EN1994 6 Composite Bridges Davaine&Raoul PDF

Eurocodes - Background and applications
Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008
EN 1994 Part 2
Composite bridges
Jol RAOUL
Laurence DAVAINE
Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)

Technical Centre for Highways & Motorways
46, avenue Aristide Briand
BP 100
F - 92 225 Bagneux Cedex
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2
1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

2. Global analysis of composite bridges
3. ULS verifications
4. SLS verifications
5. Connection at the steelconcrete interface
6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement)
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression
All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

twin-girder bridge with upper reinforced concrete slab.
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Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994
Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab
Stra
Box-girder bridges
Half through composite bridges
Stra
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The main others EN called when using EN1994-2
EN 1090 :
Execution
EN 1993 1-5 :
Stiffeners ; Plate buckling EN 1993 1-8 :
Joints
EN 1990 : EN 1993 1-9 :
EN 1993 1-1 :
Basis of design Fatigue
General rules for steel
Combinations
Annex A2 :
application to
bridges
EN 1993 2 : Steel bridges
EN 1993 1-10 :
Brittle fracture
EN 1994 2 : Composite bridges
EN 1993 1-12 :
S690 EN 1993 1-11 :
Cables
EN 1991 :
1-1 Permanent loads
1-3 Snow
EN 1992 2 : Concrete bridges
1-4 Wind
1-5 Temperature
1-6 Loads during execution
1-7 Accidental loads EN 1992 1-1 : General rules for concrete
2 Traffic
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Contents : 7 parts

7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
compression
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Global analysis for composite bridges
Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

Second order effect to be considered for structures
where Fcr
cr = 10
FEd ,ULS
In this elastic global analysis, the following points should be taken into account :
effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete,
effective width of flanges for shear lag,
stages and sequence of construction,
effects of cracking of concrete,
temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for construction stages).
Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)

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CLASS 1 sections which can form a plastic hinge
with the rotation capacity required for a global plastic
analysis
BUILDINGS CLASS 2 sections which can develop M pl,Rd with

limited rotation capacity
CLASS 3 sections which can develop M el,Rd
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
In general, non-uniform section
CL. 1 CL.3/4 (except for small spans)
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Actual behaviour of a continuous composite girder
When performing the elastic global analysis, two aspects of the non-linear
behaviour are directly or indirectly considered.
Static structure
Cracking of concrete 1
M
Deformed structure M at mid-span with

Yielding 2 increase of P
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd Class 1

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Cracked global analysis 1
Determination of the stresses c in the extreme fibre of the concrete

slab under SLS characteristic combination according to a non-cracked
global analysis
In sections where c < - 2 fctm, the concrete is assumed to be cracked
and its resistance is neglected
EI1 EI1
EI2
EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)

EI2 = cracked composite inertia (structural steel + reinforcement)
! An additional iteration is not required.

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Cracked global analysis 1
Simplified method usable if :

- no pre-stressing by imposed deformation
- Lmin/Lmax>0.6 0.15 (L1+ L2)
EI2
As L1 L2
EI1
Ac = 0
In the cracked zones EI2 :
the resistance of the concrete in
tension is neglected
the resistance of the reinforcement is
taken into account
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Yielding 2
Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

Class 1 or 2 cross-section at mid-span (and MEd > Mel,Rd )
Class 3 or 4 near intermediate support
Lmin/Lmax < 0.6
Lmax Lmin
Class 1 or 2 Class 3 or 4
Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the cross-

sections in sagging bending zone (M>0) :
MEd < 0.9 Mpl,Rd
or
Non linear analysis

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Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

ULS combination of actions
elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads)

linear
non linear (behaviour law for materials in EC2 and EC3)
cracking of the concrete slab
shear lag (in the concrete slab : Le/8 constant value
for each span and calculated from the outside
longitudinal rows of connectors)
neglecting plate buckling (except for an effectivep area
of an element 0.5 * gross area)
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Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

SLS combinations of actions
as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)
To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS

and ULS) at the steel-concrete interface
Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear

Always uncracked section analysis
Specific rules for shear connectors design in the elasto-
plastic zones for ULS (Mel,Rd < MEd < Mpl,Rd)
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Shear lag in composite bridges
bslab
Concrete slab EN 1994-2
beff ,slab
Same effectives width beff for
x
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
Steel flange EN 1993-1-5

Used for bottom flange of a
box-girder bridge
Different effectives width for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
3 options at ULS (choice to
be performed in the National
Annex)
beff ,flange
b flange
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Effectives width of the concrete slab EN1994-2
Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

(with a value calculated at mid-span)
Section analysis : variable on both sides of the vertical
supports over a length Li /4
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Example : Twin-girder composite bridge
Application to a steel-concrete
composite twin girder bridge
Global longitudinal bending

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Example : Composite twin-girder road bridge
C0 P1 P2 C3
60 m 80 m 60 m
2.5 m 7m 2.5 m
34 cm
b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600 2.8 m
Note:
IPE600 every 7.5m in
b fi = 1200mm side spans and every
8.0m in central span
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Example : Structural steel distribution
bfs = 1000 mm
Note : Bridge dimensions verified
according to Eurocodes (cross-
section resistance at ULS, SLS h = 2800 mm
stresses and fatigue)
bfi = 1200 mm
Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder
18 26 18 26 18
40 mm 55 80 120 80 55 40 55 80 120 80 55 40
35 m 5 10 18 8 10 28 10 8 18 10 5 35
60 m 80 m 60 m
C0 P1 P2 C3
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Example : Used materials
> Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

S355 N for t 80 mm (or S355 K2 for t 30 mm)
S355 NL for 80 < t 150 mm
Yield thickness t (mm)

strength
fy (MPa) t 16 16 < t 40 40 < t 63 63 < t 80 80 < t 100 100 < t 150
S 355 N 355 345 335 325
S 355 NL 315 295
Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

should also be fulfilled.
> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355

> Shear connectors : headed studs with fu = 450 MPa
> Reinforcement : high bond bars with fsk = 500 Mpa
> Concrete C35/45 defined in EN1992 : fck,cyl (at 28 days) = 35 MPa
fck,cube (at 28 days) = 45 MPa
fctm = -3.2 MPa
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Creep - Modular ratios for bridges
n L = n 0 . (1 + L t )
Ea
n0 = for short term loading (L = 0)
E cm
t = ( t t 0 ) creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :
{
t = concrete age at the considered instant
t0 = mean value of the concrete age when a long-term
loading is applied (for instance, permanent loads)
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage action
L correction factor for taking account of the type of loading
Permanent loads 1.1

Shrinkage 0.55
Pre-stress by imposed deformations (for
instance, jacking on supports) 1.5
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Example : construction phasing
1. Concreting order of the 12.5-m-long slab segments

3 x 12.5 m 4 x 12.5 m
A B
1 2 3 16 15 14 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9 8
D C
3 x 12.5 m 6 x 12.5 m
2. Construction timing
Non-structural equipments
Steel structure End of slab (pavement, safety barriers,)
put in place concreting put in place
1st 16th Pre-stressing

... Time (in days)
... ...
t=0 t = 66 t = 80 t = 110
16 concreting phases in a selected order
assuming :
3 working days per segment assembling bridge
only 1 mobile formwork (2 kN/m) equipments
Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.
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Example : age of concrete
1st 16th
... ... Time
t=0 t = 66 t = 80 t = 110 (in days)
Phase 1 3
Phase 2 8 5

Phase 16 66 63 3
Mean value of the ages of concrete segments : + 14 days + 30 days

66 + 63 + ... + 3
t0 = = 35.25 days
16 phases
used for all concreting phases t 0 = 49.25 days t 0 = 79.25 days
(simplification of EN1994-2).
1 = ( t = , t 0 ) 2 = ( , t 0 ) 3 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.1 ) nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.2 ) nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.3 )
Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.
4 = ( , t 0 ) nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.4 )
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Example : creep function and modular ratio values
EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
0.3
t t0
( t, t 0 ) = 0 .c ( t t 0 ) = 0 .
t +
0

H + t t 0
RH
1 16.8
100 1
0 = RH . ( fcm ) . ( t 0 ) = 1 + .1 . 2 . . 0.2
0.10.3 h0 fcm 0.1 + t 0

RH = 80 % (relative humidity)
h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u
where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere.
C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, 1 = (35/fcm)0.7, 2 = (35/fcm)0.2
Short term loading Long term loading

Concrete self-weight nL,1 = 15.49
E Shrinkage nL,4 = 15.23
n0 = a = 6.16
E cm Pre-stressing nL,2 = 18.09
Bridge equipments nL,3 = 14.15
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Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
Equivalent spans Le :
C0 P1 P2 C3
60 m 80 m 60 m
in span 0.85x60 = 51m 0.7x80 = 56m 0.85x60 = 51m

on support 0.25 x (60+80) = 35m 0.25 x (60+80) = 35m
L
beff = b0 + 1 .be1 + 2 .be2 where: bei = min e ;bi
8
i = 1.0 except at both end supports where:
Le
i = 0.55 + 0.025 1.0
bei
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Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
beff
be1 b0=0.6 m be2
b2 b1 b1=3.5 m b2=2.5 m
Le (m) be1 be2 1 2 beff (m)
Spans 1 and 3 51 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0

Span 2 56 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
Internal supports P1 and P2 35 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
End supports C0 and C4 51 3.2 2.2 0.948 1.129 < 1.0 5.83 < 6.0
=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis

=> Reduction for shear lag in the section analysis :
beff linearly varies from 5.83m at end supports to 6.0 m at a distance L1/4.
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Applied loads on the road bridge example
Permanent loads
Gmax , Gmin Self weight: EN1991 part 1-1
structural steel
concrete (by segments in a selected order)

non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,)
S Shrinkage (drying, autogenous and thermal shrinkage EN1992 part 1-1
strains) EN1994 part 2
Creep (taken into account through modular ratios)
P Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for

instance, jacking on internal supports)
Variable loads
Tk Thermal gradient EN1991 part 1-5
UDL, TS Road traffic (for instance, load model LM1 with uniform EN1991 part 2
design loads UDL and tandem systems TS)
FLM3 Fatigue load model (for instance, the equivalent lorry FLM3) EN1991 part 2
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Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
cs + Ncs
Ncs = E c cs .bchc
hc
zcs
e.n.a.
+
Free shrinkage strain applied Shrinkage strain applied on

on concrete slab only (no the composite section (after
steel concrete interaction) steel concrete interaction)
1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation

due to the bending moment Miso = Ncszcs :
bc
1 N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
concrete = E c cs + . +
- n A I
e.n.a. + z
N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
steel = +
- A I
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Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations :

L
Miso Miso
P2
P1 v (x)
3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :
P1 P3 P2
L1 L2
v (P3 ) = 0
Mhyper
1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects

Effects of shrinkage
3 = hyperstatic (or secondary) effects
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Shrinkage and cracked global analysis
Concrete in tension
Cracked zone
Isostatic effects M iso

neglected in cracked
zones for calculating
hyperstatic effects M iso M iso M iso
SLS combinations iso + hyper effects hyper iso + hyper
ULS combinations hyper (if class 1) hyper hyper (if class 1)
- -
+ +
- -
M hyper
M hyper
EUROCODES
Thermal gradient from EN 1991 part 1-5
could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2
1- Non linear gradients : 2- Linear gradients :
16 C -5 C +15 C -18 C
0.6h
4 C
400 -8 C
3- Difference +/- 10 C : +/- 10 C

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Traffic load LM1 from EN 1991 part 2
Longitudinal axis of the

most loaded girder
Bridge axis
3.5 m 3.5 m
1m 0.5 m
Safety barrier
Safety barrier
Residual
Lane no. 1 Lane no. 2 Lane no. 3 area
3m 3m 3m 2m
girder no. 1 girder no. 2
UDL (Uniform
Design Load)
9 kN/m
2.5 kN/m
Characteristic
300 kN / axle values
200 kN / axle 100 kN / axle of traffic loads
TS (Tandem from LM1
System)
2m
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Combinations of actions
For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the

bridge should be considered :
> Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
Quasi permanent SLS

Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.5 Tk
Frequent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk
Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL
> Ultime Limite State (ULS) other than fatigue

1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 (TS + UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 Qlk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.5 Tk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL)
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Un-cracked global analysis
(MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination
when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
8
2
x (m)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-2
-4
-6
-8 2.f ctm = 6.4 MPa

-10
-12
x = 49.7 m x = 72.5 m x = 121.6 m x = 150.6 m
Cracked Cracked
zone on zone on P2
P1
L1 = 60 m L2 = 80 m L3 = 60 m
17 %.L1 15.6 %.L2 23 %.L2 17.7 %.L3
EI1 EI2 EI1 EI2 EI1
Note : Dissymmetry in the cracked lengths due to sequence of slab concreting.

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Cracked global analysis: bending moments
80
60 56.07
50.16 50.84
Bending moment (MN.m)
40 37.06 41.33 37.59
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-20
-40
-60
-80 -80.69 -77.66

ELS caractristique
Characteristic SLS
-100 ELU fondamental
Fundamental ULS
-107.25 -103.54
-120
x (m)
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Cracked global analysis: shear forces
10
8 ELS caractristique
Characteristic SLS
7.47 7.39
ELU fondamental
Fundamental ULS
6
5.54 5.49
4 4.38
Shear force (MN)
3.24 3.09
2
1.09
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-2
-3.09 -2.92 -3.26
-4
-4.40
-5.54 -5.49
-6
-7.46 -7.41
-8
-10
x (m)
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Contents : 7 parts

compression
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ULS verifications of a composite bridge
resistance of the composite cross-sections

- to bending moment M (EN 1994-2, 6.2.1)
- to shear force V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.1 to 6.2.2.3)
- to interaction M+V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.4)
shear resistance of the concrete slab (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(3) )
concrete slab (EN 1992)
shear connection (see below, point 5)
fatigue ULS (see below, point 6)
LTB around intermediate supports (see below, point 7)
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ULS section resistance to M > 0
fck/C 0.85 fck/C

compression
(+) (+)
p.n.a
e.n.a
() ()
fy/M0 fy/M0
tension
Elastic resistance Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4) (for classes 1 and 2)
e.n.a. = elastic neutral axis
p.n.a. = plastic neutral axis
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ULS section resistance to M < 0
tension fsk/S
fsk/S ()
0.85 fck/C
p.n.a
()
fy/M0
e.n.a
(+)
(+)
fy/M0
compression fy/M0
Elastic resistance Plastic resistance

(for classes 1 to 4) (for classes 1 and 2)
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Class 4 composite section with construction phases
Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section
If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first
effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the
web gross area.
Ma,Ed Mc,Ed MEd = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
+ =
Recalculation of the stress distribution A eff , Ieff , Geff

respecting the sequence of construction
1- Flange
2- Web
Justification of the recalculated

stress distribution
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ULS resistance under V and interaction M + V
Plastic resistance : ensured by the steel web

fy
Vpl,a,Rd is calculated by using Eurocode 3 part 1-1. VRd = Vpl,a ,Rd = A V .
M0 3
Shear buckling resistance :
See Eurocode 3 part 1-5. f yw h w t w
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw ,Rd + Vbf ,Rd
M1 3
Interaction between M and V :
For Class 1 or 2 sections :
If VEd< 0.5.VRd, no interaction occurs.
If not, the criterion MEd < Mpl,Rd is verified using a reduced Mpl,Rd value
2
V
= 2 Ed 1
VRd
For Class 3 or 4 sections : See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.

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ULS shear resistance in the concrete slab
For the solid slab of a composite bridge:
VEd VRd,c => Shear reinforcement (Ast for b = 1 m) is not necessary (nor the
minimum shear reinforcement area according to EN1992-2,9.2.2)
VRd,c = CRd,ck(100l fck )1 3 + k 1cp bhc (v min + k1cp )bhc

0.15 k1 = 0.12
If the concrete flange is in tension : CRd,c = = 0.12
C
N 10
cp,0 = 1.85 MPa cp = Ed
bhc
Lower fibre
8 Upper fibre
Stresses in the slab at ULS (MPa)
sigma_cp,0
6
v min = 0.035.k1.5 fck 4
2
200
k =1+ 0
hc -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
A st -4
l =
bhc -6
-8 x (m)
-10
EUROCODES
Example: Analysis of 2 different cross-sections
60 m 80 m 60 m
A B
Section A Section B
Concrete in tension Concrete in compression
M<0 M>0
Class 3 (elastic section analysis) Class 1 (plastic section analysis)
MULS = -107.25 MN.m MULS = +56.07 MN.m
VULS = 7.47 MN VULS = 1.04 MN
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Example: Cross-section A under bending
Stress diagram under bending

2.5 m 3.5 m
-171.2 MPa
-149.2 MPa
-275.8 MPa
1000 x 120 mm
2560 x 26 mm 1200 x 120 mm
261.3 MPa
fsk
Elastic section analysis : 434.8 MPa = re inf .
S
fy
295 MPa = steel,sup
M0
fy
steel,inf = 295 MPa
M0
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section A under shear force
First cross-bracing
P1 in central span
2
a = 8000 mm h
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.75
a
VEd = 7.47 MN hw 31
k
hw = 2560 mm
tw
VEd = 6.00 MN Shear buckling to be considered:
tw = 26 mm
fywhw t w
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd
M1 3
Contribution of the web Vbw,Rd Contribution of the flange Vbf,Rd
cr = k E = 19.58 MPa Vbf ,Rd = 0.245 MN can be neglected.

fyw
w = = 1.33 1.08
cr 3
1.37
w = = 0.675
0.7 + w
f
Vbw,Rd = w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN
M1 3
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Example: Cross-section A under M+V interaction
VEd so the M+V interaction should be checked, and as the section is in

0.5
VRd Class 3, the following criterion should be applied (EN1993-1-5) :
M 2
1 + 1 f ,Rd 23 1 1.0
Mpl,Rd
at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.
Mf ,Rd = 117.3 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section
excluding the steel web (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(2)).
Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section.
VEd
3 = = 0.89
Vbw,Rd
MEd M
1 = = 0.73 f ,Rd = 0.86 As MEd < Mf,Rd, the flanges alone can be used to
Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd resist M whereas the steel web resists V.
=> No interaction !
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Example: Cross-section B (Class 1)
2.5 m 3.5 m fck

9.2 MPa 0.85
C
202.0 MPa +
p.n.a.
fyf
1000 x 40 mm
M0
fyw
-
2720 x 18 mm M0
-305.2 MPa
1200 x 40 mm
Plastic section analysis under bending : MEd = 56.07 Mpl,Rd = 79.59 MN.m
2
h h 31
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.80 and w k , so the shear buckling has to be considered:
a
t w
fywhw t w
VEd = 2.21 MN VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd Vbw,Rd = 4.44 MN = 10.64 MN
M1 3
VEd
0.5 => No M+V interaction !
VRd
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
SLS verifications in a composite bridge
Limitation of stresses in cross-sections at characteristic SLS
c 0.6.fck (concrete in compression)
M>0 a 1.0.fyk
s 0.8.fsk (reinforcement in tension)
M<0 a 1.0.fyk
Crack width control

Limitations of deflections (national regulations)
Web breathing (fatigue phenomenon, see EN1993-2)
Note : for shear connectors, see section 5 below
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Crack width control
1. Minimum reinforcement required

- in cross-sections where tension exists in the concrete slab for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions
- estimated from equilibrium between tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and tensile force in the reinforcement (at yielding or at a lower stress level if
necessary to limit the crack width)
2. Control of cracking due to direct loading

The design crack width wk should be limited to a maximum crack width wmax
by limiting :
- bar spacing s smax
- or bar diameter max
wmax depends on the exposure class of the considered concrete face
smax and max depend on the calculated stress level s = s,0 + s in the
reinforcement and on the design crack width wk
3. Control of cracking due to indirect loading

For instance, concrete shrinkage.
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Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XF3 or XF4**

XC3, XS1*
waterproofing layer
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XC4, XS1*, XD3***
XF1 or XF2**
XC4, XS1*, XD3***, * : for bridges near sea water
XF1 or XF2** ** : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting

*** : for the bottom surface of a bridge deck located
within 6 m above a road with (very) frequent salting
Class Description of the environment

XO No risk of corrosion or attack of concrete
Risk of corrosion of reinforcement XC1 to XC4 Corrosion induced by carbonation
XD1 to XD3 Corrosion induced by chlorides
XS1 to XS3 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
Attack to concrete XF1 to XF4 Freeze/thaw attack
XA1 to XA3 Chemical attack
XM Mechanical abrasion
EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
Hypothesis : Bridge in a low-level frost area

The choice of exposure classes leads
to define :
XC4, XF3 a minimum resistance for concrete
(according to EN1992 and EN206),

XC3 for instance C30/37
waterproofing layer
a concrete makeup (maximum E/C
ratio, minimum cement content)
according to EN206
XC4, XF1
XC4
XC4, XF1 a structural class (S1 to S6) for
every face of the slab, chosen
according to Table 4.3 in EN1992
and to the retained concrete
a minimum concrete cover for

every face of the slab according to
the exposure class and the structural
class
EUROCODES
Maximum crack width wmax
Recommended values defined in EN1992-2 (concrete bridges) :
The stress level s,0 in the reinforcement is calculated for the quasi-permanent SLS
combination of actions (in case of reinforced concrete slab).
The tension stiffening effect s should be taken into account.
EUROCODES
Minimum reinforcement
fct,eff
hc c s
z0
e.n.a.
calculated with n0 change in the
location of the
neutral axis
before after
cracking cracking
k sk. k c fct,eff A ct = s A s
1
kc = + 0.3 1.0 stress distribution within the tensile concrete height hc before cracking
hc (including indirect loading) + change in the location of the neutral axis
1+
2z0 at cracking time
ks = 0.9 reduction of the normal force in the concrete slab due to initial cracking
and local slip of the shear connection
k = 0.8 effect of non-uniform shape in the self-equilibrating stresses within hc
fct,eff = fctm and s = fsk give the minimum reinforcement section As,min.
EUROCODES
Example : minimum reinforcement
The elastic neutral axis is located in the steel web for every section of the
bridge, so Act is the slab section : Act = 6 x 0.34 = 2.04 m
hc = 0.34 m
z0 = 0.52 m

1
k c = min + 0.3;1.0 = 1.0
h
1 + c
2z0

fct,eff = fctm = -3.2 Mpa

fsk = 500 MPa
As,min = 94 cm which means a minimum reinforcement ratio s ,min = 0.46%
For the design, the following reinforcement ratios have been considered :
Top layer : high bonded bars with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,top = 0.46%
Bottom layer : high bonded bars with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,bottom = 0.46%
We verify : s,top + s,bottom = 0.92% s,min

EUROCODES
Crack width control
Ast is put in place through n high bonded bars of diameter per meter.
Diameter fct,eff
= *
(Table 7.1) 2.9 MPa
or
Spacing s = 1/n
(Table 7.2)
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading
The stress level s due to direct loading at quasi-permanent SLS combinations of actions can be
calculated :
Top and bottom layers : Ast with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,top = s,bottom = 0.46%
s,0 = 106 Mpa (maximum tension) at quasi-permanent SLS in the top layer
100
50
Stresses at QP SLS (MPa)
-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-50
-100
Stresses in the upper layer
x (m) of reinforcement, calculated
by neglecting concrete
-150 resistance (in tension).
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading
fctm
Tension stiffening effect : s = 0.4
s st
in the considered cross-section (where s,0 is maximum) :

AI
st = = 1.31 s = 0.92% (Reinforcement ratio)
A aIa
fctm
s = 0.4 = 106.2 MPa
s st
s = s,0 + s = 212.2 MPa
*max = 22.3 mm (interpolation in Table 7.1 of EN 1994-2)
= 16 mm max = *max 3.2 / 2.9 = 24.6 mm

or
s max = 235 mm (interpolation in Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2)
s = 130 mm s max = 235 mm

EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for indirect loading
The stress level s due to indirect loading (for instance, concrete shrinkage) can not
be calculated in the reinforcement.
In the sections where the concrete slab is in tension for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions, s is estimated using :
A ct 2.04
s = k skk c fct,eff = 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2 = 250.4 MPa
As 0.92% 2.04
The reinforcement layers are designed using high bonded bars with = 16 mm.
= fct,eff/fct,0 = 2.9/3.2 = 14.5 mm
The interpolation in Table 7.1 from EN 1994-2 gives : s,max = 255 Mpa
We verify :
s = 250.4 Mpa < s,max = 255 Mpa
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
Steel-concrete connection
Objective :
Transmit the longitudinal shear force vL,Ed per unit length of the steel-concrete
interface
Performed by the use of shear connectors (only studs in EN1994) and transverse
reinforcement
Full interaction required for bridges

Elastic resistance design of the shear connectors at SLS and at ULS
Plastic resistance design of the shear connectors at ULS in Class 1 or
2 cross sections where Mel,Rd MEd Mpl,Rd
Shear connectors locally added due to concentrated longitudinal shear
force (for instance, shrinkage and thermal action at both bridge deck
ends or cable anchorage)
ULS design of transverse reinforcement to prevent longitudinal shear
failure or splitting in the concrete slab
EUROCODES
Resistance of the headed stud shear connector
1.5d PRk = min PRk (1) ; PRk (2)
0.4d
d 2
Shank shear resistance : PRk (1)
= 0.8f u .
h 3d 4
d
Concrete crushing : PRk (2) = 0.29d 2 f ck E cm
t
h h
if 3 4 , then = 0.2 + 1
16 d 25mm d d
else =1
Limit State Design resistance National Annex

PRk
U.L.S. PRd = V = 1.25
V
S.L.S. k s .PRd k s = 0.75
EUROCODES
Elastic design of the shear connection
SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete
interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
2.5 m 3.5 m
Shear force from Ac zc + As zs zs

cracked global vL , Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x). zc
e.n.a.
I
analysis
Uncracked
mechanical properties
SLS ULS
For a given length li of the girder (to For a given length li of the girder (to be
be chosen by the designer), the Ni chosen by the designer), the Ni* shear
shear connectors are uniformly connectors are uniformly distributed and
distributed and satisfy : satisfy :
N i*
vL , Ed SLS ( x )
Ni
.{k s PRd }
vL , Ed ULS
( x ) 1.1 .PRd
li
li
li
( 0 x li ) v L , Ed
ULS
( x ) dx Ni* .PRd
0
EUROCODES
Example : SLS elastic design of connectors
L1 = 29 m L2 = 41 m L3 = 41 m L4 = 29 m
1.4
1.2
1
v L ,Ed SLS
0.8
in MPa/m
0.6
Studs with :
0.4 d = 22 mm
h = 150 mm
Shear flow at SLS (MPa/m)
0.2 in S235
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
EUROCODES
Example : ULS elastic design of connectors
Using the same segment lengths li as in SLS calculation

and the same connector type
1.6
1.4
1.2
v L ,Ed ULS 1
in MPa/m 0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m)
0.2
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
EUROCODES
Example : longitudinal spacing of studs rows
e (mm)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
spacing at SLS (mm)
100
spacing at ULS (mm)
0
x (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
=> Elastic design governed by ULS.

EUROCODES
Elasto-plastic design (ULS) of the shear connection
Eventually adding shear connectors in the elasto-plastic zones

where Mpl,Rd > MEd > Mel,Rd
P1 A B C P2
Elasto-plastic zone
First yielding in one fibre of MEd

the cross-section where
MEd = Mel,Rd Mpl,Rd
NB (or NB*) is determined by
Elastic Elasto-plastic using an interaction M-N
design design diagram in the section B.

n=
( )
N B or N*B N A
NA NB
PRk V
connectors to put between
sections A and B.
EUROCODES
Interaction diagram in the cross-section B
Two options : simplified diagram (straight line GH) /

more precise diagram (broken line GJH)
MB (N.m)
Mpl,Rd
MEd H
Mel,Rd
J
+ Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
G
NB (N)
0 Nel,B NB* NB Npl,B
0.85.f ck
Plastic resistance of the concrete slab (within the
N pl,B = .b eff .h c
effective width) to compressive normal force :
C
EUROCODES
Elastic resistance moment in the section B
Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed = MEd
c(2) c
fcd=fck/c
as(1) as(2) as fyk
+ k . =
fyk
ai(1) ai(2) ai
Step 1 : stress diagram Step 2 : stress diagram Step 3 : ULS stress

for load cases applied for load cases applied diagram in Section B (if
to the structure before to the structure after yielding is reached in the
concreting Section B concreting Section B extreme bottom fibre)
k (< 1) is the maximum value for keeping

step 3 within its yield strength limits. => Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed
(For instance, ai(1) + k.ai(2) = fyk )
EUROCODES
Example : Bending moment in section B
Concreting
phases
1 2 16 15 3 4 5 14 13 6 7 8 12 11 10 9
50 M_Ed+
Section B
M_Ed-
40 M_pl,Rd+
(Class 1) M_pl,Rd -
30
20
M (MN.m)
10
0
x (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
EUROCODES
Example : Normal stresses in section B
fy = -345 MPa
c 11.9 MPa
88.2 MPa
as(2) 151.7 MPa
-63.0 MPa ai(2) -360.3 MPa
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m Mc,Ed(B) MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m
Mc,Ed(B) = 22.3 2.7 = 19.6 MN.m

ai(2) = (-360.3) (-63.0) = -297.3 Mpa
fy ( 63.0 )
k is defined by k = = 0.95 1.0
ai(2)
Mel,Rd is then defined by Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed = 21.3 MN.m

EUROCODES
Example : Interaction diagram in section B
beff = 5.6 m
k * ULS stresses
0.95*11.9 MPa
26.9 cm
3.6 cm 0.95*3.0 MPa
fck
0.85 = 19.8 MPa
0.65 m C
fck Nel = 11.4 MN
Npl = 0.85 .A c,eff = 30.3 MPa
C
MB (MN.m)
Mpl,Rd = 25.7
MEd = 22.3
Mel,Rd = 21.3
MaEd = 2.7
NB (MN)
0 Nel = 11.4 NB = 25.8
Npl = 30.3
NB* = 15.7
EUROCODES
Example : Limits of the elasto-plastic zone
ULS Stresses (MPa) in the bottom steel flange

Section B
400 (max = -360.3 Mpa)
300
200
100
fy = -345 MPa
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-100
3.3 m 2.8 m
-200
-300
-400
Section A Section C
fy
beff = 5.6 m Section A Section C
11.8 MPa 11.3 MPa

26.9 cm
3.6 cm 3.1 MPa 2.9 MPa
0.65 m Nel(A) = 12.1 MN Nel(C) = 11.5 MN

EUROCODES
Adding shear connectors by elasto-plastic design
9 rows with 4 studs and a longitudinal spacing equal to 678 mm

(designed at ULS)
e = 678 mm
3300 mm 2800 mm
Section A Section B Section C
Simplified (25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28 (25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows

interaction rows
spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm
diagram
spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm (which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !)
More precise (15.7-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 9 rows (15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows

interaction
spacing = 3300/9 = 367 mm spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm
diagram
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
for solid slabs :
to allow a correct welding of the connector : 25 mm eD
and if the used shear connectors are studs :
d 2.5.t f
d
d 1.5.t f for a structural steel flange in tension, subjected to fatigue
h
h 3d

head 1.5d
tf
hhead 0.4d
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
> Longitudinal spacing between shear connectors rows
to insure the composite behaviour in all cross-sections :

emax = min (800 mm; 4 h )
where h is the concrete slab thickness
if the structural steel flange in compression which is connected to the

concrete slab, is a class 3 or 4 element :
235
e max 22t f
to avoid buckling of the flange between two studs rows : fy
235
to avoid buckling of the cantilever eD-long part of the flange : eD 9t f
fy
and if the used shear connectors are studs : 5.d e min
> Transversal spacing between adjacent studs

etrans ,min 2.5.d for solid slabs
etrans ,min 4.d in other cases

EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
Truss model for transverse reinforcement which supplements the shear strength of
the concrete on potential surface of failure (a-a for instance)
b1 a b1 a
At
beff beff
hc
tension
a Ab co
n
mp
io
Transverse re
ss
ss
e
reinforcement io n
pr
m
1m
co
Ab+At
v L ,Ed
b1
v aa = v L ,Ed ULS . a cracks
beff
EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
tension in reinforcement : v aa .hc .(1m). tan f ( A b + A t ) .fsd
f
compression in concrete struts : v aa 0.6 1 ck fcd .sin f cos f
250
for slab in tension at ULS : 1.0 co tan f 1.25 (or 38.6 f 45 )

for slab in compression at ULS : 1.0 co tan f 2.0 (or 26.5 f 45 )
Other potential surfaces of shear failure defined in EN1994-2 :

EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
Fatigue ULS in a composite bridge
In a composite bridge, fatigue verifications shall be performed for :

the structural steel details of the main girder (see EN1993-2 and EN1993-1-9)
the slab concrete (see EN1992-2)
the slab reinforcement (see EN1994-2)
the shear connection (see EN1994-2)
Two assessment methods in the Eurocodes which differ in the partial factor Mf for
fatigue strength in the structural steel :
Assessment method Consequence of detail failure for the bridge

(National Choice)
Low consequence High consequence
Damage tolerant
Required regular inspections and Mf = 1.0 Mf = 1.15
maintenance for detecting and repairing
fatigue damage during the bridge life
Safe life
No requirement for regular in-service Mf = 1.15 Mf = 1.35
inspection for fatigue damage
EUROCODES
Damage equivalent stress range E
In a given structural detail of the bridge which is subjected to repeated fluctuations of stresses
due to traffic loads, a fatigue crack could initiate and propagate. The detail fails when the
damage D in it reaches 1.0 : Log (stress range)
Fatigue S-N curve of the

studied detail (EN1993-2)
weld 1
with 2 slopes (m=3 and m=5)
m
Longitudinal N = C.m
stiffener on a web
crack C
damage Log N (cycles)
ni ni Ni NC = ND=5.106 NL=100.106
= di
Ni 2.106
ni
Total damage in the detail : D=
Ni
In term of D, the actual traffic (ni, i)i is equivalent to nE = ni cycles of
the unique equivalent stress range E.
EUROCODES
Fatigue Load Model 3 equivalent lorry (FLM3)
axle = 120 kN
2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined
in the project
every crossing induces a stress range p = |max,f - min,f | in a given structural detail
the equivalent stress range E in this detail is obtained as follows :
E = .p where :
is the damage equivalence factor
is the damage equivalent impact factor
(= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already
included in the characteristic value of the
axle load)
EUROCODES
Damage equivalence factor
In a structural steel detail (in EN 1993-2):

=1 2 3 4 < max
which represents the following parameters :
1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges

spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces
and moments
2 : influence of the traffic volume
3 : life time of the bridge ( 3=1 for 100 years)
4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes
max : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit D at 5.106 cycles
For shear connection (in EN1994-2): v = v ,1 . v ,2 . v ,3 . v ,4

For reinforcement (in EN1992-2): s = fat . s,1 . s,2 . s,3 . s,4
For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):
c = c,0 . c,1 . c,2,3 . c,4
EUROCODES
Example : Damage equivalence factor v
for road bridges (with L< 100 m) : v ,1 = 1.55

hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the
existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution
Q1 = 200 kN Q2 = 310 kN Q3 = 490 kN Q 4 = 390 kN Q5 = 450 kN

40% 10% 30% 15% 5%
15
niQi5
Qml = = 407 kN
n
Mean value of lorries weight :
i
(1 8)
Q Nobs 407
v ,2 = ml = = 0.848
480 0.5.106 480
bridge life time = 100 years, so v ,3 = 1.0
only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so v ,4 = 1.0 v = 1.314

EUROCODES
Stress range p = | max,f min,f | in the structural steel
Basic combination of non-cyclic actions Fatigue loads

Gmax (or Gmin ) + 1.0 (or 0.0)S + 0.6Tk + FLM3
In every section : Mmax (or Mmin ) = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed MFLM3,max and MFLM3,min
Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :
MEd,max,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max MEd,min,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Corresponding stresses in the concrete slab (participating concrete) :

v v v v
c,Ed,max,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,max 1 c,Ed,min,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,min 1
I1 I1 nL I1 nn0 I1 n L 0
Case c,Ed,max,f > 0 va v1 v1 va v1 v1 v1

1 c,Ed,min,f > 0 p = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min = MFLM3
I I a I 1 I I
1 Ia 1 I 1 1
Case c,Ed,max,f < 0 v2

p = MFLM3
2 c,Ed,min,f < 0 I2
Case c,Ed,max,f > 0 v v v v
p = Mc,Ed 1 2 + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2
3 c,Ed,min,f < 0
I1 I2 I1 I2
EUROCODES
Stress range p for the upper face of the upper steel flange
Sequence of
1 2 3 16 15 14 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9 8
concreting
30
25
Stress range (MPa)
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x (m)
Stress range from M_min Stress range from M_max
always without concrete participation always with concrete participation
EUROCODES
Stress range s,p = | s,max,f s,min,f | in the reinforcement
Case c,Ed,max,f > 0 v1

s,p = MFLM3
1 c,Ed,min,f > 0 I1
Case c,Ed,max,f < 0 v M + MFLM3,max
s,p = Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f 1 c,Ed
2 c,Ed,min,f < 0 I2 Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min

Case c,Ed,max,f > 0 v1 v
3 c,Ed,min,f < 0 s,p = (Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max ) Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f
I1 I2
influence of the tension stiffening effect

fctm Fatigue : 0.2
s,f = 0.2
st s ! SLS verifications : 0.4
AI A s,eff
st = s = .100
A aIa A c,eff
in case 3, Mc,Ed is a sum of elementary bending moments corresponding to different

load cases with different values of v1/I1 (following nL).
EUROCODES
Tension stiffening effect
Tension
stiffening s,f
effect
s,p,2 Slope v2/I2 (fully

cracked behaviour)
s,p,3
Bending
moment in the
composite M
section
s,p,1
case 2
Slope v1/I1
case 3
case 1
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max s Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression)
EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications
c c
In a structural steel detail : Ff E Ff E
Mf Mf
3 5
Ff E Ff E
+ 1.0
C Mf C Mf
Rsk
In the reinforcement : F,fat E S,fat = 1.15
S,fat
log Rsk
k1 = 5
fsk
k2 = 9
k1
1
Rsk = 162.5 MPa k2

1
N* = 1.106 logN
EUROCODES
Classification of typical structural details
EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications for shear connectors
R (log) R (log)
m=8 m=3
c= c=
90 MPa
E 80 MPa m=5
Nc =
NR (log)
E NR (log)
Nc =
2.106 cycles 2.106 cycles
( R ) NR = ( C ) NC
m m
1. For a steel flange in compression at fatigue ULS :

c Ff = 1.0
Ff E with the recommended values :
Mf ,s Mf ,s = 1.0
2. For a steel flange in tension at fatigue ULS :
c c Ff E
Ff E Ff E + Ff E 1.3
Mf Mf ,s C Mf C Mf ,s
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
LTB around internal supports of a composite girder
To verify the LTB in the lower bottom flange (which is in compression

around internal supports), two approaches are available :
1. Bridge with uniform cross-sections in

Class 1,2 or 3 and an un-stiffened web
(except on supports) : U-frame model
2. Bridge with non-uniform cross-sections :

general method from EN1993-2, 6.3.4
6.3.4.1 : General method
6.3.4.2 : Simplified method
(Engessers formula for cr)
fy cr
ult ult = and cr =
LT = with
a a
cr
LT = f LT ( ) LT ult
1.0 ?
M1
EUROCODES
Example : lateral restraints
Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in cross-
sections where cross bracing frames are provided:
Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in
central span
1100
2800
600
1100
IPE 600
7000
Cross section with transverse bracing frame in span
A frame rigidity evaluated to Cd = 20.3 MN/m (spring rate)

EUROCODES
Maximum bending at support P1 under traffic
Traffic loads (with unfavourable

transverse distribution for the TS = 409.3 kN/axle
udl = 26.7 kN/m
girder n1)
+
Dead loads (construction phases,

cracked elastic analysis,
shrinkage)
MEd = -102 MN.m
NEd = MEd / h
= 38 MN
EUROCODES
Elastic critical load for lateral flange buckling
EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2 : ENGESSER

NEd = constant = Nmax
t f bf 3 120.12003
I = constant = Imax I= = c = Cd/a
12 12
Ncr = 2 EIc = 192 MN

L = 80 m
cr = Ncr NEd = 5.1 < 10
EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.1:
a = 7,5 m a=8m a = 7,5 m
General method
I and NEd are variable
uy
discrete elastic lateral
support, with rigidity Cd
(I)
x
cr = Ncr NEd = 8.9 (Mode I at P1)

(II)
= 10.3 (Mode II at P2)
= 17.5 (Mode III at P1)
(III)
Lcr = 20 m
EUROCODES
EN1993-2, 6.3.4.1 (general method)
First order stresses in the mid plane

of the lower flange (compression at support P1)
400
300
Stresses in the mid-plane of the lower flange[MPa]
fyf 295
ult,k = min = = 1.18
200

f 249
100
ult,k 1.18
op = =
0 cr,op 8.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-100
= 0.37 0.2
-200
-300
-400
Using buckling curve d: op = 0.875 1.0

ult,k 1.036
op = = 0.94 > 1.0 NO !
M1 1.1
EUROCODES
More information about the numerical design example by

downloading the PDF guidance book :
Eurocodes 3 and 4 Application to steel-concrete
composite road bridges
on the Stra website :
http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr/In-English.html
Thank you for your kind attention

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Eurocodes - Background and applications

Dissemination of information workshop

Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)

BUILDINGS CLASS 2 sections which can develop M pl,Rd with

CLASS 3 sections which can develop M el,Rd

Deformed structure M at mid-span with

Determination of the stresses c in the extreme fibre of the concrete

EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)

! An additional iteration is not required.

Simplified method usable if :

Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the cross-

Non linear analysis

To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads)

To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)

To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS

Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear

Steel flange EN 1993-1-5

Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16

Global longitudinal bending

> Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

Yield thickness t (mm)

S 355 N 355 345 335 325

S 355 NL 315 295

Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355

t = ( t t 0 ) creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :

L correction factor for taking account of the type of loading

Permanent loads 1.1

1. Concreting order of the 12.5-m-long slab segments

1st 16th Pre-stressing

Mean value of the ages of concrete segments : + 14 days + 30 days

nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.1 ) nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.2 ) nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.3 )

Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.

Short term loading Long term loading

in span 0.85x60 = 51m 0.7x80 = 56m 0.85x60 = 51m

Spans 1 and 3 51 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0

=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis

concrete (by segments in a selected order)

P Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for

Free shrinkage strain applied Shrinkage strain applied on

1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation

2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations :

3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :

1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects

Isostatic effects M iso

SLS combinations iso + hyper effects hyper iso + hyper

ULS combinations hyper (if class 1) hyper hyper (if class 1)

could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2

1- Non linear gradients : 2- Linear gradients :

3- Difference +/- 10 C : +/- 10 C

Longitudinal axis of the

girder no. 1 girder no. 2

For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the

XC4, XS1*, XD3, XF3 or XF4

XF1 or XF2 : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting