1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that guide almost all cellular reactions.

Without enzymes, biological reactions

will take too long to complete.
Diagram 2.1 shows the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme action.

(a) Based on diagram 2.1, which is the substrate? Explain why.

Substrate :

Reason :

(b) The products of this enzyme reaction is fructose and glucose. Name the possible substrate.

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(c) In most reactions, enzyme is only needed in small quantity to act on substrate. Why?

(d) Most laundry detergents contain enzyme amylase. Explain why.

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 (e) Diagram 2.2 shows a graph of the rate of reaction against the concentration of substrate.

(i) Based on diagram 2.2, explain the graph part PQ.

(f) The part RS on the graph shows the rate of reaction is constant. Explain why. Suggest how to increase
the rate of reaction from this point. Support your suggestion with suitable explanations.

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2.

Diagram 6 shows the transport of nutrients X, Y and Z to the liver and the body cells.
a) Name the nutrients:
X: .

Y: .

Z: .

b) The small intestine in Diagram 6 has numerous projections.

Draw and label a longitudinal section of one of these projections in the space below.

c) (i) State the process that occurs in the projection drawn in (b).

(ii) State one characteristic of the projections drawn in (b) that will help the process in (c)(i) to function
efficiently.

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d) Excess nutrient Y cannot be stored in the body and are broken down in the liver by one process. Name the
process.

e) Nutrient Z is absorbed through a different circulatory system compared to nutrient X and nutrient Y.
(i) Name the circulatory system involved in transporting nutrient X and nutrient Y.

(ii) Describe how nutrient Z is drained back into the circulatory system which is named in (d)(i).

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