW| Gi ga AvbvW I Kv_vW Qvov ZZxq GKwU BjKUvW wQj hvi
bvg `Iqv nq wMW| wMW AvbvW _K Kv_vW Zworcevn wbqY Ki| GUv weqKi h UvqvW Avwdvqvi
wnmve KvR KiZ cvi| myZivs hvMvhvMi i weKvk UvqvW iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki|

(WvqvW I UvqvWi wP)

WvqvW I UvqvW fvjfi AvKvi AbK eo nIqvq wewfb BjKUwb wWfvBm vcb KiZ mgmv `Lv
`q| Gi Rb kwi eq ewk, GwUi wbfihvMZv Kg Ges GK Vvv ivLvi Rb AwaK kxZjxKiY eev
_vKv cqvRb| wevbxiv ZvB Gi weK wnmve Kvbv Aacwievnx wWfvBm LuyRwQjb| cieZxZ Zuviv p-n
Rskb WvqvW Avwevi Kib| Gi ci `xN cixv wbwivi ci Zviv n- p-n UvbwRi Avwevi KiZ
mg nb| UvbwRi Avwdvqvi ev weeaK wnmve KvR KiZ cvi|
c`v_wevb 213

AbKjv BjKUwbK DcvskK GKwU GKK gv`vievW mshvRb KiZ mgmv `Lv Kvbv Kvbv
meI nq bv| ZvB AvweZ nq mgw^Z eZbx ev AvBwm| AvBwm njv wmwjKbi gZv Aacwievnx eenvi
Ki Zwi Ggb GKwU wbgvY hvZ Avgv`i AvOzji bLi mgvb RvqMvq j j AvYyexwYK ZworeZbx
AxfyZ _vK| 1960 mvj Gi Avwevii ci _KB AvBwm wPcmi wWRvBb wece NUZ _vK|

13.7| GbvjM I wWwRUvj BjKUwb

Analogue and digital electronics
GbvjM msKZ : hme NUbvi gvb wbiewQbfve cwiewZZ nq Zv`i ejv nq GbvjM| k, Avjv, Zvcgvv,
Pvc Gi gvb Kvbv wbw` cwimii ga h Kvbv gvb nZ cvi| GbvjM Dcv wbiewQbfve cwiZ nq|
Uwjdvb, iwWI, wUwf mcPvi I Kej wUwf mvaviYZ GbvjM WUv ev Dcv ciY Ki _vK|
myZivs GbvjM msKZ njv wbiewQbfve cwieZbkxj fvR ev KviU| GB fvR ev KviU
^vfvweKfve cwiewZZ nq Ges wbZg _K DPZg gvbi ga hKvbv gvb MnY KiZ cvi| GbvjM
msKZ Avmj GKwU mvBb Zi| AwWI I wfwWI fvR njv GbvjM msKZi D`vniY|

wP 13.1: GbvjM msKZ wP 13.2: wWwRUvj msKZ

wWwRUvj msKZ : mvaviYfve wWwRU K_vwUi A_ msLv| wWwRUvj K_vwU GmQ wWwRU ev msLv K_vwU
_K| wWwRUvj msKZ ejZ mB hvMvhvM msKZ evSvq hv ay wKQz wbw` gvb MnY KiZ cvi| Giv
wQbvwqZ gvb cwiewZZ nZ cvi G`i cZKK c_Kfve Pbv hvq| G eevq evBbvwi KvW A_vr 0 I
1 Gi mvnvh wbq h Kvbv Z_v, msLv, Ai, wekl msKZ BZvw` evSvbv Ges cwiZ nq| GB msKZ
eevqq Ab Aevi gvb 1 Ges Ad Aevi gvb 0|

wP 13.3 t GbvjM msKZK wWwRUvj msKZ icvi

KwDUvi h Kvbv Dcv (WUv) msiY, cwqvKiY Ges ciY Ki _vK wWwRUvj WUv wnme| gvWg
Gi mvnvh GbvjM WUvK wWwRUvj Ges wWwRUvj WUvK GbvjM WUvq icvwiZ Kiv hvq| GbvjM NwoZ
Nwoi KvUv AweiZ Nyi mgq `q, Avi wWwRUvj NwoZ GK wgwbU ci ci msLv cwiewZZ nq mgq `q|
GbvjM I wWwRUvj msKZi myweav I Amyweav
GbvjM I wWwRUvj msKZi ga KvbvwU Dg Zv wZbwU welq w`q wePvi Kiv hvq| Gjv njv msKZi
YMZ gvY, cwqv Pvjvbvi Rb cqvRbxq gvjgkjv I `vg ev eq|
214 c`v_wevb

AwaK `~iZ msKZ ciYi Rb wWwRUvj msKZ Dg| KviY `~iZ ewk nj GbvjM msKZi gZv axi
axi KgZ _vK| GK euvwPq ivLZ cybweeab KiZ nq| wK GZ bqR eo hvq dj msKZi gvb
nvm cvq ev msKZ weKZ nq Ges GK mgq nvwiqI hZ cvi|| wK wWwRUvj wmMbvj hZ hZ
weewaZ nq| dj msKZ GKB iKg _vK| AcwUKvj dvBevi viv msKZ ciY wWwRUvj msKZ eenvi
Kiv nq| KviY mekl msKZwUiI Dg YMZ gvb eRvq _vK| GQvov cwZ mK AbK ewk msKZ
ciY Kiv hvq| GbvjM wWfvBmi Pq wWwRUvj wWfvBm eqej njI wWwRUvj mvwfmi ejvq memgZ
eq Kg| GbvjM wWfvBm m KvbKkb nZ cvi, wWwRUvj Zv nq bv|

13.8| Aacwievnx I mgw^Z eZbx

Semiconductor and integrated circuit
Aacwievnx: wKQz wKQz c`v_ (hgb wmwjKb I Rvgwbqvg) AvQ hjv mycwievnx bq, AiKI bq| G`i
ejv nq Aacwievnx| we Aacwievnx kxZj Aevq AiKi gZv KvR Ki Ges ^vfvweK KZvcgvvq
Lye mvgvb cwievnx| wK wKQz wbw` Ab c`v_ Gi mv_ hvM Ki Gi cwievwnZv evovbv hvq| Kvbv
c`v_ hvM Kiv nqQ Zvi wfwZ AacwievnxK n- UvBc I p- UvBc wnmve fvM Kiv nq| wmwjKbi mv_
dmdivm hvM Ki Zwi Aacwievnx njv n- UvBc Aacwievnxi GKwU D`vniY| dmdivm cigvYyi DcwwZ
GZ FYvZK BjKUbi msLv ew Ki hv c`v_i ga gyfve PjvPj KiZ cvi|
wmwjKbi mv_ evib hvM Ki Zwi Aacwievnx njv p- UvBc
Aacwievnxi GKwU D`vniY| evib cigvYy BjKUb KvVvgvi ga
duvK ev abvZK nvj Zwi Ki| BjKUb GK nvj _K Ab nvj
jvwdq jvwdq c`v_i ga PjvPj Ki|
hw` p- UvBc c`v_i mv_ n- UvBc Aacwievnxi Rvov jvMvbv nq wP 13.4: WvqvW I Gi cZxK wP
Zvnj GKwU AwZ cqvRbxq wWfvBm Zwi nq hvK p- n Rskb
WvqvW ej| GwU iKwUdvqvi ev GKgywLKviK wnmve KvR Ki|
WvqvW ZworcevnK GKgywL Ki A_vr WvqvW w`K cwieZx Zworcevn (Gwm) K GKgywL Zworcevn (wWwm)
icvwiZ Ki|
wewfb KvR Zworcevn I fvR weeabi cqvRb nq| G KvRwU h h Ki Zvi bvg Avwdvqvi|
UvbwRvi njv GKwU wWfvBm hv Avgwcdvqvi I DP `wZ myBP wnmve KvR Ki| `ywU n- UvBc Aacwievnxi
gvS GKwU p- UvBc Aacwievnx mvyBPi gZv Rvov jvwMq
UvbwRvi Zwi Kiv nq| Gi wZbwU iK ejv nq msMvnK
(collector), f~wg (base) I wbtmviK (emitter)| n- UvBc Aj
njv UvbwRvii msMvnK I wbtmviK Ges mi p- UvBc Aj njv
f~wg| wP 13.5: UvbwRvi I Gi cZxK wP
c`v_wevb 215

GKBfve `ywU p UvBc I GKwU n UvBc Aacwievnx eenvi Ki UvbwRvi Zwi Kiv hvq| hvi p UvBc Aj
njv msMvnK I wbtmviK Ges mi n UvBc Aj njv f~wg|
Zworcevn weeaYi KvR UvbwRvi eenvi Kiv nq|
mgw^Z eZbx: mgw^Z eZbx ev BwUMUW mvwKU AvBwm (IC) bvg ewk cwiwPZ| KwDUvi, gvevBjdvb
_K i Ki gvBvIfb ch hZ iKg e`ywZK hcvwZ eZgvb Avgiv `wL Zvi AwaKvskwUZB
AvBwm eenvi `Lv hvq| AvBwm njv wmwjKbi gZv Aacwievnx eenvi Ki Zwi Ggb GKwU wbgvY hvZ
Avgv`i AvOzji bLi mgvb RvqMvq j j AvYyexwYK ZworeZbx mshy ev AxfyZ _vK| 1960 mvj
Gi Avwevii ci _KB AvBwm wPcmi wWRvBb wece NUZ _vK| c_g w`K AvBwm wPcm ay KqK
kZ eZbx Dcvsk ev AxfzZ wQj| 1970 mvji ga GB msLv eo nvRvi cuQvq| H mgq AvBwm ay
KwDUvi I cKU KvjKzjUi eeZ nZ| eZgvb GKwU GKK AvBwm wPc j j Dcvsk aviY KiZ
cvi hv e RwUj wWfvBm ev h PvjvZ eeZ nq| weLvZ BbUj wPc GiKg GKwU D`vniY| gRvi
evcvi njv eQii ci eQi wPcm Dcvski msLv hZ eoQ wPcmi AvKvi ZZ QvU nq GmQ Ges
wWfvBmi gvb nqQ ZZ DbZ|
AvBwm wPcm hw` AvweZ Ges Gfve weKwkZ bv nZ Zvnj Avgiv gvevBjdvb, BUvibU, Ggwcw_ cqvi
I AviI AbK mRbkxj wWfvBm cZvg bv| AvaywbK AvBwm wPc wece GbQ, w`qQ AbK myqvM-myweav I
Avivg-Avqm|

13.9| gvBvdvb I xKvi

gvBvdvb K PjwZ K_vq gvBK ej| Kvbv eo mfv ev Abyvb ev h BjKUwbK wWfvBmi mvgb
`uvwoq K_v ejb ZvK ejv nq gvBvdvb ev gvBK| gvBvdvb kK Zwor msKZ icvi Ki|
kvZv GB K_v Rvi bZ cvb Zv njv jvDW xKvi ev xKvi| KviY xKvi gvBvdvbi Zwor
msKZK k cwiewZZ Ki| Zvgv`i zji wewfb Abyvb gvBvdvb I xKvii eenvi Zvgiv
`L _vKe| UciKWvi, wfwmAvi BZvw`Z gvBvdvb I xKvi `yUvB _vK|
gvBvdvb I Gi Kvhg t Avgiv AvMB ejwQ h, gvBvdvb njv Ggb
GKwU wWfvBm hv kZiK
ZvwoZ AwWI Zi ev msKZ cwiewZZ Ki| ZvwoZ AwWI Zii
Kv I AvcwK wevi k Zii gZB _vK| gvBvdvbi ga
GKwU PjKzjx I Wvqvdvg bvg avZzi GKwU cvZjv cvZ _vK| hLb
gvBvdvb KD K_v ej ZLb k Zi viv G Wvqvdvg KwZ nq|
Wvqvdvg njv gvBvdvbi m Ask hv ki KbK ZwoZ icvii
Rb wWRvBb Kiv _vK| wewfb iKgi ki Kb WvqvdvgK wewfbfve wP t 13.6 : gvBvdvb
KwZ Ki| GB Kb P^Ki ga AM-cvr MwZkxj Ki| dj
PjKzjxZ cwieZbkxj Zworcevn Avwe Ki| gvBKvdvb GfveB k
kwK ZworkwZ icvwiZ Ki| GK ejv nq AwWI msKZ|
216 c`v_wevb

G ZvwoZ AwWI msKZK weewaZ Ki Uwjdvb jvBb ev iwWIi gvag AbK `~i cvVvbv hvq| myZivs
wUwf Ges iwWI mcPvi, iKwWs I Uwjdvbi gvBvdvb AZ iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
xKvi (Speaker) : xKvi gvBvdvbi wVK wecixZ
KvRwU Ki| xKvi gvBvdvbi Zwor msKZK Abyic
k icvwiZ Ki|

wP t 13.7 t xKvii evwnK ic

xKvii Kvhg t AwaKvsk jvDWxKvi njv PjKzjx jvDWxKvi| GZ _vK
1. ejbvKwZi GKwU vqx Pz^K hv GKwU kwkvjx P^K Zwi Ki|
2. GKwU QvU Kqj ev ZviKzjx Szjvbv _vK| GB ZviKyjx P^Ki ga gyfve AM-cvr `yjZ
cvi|
3. ZviKzjxi mv_ kz AvKwZi KvMR (a paper cone) jvMvbv _vK|
hLb k _K Zwi cieZx Zworcevn G ZviKzjx w`q cevwnZ nq, ZLb ZviKzjxwU AM-cvr hvIqv
Avmv Ki| GZ KvMRi kzwU KwZ nq|dj ki mw nq|
13.10|Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw GLb LyeB cwiwPZ I Rbwcq welq| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi mvaviY KvR _K iy
Ki ckvMZ Rxebi AbK iyZc~Y KvR Z_ chyw eenvi Ki mnRB KiZ cvwi| wesk kZK Ges
GKwesk kZKi cvi gvbyli KvhgK mePq ewk cfvweZ KiQ hvMvhvM| Dbwesk kZK Uwjdvb
I UwjMvdi weKvk Dbqb gvbyli hvMvhvM gZv AviI GKavc GwMq MQ| wesk kZK hvMvhvMi
wece GbQ iwWI, Uwjwfkb, mjdvb, dv gwkb|Gme eevi ci hvMvhvMi mePq ewk
Ae`vb iLQ KwDUvi I BUvibU|
iwWI t iwWI webv`b I hvMvhvMi GKwU evcK I iZc~Y
gvag|iwWIZ Avgiv Lei,Mvb evRbv, bvUK, AvjvPbv weZK Ges
cYi wevcb bZ cvB| mbvevwnbx I cywjkevwnbxZ Z_ Av`vb
c`vbi Rb iwWI eenvi Kiv nq| gvevBj ev mjyjvi Uwjdvb
hvMvhvM iwWI eeZ nq| iwWI Avwevi hme wevbx Ae`vb
iLQb, Zviv njb BZvwji Mwjqjgv gvKwb I evsjv`ki
wegcyii mvi RM`xk P` emy|
wP13.8: iwWI

iwWIZ Avgiv k bZ cvB| G k Kxfve cwiZ nq Ges KxfveB ev Avgiv bZ cvB? Kvbv eZvi
mcPvi kbi zwWIZ Kvbv ew gvBvdvbi mvgb K_v ejb| gvBvdvb H kK
c`v_wevb 217

ZworZi icvwiZ Ki| G Zii bvg AwWI msKZ| G msKZi Kv ev kw LyeB Kg, 20 nvR
_K 20000 nvR| G Zi ewk `~i hZ cvi bv| Z_ enbKvix Kg Kvi G ZiK ZvB GK
cKvi DP Kv wewk ZvwoZP^K Zii mv_ wgwkZ Kiv nq| DP Kv wewk GB ZiK
evnK Zi ej| wgwkZ ZiK ejv nq gWyjUW ev icvivwcZ Zi| G `yB Zii wgkYi cwqvK
ejv nq gWyjkb| icvivwcZ ZiK eZvi Zi&I ejv nq| eZvi ZiK Avgwcdvqvi weewaZ Ki
ciK hi GUbvi mvnvh ZvwoZP^K Zi wnmve b (Space) ciY Ki| G eZvi Zi b
Qwoq co Ges f~wg Zi (Ground wave) I AvKvk Zi (Sky wave) bvg `yB aiYi Zi fvM
nq| f~wg Zi mivmwi MvnK hi Gwiqj cuQvq| Avgv`i Ni h iwWI mUwU _vK Zvnjv
MvnKh| AvKvkZi Avqbgj cwZdwjZ nq cw_exZ wdi Avm Ges MvnKhi Gwiqj aiv co|
MvnKh eZvi ZiK MnY Ki GK Zvworcevn icvwiZ Ki| Gici wW-gWyjkb ev weicvivcY cwqvq
evnKZi nZ k& Avjv`v Ki bIqv nq| AZtci Avgwcdvqvii mvnvh ZworcevnK weewaZ Ki Ges
jvDWxKvi ciY Ki| jvDW xKvi Zwor cevnK cybivq k icvwiZ Ki| G k Avgiv bZ cvB|

wP 13.9: iwWI mcPvi I MnY cwqv

myZivs, iwWIZ ciK h _K k ciY Kiv nq bv| kZiK ZvwoZP^K Zi icvwiZ Ki
cvVvbv nq, MvnKh eZvi Zi MnY Ki jvDW xKvi GK k icvwiZ Ki|
Uwjwfkb: Uwjwfkb njv Ggb GKwU h hvi mvnvh Avgiv `~ieZx Kvbv vb _K k kvbvi m
evi Qwe Uwjwfkbi c`vq `LZ cvB|

wP 13.10 : Uwjwfkb
218 c`v_wevb

jwR eqvW 1926 mvj Uwjwfkb wP ciY mg nb| mw`bKvi wUwf wkx wQj GKwU K_v ejv cyZzj|
Uwjwfkb Kx Ki KvR Ki : Avgiv Rvwb, Uwjwfkb Qwe `Lvi mv_ mv_ kI kvbv hvq| Uwjwfkb k I Qwe
ciYi Rb ciK kb _vK c_K c_K ciK h, hvi mvnvh ZvwoZP^K Ziic k I Qwe ciY Kiv nq|

wP 13.10 : Uwjwfkb mPvi cwqv

GKwU ciK hi mvnvh QweK Zwor msKZ icvwiZ Ki ciY Kiv nq| Ab GKwU ciK hi
mvnvh QweK ZwormsKZ icvwiZ Ki Zv ZvwoZP^K Zi wnme ciY Kiv nq| c_g Qwe ciY
I MnYi K_vB ejv hvK| h Qwe ev `k ciY KiZ ne Zv Uwjwfkb Kvgiv ZvwoZ msKZ icvwiZ
Ki| G msKZK gWyjkb cwqvq DP Kvi evnK Zii mv_ wgwkZ Kiv nq| ci GUbvi
mvnvh ZvwoZP^K eZvi Zi wnme ciY Kiv nq|
GUbvi mvnvh wUwf mU Qwei Rb cwiZ ZvwoZP^K evnK Zi MnY Ki| iKwUdvqvi evnK Zi
_K wfwWI Zwor msKZK c_K Ki| weeaKi mvnvh G Zwor msKZK weewaZ Kiv nq Ges
BjKUbMvb Zv c`vb Kiv nq| wUwfi wcKPvi wUDei wcQbi cv BjKUb Mvb mshy _vK| wfwWI
msKZ MnYi ci BjKUbMvb myBqi bvq miy BjKUb exg QuyoZ _vK| wUwfi c`vi cwZcf dmdi
BjKUb Mvb _K hLb BjKUb exg Gm co ZLb GZ AvjvK SjKi mw nq| G Dj I Abyj
AvjvK we`yi mg^qB wUwfi c`vq Dj I Abyj AvjvK we`y I SjKi mw nq| G Dj I Abyj
AvjvKwe`yi mg^qB wUwfi c`vq dzU DV Kvgiv _K cvVvbv Qwe| Uwjwfkbi c`vi Dci cwZ
mK 25wU wi wP MVb Ki hv Avgv`I PvL Pjgvb Qwe wnme `L|
k ciY I MnY
Uwjwfkb h wP ciY Kiv ne Zvi mv_ mswk kKI gvBvdvbi mvnvh ZwoZ msKZ icvwiZ
Kiv nq| G Zwor ZiK evnKZi bvgK GK cKvi DP Kv wewk ZvwoZP^K Zii mv_
wgwkZ Kiv nq Ges ciK hi mvnvh ciY Kiv nq|
Avgiv evwoZ h Uwjwfkb mU eenvi Kwi ZvZ k I Qwe msKZ MnYi Rb c_K eev _vK| ciK
h KZK cwiZ ZvwoZP^K Zi Avgv`i wUwf mUi GUbvq Avm Ges Zwor cevni mw Ki| G
c`v_wevb 219

Zworcevn Zvii gvag Uwjwfkb mUi MvnKh hvq| Uwjwfkb mUi k MnYKvix MvnKh G
ZwoZ msKZ MnY Ki weewaZ Ki| ci GK jvDWxKvi ciY Ki| jvDWxKvi G Zwor msKZK
g~j k icvwiZ Ki| G k Avgiv bZ cvB|
gvUvgywUfve G njv mv`vKvjv Uwjwfkbi Kvh-cYvjx|
iwOb Uwjwfkb: iwOb I mv`vKvjv Uwjwfkbi g~j KvhbxwZZ Zgb Kvbv cv_K bB| iwOb Uwjwfkb Kvgivq
wZbwU gwjK iO (jvj, Avmgvbx Ges meyR)Gi Rb wZbwU c_K BjKUbMvb _vK| iwOb Uwjwfkb MvnK hI
wZbwU BjKUb Mvb _vK| iwOb Uwjwfkbi c`v Zwi nq wZb iKg dmdi `vbv w`q| GKwU wekl iO ay Zvi
wekl iOi dmdivm `vbvjvK AvjvwKZ Ki| dj Uwjwfkb wUDei c`vq GKB mv_ dzU IV jvj, Avmgvbx
I meyR iOi we`y Ges G`i wewfb iKg wgkY Uwjwfkbi c`vq dyU IV wewfb iwOb Qwe|
Uwjdvb
f~wgKv : Uwjdvb njv weki meenr, mePq ej eeZ I Rbwcq GK RwUj hvMvhvM gvag| h Kvbv `k
K_vevZv ejv, evZv, dvevZv cvVvbv, KwDUvi hvMvhvM, BgBj Av`vbc`vb BZvw` GwU eeZ nq|
AvjKRvvi Mvng ej (Alexander Graham Bell) 1875 mvj Uwjdvb Avwevi Kib| e weeZbi ga
w`q Mvnvg eji AvweKZ Uwjdvb AvRKi AvaywbK Uwjdvb Gm cuQQ, Zwi nqQ KWjm,
mjyjvi, gvevBj BZvw` bvgi Uwjdvb|
Uwjdvb Kxfve KvR Ki
cwZ Uwjdvb mUB msKZ MnY I ciYi eev _vK| Uwjdvbi
nvmUi gvD_ wcmwU njv gvBvdvb,GwU njv ciK Ges BqviwcmwU njv
xKvi, GwU njv MvnK| Uwjdvb mU _vK ws ws NUv evRvbvi GKwU
wisMvi I GKwU Wvqvwjs eev| Avgiv hLb K_v ewj gvD_wcmi gvBvdvbwU
K^ii kZiK ZwormsKZ icvwiZ Ki| G msKZ Uwjdvbi
Zvi w`q Aci Uwjdvbi Bqviwcm hvq| Bqviwcmi xKvi ZwormsKZK
k icvwiZ Ki, dj MvnK ev kvZv k bZ cvb Ges K_vi Reve `b|
G Reve kvZvi Uwjdvb mUi gvD_wcmi gvBvdvbi mvnvh
ZwormsKZ cwiYZ nq ciKi Uwjdvb wdi Avm Ges ciKi wP 13.11; jv I gvevBj
Bqviwcmi xKvi k cwiYZ nq, ciK ZLb MvnKi K_v bZ cvq| Uwjdvb

Uwjdvbi Zvi Zwor msKZ GZ `yZ mvwjZ nq h, GZ

Kvbv wej^ NU bv| cwZwU Uwjdvb mU Gi AvwjK cavb
Awdmi mv_ Zvii gvag mshy _vK| AvwjK cavb Awdmi
gvag Ab Uwjdvbi mv_ hvMvhvM NU|
mj dvb ev gvevBj dvb: gvevBj dvb ev gyVvdvb eZgvb
mePh ewk eeZ I Rbwcq hvMvhvM gvag| ay hvMvhvM
wP 13.12: jvUwjdvbi KvhcYvjx
220 c`v_wevb

bq, GB dvb Zvgiv MBg LjZ cvi,wgDwRK WvDbjvW KiZ cvi, Mvb bZ cvi, wmbgv `LZ cvi Ges
BUvibU eenvi KiZ cvi| GQvov G dvb Kvk cgU, wej cwikva, GqvicvU PK-Bb I KjR ev
wekwe`vjq fwZi `iLv KiZ cvi| G dvbi mvnvh `ki h Kvbv cv _K Aci h Kvbv cv
hvMvhvM Kiv hvq|
gvevBj Kj Kiv I Kj wiwmf Kiv
G dvb wK cavb Awdm ev Ab dvbi mv_ Zvi w`q mshy _vK bv|
G aiYi dvb Zvii cwieZ iwWI ev eZvii mvnvh K_vevZv ev Z_
ciY I MnY Ki _vK| gvevBj dvb Uwjdvb bUIqvKi mv_ mshvM
NU GK gvevBj mUi KxevW _K Ab gvevBj Wvqvj Kivi gvag|
hLb Zzwg Kvbv gvevBj _K dvb Ki Zzwg hLvbB _vK bv Kb KjwU
eZvi Zi wnme Kvbv ciKMvnK UvIqvi hvq|
wP 13.13: gvevBj bUIqvK

Gici KjwU Zvi ev gvBvIqfi gvag gvevBj myBP kb hvq| G kb KjwUK vbxq Uwjdvb
GP cvVvq| mLvb GwU cPwjZ dvb Kj nq MvnKi wbKU cuQvq| eZgvb cPwjZ AwaKvsk gvevBj
dvb KvR Ki eZvi Zi ciY Ges cPwjZ Uwjdvb mvwKU myBwPs Gi mg^q|
dv : dvwwgj Gi msw bvg dv| Kvbv WKzgU e Kwc Ki cvVvZ dv eenvi Kiv nq|
dv Kx : dv njv Ggb GKwU BjKUwbK eev hvi gvag h Kvbv Z_, Qwe, wP, WvqvMvg ev jLv
e Kwc Ki ciY Kiv hvq| G hi mvnvh h Kvbv g~j `wjj e cybiyrcv`b Kiv nq|
1842 mvj dv gwkb AvweKZ njI iwWI dv Gi hvv kyi nq 1930 mvj| wevbx AvjKRvvi
eBb dv Avwevi Kib|

wP 13.14: dv gwkb I Gi Kvhg

c`v_wevb 221

dv Kxfve KvR Ki : AvaywbK dv gwkb njv GKwU AwZ DbZ chywi Zwor AvjvKxq gwkb| GLvb
BjKUwbK Dcvq g~j WKzgUK vwbs Kiv nq| Gici vbKZ msKZK evBbvix msKZ icvi Kiv
nq| GB msKZ vvW gvWg Kkj eenvi Ki Uwjdvbi gvag ciY Kiv nq| MvnK dv gwkb
cwiZ BjKUwbK msKZ MnY Ki gvWgi mvnvh wWgWyjU Ki g~j WKzgU cwiYZ Ki| GKwU
wcUvi GB g~j WKzgUK e Qc ei Ki|
KwDUvi (Computer)
G hyM Z_ I chywi hyM| Z_ chyw I hvMvhvMmn Rxebi cwZwU KwDUvii eenvi GZ ewk h
G hyMK KwDUvii hyMI ejv nq| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxebi KvRKgi AbK wKQzB KwDUvii eenvi
viv cfvweZ nPQ| wevb I chyw welq KwDUvi nq DVQ Acwinvh| KwDUvi MvwYwZK wnmve KiZ
cvi, MvwYwZK hyw w`Z cvi| MvwYwZK wnmve QvovI KwDUvi Kvbv wKQz cQ` Kiv ev wbevPb Kiv, bKj
Kiv, Zzjbv Kiv, avivevwnKfve mvRvbv BZvw` wewfb KvR KiZ cvi| eemv, evwYR, ckvmb, wkv,
wk, wPwKrmv, hvMvhvM, cwZiv, webv`b cfwZ KwDUvii cqvM w`b w`b eo PjQ|
KwDUvi Kx
KwDUvi ki A_ MYK ev wnmveKvix| KwDUvi ay GKwU wnmveKvix hB bq, Aviv AbK wKQz|
KwDUvi njv GKwU BjKUwbK wWfvBm hv Dcv MnY,cwqvKiY, icvi,msiY I ciY Ki| h aiYi
KwDUviB nvKbv Kb, cwZwU KwDUvi cvMvgKZ wb`k viv wbqwZ nq, hv KwDUviK ej `q
ZvK Kx KiZ ne ?

wP 13.16 : KwDUvi

KwDUvii MVb
KwDUvi GKwU DbZ BjKUwbK eev| KwDUvi Z_ msMn Ki, mywbw` wb`k Abyhvqx Z_K cwqvRvZ
Ki Ges cqvRbvbyhvqx djvdj Dcvcb Ki| KwDUvi hLvb Z_ MnY Ki ZvK ejv nq AMvgx (Input)
ev MnYgyL| GLvb KwDUvii Dcv c`vb Kiv nq| GRb hme BbcyU wWfvBm mvaviYZ eenvi Kiv nq
Zvnjv Kx-evW, gvDmUvPcvW, vbvi, wWwRUvj Kvgiv I gvBvdvb| hLvb Z_ cwqvRvZ Ki ZvK ejv
nq wmwcBD ev K`xq cwqvKiY BDwbU (Central Processing Unit)| K`xq cwqvKiY BDwbU _vK wZ
BDwbU, wbqYBDwbU I MvwYwZK hyw BDwbU| h cv _K djvdj cvIqv hvq ZvK ejv nq ewnMvgx (Out
put) ev wbMgb gyL| AvDUcyU wWfvBm wnmve cavbZ _vK gwbUi, xKvi I wcUvi| G`i gvag cwqvKZ
WUv ev Dcv Avgiv cvB| wbP KwDUvii GKwU gwjK KvVvgv `Iqv njv :
222 c`v_wevb

wZ BDwbU
Memory Unit

AMvgx ewnMvgx
wbqY BDwbU Output
Input Control Unit

MvwYwZK BDwbU
Arithmatical logic Unit

wP : 13.17: KwDUvii MVb

h mKj fZ wWfvBm w`q KwDUvi Zwi Zv`i ejv nq nvWIqvi| hgbKxevW, gvDm, cmmi,
gwbUi, wcUvi BZvw`| mdUIqvi njv GK mU wb`kbv hv KwDUviK Kx KvR KiZ ne Zv ej `q|
Gjv njv wewfb cvMvg hgbDBvR 98, DBvR 2003 I 2007|
nvWIqvi njv KwDUvii `n Ges mdUIqvi njv KwDUvii cvY|
Gi KvR Kivi `yZZv, Z_ Rgv Ki ivLvi gZv, mwZc~YZ v, wbfyjZv, KvwnxbZv I ^qswqZv Rb
KwDUvi AZ cqvRbxq h wnme weewPZ| KwDUvi Awekvm `yZ KvR KiZ cvi, mK nvRvi
nvRvi, j j MvwYwZK wnmve KiZ cvi|
KwDUvii eenvi : Avgv`i Rxebi wewfb KwDUvi eeZ nQ| KwDUvi eenvii jv
njv :
wPwKrmv : ivMxi ivMxi AvcqUgU, cwiPq, wVKvbv, ivMi jY, BZvw` iKW Ki ivLv, Jla wbevPb,
PvL cixv, Gi ev Abvb cixvq,nvU Acvikb I wPwKrmv MelYvq KwDUvi eeZ nq|
eemvevwYR : cYi gRy` wbqY, eemvwqK hvMvhvM, wUKU eywKs, evswKs wmg, vd`i eZb,
Avqeqi evRU I wnmve wbqY BZvw` eemvwqK KvR KwDUvi eeZ nq|
hvZvqvZ eev : RvnvR, wegvb I gvUiMvwo, Ub BZvw` hvbevnbi UvwdK KUvj, MwZ wbqY, wUKU
eywKs BZvw` KvR KwDUvi eeZ nq| GQov gnvbhvb cvVvbv, wbqY, Pvjbv BZvw`Z KwDUvi
eeZ nQ|
wk KviLvbv : cY Drcv`b ^qswq wbqY, cYi YMZ gvb hvPvB, Z_ msMn, KgPvix`i eZb-
fvZv, KvRi wmwWIji wnmve BZvw` KvR KwDUvi eeZ nQ| cvigvYweK wiGvi Pvjbv ev G aiYi
RwUj I AvaywbK me hi eenvi KwDUvi Acwinvh|
wkv : kwYKwkY, ^wkLb, cixvi Dic g~jvqb I djvdj cKvk BZvw` KvR KwDUvi eeZ
nq|
c`v_wevb 223

cwZiv : mbvevwnbx cwiPvjbv, AvMqv wbqY, hvMvhvM BZvw` KvR KwDUvi eeZ nq|
MelYv : wewfb MelYv Kg KwDUvii eenvi w`b w`b evoQ|
gy`Y : KwDUvii eenvi gy`Y wk wece GbQ| gy`Yi Rb KvR, wWRvBb BZvw` KvR KwDUvi
eenvii dj A^vfvweK gy`Y eq Kg GmQ|
BUvibU I BgBj (Internet and e-mail) :BUvibU I BgBj Gi bvg Zvgiv wbqB bQ| hviv
kni evm Ki Zv`I AbK evmvq ev zj nqZ BUvibU eenvi Ki BgBji cvwVqQ| wK Zvgiv
hviv Mvg evm Ki Zv`i AbK nqZ BgBj I dvi `vKvb _K AvZxq^Rb ev ez-eveK
BgBj cvwVqQ| BgBj eZgvb ej eeZ WvK gvag|
BUvibU Kx ? BUvibU njv bUIqvKi bUIqvK ev mKj bUIqvKi Rbbx| GwU GKwU AvRvwZK
bUIqvK hv mshy KiQ wewfb `ki cvq 4,00,000 Gi ewk QvU QvU bUIqvKK| 1969 mvj
AvgwiKvb cwZiv wefvM BUvibU Pvjy KiQ&| BUvibU njv Ggb GK`j bUIqvK hv AmsL KwDUvi,
gvWg, Uwjdvb jvBb w`q Zwi| Gme Dcv`vb ciii mv_ fZfve mshy| G bUIqvK ciii
mv_ h Kvbv Z_ ev Dcv Av`vb c`vb mg| BUvibU AbKjv bUIqvKi mgw Ges mKj wgj
GKwU GKK bUIqvKi gZv KvR Ki|

wP 13.18: BUvibU hfve KvR Ki

BUvibUi gvag Avgiv Iqe mvBU evDwRs KiZ cvwi, BgBj cvVvZ Ges MnY KiZ cvwi I wfwWI
Kbdvibwms KiZ cvwi| Avv w`Z cvwi Ges M Re KiZ cvwi,Ub, evm ev cbi wUwKU eywKs w`Z
cvwi Ges BjKUwbK Kgvm ev eemv-evwYR,B-evswKs I kwcs KiZ cvwi| BjKUwbKfve h Kvbv
dvBj, WKzgU BZvw` cvVvZ I MnY KiZ cvwi| GQvov h Kvbv mgq AbjvBb jvBewii nvRvi-nvRvi,
j j eB, Rvbvj, gvMvwRb BZvw`i mvb cZ cvwi Ges cqvRb cvV KiZ cvwi A_ev WvDbjvW
Ki Qc ei Ki wbZ cvwi|
BgBj: BjKUwbK gBjK msc ejv nq BgBj| BgBj njv BUvbUi gvag
224 c`v_wevb

ez-eve, mncvwV, AvZxq^Rb ev mnKgx`i mv_ `yZ Ges ` hvMvhvMi Dcvq| GB gBj ev wPwV
cvVvZ Kvbv v, cvKvW ev Gbfjc ev Kvbv WvKwcqbi `iKvi nq bv| BUvibUi mvnvh GK
KwDUvi _K Ab KwDUvi wPwV cvVvbv I MnY Kiv hvq, WKzgU, wP, Qwe Ges h Kvbv Z_
Av`vbc`vb Kiv hvq| BgBj Kxfve cvVvbv nq Zvi GKwU eK wP wbP `Iqv njv :
Uwjdvb Uwjdvb
ciK BUvibU MvnK
KwDUvi mshvM KwDUvi
jvBb jvBb
wP : 13.19 : BgBj MnY I ciY

BgBj, BjKUwbK gmR ev evZv I dvBjK GK ev GKvwaK BjKUwbK gBje ev WvKe eUb
Ki| KqK mKi ga BgBj evZv cw_exi GK cv _K Ab cv cuQ hZ cvi Ges weki h
Kvbv cv _K evZv mKi ga AvmZI cvi| BgBj eenvii Rb ciK I MvnK Dfqi cqvRb
nq BgBj GWm ev wVKvbvi| wbPi BgBj GWmwU j Ki t
smtapan @ iut - dhaka . edu

eenviKvixi kni ev `ki bvg

ID
cwZvbi bvg WvgBb wkv cwZvb
AviI GKwU mnR B-gBj GWm nZ cvi,
smtapan@gmail.com
Z_ I hvMvhvM mwKZ hcvwZi KvhKi eenvi
hvMvhvMi Rb Avgiv eenvi KiwQ bvbvb iKg hcvwZ hgb dvb (jv, gvevBj I KWjm), iwWI,
Uwjwfkb, dv gwkb, KwDUvi BZvw`| Gme hcvwZ eenvii dj cw_ex hgb Pj GmQ Avgv`i
nvZi gyVvq, Zgwb mw nqQ bvbvb iKg mgmv| myZivs G`i _K mevP myweav cZ G`i KvhKi
eenvi KiZ ne|
Avgv`i `k we`yZi Lye Afve ZvB Gme wWfvBm Ah_v eenvi Ki we`yZi AcPq Kie bv| AbK
AvaywbK hvMvhvM eevK eenvi Ki bvbvb iKg Acivag~jK KvR Ki| G`i _K mveavb ne Ges Gi
mvnvh Avgiv wbRivI Kvbv Acivai KvR Kie bv|
AwaKY ai KwDUvi eenvi Kie bv| KviY, hviv AwaKY ai KwDUvi wbq KvR Kib,
KwDUvii KxevW I gvDmi `xNY I `xNw`b eenvii dj Zv`i nvZi iM, mvqy, Kw, evZ, Kuva
I Nvo AwZwi Uvb (stress) ev Pvc co| dj KvRi duvK h_ wekvg bv wbj Gme A e_vmn bvbvb
iKg mgmvi mw nZ cvi| Gme mgmvi ga iqQ nvZ, ev I AvOyji e_v, AvOyj dzj hvIqv
BZvw`|
c`v_wevb 225

KvRi duvK duvK wekvg bv wbq `xNw`b I `xNY KwDUvi KvR Kij PvL bvbvb iKg mgmvi mw
nq, GK ejv nq KwDUvi wfkb wmbWvg| GB wmbWvgi ga iqQ PvL Rvjv cvov Kiv, PvL
nq hvIqv, PvL PzjKvbv, PvL jvj nq hvIqv Ges PvLi cvwb wKq hvIqv|
KwDUvi KvR Kivi mgq mwVKfve emZ ne Ges mvRv mvgb ZvKvZ ne| UvBc Kivi mgq nvZ hb
Kvbv wKQzi Dci ivLv bv _vK Ges nvZ I AvOyj hb mvRv _vK| KwDUvii wb ev c`vwU hb AekB
PvL _K 20 _K 24 Bw (cvq 5060 mwg) `~i _vK| gv_vi Dci evwZi Avjv Ges Uweji evwZi
Avjv Ggbfve Kwgq w`Z ne Zv Zvgvi PvL ev KwDUvii c`vq hb bv co|
iwWI Ges Uwjwfkb _K h mgmv `Lv `q Zv cavbZ k`~lYRwbZ ^v mgmv| Zvgiv AbK Lye
nvBfwjqyg iwWI I Uwjwfkb PvjvI| GZ Zvgvi Kvbi hgb mgmv mw nZ cvi, Zgwb hviv Zvgvi
Avkcvki evwoZ evm Kib, Zv`i ga hw` DP iPvc Avv ivMx Ges `ivMx _vKb ev Ab h
Kvbv Amy ivMx _vKb k `~lYRwbZ KviY Zviv AviI ewk AmyZv I AwiZv eva KiZ cvib| hviv
Lye ewk k iwWI ev wUwf Pvjvb, Zviv gv_v e_v, Kvb Kg Kvbv, AembZv BZvw` ^v mgmvq coZ
cvib| myZivs ewk Rvi wUwf I iwWI Pvjve bv|
AbK gvevBj dvb eenvi Ki gvbylK wei Ki| Gme KvR _K Avgv`i weiZ _vKZ ne|

Abykxjbx
K. ewbevPbx ck
mwVK Dii cvk wUK (3) wP `vI|
1| ZRwq gj _K wbMZ Avjdv KYv Kx?
(K)GKwU nvBWvRb wbDKxqvm (L) GKwU wnwjqvg wbDKxqvm
(M) GKwU Zwor wbic KYv (N) GKwU FYvZK KYv
2| ZRwq qi dj h weUviwk wbMZ nq Zv Avmj Kx?
(K) FYvZK BjKUbi mvZ (L) GKwU Zwor wbic KYv
(M) GKwU abvZK wbDKxqvm (N) abvZK cvUbi vZ
3| Kvb wmwjKb wPc j j eZbx mshvwRZ nj ZvK Kx ej?
(K) mgvivj eZbx (L) Aacwievnx UvbwRi
(M) mgw^Z eZbx (N) Aacwievnx WvqvW
4| Uwjwfkb mPvi Kvgivi KvR Kx?
(K) QweK ZwormsKZ i~cvi Kiv (L) QweK k Zi i~cvi Kiv
(M) ZwormZK QweZ i~cvi Kiv (N) k ZiK QweZ i~cvi Kiv
L. mRbkxj ck
1| QvU nq AvmQ cw_ex, Avgiv evm KiwQ Mvevj wfjR| Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw hi gvag cw_exi
mKj gvbylK KvhKi I `Zvi mv_ mshy KiQ| hvMvhvMi cavb evnbjv nQ Uwjwfkb, iwWI
Ges Uwjdvb|
226 c`v_wevb

(K) hvMvhvM h KvK ej?

(L) Kxfve Uwjdvb KvR Ki evLv Ki|
(M) Kxfve iwWI kb wbw` Kvi msKZ mvjb Ki Ges Zv MvnKi wbKU cuQvq, wPmn
evLv Ki|
(N)hvMvhvMi h wnmve Uwjwfkb I iwWIi KvhKvwiZv weklY I Zzjbv Ki|
2| kxjvi cgv`vmv wWqvg evsjv`k I fviZi ga AbywZ LjvwU f~-DcMni gvag wewUwf
mPvi KiQ|dj Ni emB Uwjwfkb LjvwU DcfvM Kiv hvQ|
(K) GbvjM mZ KvK ej?
(L) wPi mvnh GKwU wWwRUvj mZ evLv Ki|
(M) Uwjwfkb LjvwUi mPvi Kkj evLv Ki|
(N) G aibi hvMvhvM chyw RxebgvbK Kxfve DbZ KiQ -AvjvPbv Ki|
M. mvaviY ck
1| ZRwqZv Kx evLv Ki|
2| Avjdv I weUv KYvi cv_K evLv Ki|
3| mgw^Z eZbx Kx?
4| BUvibU KvK ej? Gi viv Kx Kx KvR Kiv hvq?
5| dv Kxfve KvR Ki eYbv Ki|
c`v_wevb 227

PZz`k Aavq

Rxeb evuPvZ c`v_wevb

PHYSICS TO SAVE LIFE

[c`v_wevbi mv_ Rxewevbi mK vcb Ki GKwU bZzb welqi weKvk NUQ Zvi bvg Rxec`v_wevb| euP
_vKvi Rb Avgv`i `iKvi my, mej I wbivM `n| my _vKvi Rb cqvRb mwVK wPwKrmv| wPwKrmv wevb ivM
wbYq AZ iyZc~Y welq| c`v_wevbi wewfb Z I bxwZi Dci wfw Ki Zwi nqQ bvbv aibi wPwKrmv
hcvwZ| GmKj hcvwZ c`v_wevbi Kvbv bxwZ ev ZK KvR jvwMq KvR Ki| Ggb wKQz hcvwZ mK
G Aavq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|]

GB Aavq cvV kl Avgiv-

1. Rxec`v_wevbi wfw evLv KiZ cvie|
2. Rxec`v_wevb RM`xkP` emyi Ae`vb evLv KiZ cvie|
3. gvbe`n c`v_wevbi wbqg cwiPvwjZ nq Zv evLv KiZ cvie|
4. wPwKrmv wevb ivM wbYq eeZ hcvwZZ c`v_wevbi aviYv I Zi eenvi evLv KiZ
cvie|
5. AvaywbK chyw Ges hcvwZ eenvii dj m ^v mgmv Ges cwZivai Kkj evLv KiZ
cvie|
6. mwVK wPwKrmvi Rb ivM wbYqi cqvRbxqZv mK wbR mPZb nev Ges Ab`i mPZb KiZ
cvie|
7. ivM wbYq wevb I chywi cksmv KiZ cvie|

14.1 Rxec`v_wevb Gi wfw

228 c`v_wevb

Background of bio-physics
Rxec`v_wevb njv Ggb GK wevb hv wevbi AbKjv kvLvi Dci wfw Ki cwZwZ nqQ|
Rxec`v_wevb Rxewevbi Kvbv eevK Aaqbi Rb fZwevbi Z I cwZ eenvi Kiv nq|
Rxewevb njv RxeRMr Aaqbi wevb| Kxfve Dw` I cvYx Lv` AvniY Ki, hvMvhvM iv Ki,
cwiek mK Dcjw jvf Ki Ges eskew Ki Gwelqjv Rxewevb eYbv Kiv nq| Abw`K cKwZ
h me MvwYwZK wbqg gb Pj mjv njv c`v_wevbi AvjvP welq| `xNw`b GKwU aviYv wevbxiv
cvlY Ki GmQb h RxeRMZi wbqg I fZRMZi wbqg Avjv`v| wK fZwevb I Rxewevbi
AMMwZi wfZi w`q GB `yB AvcvZ wfb kLjvi ga Mfxi wgj cvIqv MQ| c_g c`v_wevb I Rxewevb
`ywU wfb welq wnme weKvk jvf KiQ| wevbi AMMwZi ga w`q GB `yB welqi ga cviwiK mK
I mg^q AbK ew cqQ| AvM gb Kiv nZv cvwYRMZ wfb GK wbqg Pj Ges Ro c`v_i ay
fZwevbi wbqgjv chvR| wK Avgiv GLb Rvwb cvwY`nK AbK w`K _K hi m Zzjbv
Kiv hvq Ges cvwY`ni AbK AvPiYK fZ wbqg viv evLv Kiv me| eZ c`v_wevbi wbqgjv
mveRbxb| dj ay RoRMZ bq, cvwYRMZKI c`v_wevbi wbqg AbK evLv Kiv me| GwUB
Rxec`v_webi wfw|
Rxec`v_wevbi Pvj njv Kxfve Rxebi bvbv RwUjZvK c`v_wevbi mnR wbqgi wfwZ evLv
Kiv hvq| MwYZ Ges c`v_wevb eenvi Ki Rxebi bvbvwea inm Abymvb I wewfb NUbv weklYi
gvag Gi Mfxi cek Kivi kwkvjx gvag njv Rxec`v_wevb| Rxec`v_wevb njv Rxewevb Ges
c`v_wevbi ga mZze ^ic|

14.2 RM`xkP` emyi Ae`vb

Contributions of Jagadish Chandra Bose
AvPvh mvi RM`xkP` emy wQjb GKvavi GKRb cLvZ c`v_wevbx, Abw`K GKRb Rxewevbx| Avg`i
Dcgnv`k wZwbB c_g AvRvwZK mxKwZcv wevbx| emy cwievii Avw` wbevm wQj XvKv Rjvi AMZ
wegcyii ivwpLvj bvgK Mvg| 1858 mvji 30 bf^i RM`xkP` emy gqgbwmsn RbMnY Kib| wcZv
fMevbP` emy dwi`cyi Rjvi GKRb WcywU gvwRU wQjb| c_g dwi`cyii MvgxY we`vjq gvZfvlvq
jLvcov iy Kib| ci KvjKvZvi nqvi zj I mU Rwfqvi zj I KjR Zvui QvRxeb AwZevwnZ
nq| 1880 mvj we.G cvk Kivi ci H eQiB wZwb DP wkvi Rb Bsjv hvb| Bsjv Zvi wkv Rxeb
wQj 1880-1884 mvj ch| H mgq wZwb Kvw^R wekwe`vjq _K c`v_wevb Abvmmn we.G Ges jb
wekwe`vjq _K we.Gmwm. wWwM ARb Kib| 1885 mvj wZwb cwmWw KjR c`v_wevb welq
Aavcbv iy Kib| cwmWw KjR MelYvi Zgb myhvM bv _vKv mI wZwb mLvb MelYvi KvR
Pvwjq hvb| w`bi ejvq mgq bv _vKvq ewkifvM mgq ZvuK ivZi ejvq MelYvi KvR KiZ nZv|
c`v_wevb 229

MelYvMvi wZwb Kxfve `~ieZx vb Zvii mvnvh Qvov Kvbv iwWI msKZK cvVvbv hvq Gwelq
wei MelYv Kib Ges mdj nb| 1895 mvj wZwb BwZnvm c_g evii gZv `~ieZx vb webv Zvi
iwWI msKZ ciY Ki Rbmg `Lvb| gvBvIqf MelYvi
Zvui DjLhvM Ae`vb iqQ| wZwbB c_g Drcb Zii
Zi`NK wgwjwgUvi (cvq 5 wgwjwgUvi) chvq bvwgq AvbZ
mg nb| wZwbB c_g iwWI msKZK kbv Kivi KvR
Aacwievwn Rskbi eenvi Kib| GB Avwevi _K eemvwqK
myweav bIqvi cwieZ wZwb Zuvi AvweviK mevi Rb Dby Ki
`b, hb Abiv GB MelYvK Aviv mg Kivi myhvM cvq|
cieZxKvj RM`xkP` emy Dw` kvixiZi Dci AbKjv
iZc~Y Ges DjLhvM Avwevi Kib| Gjvi ga Dw`i
ew iKW Kivi Rb vMvd Avwevi, AwZmxwgZ gvvq wP 14.1: AvPvh mvi RM`xkP` emy

bovPov Ges Kxfve Dw` wewfb DxcKi cwZ mvov `q Zv DjLhvM|

Rxec`v_wevb Zuvi DjLhvM Ae`vb njv, Dw` Kxfve DxcKi cwZ mvov `q, Gi cwienbi cKwZ
wbq| AvM aviYv Kiv nZv wewfb Dxcbvq Dw`i mvov `Iqvi cKwZ ivmvqwbK, wK wZwb `LvZ mg_
njb h Gi cKwZ e`ywZK|
1917 mvj Dw`-kvixiZ wbq MelYvi Rb wZwb KjKvZvq emy wevb gw`i cwZv Kib| RM`xkP`
emyi evsjv fvlvq iwPZ iPbvejx Ae bvgK M msKwjZ nqQ| Zvui DjLhvM GKwU M njv
Response in the Living and Non-Living| 1937 mvji 23k bf^i RM`xkP` emy gZzeiY
Kib|

14.3 gvbe`n Ges h

Human body and machine
cvZwnK Rxebi wewfb cqvRb Avgiv bvbv aibi h eenvi Kwi| hgb- AUvgvevBj, iwdRviUi,
Uwjwfkb, evxq Bwb, A`nb Bwb BZvw`| gvbe`nK AbK GKwU hic AwfwnZ Ki _vKb|
hw`I gvbe`n Avmj h bq, Zey GwU AbKvsk hi bvq AvPiY Ki| hi gZv GwUI AbKjv
y` y` Ask ev A wbq MwVZ; hvi GKwUi Afve ev weKj nq hvIqvq m~Y `ni KgKv wewNZ nq|
hi cZKwU Ask hgwbfve wekl KvR mb Ki, Zgwbfve gvbe`ni cZKwU A Avjv`v
Avjv`v KvR wbqvwRZ| gvbe`ni cZKwU A GK Abi mv_ AvmwKZ, cZKwU A wbR^
MwZZ Pj, wK mejv KvRB mywbw` Ges G`i ga c~ewbavwiZ mK iqQ| G KviYB gvbe`n
gvbem mePq RwUj hi mgZzj|
gvbe`ni Ggb Askjvi ga iqQ rh, e, dzmdzm, hKZ BZvw`| D`vniY wnme ejv hvq,
rwc Avmj GKwU ^qswq cv, hv evBii Kvbv Dxcbv QvovB wbR^ e`ywZK wmMbvj viv mgM`n
230 c`v_wevb

i mvjb KiZ mg| Aciw`K, e GKwU wekl QvuKb h hv gvbyli kixii bvBUvRbhy eR
c`v_ AcmviY Ki _vK| GiKg AmsL QvU QvU hi KvRi mg^qi dj m~Y gvbe`n mPj _vK|
gvbe`n GKwU Reh ^ic| h viv KvR Kivi Rb kwi cqvRb| wewfb Bwb Avgiv cUvj,
wWRj, wm.Gb.wR BZvw` Rvjvwb eenvi Ki ivmvqwbK kwK hvwK kwZ icvwiZ Kwi| wVK
Zgwbfve, Lv` MnY I kmb cwqvi gvag gvbe`nI ivmvqwbK kwK Zvckw I hvwK kwZ icvwiZ
Ki| myZivs gvbe`n Avmj GKwU RweK hi gZv| wK AbK w`K w`q gvbe`n gvbem
RwUjZg hi PqI wekqKi| gvbe`n Ggb wKQz KvR KiZ cvi, hv Kvbv hi c Kiv me
bq| hgb- gvbyli `n GKwU gv Kvl _K Drcw jvf Ki| mgqi cwieZbi mv_ mv_ GB GKwU
KvlB c~Yv gvbe`n cwiYZ nq, hv j KvwU Kvl viv MwVZ| wK Kvbv hB GgbwU NU bv|
KLbv KLbv kixii GKwU gv Ask weKj nj mgM gvbe`ni KgKv e nq hvq| hgb- rwci
wqv _g Mj kixii Abvb mKj Ajvi KgKvI e nq hvq Ges Lye `Z gwi wqvI _g
hvq|

14.4 ivM wbYq eeZ hcvwZ

Instruments used for diagnosis of diseases
GK mgq wPwKrmKMY ivMxi evwnK wewfb jY `L ivM wbYq KiZb Ges m Abyhvqx Jla I c_
w`Zb| m mgq ivM wbYqi Rb AvaywbK hcvwZ Avwevi nqwb| dj evBi _K wewfb A cZi
mwVK Aevb evSv hZ bv| GQvov ivMxi Kvbv wbw` A Kx gvvq ivMvv nqQ, ZvI Rvbv me
wQj bv| wevbi bvbv AvweviK KvR jvwMq ivM wbYqi Rb AbK aibi hcvwZ AvweZ nqQ|
G hcvwZjvi mvnvh mwVKfve ivM wbicY Kiv me nqQ| mwVK hcvwZ Qvov wPwKrmKi c
mwVKfve ivM wbicY Kiv me bq, hwUi mvnvh H cqvRbxq cixvwU mb KiZ ne| AvaywbK wewfb
h DvweZ nIqvi dj ivMi KviY wbw`fve Rvbv me nqQ| GK mgq AZvi KviY gvbyl
ivMmsv AbK Kzmsvi wekvm KiZv| AvaywbK mgvR gZznvi AbK Kg MQ, Zvi cavb KviY ivM
wbYq I wPwKrmvq wewfb fZ h eeZ nQ|
G AbyQ` ivM wbYqi Rb mvaviYZ h me hcvwZ eenvi Kiv nq Gi KqKwU wbq AvjvPbv Kiv
njv|
Gi
Xray
Gi njv GK aibi ZvwoZP^K wewKiY| Gii Zi `N mvaviY Avjvi Zi`Ni Pq
AbK Kg| GB iwki Zi`N 10-10 m Gi KvQvKvwQ| 1895 mvj Dn&jnjvg iURb Gi Avwevi
Kib| ibiwki AviK bvg Gi| ibiwki cKwZ hLb Rvbv wQj bv ZLb ARvbv iwk wnme Gi
bvgKiY Kiv nq Gi| Zi`N hZ QvU ne Gii Kvbv c`v_ f` Kivi gZv ZZ ewk ne|
mvaviY Avjv `kgvb Ges wewfb iO wef wK Gi `kgvb bq| mvaviY Avjvi c_ Kvbv A^Q
c`v_wevb 231

c`v_ _vKj Zv f` KiZ cvi bv| Aciw`K Gi DP f`b gZv mb| Gi bj Gi Drcb
nq| Gi bj GKwU evqyb KvP bj| KvP bji `ycv `ywU Zworvi ev BjKUvW jvMvbv _vK| G`i
GKwUi bvg Kv_vW Ges AciwU AvbvW| Kv_vW Uvsb avZzi GKwU Kzjx _vK, GK wdjvgU ej|
wdjvgUi ga w`q cevwnZ Zworcevn Kv_vWK D Ki| dj Kv_vW _K BjKUb gy nq Ges
ei nq Avm| Kv_vW Ges AvbvWi ga Lye DP wefe cv_K cqvM Kiv nj Kv_vW _K
BjKUbjv Lye `ZMwZZ QzU hvq Ges je AvbvWK AvNvZ Ki| Gi dj BjKUbi MwZ nVvr
_g hvq Ges Gi Drcb nq| BjKUbi MwZkw ZvwoZP^K Ziic i~cvwiZ nq| z`
Zi`Ni GB wewKiYB njv Gi| A_vr `ZMwZ mb BjKUb Kvbv avZzK AvNvZ Kij Zv _K
AwZ z` Zi`Ni Ges DP f`bgZv mb ARvbv cKwZi GK cKvi wewKiY Drcb nq| G wewKiYK
Gi ev G iwk ej| wP 14.1-G Gi wUDei cqvRbxq Askjv `Lvbv nqQ|

wP 14.1: Gi wUDe wP 14.2: Gi cixv

Gi bvbv KvR eenvi Kiv hvq| ivM wbYqi Rb wPwKrmv wevb Gi Ae`vb Acwimxg|
1. vbPzZ nvo, nvo dvUj, fO hvIqv nvo BZvw` Gii mvnvh Lye mnRB kbv Kiv hvq|
2. gyLgji h Kvbv aibi ivM wbYq Gii eenvi AbK hgb- `vuZi Mvovq Nv Ges q wbYq
Gi eeZ nq|
3. cUi Gii mvnvh Ai cwZeKZv (Intestinal Obstruction) kbv Kiv hvq|
4. Gii mvnvh wc _wj I wKWwbi cv_iK kbv Kiv hvq|
5. eyKi Gii mvnvh dzmdzmi ivM hgb- wbDgvwbqv, dzmdzmi Kvvi BZvw` wbYq Kiv hvq|
6. wPwKrmvi KvRI Gi eenvi Kiv hvq| GwU Kvvi KvlK gi djZ cvi| iwWI_ivwc cqvM
Ki Kvvii wPwKrmv Kiv hvq|
Gii AcqvRbxq wewKiYmvZ hvZ ivMxi wZ KiZ bv cvi G evcvi cqvRbxq mZKZv Aej^b
KiZ ne| GRb Gi bIqvi mgq ivMxK mxmv wbwgZ Gcvb viv h_vme AvQvw`Z KiZ ne| AwZ
Riix bv nj MfeZx gwnjv`i D`i Ges cjwfK Aji Gi Kiv DwPZ bq| Ab Kvbv Gi cixv
cqvRb nj mxmv wbwgZ Gcvb AekB eenvi KiZ ne|
232 c`v_wevb

AvvmbvMvwd
Ultrasonography
AvvmbvMvwd njv Ggb GKwU cwqv hv DP KvsKi ki cwZdjbi Dci wbfikxj| DP KvsKi
k hLb kixii Mfxii Kvbv A ev cwk _K cwZdwjZ nq ZLb cwZdwjZ Zii mvnvh H Ai
Abyic GKwU cwZwe^ gwbUii c`vq MVb Kiv nq|
ivM wbYqi Rb h AvvmbvMvwd Kiv nq mB ki KvsK 1-10 gMvnvUR nq _vK| AvvmbvMvwd
h UvwWDmvi bvgK GKwU wUKK e`ywZKfve DwRZ ev DxwcZ Ki DP KvsKi AvvmwbK
Zi Drcb Kiv nq| AvvmbvMvwd h AvvmwbK ZijvK GKwU mi exg-G cwiYZ Kiv nq| ci
GB exgwUK h Ai cwZwe^ iKW KiZ ne Zvi w`K ciY Kiv nq| h Ai w`K GwU wb`k Kiv
nq mB Zji cKwZ Abyhvqx exgwU cwZdwjZ, kvwlZ ev msevwnZ nq| hLb exgwU wewfb NbZi cwki
(hgb- gvsmcwk, i) wef`Zj AvcwZZ nq ZLb Zii GKwU Ask cwZawb wnmve cyibvq
UvwWDmvi wdi Avm| ci GB cwZawbjvK Zwor msKZ icvwiZ Kiv nq| GB Zwor msKZjv
GK gwbUii c`vq cixYxq e ev cwki GKwU cwZwe^ MVb Ki|
AvvmbvMvwdi mePq iZc~Y eenvi xivM Ges cm~wZwevb j Kiv hvq| Gi mvnvh yYi AvKvi,
c~YZv, yYi ^vfvweK ev A^vfvweK Aevb Rvbv hvq| cm~wZwe`vq GwU GKwU `Z, wbivc` Ges wbfihvM
Kkj| AvvmbvMvwdi mvnvh Rovqyi wUDgvi Ges
Abvb cjwfK gvmi (Pelvic Mass) DcwwZI kbv
Kiv hvq|
wewfb aibi Wvvix cixv hgb- wccv_i, `hi
wU Ges wUDgvi kbvKiY AvvmbvMvg eenvi Kiv
nq| rwc cixv Kivi Rb hLb AvvmvD eenvi
Kiv nq ZLb G cixvK BKvKvwWIMvwd ej|
Gii Zzjbvq AvvmbvMvwd AwaKZi wbivc` ivM wbYq
cwZ| ZeyI AvvmvD Lye mxwgZ mgqi Rb eenvi
KiZ ne| GQvov UvwWDmviK memgq bovPovi ga wP 14.3 :AvvmbvMvwd
ivLZ ne, hb GwU Kvbv wbw` vb wi bv _vK|
wmwUvb
CT scan
wmwUvb kwU BsiwR Computed Tomography Scan Gi msw ic| wPwKrmvwevb GwU cwZwe^
Zwii GKwU cwqv| h cwqvq Kvbv wgvwK ei Kvbv dvwj (Slice) ev Aski wgvwK cwZwe^
Zwi Kiv nq m cwqvK UgvMvwd ej| wmwUvb GKwU enr h| G h Gi eeZ nq| Gi
hLvb kixii Afii Kvbv wgvwK Ai wgvwK cwZwe^ MVb Ki, mLvb wmwU vb h viv
m cwZwe^ wgvwK|
c`v_wevb 233

wmwUvb h wWwRUvj RvwgwZK cwqv eenvi Ki Kvbv ei Afii wgvwK cwZwe^ MVb Ki|
GKwU N~Yb Ai mvc AbKjv wgvwK Gi cwZwe^ bIqvi ci GjvK GKwZ Ki wgvwK
cwZwe^ MVb Kiv nq| G KvRwU KwDUvi eenvii gvag mb Kiv nq| evKvi c_ Nyivi mgq
wmwUvb h cici AbKjv mi Gi exg ivMxi kixii ga w`q ciY Ki| A_P Gi Kivi
mgq ivMxi `n aygv GKevi Gi exgwU AwZg Ki| dj Gii Zzjbvq wmwUvbi wP AbK
wbLuyZ Ges weZ nq| wmwUvb h eeZ Gi wWUKUiwUi mvnvh ivMxi `ni wewfb NbZi kZ
kZ i kbv Kiv hvq| wWUKUi viv msMnxZ WvUv KwDUvi ciY Kiv nq| KwDUvi ci kixii
Kvbv Aski wgvwK Qwe MVb Ki Ges c`vq wWmc Ki|

wP 14.4: wmwUvb h
wmwUvbi mvnvh kixii big wUmy, ievnx wkiv ev agbx, dzmdzm, eY BZvw`i wgvwK Qwe cvIqv
hvq| hKZ, dzmdzm Ges AMvkqi Kvvi kbv Kivi KvR wmwUvb eeZ nq| wmwUvbi cwZwe^
wPwKrmKK wUDgvi kbvKiY, wUDgvii AvKvi, Aevb Ges wUDgviwU cvkeZx Ab wUmyK Kx cwigvY
Avv KiQ Zv wbaviYI mvnvh Ki| gv_vi wmwUvbi mvnvh gwi fZi Kvbv aibi
icvZ, agbxi dzjv Ges wUDgvii DcwwZ mK Rvbv hvq| wmwUvbi viv i mvjb mgmv AvQ
Kxbv ZvI Rvbv hvq| mvaviYZ MfeZx gwnjvv`i wmwU vb cixv Kiv nq bv| wmwU vb cixvq WvB
eeZ nj GjvwRRwbZ wewqvi mvebv iqQ|

GgAviAvB
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
GgAviAvB BsiRx Magnetic Resonance Imaging Gi msw ic| GgAviAvB h kwkvjx
P^K Ges iwWI Zi eenvi Ki kixii Kvbv vbi ev Ai weZ cwZwe^ MVb Kiv nq|
wbDKxq P^K Abybv` ev Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gi fZ Ges ivmvqwbK bxwZi Dci wfw Ki
GgAviAvB h KvR Ki| GB bxwZ eenvi Ki Kvbv AYyi cKwZ mK Z_ Rvbv hvq|
234 c`v_wevb

GgAviAvB njv e_vnxb Ges wbivc` ivM wbYq cwZ| GB h Gi ev Ab Kvbv aibi wewKiY
eenvi Kiv nq bv| kixii h Aski GgAviAvB vb Kiv nq mLvb _K cv msKZK GKwU
KwDvii mvnvh cwiewZZ Ki mB Aski AZ cwZwe^ MVb Kiv nq| cZKwU cwZwe^ kixii
Kvbv vbi GK GKwU dvwj ev vBmi gZv KvR Ki| Gfve AbKjv cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv nq, hjv
kixii H Aski mKj ewkK dzwUq Zzj|

wP 14.5: GgAviAvB h
GgAviAvB Gi gvag cv cwZwe^K cvDiwUi GK GKwU dvwji m Zzjbv Kiv hvq| hLb cvDiwU _K
GK GKwU dvwj IVvbv nq, ZLb dvwji mv_ mv_ cvDiwUi fZii meUzKz `Lv hvq| GKBfve
GgAviAvB Gi gvag cv cZKwU cwZwe^ kixii Afii mewKQz `LZ mvnvh Ki|
cvqi Mvovwji gPKvbv Ges wcVi ev_vq GgAviAvB eenvi Ki RLgi ev AvNvZi ZxeZv wbicY Kiv nq| eY
Ges gi iyi (Spinal cord) weZ cwZwe^ Zwii Rb GgAviAvB njv AZ g~jevb cixv|
BwmwR
ECG
BwmwR njv BjKUvKvwWIMvg (Electrocardiogram) ki msw ic| BwmwR Ggb GKwU ivM wbYq
cwZ hvi mvnvh wbqwgZfve Kvbv ewi rwci e`ywZK Ges cwkRwbZ KvhKjvc cheY Kiv
hvq| Avgiv Rvwb h, evwnii Kvbv Dxcbv QvovB rh z` e`ywZK msKZ Drcb Ki| GB e`ywZK
msKZ rhi cwki ga w`q Qwoq co, Gi dj rh msKzwPZ nq| BwmwR hi mvnvh Avgiv
GB Zwor msKZmg~nK kbv Kwi| BwmwR Gi mvnvh Avgiv rwci `bi nvi Ges Q`gqZv cwigvc
KiZ cvwi| GwU rwci ga icevni civ cgvY `q|
kixii wewfb vb vwcZ Zworvi ev BjKUvWmg~n rhi wewfb w`K _K AvMZ e`ywZK
msKZjvK kbv Ki| rwci GKwU m~Y Qwe cvevi Rb `kwU BjKUvW eenvi Ki evivwU
e`ywZK msKZK kbv Kiv nq| cZKwU nvZ Ges cvq GKwU Ki gvU PviwU Ges evKx QqwU
BjKUvW rwci cvPxi eivei vcb Kiv nq [wP 14.6 ]| cZKwU BjKUvW viv msMnxZ Zwor
msKZK iKW Kiv nq| GB iKW mg~ni gyw`Z icB njv BjKUvKvwWIMvg|
c`v_wevb 235

wP 14.6: BwmwR cwZ

my gvbyli Rb cZK BjKUvW _K cv Zwor msKZi GKwU ^vfvweK bKkv _vK| hw` Kvbv
ewi rh Kvbv aibi A^vfvweK Aev j Kiv hvq ZLb BjKUvWmg~n _K cv bKkv
^vfvweK bKkv _K wfbZi ne|
mvaviYZ Kvbv ivMi evwnK jY hgb- eyKi aocovwb, AwbqwgZ I `Z r`b, eyK ev_v BZvw`i
KviY wbYq Kivi Rb BwmwR cixv KiZ nq| GQvovI wbqwgZ cixvi Ask wnme hgb- Acvikbi
c~e BwmwRi mvnvh bIqv nq|
rwci h mKj A^vfvweK cKwZ BwmwRi gvag kbv Kiv hvq Gjv njv-
1. rwci A^vfvweK `b hgb- rwci `bi nvi ewk ev Kg ev AwbqwgZ nj;
2. nvU AvUvK hv mwZ ev wKQzw`b c~e msNwUZ nqQ;
3. mmvwiZ rwc A_vr rwci AvKvi eo nq hvIqv|
GvmKvwc
Endoscopy
GvmKvwc ejZ mvaviYfve Kvbv wKQzi wfZi `LvK eySvq| wK GvmKwc ejZ Avgiv eywS
wPwKrmvRwbZ KviY ev cqvRb `ni Afi Kvbv A ev MniK evwni _K cheY|
GvmKvc hi gvag Avgiv kixii dvudv Amg~ni AfifvM cixv Ki _vwK|

wP 14.7: GvmKvwc h
GvmKvc h `ywU bj _vK, G`i GKwUi ga w`q evBi _K ivMxi kixii wbw` A Avjv
ciY Kiv nq| AvjvK Zi wfZii `qvj Avjvi c~Y AfixY cwZdjbi gvag Dj Avjv ivMxi
`n Mni cek Ki| GB Avjv ivMvv ev wZM AK AvjvwKZ Ki| wZxq AvjvK Z bji
236 c`v_wevb

wfZi w`q Avjvi cwZdwjZ Ask GKBfve wdi Avm| cwZdwjZ Avjv Awfb ji gvag
wPwKrmKi PvL cek Ki| dj wPwKrmK cixYxq Ai Afi Kx NUQ ev nQ Zv `LZ cvib|
GvmKvwci gvag wPwKrmKMY kixii Afi h Kvbv aiYi A^weva, Z, c`vn Ges
A^vfvweK Kvlew cixv Ki _vKb| wbewYZ wewfb A cixv Kivi Rb GvmKvwc eeZ nq|
Gjv njv-
(K) dzmdzm, eyKi K`xq wefvRb Ask; (L) cvKjx, z`v, en`v ev Kvjb; (M) x cRbb A; (N)
D`i Ges cjwfm; (O) g~_wji AfifvM; (P) bvmvMni Ges bvKi Pvicvki mvBbvmmg~n; (Q) Kvb|
iwWI_ivwc
Radiotherapy
iwWI_ivwc kwU BsiRx Radiation Therapy ki msw ic| GwU eenvi Ki wewfb ivM
hgb- Kvvi, _vBiqW Mwi A^vfvweK cKwZ, ii wKQz evwai wPwKrmv Kiv nq| mvaviYZ
iwWI_ivwc DPkwmb Gi eenvi Ki Kvvi Kvl asm Ki| GwU wUDgvi Kvli Afi
wWGbG (DNA) -K asmi gvag Kvli msLvew Kivi gZv web Ki dj| g~jZt GwU njv
Kvbv ivMi wPwKrmvq AvqbmwKvix (ZRwq) wewKiYi eenvi|
iwWI_ivwc `yaibi: (1) evwnK exg wewKiY ev evwnK iwWI_ivwc (2) AfixY iwWI_ivwc|
evwnK iwWI_ivwci kixii evwni _K DPkwmb Gi, Kvev wewKiY, BjKUb ev cvUb
exg eenvi Kiv nq| kixii h vb wUDgviwU AewZ, mB w`K ZvK Ki exgwU cqvM Kiv nq| Gi
dj Kvvi Kvli ew Ges wefvRb gZv asm nq hvq| G cwqvq A msLK my KvlI wZM
nq| ZeyI Avgv`i Dk njv hZ Kg msLK my KvlK wZM Ki hZ ewk msLK Kvvi KvlK
asm Kiv| wZM AwaKvsk my Kvl wbR _K GB wZ givgZ Ki dj|

wP 14.8: iwWI_ivwc h
AfixY iwWI_ivwci ivMxK kixii fZi _K iwWI_ivwc `Iqv nq| G cwqvq ivMx
ZRwq Zij c`v_ cvbxq wnme MnY Ki| A_ev BbRKkbi gvag ivMxi `n ZRwq Zij c`v_
cek Kwiq `Iqv nq| ii Kvvii G Zij c`v_ ZRwq dmdivm, nvoi Kvvii
ZRwq bwkqvg Ges _vBiqW Kvvii ZRwq AvqvwWb eenvi Kiv nq| G cwqvK
evwK_ivwc ej|
c`v_wevb 237

BwUwU
ETT
BsiRx Exercise Tolerence Test Gi msw ic njv ETT ev BwUwU| DxwcZ rhi GKwU cixv
njv BwUwU| evqvg ev Abykxjb PjvKvjxb rwci e`ywZK mwqZv ev KvhKjvc (`bi nvi, Q`gqZv)
BwUwU cixvi gvag iKW Kiv nq| GwU Avmj AbykxjbiZ Aevq ivMxi BwmwR cixv| Kivbvix AvUvix
ivMi ivM wbicYi Rb G cixvwU LyeB DcKvix| GB cixvi mgq `hi Dci Abykxjbi AwZwi
Pvc cqvM Kiv nq| cixvwUi gvag rwci Kivbvix agbxZ m AvswkK Aei Aev (Partial
Blockage) kbv Kiv nq _vK| mvaviYZ wekvg _vKv Aevq ivMxi `n G aibi A^vfvweK Aev
kbv Kiv me nq IV bv|

wP 14.9: BwUwU cixv

cixvi mgq ivMxK GKwU wi evBmvBKj PvjvZ ejv nq A_ev GKwU UWwgj h AbeiZ nvuUvi
wb`kbv `Iqv nq| Abykxjb Pjv Aevq wPwKrmK ivMxi BwmwR iKW Kib| cixvi mgq PvKvi N~Yb
`wZ Ges Zji Xvj DchvRbi gvag hvwK cxobi gvv gkt ew Kiv nq| BwUwU cixvi gvag
Abykxjbi mgq ivMxi rh h mKj cwieZb msNwUZ nq wPwKrmK mjv kbv KiZ mg nb|

GbwRIMvwd
Angiography
GbwRIMvwd njv Ggb GKwU cwZwe^ Zixi cixv hLvb kixii ibvwjKvmg~n `Lvi Rb Gi eenvi Kiv
nq| GB cixvi gvag ievnx wkiv ev agbxjv mi, eK I cmvwiZ nqQ Kx bv Zv wbYq Kiv hvq| ibvwjZ
eK Ges ibvwj mi Ges Acm nj kixi ii ^vfvweK cevn wewNZ nq| GbwRIMvg Kivi mgq wPwKrmK
ivMxi `n GKwU Zij c`v_ GKwU mi I bgbxq bji ga w`q cek Kwiq `b| Zij c`v_wUK WvB Ges
bjwUK Kv_Uvi ej| GB WvB eenvii dj ievnx bvwjKvjv Gii mvnvh `kgvb nq| GB WvB ci
wKWbx Ges g~i gvag kixi _K ei nq hvq| GKwU wbw` cek we`yi ga w`q Kv_UviwUK wbw` agbx
ev wkivi ga cek Kivbv nq| cek we`ywU kixii h Kvbv vbi ibvwjZ nZ cvi| eeZ WvBwUK
KLbv KLbv emv`k ev Contrast wnme AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
238 c`v_wevb

wP 14.10: GbwRIMvg
mvaviYZ h mKj KviY wPwKrmKMY GbwRIMvg Kivi civgk `b, Gjv njv-
(K) rwci evwni agbxZ eKR nj;
(L) agbx cmvwiZ nj;
(M) wKWwbi agbxi Aev eySvi Rb;
(N) wkivi Kvbv mgmv nj|
KLbv KLbv wPwKrmKMY GbwRIMvg Kivi mgq GKB mgq mvRvix QvovB ibvwji eKi wPwKrmv Ki
_vKb| h Kkj ev cwqvq GbwRIMvg Kivi mgq agbxi eK gy Kiv nq ZvK GbwRIcvw ej|

AvBmvUvc Ges Gi eenvi

Isotopes and its uses
AvBmvUvcjv njv GKwU wbw` gji icf`| wewfb fimsLv wewk GKB gji cigvYyK H gji
AvBmvUvc ej| A_vr Kvbv gji AvBmvUvcmg~n cvUbi msLv mgvb _vK, wK wbDUbi msLv
wewfb nq| Kvbv cigvYyi wbDKxqvm AewZ cvUbi msLv gjwUK Abbic kbv Ki| wK
bxwZMZfve GKwU gji h Kvbv msLK wbDUb _vKZ cvi| gji wbDKxqvm AewZ cvUb Ges
wbDUbi msLvB njv Gi fimsLv| G KviYB Kvbv gji cZKwU AvBmvUvci fimsLv wewfb nq|
12 13
D`vniY wnme Kvebi K_v ejv hZ cvi| Kvebi wZbwU AvBmvUvc 6C, C Ges 146C , hv`i
6

fimsLv h_vg 12,13,14| Kvebi cvigvYweK msLv 6, A_vr cZKwU Kveb cigvYyZ QqwU cvUb
AvQ| hvi dj Kvebi AvBmvUvcjvZ h_vg 6,7Ges 8 wU wbDUb iqQ|
wPwKrmv cigvYy wPwKrmvq ZRwq AvBmvUvci evcK eenvi iqQ| ZRwq AvBmvUvci
cavbZ `yaibi eenvi AvQ|
(K) ivM wbYqi
(L) ivM wbivgqi
c`v_wevb 239

ivMxi kixi Kvbv vb ev A wZKi Kvvi wUDgvii DcwwZ ZRwq AvBmvUvci mvnvh
kbv Kiv hvq| Kvev-60 (60Co) AvBmvUvc _K wbMZ kwkvjx Mvgv iwk Kvvi wPwKrmvq eeZ
nq| Kvev-60 _K wbMZ Mvgv iwki mvnvh Acvikbi hcvwZ ivM RxevYy gyKiY Kiv nq|
_vBiqW Mw ev Mvi A^vfvweK ew RwbZ ivMi wPwKrmvq AvqvwWb-131(131I) eeZ nq|
UKwbwkqvg- 99m ivM wbYqi Rb cigvYy wPwKrmvq ej eeZ GKwU ZRwq AvBmvUvc| GwUi
mvnvh eY, wjfvi, cxnv Ges nvoi BgwRs ev vwbs mb Kiv nq| ii kZ KwYKvi AZwaK ewi
dj ivZv (Blood-Leucaemia) ivMi wPwKrmvq ZRwq dmdivm-32 (32P) Gi dmdU eeZ nq|
cigvYy wPwKrmvq ivM wbYqi Rb wkivi ga w`q BbRKkbi gvag ZRwq AvBmvUvc ivMxi `n
cek Kivbv nq| ivMxi Kvbv Ai cixv Kiv ne Zvi Dci wbfi KiB ZRwq c`v_ wbevPb Kiv
nq| GQvov Kwl, Lv`msiY, KxUcZ `gb Ges wk ZRwq AvBmvUvci evcK eenvi
iqQ|

Abykxjbx

ewbevPwb ck
1| wevbx RMxkP` emyi mv_ Kvb welqwU mswk?
i) emy gw`i cwZv
ii) ZRwq gji eenvi
iii) vMvd Avwevi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii
M) i I iii N) i,ii I iii
2| X-ray wdj nvoi Qwe `Lv hvIqvi KviY
K) nvo X-ray viv Af` L) gvsmcwk X-ray viv Af`
M) Zi `N AbK ewk N) DyP f`bgZvmb
3| m~ ibvwjKvi eKR cixv Kivi chywi bvg njv
K) GbwRIMvg L) GbwRIcvw
M) BwUwU N) BwmwR
4| n` `bi nvi I Q`gqZv cwigvc Kiv nq Kx Dcvq?
K) Zwor msKZ mbv Ki L) X-ray Gi gvag
M) wbDKxq P^K Abybv`i gvag N) k Zi eenvi Ki
wP : 3.3

240 c`v_wevb

mRbkxj ck
webyi PvPx gv nZ PjQb| PK Avci Rb wZwb wbqwgZ Wvvii KvQ hvb| Kvb GK gvm Wvvi
Yi mwVK Aevb I AvKvi Rvbvi Rb ZvK GKwU cixv Kivi civgk w`jb| AvjUvmbvMvwdi
gvag wZwb cixvwU Kivjb Ges Gi gvag Wvvi Y mK avibv jvf Kib|
K) Gg Avi AvB Gi c~Yic Kx?
L) AvBmvUvcjv GKwU wbw` gji icf` Kb?
M) Y mK aviYv jvf AvjUvmbvMvwdi f~wgKv AvjvPbv Ki|
N) wgbvi PvPxi cixvwU Ab Kvb wPwKrmv chywi gvag Kiv hve wK?-Dii ^c hyw `vI|
K. mvaviY ck
1| fZRMr I RxeRMr Kx m~Y wfb wbqg Pj?
2| Rxec`v_wevbi m~Pbv Kxfve njv|
3| c`v_wevbi wbqgjv Kb RxeRMZi cqvM Kiv hvq?
4| c`v_wevb RM`xkP` emyi Ae`vb eYbv Ki|
5| Rxec`v_wevb Zuvi Ae`vb Kx?
6| gvbe`n KLbv KLbv hi gZv AvPiY Ki evLv Ki|
7| gvbe`n GKwU Re h- Gi mc hyw `vI|
8| c`v_wevbi DvweZ hcvwZ Kxfve wPwKrmv KvR jvM|
9| ivM wbYqi Rb eeZ KZjv hcvwZi bvg wjL|
10| Gi Kx ? ivM wbYq I wPwKrmv Gi eenvi wjL|
11| AvvmbvMvwd Kxfve wPwKrmv ivM wbYq Ki|
12| GgAviAvB Gi gvag cv cwZwe^i eYbv `vI|
13| BwmwRi mvnvh Kvbv Kvbv ivM wbYq Kiv hvq?
14| GvmKvwc h KxKvR eeZ nq?
15| wPwKrmv iwWI_ivwc Kb eenvi Kiv nq?
16| BwUwU GK aibi BwmwR cixv- eYbv Ki|
17| Kvbv Kvbv GbwRIMvg Kiv nq?
18| AvBmvUvc Kx? wPwKrmv GwU Kx KvR jvM?