Question 5: Write short notes on any three of the following:

Physical and logical DFD: A DFD stands for data flow diagram and it helps in representing graphically the
flow of data in an organization, particularly its information system. A DFD enables a user to know where
information comes in, where it goes inside the organization and how it finally leaves the organization.
There are two types of DFDs known as physical and logical DFD. Any DFD begins with an overview DFD
that describes in a nutshell the system to be designed. A logical data flow diagram, as the name indicates
concentrates on the business and tells about the events that take place in a business and the data
generated from each such event. A physical DFD, on the other hand is more concerned with how the flow
of information is to be represented. A logical DFD makes it easier to communicate for the employees of
an organization, leads to more stable systems, allows for better understanding of the system by analysts,
is flexible and easy to maintain, and allows the user to remove redundancies easily. On the other hand, a
physical DFD is clear on division between manual and automated processes, gives detailed description of
processes, identifies temporary data stores, and adds more controls to make the system more efficient
and simple.
A Gantt chart is a graphical depiction of a project schedule. A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that shows
the start and finish dates of several elements of a project that include resources, milestones, tasks and
dependencies. Henry Gantt, an American mechanical engineer, designed the Gantt chart.
A Gantt chart aids in scheduling, managing, and monitoring specific tasks and resources in a project. The
chart shows the project timeline that includes scheduled and completed work over a period. The Gantt
chart aids project managers in communicating project status or plans and helps ensure the project
remains on track. The chart identifies tasks that may be executed in parallel and identifies tasks that
cannot be started or finished until other tasks are complete. The Gantt chart aids in detecting potential
bottlenecks and helps to identify tasks that may have been excluded from the project timeline.
An Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram is a type of flowchart that illustrates how entities such as people,
objects or concepts relate to each other within a system. ER Diagrams are most often used to design or
debug relational databases in the fields of software engineering, business information systems, education
and research. Also known as ERDs or ER Models, they use a defined set of symbols such as rectangles,
diamonds, ovals and connecting lines to depict the interconnectedness of entities, relationships and their
attributes. They mirror grammatical structure, with entities as nouns and relationships as verbs.
ER diagrams are related to data structure diagrams (DSDs), which focus on the relationships of elements
within entities instead of relationships between entities themselves. ER diagrams also are often used in
conjunction with data flow diagrams (DFDs), which map out the flow of information for processes or
systems.