Sachet Disposal

CHE 404 CH41FB1

Friday (10:30 AM 12:30 NN)

GROUP 5

Fenol, Khing

Manalo, Jhane

Mante, John Caleb

Manuel, Princess

Marti, Benedick

Medina, John Gil

Rubio, Athena

Taladua, Lica

Engr. Lina D. Dela Cruz

Instructor

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 Abstract

Sachet is a multilayer plastic that is composed of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate,

and aluminium. This material is subjected to a separation process which includes heating,

shearing, and electrostatic separation. The separated components then undergo incineration with

energy recovery. The fuel gases produced are then tested for presence of harmful components. If

no harmful components are present, the gases are safe to be released back into the atmosphere.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Plastic is almost everywhere, and the growing rate of plastic pollution is even

worsened due to the rising consumption and population growth. Plastic pollution has

increasingly becoming a major nuisance and poses significant threats to the entire

environment leading to land, air, and water pollution. Plastics also impacts the natural

environment and has grave consequences for humans, wildlife, and plants since they

contain numerous toxic compounds.

Plastic is a polymeric materialthat is, a material whose molecules are very large,

often resembling long chains made up of a seemingly endless series of interconnected

links. No one exactly knows how long plastic takes to break down, but it is believed to take

hundreds or even thousands of years. It is not just the accumulation of plastics that harms

the environmentit is also the fragments and toxins released during photo-decomposition

that pollute our soil and water.

Plastics are used as packaging materials such as plastic sachets. Unilever, the

consumer goods giant behind brands that are using plastic sachets in their products. The

company sells billions of products in single-use sachets each year, including cosmetics

and food products, particularly in developing and emerging markets. From shampoo and

toothpaste to detergent powder and instant coffee, plastic sachets are a common form of

packaging in developing countries that have made household goods affordable for people

with limited disposable income. But with hundreds of billions of them thrown away every

year, these lightweight plastic sachets have become an environmental nuisance, clogging

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 drains and polluting public spaces. It also contributes a great amount in municipal wastes.

And is difficult to recycle because sachets are fabricated out of thin film of plastics and

aluminum in a sandwich laminate form for longer shelf life and leakage counteract.

To tackle this problem, our group focuses on how to dispose plastic sachets without

harming our environment. In line with this, our group has come up with a step by step

procedure. The first step is separation of each plastic component by heating, shredding

and electrostatic separation, after the separation of plastic components of sachets; the

second step is incineration of each component with energy recovery. In past, incineration

was conducted without separating materials thus causing harm to environment.

Incineration comes with a number of benefits in specific areas like medical wastes and

other life risking waste. In this process, toxins are destroyed when waste is treated with

high temperature.

Based on these problems, the paper aims to dispose completely the plastic

sachets by incineration with energy recovery without harming our environment and at the

same time to produce energy that will help the people in the community.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM / PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Research Statement: The Development of an ecological disposal method on plastic

sachets produced by Unilever that does not violates any laws regarding the proper

disposal of plastics in the Philippines.

General Objective: To develop a way to dispose the plastic sachets that does harm

people and our environment.

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 Specific Objectives:

To identify the different components of plastic sachets owned by Unilever.

To identify existing disposal methods on plastic sachets used in the Philippines.

To incorporate the development of proper disposal method to the laws such as RA

8749 (The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999), RA 9003 (The Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000) and RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous Waste Act

of 1990).

III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The discovery of plastics has tremendously changed lives from around the world.

It has been the greatest achievement of mankind. But as the newly-found packaging

technique granted convenient life to both the consumer and the producer since profitable

economy has been made possible for the manufacturing industries just by repacking their

products into tiny parcels, sachets are observed of be a major contributor to the

environments deterioration. This research aims to provide a method of how to dispose

plastic sachets particularly the consumer package goods or CPG manufactured by

Unilever Philippines, Inc. that can be used to solve the plastic problem. The beneficiaries

of the study are the following:

For the Researchers

The researchers will become a better individual after achieving the goal of this

study. They will be recognized for having a study that would help the community.

For the Government

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 This study will help the government to reduce or to fully unravel the problems with

plastics. The benefits of this research study to the government include the reduction of the

amount of solid wastes and pollution due to inadequate solid waste management. This

study will also benefit them by minimizing the area allotted to a landfill that can be used for

a different purpose.

For the Community

There is no question that sachets have brought better quality products to different

communities but the problem is that waste volumes are projected to grow worldwide as

adoption of these sachet products increases. However, with the help of this study, they

will not worry anymore about the clogging of creeks and canals that will be a reason of

flood.

For the Students

The students could get further information regarding the disposal of plastic sachets

that can eliminate pollution. It also inform the students about the advancement of the

technology of modern days. Lastly, this study can encourage them to perform a study that

could also help in the community.

The development of this method of plastic sachet disposal will be able to make the

environment cleaner and greener, prevent break out of health diseases, avoid flooding,

and reduce the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes.

IV. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The main focus of this project was the ecological disposal of plastic sachets

produced by the company, Unilever, in the Philippines. These sachets are composed of

three layers: the Polyethylene, aluminum, and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Factors
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such as the chemical properties of the layers and the inks printed on its packaging were

considered for this certain process of disposal. Essentially, the environmental legislations

such as RA 8749 (The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999) and RA 9003 (The Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) declared by the government were a huge influence

to the leading of this project. As for the method, plastic sachets are first subjected to

undergo layer separation whereas the material is heated and shredded to produce

delamination. Subsequently, materials will undergo a reactor for pyrolysis for energy

recovery. This proposed method is exclusive for plastic sachet produced by Unilever

should the material be comprised of Polyethylene, Aluminum, and PET.

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 CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Products from companies such as Unilever are readily available to the public since

the introduction of sachet containers. Small markets and stores sell these small packs of

both food and non-food products instead of the larger variety to accommodate to a wider

market range. In a third world country, like the Philippines, these small packs of goods are

more patronized as majority of the people cannot afford to buy the larger ones. However,

when these goods get used up, the discarded sachet becomes a major problem when it

comes to municipal solid waste. According to the National Solid Waste Management

Status Report (2008-2014) done by the Environmental Management Bureau under the

National Solid Waste Management Commission, plastics, such as sachets, contribute

10.55% by weight to the total municipal solid waste. Also, according to a study conducted

by the World Bank, municipal solid wastes generated in the Philippine cities will go up by

165 percent to 77,776 tons per day from 29,315 tons (2012) as a consequence of a

projected 47.3-percent hike in urban population by 2025 (Hoornweg, et al. 2012).

With these numbers, several studies and programs have been done to promote

utilization and disposal of plastic products. Unilever Philippines developed their Sachet

Recovery Program which collects and makes use of empty sachets which are then

converted to cement pavers for landscape and pathway purposes (Dinglasan, 2015).

Several processes were also invented in order to separate multilayered materials

such as sachets in order to simplify disposal methods. (Vandenhende et al., 1997)

invented a three-step process which was able to separate a base plastic from another

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plastic separated by a layer of an adhesive plastic. After washing, the material is first

heated to a temperature between the crystallization temperature TC of the second plastic,

which is within 67 80 C, and TC 20 C. This can be carried out by any known means

such as lamps or resistances emitting infrared radiation. The material is then shredded by

being subjected to shearing at the same temperature as the first stage. This starts the

delamination and converts the materials into particles of small dimensions of two types:

one is mostly the base plastic, and the other is the secondary plastic with the adhesive

plastic. The particles are then charged, for example, by corona discharge or by subjecting

them to friction. They can now then be separated by letting them pass through two

deflecting electrodes with continuous and high potential difference.

With the components of sachet now separated, individual disposal methods for

each component are employed. According to the Waste Management Resources in an

article posted 2009, incineration was conducted without separating materials causes harm

to environment. This un-separated waste was not free from bulky and recyclable materials,

even. This resulted in risk for plant workers health and environment.

Polyethylene, when subjected to pyrolysis, was able to produce gases which are suitable

for feedstock and as fuel (Ademiluyi, et al., 2007). Also, in incineration of LDPE, only water

and carbon dioxide are produced. However common additives like UV-stabilizators (e.g.

carbon black), dyeing agents and fire protectors can produce other waste products.

Heating value is equivalent to 3/4 kg of oil (Lenau, 2003). HDPE is considered one of the

safest plastics because it is very non-reactive. According to the EPA, it burns into carbon

dioxide and water vapor, and leaves no toxic waste. Any film additives also become simple

oxides, just like HDPE. Generally speaking, the CO2 production from HDPE incineration is

considered minor as it partially offsets CO2 production of fuel oil plants. The consumption
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of crude oil, natural gas, and pit coal, normally used in district heating plants can be

substantially lowered by the incineration of plastic waste. According to the EPA, some

plastics may emit nitrous oxide with incomplete combustion; however, since HDPE doesnt

contain nitrogen, there are no NO2 emissions. HDPE usually has a higher energy value

than other materials commonly found in the waste stream and fewer pollutants. Pound for

pound, it generates about twice the energy as Wyoming coal and almost as much energy

as fuel oil. When processed in modern waste-to-energy facilities, the HDPE helps other

waste materials combust more completely, leaving less ash.

According to the European Aluminum Foil Association, in countries where the

recovery of energy from the incineration of waste is the accepted practice, aluminum foil

becomes a useful source of heat energy. Under the furnace conditions of an incineration

plant, foil releases its latent energy by combining with oxygen to release heat. Although

aluminum foil is a tiny proportion of the total waste stream, it is nonetheless a positive fuel

substitute, helping to reduce the amount of fossil fuel needed to sustain the incineration

process. During oxidation, aluminum gives off no polluting or green house gas and the

resulting residue represents the return of the metal to aluminum oxide, an inert compound

similar to that from which the metal was originally extracted. In less pure forms, aluminum

oxide occurs in most soils, and disposal of this residue is therefore totally safe. (2002)

Additionally, (Pruvost, 2013) researched on energy recovery from aluminum

incineration. Aluminum does not burn during incineration but its surface oxidizes partly into

its oxide Al2O3, releasing a quantity of energy, 31.6 MJ/kg, equivalent to that resulting

from the combustion of plastic, paper and even oil. The outer alumina layer offers a major

advantage as it prevents the aluminum substrate from further oxidation. This property is

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 highly valued and widely used in some industrial processes, especially for the controlled

voluntary deep oxidation (anodization) applied to aluminum extrusions for windows and

doors. Due to this surface treatment, these building products are well protected against

weather influences and do not need any additional maintenance for a considerable period

of time, thus reducing costs.

The high fuel value of Polyethylene Terephthalate makes it desirable to be

subjected to incineration with energy recovery since it cannot be recycled, (Edinburg

Plastics Inc.). However, the incinerator used must be capable of scrubbing out acidic

combustion products.

According to Pennsylvania State University online publication, PennState

Extension, plastics, which include contaminated LDPE film, have a higher energy

value and heat content than most municipal solid waste materials. While taking up

seven percent of the waste stream by weight and 20 percent by volume, plastics

provide incinerators with 25 percent of the recoverable MSW energy. For example, a

pound of polyethylene supplies 19,000 Btu, but corrugated paper packaging provides

only 7,000 Btu. Because of their high Btu content, plastics can be incinerated as a

municipal solid waste or used as a supplement with other municipal solid wastes to

increase the combustion temperatures.

VI. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Disposal of plastic waste in environment is considered to be a big problem due to

its very low biodegradability and presence in large quantities. Therefore, finding alternative

methods of disposing waste by using friendly methods are becoming a major research

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issue. Preferred options for disposal are recycling, incineration with energy recovery, and

landfill. The high value of this product makes incineration with energy recovery very

desirable for material that cannot be recycled, but incineration must be capable of

scrubbing out acidic combustion products that affects the environment, so producing

method/s that could help regulates its acidic combustion products can help the study. The

study plastic sachet disposal methods are: Separation of plastic sachet components then

subjecting to incineration with energy recovery.

Separation of plastic sachet components

For proper disposal of the sachet, it is recommended to first separate each component

polymer before individual disposal methods are employed. Vandenhende and Yernaux of

Belgium have patented a process for separating constituents of a multilayer material

wherein it is composed of a base plastic and other plastics separated by a layer of an

adhesive plastic. The sachet used in Unilever products fall on this category as it has HDPE

as its base plastic, PET as its second plastic which are attached to the foil by a polymer

adhesive resin which is mostly ethylene acid. The multilayer plastic is subjected to the

following process: Heating, Shredding and, Electrostatic Separation. Components of

plastic sachet are PET, Aluminum and polyethylene.

Subjecting to incineration with energy recovery

Procedure of Incineration:

Waste storage and feed preparation.

Combustion in a furnace, producing hot gases and a bottom ash residue for

disposal.

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 Gas temperature reduction, frequently involving heat recovery via steam

generation.

Treatment of the cooled gas to remove air pollutants, and disposal of residuals

from this treatment process.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

PET, as with many plastics, is also an excellent candidate for thermal disposal

(incineration), as it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with only trace amounts

of catalyst elements (but no sulfur). PET has the energy content of soft coal.

When recycling polyethylene terephthalate or PET or polyester, in general two ways have

to be differentiated:

1. The chemical recycling back to the initial raw materials purified terephthalic acid

(PTA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol (EG) where the

polymer structure is destroyed completely, or in process intermediates like bis(2-

hydroxyethyl) terephthalate

2. The mechanical recycling where the original polymer properties are being

maintained or reconstituted.

Polyethylene

The high density polyethylene (HDPE) used in the production of NOAXE reusable

bags is made from a natural gas feed stock. It is a hydrocarbon consisting primarily of

oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. HDPE is considered one of the safest plastics because it is

very non-reactive.1 According to the EPA, it burns into carbon dioxide and water vapor,

and leaves no toxic waste. Any film additives also become simple oxides, just like HDPE.2

Generally speaking, the CO2 production from HDPE incineration is considered minor as it

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partially offsets CO2 production of fuel oil plants.3 The consumption of crude oil, natural

gas, and pit coal, normally used in district heating plants can be substantially lowered by

the incineration of plastic waste.4 According to the EPA, some plastics may emit nitrous

oxide with incomplete combustion, however, since HDPE doesnt contain nitrogen, there

are no NO2 emissions. 5 HDPE usually has a higher energy value than other materials

commonly found in the waste stream and fewer pollutants. Pound for pound it generates

about twice the energy as Wyoming coal and almost as much energy as fuel oil. 6 When

processed in modern waste-to-energy facilities, the HDPE helps other waste materials

combust more completely, leaving less ash.

Aluminum

In countries where the recovery of energy from the incineration of waste is the

accepted practice, aluminum foil becomes a useful source of heat energy. Under the

furnace conditions of an incineration plant, foil releases its latent energy by combining with

oxygen to release heat. Although aluminum foil is a tiny proportion of the total waste

stream, it is nonetheless a positive fuel substitute, helping to reduce the amount of fossil

fuel needed to sustain the incineration process.

During oxidation, aluminum gives off no polluting or green house gas and the resulting

residue represents the return of the metal to aluminum oxide, an inert compound similar to

that from which the metal was originally extracted. In less pure forms, aluminum oxide

occurs in most soils, and disposal of this residue is therefore totally safe.

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 VII. RESEARCH PARADIGM

Input Process

I. Knowledge Requirement: I. Determine the Components of plastic sachets:

1. Company Profiles Polyethylene
Unilever Phils, Inc. Polyethylene terephthalate
Plastic Suppliers of Unilever Aluminum
Phils, Inc.: Flexicorp, Amkor, and II. Packaging Categories
Flexibles Food Grade
2. Components of Plastic Sachets Non-food Grade
3. Disposal method of plastic III. Determine environmental policies concerning
sachets in the Philippines plastic disposal:
4. Environmental policies covering RA 8479
plastic disposal RA 6969
RA 9003
II. Hardware Requirements: IV. Development of the disposal method:
1. Infrared lamp Incineration with energy recovery
2. Impeller mill
3. Hollow rotary drum
4. Furnace
5.
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 Output

Fuel gases
Evaluation of Acceptability Energy

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

VIII. DEFINITION OF TERMS

For better understanding of the study and to help the readers understand it, the following

terms are herein defined operationally.

Aluminum Foil. In this study, it is the innermost layer or component of the plastic sachet.

Disposal. It refers to the disposing method applied to the plastic sachets.

Plastic Sachet. It refers to the packaging material with components made up of multi-

layered films.

Polyethylene. In this study, it is one the components of a sachet.

Polyethylene Terephthalate. It refers to the next layer of sachet covering aluminum foil.

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 Cleaning/
Collection Separation Disposal
Drying

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OR OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

IX. PROJECT DESIGN

The initiation step of this research study is the collection of Unilevers used plastic

sachets, that also includes the segregation of food-grade and non-food-grade plastic

sachets, then it will undergo cleaning process to remove the remaining contents.

Subsequently, these sachets will be dried and then will be subjected to a process for

separating the constituents of a multilayer material which, namely, are polyethylene,

polyethylene terephthalate, and aluminum. Lastly, these separated components will be

subjected to their own disposal process.

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 Figure 2. Project Design Flow

X. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

This project development relates to the separation of a multilayer material based on plastic

produced by the manufacturing company, Unilever Philippines. Particularly, it relates to the

separation of constituents of a multilayer material including a base plastic and a layer of a barrier

plastic separated by a layer of adhesive plastic.

Such multilayer materials are commonly employed in diverse industries, for example in the

manufacture of packaging materials. An example of a multilayer packaging material is the sachet

produced by Unilever; it comprises of 3 layers: PE /PET/Aluminum, where PE denotes for

Polyethylene (usually LDPE), PET denotes for Polyethylene terephthalate.

These sachets, although economical and does provide low-price products for the

consumers, have contributed to the countrys heavy unmanageable solid waste since the

constituents of these sachet has a low rate of degradation. Studies are being done to efficiently

and ecologically dispose these materials. However, In the case of multilayer materials the

presence of several different plastics sometimes presents problems: if it is deemed sufficient to

grind the multilayer material into particles and to reemploy them in the manufacture of a new

product, the latter runs the risk of exhibiting mediocre mechanical performance and therefore the

quantities of material thus recycled must be greatly restricted. It is therefore desirable to have

available a simple and effective method enabling the constituents of multilayer materials to be

separated with a view to being able to reemploy them in a manner which is comparable with virgin

constituents, without affecting the performance of the new product manufactured from constituents

which are thus recovered.

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1. COLLECTION

The initiation step for this research study is the collection of used Unilevers plastic sachets

within a barangay. It also includes the segregation of food grade and non-food grade plastic

sachets.

2. CLEANING

After the collection of sachets from the sources, it will undergo cleaning where the residue

of product will be removed through the use of water.

3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SEPARATION

The process in which we will be separating the multilayer material into two components

including a layer of base plastic (A) and a layer of plastic (B) separated by a layer of adhesive

plastic (C) was patented by Vandenhende and Yernaux of Belgium (1999). Plastic is intended to

denote any polymer or polymer mixtures. Evidently, the variable of this research which is the

sachet produced by the Unilever contains a layer of Polyethylene, Aluminum, and Polyethylene

terephthalate which are also thermoplastic and thus making it suitable for the process. However,

each of the plastics (A, B, C) may in addition optionally contain one or several conventional

additives such as stabilizers, lubricants, antioxidants, pigments, flame retardants, fillers or

reinforcing fillers, and the like.

According to the tests ran by Vandenhende and Yernaux, there are characteristics of each

layer must have for the separation to obtain a good result.

Table 1. Characteristics of the Multilayer Plastic

Layer Description

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Base plastic (A) - represents more than 80% of the total

weight of the plastics A, B and C, and in

particular more than 90%.

- consists essentially of one or more

polyolefins chosen from the

homopolymers and copolymers of

ethylene or of propylene, and in

particular of high density polyethylene

(HDPE).

Plastic (B) - a barrier plastic

- any plastic capable of forming a layer

exhibiting a low permeability to particular

fluids. i.e, hycrocarbon-based fuels

- consists essentially of one or more

polymers chosen from polyamides and

ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, and

very particularly of the latter.

- has a low adhesiveness to the

conventional polymers

Adhesive plastic (C) - compatibilized polyolefin, and in

particular compatibilized polyethylene

- preferably consists essentially of a

polyolefin grafted with maleic anhydride,

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 in particular polyethylene or

polypropylene grafted With maleic

anhydride.

- when the base plastic (A) consists

essentially of polyethylene or of

polypropylene, the adhesive plastic (C)

is advantageously a grafted polymer of

the same kind (PE or PP respectively).

With the knowledge of how compatible our variables are with the required or suggested

characteristics of each layer, the multilayer plastic is now subjected to the following process:

Heating

Before the heating begins, it may optionally include washing or else chopping at an ambient

temperature, intended to reduce the materials into medium dimension. The material is heated to a

temperature between the crystallization temperature (Tc) of the second plastic (B), which is within

67 80 C, and TC 20 C. This can be carried out by any known means such as lamps or

resistances emitting infrared radiation. The purpose of heating is to bring the material to a

temperature suited for the next stage.

Shredding

The material is then shredded by being subjected to shearing at the same temperature as

the first stage. Surprisingly, it has been found that the fact of subjecting the multilayer material to

shearing forces at a temperature slightly lower than the crystallization temperature of the plastic B

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makes it possible to effect the separation of, on the one hand, A and, on the other hand B+C. This

justifies the main goal of the process- to separate the base plastic from the other plastics.

The material is preferably shredded in an impeller mill. This type of equipment is well

known as such; it generally consists of a rotary drum provided with blades at its periphery, rotating

in a vessel to which blades are also secured. A model capable of producing particles from

approximately 5 to 12 mm in size is generally chosen, these specific dimensions making it possible

to perform the separation with a high efficiency. This starts the delamination and converts the

materials into particles of small dimensions of two types: one is mostly the base plastic, which in

this case is the Polyethylene, and the other is the Aluminum film along with the adhesive plastic.

Electrostatic Separation

In this stage, the particles are charged at a temperature of at least 50 C, for example, by

corona discharge or by subjecting them to friction which may involve mutual friction, for example in

a fluidized bed, or else friction of the particles on a moving member (drum, belt or the like) of an

appropriate nature (glass, plastic, or the like). They can now then be separated by letting them

pass through two deflecting electrodes with continuous and high potential difference.

After separation of the particles X (A) and Y (B+C) the particles Y are advantageously subjected to

a subsequent stage (4) of separation making it possible to collect, on the one hand, the plastic B

and, on the other hand, the adhesive plastic. This time, recovering plastic B for further uses by

dissolving the Y particles in a water/alcohol solution with heating should the plastic B consists of

Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH).

4. INCINERATON

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 After the separation of components of plastic sachets, each component will undergo

incineration process with energy recovery and a scrubber where acidic substances are absorb in

order to minimize its contribution to the degradation of our environment.

Procedure of Incineration:

Waste storage and feed preparation.

Combustion in a furnace, producing hot gases and a bottom ash residue for disposal.

Gas temperature reduction, frequently involving heat recovery via steam generation.

Treatment of the cooled gas to remove air pollutants, and disposal of residuals from

this treatment process.

START

COLLECTION

CLEANING

SEPARATION
OF EACH
COMPONENT

INCINERATION

END

Figure 3. Flowchart Diagram for the Disposal

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XI. TESTING AND OPERATING PROCEDURE

The efficiency of the separation of each component of the sachet shall be tested by

manipulating the process. The electrostatic separation part of the separation involves trial

and error to work out the best combination of controlling factors. When the best

combination has been applied, the separating efficiency is very high. This results to a

minimal variation in the recovery of separated products.

After the separated components have been incinerated, the resulting gases

produced will undergo sanitary testing whether these gases can be allowed to be released

back into the atmosphere.

The energy recovered from incineration can be used to measure the amount of

sachet products to be burned to produce sufficient energy.

XII. EVALUATION

To measure the amount of energy recovered by the incineration of each

components of plastic sachets and to test the concentration of treated gases produced

from incineration of each components of plastic sachets if its safe to release in

atmosphere.

Table 2. Safety Evaluation of Combustion Gases

Components Amount of energy produced Safety ( releasing of treated

gases to atmosphere)

PET 9,000-9,700 BTU/lb

PE 19,000 BTU/lb

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Aluminum 31.6 MJ/kg

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