Jurnal Pesisir dan Laut Tropis Volume 3 Nomor 1 Tahun 2013

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS KARANG DAN BIOTA ASOSIASI PADA KAWASAN

TERUMBU KARANG DI PERAIRAN DESA MINANGA KECAMATAN
MALALAYANG II DAN DESA MOKUPA KECAMATAN TOMBARIRI.

(Coral Structure Community and Its Association Organism In Coral Reef at Minanga Village
of Malalayang II and Mokupa Village of Tombariri District Waters).

Jeremias R. Tuhumena1*, Janny D. Kusen1, Carolus P. Paruntu

Program Studi Ilmu Kelautan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Sam
Ratulangi, Manado
*e-mail: jere_tuhumena@yahoo.com

Main purpose of this study were to know the community structure of coral and its
associate organism as well as coral cover percentage. Data of coral cover percentage had
been gathered by using LIT (Line Intercept Transect), whereas a quadrant had been used for
associate organism. The study sites were at two locations, Minanga Village of Malalayang II
District and Mokupa Village of Tombariri District waters. The result shown that coral cover
percentage at two locations were very low. The diversity of marine organism in Minanga
Village and Mokupa Village have the moderate diversity. Similarity of Ascidiacea and
Algae organism communities were equal whereas Sponge, Echinoderm, Mollusc and Fish
were unequal. Frequency of Mollusc and Crustacean have been shown as highest value, but
Algae was the lowest value. Density of Ascidiacea, Sponge and mollusc organism have been
shown highest value, whereas Echinoderm, Crustacean and Algae shown the lowest value at
Minanga Village whereas at Mokupa Village Mollusc organism have been shown the highest
density, while the Ascidiacea, Sponge, Algae and Polichaetes have the lowest value.

Keywords : Coral reef, Associations organism, Structure communities.

 PRELIMINARY

Coral reefs are underwater structures composed of precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3),
produced by coral fauna commonly found in tropical waters (Razak and Simatupang, 2005).
According to Veron (1986), coral reefs enter the phylum Cnidaria, Anthozoa class, the order
Scleractinia and has 15 families. There are also physical and ecological factors that are
limiting the life of coral reefs ie temperature, salinity, light, sedimentation, wave and depth.
Ecological factors are competition, predation and grazing (Nybakken, 1988). In the reef area
living organisms associated are Algae, Crustaceans, Molluscs, Ekinodermata and Fish
(Nontji, 2002). According to Romimohtarto and Juwana (2007), coral reefs are a fertile and
rich food ecosystem. Its elaborate physical structure, branched, berguagua and hobbies make
this ecosystem a very attractive habitat for many types of marine life both in flora and fauna.
The coral community structure and the associated biota on coral reef areas in Minanga and
Mokupa villages have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to describe the
structure of coral fauna communities and associated biota through analysis of density and
relative density, relative frequency and frequency, coral cover percentage, community
similarity and diversity.

RESEARCHMETHODS

A. Location and Time of Study

The research was conducted in Minanga Village, Malalayang District II and Mokupa
Village, Tombariri Subdistrict, North Sulawesi Province. This study was conducted for 6
months, starting in February - July 2013. Figure 1. Map of research sites in Minanga Village,
Malalayang District II and Mokupa Village, Tombariri Subdistrict (Source: Diinsert from LPI
map 2417-05 BAKOSURTANAL (1995). Information :

B. Work procedures

Data collection for coral cover using LIT is to measure the coral cover that is passed
or tangent to the meter, after that look left and right in the radius of 2 m to see the type of fish
available. For data collection of biota association using quadrant (1x1 meter) which put as
many as 5 pieces on transect line as long as 25 meter. Then look at the biota in the quadrant,
while for the sample Molluscs are taken and identified in the Marine Biology Laboratory.
Village.

C. Data analysis Density of Coral Biota

The densities of coral biota species were analyzed using the density formula (Odum 1994):
Number of individual species Density of species = Area of sample (m2)
Species Density A Relative Density (%) = x 100 Total species density

Frequency of Coral Reef Type

Frequency of coral biota and coral fauna species was analyzed using formula
according to Bengen (2000): Where: Fi: Frequency Pi Type: Number of plots found
by type i P: Numberof all plots

Where: RFi = Relative Frequency Fi = Frequency type i F = Frequency of all types

Percentage of Coral Cover (% cover)

The percentage of coral coral cover is obtained from the coral life form
measurements using the formula (Gomez and Yap 1988): Li L (%) = x 100 N

Where: L = Percentage of coral cover (%) Li = Length of lifeform (intercept colony)

type i categoryN = Transect length (25 m)

Community Similarity To know the similarity of coral biota community and coral
fauna between research stations then used the equation coefficient formula or
Sorensen Index (Odum 1994) as follows:
IS (%) = Where, IS = Sorensen Index C = Number of the same species found on both
stations A = Number of species in station A B = Number of species in station B With
decision criteria: two stations are not different if IS> 50.
Diversity Index The index of species diversity is a measure of community wealth seen
 from the number of species in an area, along with the number of individuals in each
species. The species diversity index was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener formula
in Ludwig and Reynolds (1988).

Where: H ': Indices of species diversity ni: Number of individuals in species i N:

Total number of individuals Description: H' <1: Low diversity and low
community circumstances 1 <H '<3: Medium diversity and moderate
community circumstances H' > 3: High diversity and high community
circumstances.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Relative Density and Relative Density

The calculation results of the density index and the relative density of association
biota in Minanga and Mokupa villages ranged from 0.01 - 3 ind / m2 and the relative density
values ranged from 0.72 to 14.3%. This is thought to be due to the substrate of the type of
biota present in two different research sites. According to Abrar and Menuputty (2008) that,
the presence and distribution of Ascidian are in areas dominated by hard substrates and coral
fractures. Sponges are in a hard area that is like in the area of coral reefs (Hadi, 2010).
Ekinodermata have a place to live on the coral reef area because there is plenty of food.
Xanthidae sp has a place to live on rocky areas and crevices of living and dead coral
(Edmonson, 1962). Spirobranchus gigantheus is found in salty areas and not in other habitats
(Pamungkas, 2011). According to Romimohtarto and Juwana (2007), green algae exist
primarily in the upper litteral zones, especially in the lower part of the tidal mintakat.
Molluscs are more commonly known as sea snails commonly encountered in different types
of environments and adapt to their environmental forms (Nonjti, 2002). Coral reefs are
generally affected by good coral reef conditions and food tissues high enough so that the
diversity of fish is very high.

B. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Association Biota

The results of the relative frequency and frequency index calculations of association
biota in Minanga Village and Mokupa Village ranged from 0.2 to 1.3 and
Relative density values range from 3.2 - 20%. This is thought to be due to the substrate and
activity of humans in the waters. According to Abrar and Manuputty (2008) that, Ascidian is
generally located on the coral reefs are still alive or dead. Sponges in the waters are in areas
that have a hard substrate such as in the area of coral reefs (Hadi, 2010). Types of
Ekinoderms such as sea urchins, starfish and other species have a place to live on coral reefs
and coral gulls (Nontji, 2002). Algae live on the ocean floor from tidal zones to deep sunlight
and live attached to hard bases like coral reefs (Nontji, 2002). Mollusks live in areas
dominated by reef debris, dead corals and rocks (Allen and Steene, 1994).

C. Percentage of Coral Cover

The results of the percentage of coral cover in Minanga Village ranged from 1.12 to
39.64%. This is thought to be caused by predator fauna and human activities in Minanga
Village. According Kaleka (2004) that, coral reefs in the North Sulawesi Peninsula did not
escape the same problem. Increased Acanthaster Planci coral eating fossil, the entry of waste
/ eutrophication and the pressure of excessive human activity. In Mokupa Village has a
percentage value of coral cover that ranges from 0.4-67.4%. This is thought to be due to
human activity and salinity. According to Dahuri, et al. (2008)

That, coral reef damage caused by humans among others is the mining of coral with
or without the use of explosives, pengurukan around the coral reefs, tourism and others.
According to Romimohtarto and Juwana (2007) that, coral reefs flourish in salinity water still
above 30-35 PSU.

D. Biota Diversity Index of Associations

The biota diversity index value in Minanga Village ranged from 2.71 - 2.94 and
Mokupa Village, ranging from 2.3 to 2.8. This is thought to be caused by substrates, currents
and human activities. This is supported by statements from Abrar and Manuputty (2008) that,
Ascidian diversity will grow on hard substrates and coral fractures overgrown by Algae.
According to Romimohtarto and Juwana (2008) that, the distribution of Sponges is supported
by the active moving larvae or by the young fauna that the current flows before the Sponges
are attached. Ekinodermata biota can spread in the environment that is preferred because it is
influenced by the substrate and feed such as Algae and Seagrass and found in many shallow
waters with a depth of 0-6 meters (Rachmawati, 2012). Research conducted by Dauer and
Conner (1980) on the shores of Old Tampa, Florida, states the number and biomass of
Polikaeta has increased in areas that have increased nutrients from household wastes by 4
times from Polikaeta located in non-nutrient-increasing sites.

According to Nybakken (1988) that, the existence of macro Alga is determined by the
availability of sunlight. Algae macros are generally located in the intertidal or subtidal areas
up to a depth of 200 meters. Many Molluscs from the Gastropoda Class found at any station
in Banten are suspected due to their high adaptability of both hard and soft substrate
(Dibyowati, 2009). According Najamuddin (2012) that, coral fish communities found diverse
in the coral reefs are far from the settlement because it generally has a good condition.

E. Coefficient of Equality of Community Biota Association Value

The value of coefficient of community equality in research location has different

value. The Ascidian Biota at the same two locations are Algae and Ascidian. This is
presumably because the substrate of the biota is suitable for these biota. This statement is
supported by statements from Abrar and Manuputty (2008) that, Ascidian will grow much on
hard substrates and coral fractures overgrown by Alga. Added by Nontji (2002) that, Algae
that can live on the seabed are widely available along the coast from tidal zones to the
deepest sunlight can penetrate. While the biota is not the same between two research sites
namely Sponges, Ekinodermata, Mollusks and Fish. This is thought to be due to substance,
predator fauna and human activity. According to Hadi (2010) that, sponge predator in the
waters of sea waters such as the type of hawksbill, Starfish and from the type of Molluscs
Nudibranchia. The Ekinodermata biota has a living place in coral reefs, because there are
many foods, in which the infectious sea star is an individual living in the gaps of the reef,
whereas spiny sea stars generally live to damage the coral reef system. Molluscs that are
found in many types of environments and shapes have adapted to the environment (Nontji,
2002). According to Najamuddin et al. (2012) that the existence of fish is influenced by the
condition of coral reefs, where in protected areas and open areas there are usually coral reefs
that have different morphological structures.
 CONCLUSION

The conclusions can be drawn from the results of research conducted are:

1. Density Biota Ascidian associations, sponges and mollusks in the village of Minanga
high, while ekinodermata, crustaceans and algae low. While the density of biota
association in Mokupa village is high, that is molluscs, while low ones are Ascidian,
sponge, ekinodermata, alga and polikaeta,
2. Frequency of presence of Biota association in Minanga Village has average value
that is 0,51 and relative frequency value that is 10, 34%. The attendance frequency of
the association Biota in Mokupa village has a value of 0.43 and its relative frequency
value is 10.34
3. The coral cover in Minanga Village is very low and in Mokupa Village has low coral
cover,

4. Community similarity index of Ascidian and algae species in Minanga and Mokupa
villages is the same, whereas the similarity of spongy community, ecinoderms, fish
and molluscs is different, 5. Index Values Biodiversity diversity associated with coral
reefs in Minanga Village and Mokupa Village are.
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