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External Load: Remarks
External Load: Remarks
M M
F F Remarks
1. This method is a gasket load calculation.
2. This paper counts the gasket load in terms of force per unit
length of circumference, as this approach is usual in the circular plate
a theory.
3. For calculation of the reaction on free-to-rotate edge, the
circular plate theory gives results that are quite insensitive vs. variations
G G
of plate rigidity.
F
Fbolts
bolts
Fpressure
F bolts
H G ( p) = H G0
2 a
is the gasket load for the case internal pressure, no external loads.
HG (p) Fpressure HG (p) Fpressure = a 2 p
and
ap
G=2a H G ( p) = H G 0
2
Internal pressure, no external loads
Remark: A pressure load is decreasing the gasket reaction.
F
F bolts
F
H G ( F) = H G0
2 a
HG (F) HG(F)
is the gasket load for the case no pressure, external tensile force.
Remarks: - A tensile force F > 0 is decreasing the gasket load.
G=2a - A compressive force F < 0 is increasing the gasket load.
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Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges
M
A bending moment is changing the gasket load, but H G ( M ) is variable
F bolts along the gasket circumference.
The gasket load can be described by the following model, based on the
theory of circular plates.
maxHG (M) minH G(M)
G=2a
M -p
No pressure, external bending moment p
a -V
V
(Vmax) (Vmin)
G
ds=ad
d
a cos G=2a
pa
V= cos is the evaluation of the edge reaction
4
following the circular plate theory
(see Theory of Plates and Shells by S. Timoshenko and S.
Woinowsky-Krieger, Second edition, 1959, paragraph 63
Circular Plates under Linearly Varying Loads)
and
2
pa a 3 p
M=4
4
cos (a cos ) ad =
4
0
is the moment equation.
It results:
4M
p= 3
a
pa 4 M a M
Vmax = = =
4 a 3 4 a 2
M
H G ( M ) = H G0 + Vmax cos = H G 0 + cos
a 2
M
min H G ( M ) = H G0
a 2
is the minimum gasket load for the case no pressure,
external bending moment.
-2-
Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges
F
The minimum gasket load is
M
M F
min H G (M , F ) = H G 0 2
F a 2a
bolts
G=2a
IS EQUIVALENT WITH
M F Feq
H G0 2 + = H G0
G=2a
a 2a 2a
That means:
Feq M F
No pressure, equivalent tensile force = 2+ , i.e.
2 a a 2 a
2M 4M
Feq = F + =F+
a G
Remark: This equivalence is conservative made
and is really true just for a point, not for the entire gasket
IS EQUIVALENT WITH circumference.
Feq pressure
Fpressure
Feq pressure For the tensile loaded part of the flange, the minimum
gasket load is:
F bolts
Fpressure + Feq pressure a 2 (p + peq )
H G (peq ,p) = H G 0 = HG0
2 a 2 a
HG (peq ,p) HG (peq ,p)
FRATING pressure
F bolts
a 2 p RATING
H G ( p RATING ) = H G0
2 a
HG (pRATING ) HG (pRATING )
G=2a
The gasket tightness condition means to accept for the gasket load only values that are greater than the
value corresponding to the rating pressure.
The condition H G ( p eq , p) H G ( p RATING ) means p + p eq p RATING .
For the compressed loaded part of the flange, the maximum gasket load is:
M F
max H G ( M , F ) = H G0 + 2 , where F > 0 is a tensile force, F < 0 is a compressive force.
a 2 a
1 M F
This load gives a compressive stress for the gasket: H G0 + 2 that may be limited to a
b a 2 a
maximum stress on the gasket. This condition is not covered by limiting p + p eq p RATING .
-4-