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3, JULY 2009
AbstractThyristor-based onload tap-changing ac voltage sta- 300 VA to 300 kVA. This replacement does not apply to the
bilizers are cheap and robust. They have replaced most mechanical mechanical tap-changers associated to feeding transformers of
tap-changers in low voltage applications from 300 VA to 300 kVA. long medium-voltage lines (typically 69 kV primary, 34.5 kV
Nevertheless, this replacement hardily applies to tap-changers as-
sociated to transformers feeding medium-voltage lines (typically 69 secondary, 10 MVA), usually housed in the transformer tank,
kV primary, 34.5 kV line, 10 MVA) which need periodical main- needing periodical renewal of switches and isolating oil [1].
tenance of contacts and oil. The Electric Power Research Insti- The EPRI [2], [3] and other research institutes have evaluated
tute (EPRI) has studied the feasibility of this replacement. It de- the feasibility of such a replacement, both in voltage stabilizers
tected economical problems derived from the need for series as- and phase regulators, concluding (see II.F.1) that, although
sociation of thyristors to manage the high voltages involved, and
from the current overload developed under line fault. The paper technically possible, the equipment derived from the simple
reviews the configurations used in that field and proposes new so- substitution of mechanical switches by their semiconductor
lutions, using a compensating transformer in the main circuit and counterparts is too expensive because of the amount of de-
multi-winding coils in the commutating circuit, with reduced over- vices in series association needed to obtain medium-voltage
load effect and no series association of thyristors, drastically de- switches, and because of the high over-current under line faults.
creasing their number and rating. The stabilizer can be installed
at any point of the line and the electronic circuit can be fixed to They recommend looking for modified topologies needing less
ground. Subsequent works study and synthesize several commu- semiconductors.
tating circuits in detail. The long-standing positive results [4][12] on solid-state
Index TermsAC voltage stabilizer, onload tap-changer tap-changers with commutating current limitation based on
(OLTC), power conditioning, power quality, voltage control. multi-winding coils inspired us to explore their abilities for
medium-voltage lines. This work studies the feasibility of a di-
rect structure (without compensating transformer) and a series-
I. INTRODUCTION compensated structure, both commutated by multi-winding
coil. The steady and commutating operations are analysed to
C voltage stabilizers based on thyristor-commutated
A onload tap-changers (OLTC) are reliable and have al-
most completely replaced mechanical switching equipment in
derive expressions for the electrical working conditions of
switches, transformers and coils, thus enabling their econom-
ical evaluation. The circuits exposed summarise the results
low-voltage applications, single- and three-phase, ranging from of an iterative analysis and synthesis cost comparative search
method applied in other research on power electronics [13],
Manuscript received May 02, 2008. Current version published June 24, 2009. [14], some of them bringing the tap-changers to the field of fast
This work was supported by IBERDROLA S. A., Spain, I+D program, ESTRAP voltage and phase regulators [15][17].
Project: Feasibility of Electronic Medium Voltage Line Stabilizers, 19941997.
Paper no. TPWRD-00322-2008.
The direct configuration here analyzed in IV.A is similar to
S. Martinez is with the Departamento de Ingeniera Elctrica, Electrnica those studied by EPRI. The results confirm its high cost and a
y de Control (DIEEC) de la Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia strong cost reduction for the new series-compensating solutions
(UNED), Madrid 28040, Spain (e-mail: smartine@ieec.uned.es).
J. C. Campo is with the Departamento de Ingeniera Elctrica, Electrnica,
here proposed, accomplished by the synergic effect of the com-
Computacin y Sistemas de la Universidad de Oviedo, Gijn 33205, Asturias, pensating transformer, the multi-winding commutating coil and
Spain (e-mail: campo@ate.uniovi.es). a bypass fault switch.
J. A. Jardini is with the Departamento de Energia e Automao Electricas da
Escola Politcinca da Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
(e-mail: jardini@pea.usp.br).
II. ANTECEDENTS
J. Vaquero is with the Departamento de Tecnologa Electrnica de la Univer-
sidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain (e-mail: joaquin.vaquero@urjc.es). A. Electromechanical Stabilizers
A. Ibarzbal is is with the INCOESA, Bo Bidecoeche, Vedia 48390, Vizcaya,
Spain (e-mail: aibarzabal@incoesa.com).
The early generalization of ac voltage in the electric lines was
P. M. Martnez is with IBERDROLA S.A., Direccin de Innovacin, Calidad an obvious encouragement to take advantage of tap-changers
y Medio Ambiente, Bilbao 48008, Vizcaya, Spain (e-mail: pedro.mcid@iber- associated to the transformers involved in energy distribution
drola.es). to accomplish easy voltage stabilization. Taps were first se-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. lected manually and then electromechanically. Variants made
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2021032 from iron toroid core and brushed over a one-layered coil are
0885-8977/$25.00 2009 IEEE
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1491
Fig. 1. Fac simile of a mechanical tap-changer German patent 474 613, 1926,
awarded to B. Jansen. The incoming tap closes before the outcoming tap opens,
thus avoiding output voltage interruptions. The internal overcurrent during
overlap is limited by resistors, shorcircuited after the operation. By courtesy of
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR), Regensburg, Germany.
Fig. 2. Medium-voltage line transformer 132 kV/21.5 kV, 50 MVA with the
covering tank removed. It contains an electromechanical onload tap-changer
(OLTC, upper left) made by MR. Courtesy of INCOESA, Vedia, Spain.
very common today in laboratories and industrial plants for
one-phase low-voltage regulators in the range of 100 VA to 15
kVA I . For voltage regulation and stabilization, from 30 kVA
to 300 kVA III , three-limb vertical core equipments with
brushes contolled by servomotor are still in use. Long-lasting
graphite materials used in the brushes give high reliability to
this classic, although inherently slow (about 1 s correcting
time), equipment.
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1492 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1493
tap-changing, such as ferroresonant and phase-controlled re- breakthroughs could come by developing ways to avoid the
actor stabilizers. impact on device ratings of system short-circuit currents and
An added advantage of the compensating transformer is to re- transient voltages2.
duce high over-currents in the switches as those imposed by line 2) Tap-Changer Association With the Line Transformer: The
faults. In this abnormal condition the stabilization function of need to reduce slow voltage variations is common in medium-
the equipment is not mandatory, the tap switches are opened and voltage (13 kV to 34.5 kV) very long and/or undersized (poor)
the primary of the compensating transformer is short-circuited lines. The scalar line voltage drop reaches up to 10% of the
by means of an extra fault deviation switch (see Figs. 6 nominal voltage. Assuming an additional 9% scalar drop in a
and 11). The short-circuit impedance of the compensating trans- typical 69 kV/34.5 kV, 10 MVA feeding transformer, the drop
former appears between the mains and the load. Once the output rises to 19% from the high voltage feeding line to the end of
current comes down to normal values, opens and the tap- the medium-voltage line. Although the stability in the high-
switches are restored. voltage side is usually good and the legal variation allowed in the
The series-compensating transformer and the switches can medium-voltage inlets is about %, the aforementioned trans-
be connected before or after the main transformer of the sta- former-plus-line drop is usually compensated by a tap-changer
bilizer. In the first case [Fig. 6(b) and (c)], the main transformer associated with the line transformer [42], [43]. Since the actual
sees almost constant voltage, which means a very economical voltage at the end of the line is not known, a compound control
core design. In the second case, the switches are less exposed to criteria (input voltage plus load current) is used to select the tap
line over-voltages because of the isolation provided by the main [18], [42][44]. When the customers are connected all along the
transformer. medium-voltage line, it can be technically impossible to supply
a correct voltage to all of them by means of a single OLTC as-
F. Problems Found in Previous Studies and Solutions sociated to the feeding transformer. In these cases one or more
additional OLTC are installed in selected intermediate points of
1) EPRI Reports: Although modern monitoring and control the line (see Fig. 4, (right): two single-phase OLTCs connected
techniques improve the performance of both the mechanical and in V-configuration serving a three-wire line [23]).
the electronic versions [35][42], tap-changing ac voltage stabi- The following sections show that using an isolating series-
lizers and phase regulators show some common problems, when compensating transformer topology allows for the tap-changer
applied to medium- and high-voltage lines, on account of their to be installed in any point of the line. If connected at the output
discrete-regulation principle. of the line-feeding transformer, it can replace the associated
The 1988 and 1990 EPRI reports [2], [3] on improved OLTC, see Fig. 10. These options are not usually considered by
on-load-tap changers discussed the viability of electronic the studies on feasibility of electronic tap-changers, as [2], [3].
versions to reduce the high-cost maintenance of mechanical Besides the advantages in lowering the number and the current
solutions. The main conclusions were as follows. rate of the switches, seen in Section II-E, this topology makes it
1) Electronic stabilizers derived by simple substitution of possible to fix them to ground-voltage level.
switches in the mechanical equipment are not possible due
to the high number of semiconductors needed and their G. Antecedents on Live Line Installation and Maintenance
cost. The stabilizer solution to be proposed in this paper can be
2) New topologies minimizing the number of switches needed connected (and disconnected for maintenance purposes) to a live
to obtain a given number of voltage changes would help. medium-voltage line. Live working in overhead lines is a mature
3) Even with less switches, the need to associate the semicon- and reliable activity today regulated by very precise protocols
ductors in series to support high steady-state and transient from the electric companies [45] and governments [46][48].
voltage raises their number and complicates protection.
4) A no less important problem is the very high over-current III. ON CONFIGURATIONS, OPERATION
in medium-voltage lines developed as a consequence of MODES AND COMMUTATION
phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults. They reach up
to 1 200% the nominal current and last up to 100 ms, the A. Iterative Analysis and Synthesis Cost Comparative Search
opening time of the ordinary line over-current protectors. The method applied to explore the power circuit configura-
These over-currents are well supported by mechanical taps tions has been described in [13] and [14], when applied to the
providing that changes are inhibited in the meantime, but active filters search. Applications to tap changers can be seen in
in electronic versions they make oversizing the thyristors [8], [10], [11], [15][17]. It consists of the following steps: anal-
necessary, as their over-current rate1 for 100 ms is about ysis of new circuits; synthesis of component rates as a function
200% of the nominal current, far from the 1 200% needed. of equipment specifications; study of circuit variants; derivation
EPRI concludes that major breakthroughs are required of component cost by transformation to standard components;
before LTC equipment using solid-state devices can become technical and economical comparison of solutions.
economically attractive for ordinary power transformers. Such This paper compares the advantages of the general config-
1High current thyristors allow during 100 ms about 200% of the nominal
urations of stabilizers and introduces the commutation circuits.
current. Even taking into account the 0.333 current security coefficient men- Other solutions are studied in subsequent works. All of them are
tioned in II-D [34] (and loosing it during faults), only 600% of the nominal load based on natural zero-current commutation aided by the multi-
could be supported with thyristors not oversized by this reason, thus still under
1 200%. 2EPRI Perspective in the Technical Portofolio corresponding to [2].
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1494 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
TABLE I
STATES FROM A GIVEN NUMBER OF TAPS. IN
BRACKETS TOTAL TAPS FOR THE EXAMPLE
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1495
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1496 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
IV. INITIAL ANALYSIS AN SYNTHESIS OF CONFIGURATIONS Fig. 11. Single-phase circuit of the stabilizer for solutions with compensating
transformer CT and fault deviation switch S . The tap topology chosen in the
Here the direct and the compensating transformer configu- figure is a single switch-comb of five taps (Fig. 6(b)). The shunt transformer ST
rations (see III-B) shall be briefly analyzed and synthesized to feeds CT through de tap comb and the limiting multiple winding coil L 0 L.
compare their pros and cons independently of the operation ST also adds a fixed voltage to the line to accomplish balanced operation of CT.
An optional medium voltage disconnecting switch MDS makes live installation
mode (shared, nonshared and mixed load, see III-C) applied. and removal possible.
As this study will show, the direct configuration (Solution 1)
is at a clear disadvantage, both technically and economically.
It is similar to the solutions studied by EPRI [2], [3]. The sta- rent rate. In electronic equipments this advantage is cancelled
bilizers derived from the compensating configuration here pro- by the need for more series-connected semiconductors.
posed (Solutions 2 to 5) can be installed in any point of the line Fig. 9 shows the general circuit with only one phase in detail
with no association to the line transformer, thanks to an auxil- for the sake of simplicity. Three-phase equipment is normally
iary feeding shunt transformer. made with three wye-connected single-phase circuits, although
other connections are sometimes preferred for specific applica-
A. Stabilizers With Direct Configuration (Solution 1) tions and control strategies [22].
The electronic switches are linked to the secondary of the 1) Thyristor Rating: The steady estate current in the switches
HV/MV transformer that feeds the medium voltage line. They (nonshared load; mixed load in the nonshared condition)
manage the complete line power and voltage. In many mechan- is the nominal line current . The maximum overload typi-
ical stabilizers the switches are in the primary to reduce the cur- cally previewed by line operators is 0.2 during 1 h every 8
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1497
h and, under fault condition, 11.5 during 0.1 s. Normally, ) are needed for the equipment. Thyristors for the coil short-
all semiconductors are chosen so as to withstand the voltage of circuit switches seen in III-C-4, if any, have been ignored
the upper tap. The worst case voltage (maximum line voltage because of their low rating. This confirms the EPRI conclusion
condition) is derived taking into account that the transforming seen in II-F-1: the electronic upgrade of mechanical stabilizers
ratio between the secondary upper tap and the primary must by simple substitution of switches in the direct configuration is
guarantee the minimum allowed load voltage plus the optional possible but expensive.
output deviation , while compensating for 2) Mains Transformer Power: The effective power of the
the voltage drops and , under minimum input voltage mains transformer exceeds the nominal power [10 MVA in
. Then (for the numerical limits given in the ex- the example] due to the extra winding necessary to feed the ex-
ample in III-B, for the line of 34.5 kV and 10 MVA in Fig. 9, treme tap operating with minimum input voltage and maximum
and for the said 11.5 overload rating), each switch withstands load. The extra secondary voltage needed to compensate for the
negative input deviation and the line drop , in per unit of
the nominal voltage, is , so that the power
of the transformer rises in that proportion.
MVA kV In transformers cooled by oil, the typical transient line over-
load condition (20% during 1 h every 8 h, as shown in IV-A-1)
A rms during (11) for this equipment makes it necessary to overrate the power
A rms during s (12) following the average quadratic rule. Afterwards, the effective
power of the transformer for this configuration and the values
kV kV rms of the example is
repetitive peak kV kV (13)
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1498 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
The power managed electronically is, typically, 15% of the and the voltage added by the CT secondary in extreme condition
nominal. 1 (equal to the voltage subtracted in extreme condition 2) is
The series association of thyristors is replaced by parallel
association, which is more reliable and economical.
Overload in the switches due to line faults is practically
eliminated.
The switches achieve galvanic isolation so that the as-
sembly can be separated from the transformers and fixed
to ground voltage. Both thyristor isolation and live main- kV (22)
tenance become easier.
The stabilizer can be settled at any point of the line, with This is a very economical configuration if the voltage given
no connection to the feeding line transformer. by expression (22) is lower than 0.3 . The operation and
The general circuit for these solutions is given in Fig. 10. commutation modes seen in Section III-C also apply to this
As shown in Fig. 3, and in Section II-E, Fig. 6(b), (c), the sec- group of solutions.
ondary of the series compensating transformer CT adds or sub- Besides the stated reduction of the power managed by the
tracts the voltage required by the line at the settling site chosen. switches (reduced to 0.145 in the example, see (22)), CT
The voltage needed to feed the primary is obtained by means helps to drastically cut down their overcurrent due to line faults
of a shunt transformer ST and associated taps. The power man- by means of an extra fault deviation switch connected
aged by CT is proportional to the voltage added-subtracted to across the primary, see Fig. 11. Once the fault is detected, the
the line voltage, typically 15% of the nominal power as advised conducting main switches are inhibited turning off at the first
in Section II.E. This figure also shows the power managed by current zero crossing. One half-cycle later (to avoid internal
the switches. short-circuit) is turned on absorbing the line over-current
The optimum design (minimum managed power) seeks equal reflected into the CT primary until the ordinary line protection
voltages added and subtracted by the secondary of CT in the ex- switch opens (normally after 100 ms maximum). In this way
treme conditions. If the combination of required line input and the maximum line current (typically, 12.5 times the nominal)
output voltage limits, MT drop and line drop do not result in an reflected to CT primary is supported by the main switches
overall symmetrical voltage addition and subtraction, an extra during one or two half cycles, and by during no more than
balance winding in the ST primary, in series with CT primary, 100 ms. As the thyristors of are usually open, they do not
is needed to attain balanced operation of CT. The extra winding need cooling heatsinks. Under fault condition, the stabilizing
works as an autotransformer with the main primary winding and operation is inhibited and the equipment is seen by the line as
adds half the difference between the system adding and sub- a short-circuited CT in series with the balance winding of ST.
tracting voltages. For the example in Section III-B, the extreme The rising effect of ST in the line fault current is compensated
conditions are: approximately by the short-circuit impedance of CT.
Extreme condition 1: Minimum input voltage, nominal 1) Single Switch-Comb Circuit: The single-comb configura-
load. The maximum phase-neutral voltage to be added by tion, Fig. 11, shall be first studied in detail for the sake of con-
the stabilizer is (numerical values for the example given ceptual and circuit simplicity.
in III-B) a) Thyristor Rating: Tap thyristors: The line current re-
flected in the CT primary is the steady state current in any con-
ducting tap switch for the nonshared load, and the maximum
value of this current for mixed load. For single-comb, Figs. 6(b)
kV (19) and 11, the voltage seen by the extreme tap switches is the sec-
ondary voltage of ST, which must be chosen to take maximum
Extreme condition 2: Maximum input voltage, no load. advantage of available medium voltage thyristors without se-
The maximum phase-neutral voltage to be subtracted is ries association. For using thyristors of 4 500 V repetitive peak
, for instance, the secondary rms voltage of ST
must be 4 500 V V. Following the example
in Section III-B, the balanced configuration in Figs. 10, 11, and
supposing, for the sake of simplicity, that the common tap is in
kV (20) the middle of ST secondary, the sec./prim. ratio of CT (ignoring
voltage drop in switches and ohmic drop in coils), according to
The phase-neutral voltage added by the balance winding be- (22), is
comes
V
V
kV (21) (23)
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1499
where is the voltage drop in CT for nominal load change with respect to a standard nontap transformer of the
in per unit of its own voltage. nominal power (10 MVA in the example).
Extending to every tap switch the voltage requirements for c) Effective Power of the Compensating Transformer CT:
the extreme taps, each switch withstands To guarantee independent voltage stabilization of the phases,
three single-phase compensating transformers are needed. The
power managed by one CT in the extreme condition 1 (see IV-B)
MVA kV is the product of the added phase voltage, expressed in (22), by
the nominal line current . Taking into account the 1 h overload
A rms during (24)
as in (17), the CT effective power becomes
A MVA (34)
C permanent (30)
e) Equivalent 50 Hz Transformer Power of the
A
Multi-Winding Coil: As for the direct configuration, the
A nonrepetitive ms peak (31) mixed load mode is considered. The value given in (18) is
V repetitive peak (32) also valid for the compensating configurations as, although the
winding voltage is now divided by , its current is multiplied
that surpasses the requirements given by (27) and (28). by the same ratio.
The final result is four individual thyristors per tap, which, for 2) Double Switch-Comb Circuit: In the double-comb config-
three-phase equipment, means 12 thyristors (3 960 ) per uration [Fig. 6(c)]more suitable than the single-comb for high
tap in one phase. For the best case (mixed load) of the proposed power, as in the example (10 MVA)we take (as in IV-B-1-a) 1
example (5 taps per phase), this gives 60 thyristors (19 800 ) 273 V again for the complete ST secondary. The voltage stress
for the equipment. Coil short-circuit switches are ignored as in of the switches does not change. The ratio and the current
IV-A-1. in the taps are divided by two, as the voltage in CT primary for
Fault deviation thyristors: Switch withstands the fault the extreme conditions is twice the value for single-comb. For
line current reflected to the primary of CT and, for the single- the example, shared load, 6 taps per comb result, see (9). Fol-
comb circuit (Fig. 11), supports half the voltage seen by the lowing the calculus procedure of IV-B-1 for the single-comb,
tap switches, as one side of the CT primary is connected to the the results are:
common tap. After the security coefficients seen in IV-A-1, the a) Thyristor Rating: Tap thyristors: The current demand
repetitive peak current rating for is expressed in (25) ex- per tap is given by (27) and (28) divided by two. The repetitive
tended to 100 ms. The voltage is half the value expressed in peak voltage is given by (29). By using the same K1974ZC450,
(26). Three switches can be made, for unification, with 12 a single antiparallel pair per tap (no parallel or series associa-
units K1947ZD450 (two paralleled antiparallel pairs per phase) tion needed) results. For mixed load ( taps per phase) 36
used for the taps, although underused in voltage. This represents thyristors (11 880 ) for the equipment are needed.
an additional 3 960 to the cost of the equipment. In both the single and the double-comb circuit, the cost of the
b) Mains Transformer Power: The equipment is indepen- small switch (see III-C-4) to shorcircuit the coil, if any, has
dent of the mains feeding transformer which does not need to not been considered.
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1500 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1501
TABLE III
LIVE WORKING INSTALLATION STEPS PLANNED FOR THE COMPENSATING
TRANSFORMER CONFIGURATION STABILIZER PROPOSED IN FIGS. 1012
REFERENCES
[1] Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, ,
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[4] S. Martinez, E. BOAR, and S. A. , Perfeccionamientos en equipos
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sented at the IEEE-Cenidet, Morelia, Mexico, Oct. 1998.
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Portugal, Jun. 12, 1999.
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1502 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
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18, no. 1, pp. 136141, Jan. 2003. the National Distance University of Spain, Madrid,
[33] J. Faiz and B. Siahkolah, Optimal configurations for taps of windings from 1979 to 1982, where he has been Full Pro-
and power electronic switches in electronic tap-changers, Proc. Inst. fessor since 1982. He was a Design Engineer of
Elect. Eng., Gen. Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 5, pp. 517524, Jul. power-electronics equipment in several companies
2002. for eight years. His research interests are in integrated magnetics and power-line
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Jun. 2000. trial Static Converter Committee EWG from 1990 to 1997.
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MARTNEZ GARCA et al.: FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGING STABILIZERS FOR MV LINES 1503
Juan Carlos Campo Rodrguez (M97) born in Alfonso Ibarzbal Segura was born in Spain in
Spain in 1970. He received the M.Sc. degree in 1945. He received the M.Sc. degree in electrical
electrical engineering from the Oviedo University, engineering from the Polytechnic University of
Asturias, Spain, in 1995 and the Ph.D. degree in Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain, in 1974.
electrical engineering in 2000. He is the Technical Director of INCOESA, ded-
Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the De- icated to the development and manufacture of dis-
partment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at tribution power transformers, medium-voltage trans-
Oviedo University, where he has been since 1995. He formers, and onload tap changers.
has conducted research on a fast-tap changers for ac Mr. Segura is a member of the Standards
voltage control. His current research interests include Technical Committee of AENOR CTN207/GT 14,
power quality, line conditioners, and tap changers. Power Transformers.
Jos Antonio Jardini (M66SM78F90) was Pedro Mara Martnez Cid was born in Spain in
born in Brazil in 1941. He received the M.Sc. and 1956. He received the M.Sc. degree in electronic and
Ph.D. degrees from the Polytechnic School of So control engineering from the National Distance Uni-
Paulo University, EPUSP, So Paulo, Brazil, in 1971 versity of Spain, Madrid, in 1989.
and 1973, respectively. Since 1995, he has been a Lecturer with the
He was with Themag Eng. Ltd. for 25 years, National Distance University of Spain at the As-
where he conducted numerous studies on power sys- sociated Centre of Bilbao. In 1979, he joined the
tems and participated in many important Brazilian electrical company IBERDROLA S.A. where he has
projects, including Itaipu. Currently, he is a Pro- conducted research-and-development projects on
fessor in the Departamento de Energia e Automao flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), including
Electricas da Escola Politcinca da Universidade de the ESTRAP Project among them. He is with the
So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, teaching power analysis and digital automation. Division for Innovation, Power Quality, and Ambient Studies.
He has conducted research work in power systems for many Brazilian utilities. Mr. Cid is a member of several international committees for the promotion
Prof. Jardini is a member of the CIGRE Working Group on HVDC transmis- of FACTS.
sion.
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