Observ*fion - _.

I
nl.&3e l'la$Sg3eq! tsroup 1) ii
---t i
Evolution of cdlourless fodourlese gas
CCI*?' maY be Present
1, Take a srnall Pinch of salt
in dry test tuhe and tl'ten With brisk effervessenc* ,which turne
add dilute HzSOo lime water milkY. l
i

Evoltlti*n of coiourless $as ha"ring

Sp n-tay be Present
srnellof rstten eggs ,{fiich turns lead
acetats paper black

Evsiutien of coiouflebs pas with sffielt

of burning sulPhur, whi$h turne
$Ss* maY be Present
acidified potaseium dichm:mate paper
gresn
l

frvalution of reddi*h brdwn urith

N0i ffray be Present
pungerrt sffiet|, which frms F*SO+
solutiein black

No gas is evolved
Group-1isah-sent
c0s2', s2-, s(]a=- ,N0a

g3nsglEated Ha$OsFipi
{Group l[]
#

1.To the drY salt add Evolutiari of colaurless ga* wittr't

murrsent smell ,which gives white
Cl" maY be Present
eoncentrated t{u$O+
U*niu furnes witir NH+0H
(rnrhen slass rod diPPed in NH+'JH
I*i,xion'ii brought'near the mouth *f
th* test tuhe)

Evoltltlon of reddish brolq'n vapourii

Er- maY he Pnesent
*itf, pung*nt smel!which ttlrne mqist
starch paper Yellow

Hvolution qf violet vapo'r'lrs with

t-

pungent smell which turns msist

starch PaPer blue

Heated above eolutlan
NOs rnaY be Present
Evelution of reddish brov*n Sas on
heating with Pungent smiali '*n
ffiid,a1l ;{cil *rfpn inte{reifies redtiish
brown gas i
I

CFhCOC- inaY b'e

Hvefution of celaur{ess gas "*itl.. present
*nugrn srneltwhich turn$ blue litmu* I

red
I

GrouP -2 is absent
Ns gas is evolved
Sf Br" l" NOo
eHaC0O'

tntfereneg
&hservatiah

e AsEmpEilrEtJ'!9#NqIe
tesf
.-Ti -- i

...
I

3-
tne salt soiution add c*nfirmed
ccncentrateil HNOg & Yell ow Pre*ipitatei fsrmed
arnrnoniurn molYbdate and
heat

@ntagnesia mixture to the

AOO
White PreelPitate fsrmed
PO+3- *srlfirffie{i
l

salt solut!on

I
b'BaCl+ Teet
sotution add White PreelPitate formed
Baelz eolution
/
@ Silrite precipitate {r:f lead a*etate)
'
{CHaeOO}zPb
nOU lead acetate to the salt forrned.
salution
 Experimert Shserratisn lnferancs l

Sgnfigmr$tsrv TSeUs n c$a3"

tsfidgSo* Test (If salt is White precipitate formed e*ez- *cnfi

soluble in water) ;

Add MgSO+ to the ealt 1

solutisn

>Filt{klJ$l-Te$t {lf salt is

insoluble in water) Evokltion of gae witn nrislt CS3F c*nfrrrned
Add dil tiClto the salt efferveepence which turng Lime water
solution milky

$pdErunatsrLfest fsr $1.

tsSodium nitroprusside t*st Violet eolour solution fermed
NanlFe{SN)sC{o)l
Add sodium nitroprusside ta $2" aonfirrned
the salt soluiiol!

F Cadmium Sanbsnate test

{cdc0e) Yellew preeipltate f,*rnrPd
Add cadrnium carbonate ts
the salt salution S2- confirn'led

tsBaClz test White precipitatc fcrmed SOsz- *onfirmed

Add BaCXz to the salt solutisil

C onf i ry[atoqy.f esffeg S*' f'd$z c*ntlrnred

Black *olour salution forrned
FFerrous sulphate test
Add fenous sulphate to the
salt solution

tsThisurea test R.ert cctlouration solutior: f*rrned Nfie con.flrrned

To the salt sohltion add aceiie
aeid and boil. To this add
thiourea and F solutien.
 Confirnn Test Gro
0hserva
ExPerinnent

qJ"
*r"ntifrylqtqry &st for
I

FAgN0r Test White PreniPitate fsrrrled CF bonfirnned

To the salt solution add AgNOr
i

,/ i.ii
,/
,/ i:
-F GhrqnftYl Chloride tast Evoluticn of reddieh Ci- Confirmed
rftn-ifltoliJ Pofiasiurn diehromate with dry salt
brnwn,gas ef OhrornYl
*nJ.ftk* the mixture in a test tube then add
CIhlaride {CrfizCla}
concentrated HzSO+ & heat"
Yellowl colmur soiutlqn of
cReddish browst gaa is then allowed to pass
$odiur'n Chromate Forrned
thraugh t'iaOH *olution' Ci- Ccnfirmed
{$ia?CrO4)

.Yelloq, PreciPitate of leaci

aTo the yellow solutien adrl *cetic acid & lead
chrornHte forrned
acetate solution

tsAgNO3 Tesi
Br- confi+rned
To the sbit sotrution add'AgN0r
\ *r,. ypttcw PreciPitate
lrarmed
F*hlorine water test I o*nnu coloured laYer Bf ccrrfirrned
To the salt eotutlon add *arbsn formeU in solution
&
i*tiu*rtfotiJe(CCl+) & then Chlorlne water
shake. i

Cgnfi rrqit$ltLIqsf Fqf, [.

\
F.AgFio3 T*st 1- confirmed
I ur,nn* Yellow PreeiPitate
AdclAgNOs to the salt solution
I tormec
i

lnChlorine water te*t

laYer formed l- confirrned
I u,o,* coiour
To the salt solution add Garhon in sotutlon
&
f"tr"tf,fotide(CCla) & then Chlorine v*'ater
shake" I
I

I
 Infer*nee
@erir*ent
.,.
coMNsis-
Fni-nffi .a
I
I

i
I

Add a freshly PrePared I

Brown ring fornied NO3-confinfec{

ferreus sulphate solution to L

salt solution & then add I

concentrated HzSO+ along

the sides of the test tube.

t,Diphenylanrine test

D*ep blue colotti tormeo l',lCIs^csnfiffned

To the salt solution add Di-
PhenylAmine

confirmBlsrv_f e$3 F o*r

Acet+tq

F0xali* acid test

Make a paste by mixing
CH:e S0-confinned
solid sait with oxslic acid. Vinegar smell
-watsr:*f hbll--
With few' di'6F:of
rub the paste and srneil

FFsterifisatlsn tesl
Add ethyl alcohol and a few
Fruity *rrell C,Hr*QO-confirmeel
drops of concqntrated
Sulphuric aaid te the salt
solution and then heat the
mixture.
lge g6' mffi&ffim#ffirsffi $
lExpe4rng4l- --=*-ff- i
ffi;t-SLaffiqi'b a
p"-fAm--'q s?-s.with
i

of colourless

ift:::;i ;;i
i Evoiution dense
satt
ro ther drv r*aq6add dit i '
gives
c'gnc HCI ,,,*
"il;': i
ftfi?'?fffi"*
-.
NacH and--r heat I fume* witi"t L.rr:t
^.-* Fici
g!pp.t,,l jc,n
I i

il;ffi;r#-;il morlih ':f

i sotution i1";t;;ht""ffflr'the
ttre test tube) i ..
"'snnell i Group o ab*ent
Itdi Jtii*nr^riea[ ]

@ GrouaP t Present
White PPt formed Fbz" Fresent
Ts-the $alt eolutimn
add dil ht*t Grot*P '$ absent
N() White PPt fonrred

Group ll Prm*ent
AnalYsis-efsrcse-ll C$2* Present 1

Black PPt formed

TO tlxe above solLition A.*3o Presemt
I

pasaed H*S Sa* t

Yellerru PPt fornred
#retlP ll_ahselt \
PPt f*rmed
i
F{o

tll GrouP lll Pnesemt

*frdvei.E Ef ergllp- Fes Pnesent
the Br*wn PPt torn'led
Boil eff HrS Sas frorn tsrourP lt1 absent
,nuu* solution ancl then Brown PPt t*rmed
lio-un-ct solid (exceesi Nu
and NHeOi"{

3p?T'$,8T:r#*' 1

Eiaek PPt forrnec{. Znz" Present

TO the above solution White PPt formeo **:-:*
pass*d He$ Sas
,
forrned
Light pink (hun cnl*ur)ppt l**'*
urour [V absent
Ne PPt f*r$'ned \ \
lt*\

ffi0,* White PrPt formed

FI* White PPtforrnerl

\H;rySiffiffiu*ot
ero*r'V absent
\

*l*@rydthen \
\
\

l-.
1

4.,
 egffsr&sl Group Vl Bresent
Concentrate the above frfrg'" Bnesent
solution by heating and White pppt formed
tfien acjd Na?HpO4

w
Obserwati*.:n lnference

ts Nessler,s reagent test

Pass the gas formed in Brown precipitate formed
preliminary test through
nesslefs reagent ilsntDE OF MtLLtSht,s BASE)
ryorsl$rl
resr
F#XflT*atory
White preciffite formed in.-
qput anatysis being
dissolved In hot watlr and
divide into two parts
tsKltest
To one part add Kl solution
Yellow precipitate formed
Pr)2* c*nfirnned
NeKzCrS* te*t
to the second part aejd
KzCroa Yellow precipitate formed
Fb2* c*nfinned
FpJ snoup a
a. Gonfirrnatory TeSt
For GuF
Black precipltate formed in
yroup anatysis heing
dissolved in 50%
concentrated HNOe and
divided into turo parts.
'
> NH4OFI test $ky blue coiour formed
parr add NH+OH, Cu?* confirmed
Io.:lS
>l{a[Fe(CN]61 rest
{pot.ferrocyaniOe;
To the second part aOd \
ehscofate brawn pleeipitate fonried
&[Fe{CN)oj Cuz* confirmed i

-_l
. FcrAss"
Yellow PreciPitate fornred in
group analYsis heing
iissitvec in coneertrated
HNOs & divided into two
parts.

F >Annngnlurn mplybdak
tes! As3* confinned
Yellow PreciPitate fcn**d
Add Arunosiurn $,ol,YFdate,
ioirre oG Part i soltltion and
heat

For qfeuo S

ConfirmratorY Test fsr Fe3"

Brown PreeiPitate fonned in
arCIup analysis dissolved [n
iiiute HCI incl divided into
foro parts

> l(+lFe(GN16! test Fe3* e-onfirmed

De*P hlue colour fonned
To thi one Part add
potassiurn ferrocYanide
solution

>KCN$ test Fe3* eonfirmed

DeeP red colour forrned
to the second Part add KCNS'

FoIsrgup.4
. Confi-m*tory Test"For
Znz*
in
Wft** PreciPitate formed
otouo analYsis dissolved in
iitute HCI ind divided into
two Parts

lQ[Fe(C${}sl test Enzn eonfirnred

> Bluish white precipitate
fanned
To the one Part add
Potassi urn ferrocYanide
solution
Znz* confirmed
>NaOH test White PreciPitate formecl
Add NaOH to the second Part
 pffl?ll*qtrv rsgea
Buff cotoured precipitate
tornned in greup analyeis
dissotved in OiluteUCi
t,.NaOH- Srzrvatemest.
lq FS solurion add NeeFi,
Add Brewater tc Wfrite t
White preeipitate fonned
Mnl" eorif[h-rred
Turns Blaek precipilate
precipitate

FPbO: test
B.uffmloured precipitate t Light pimk (pur"p{e) colour
d,:So]y*d in Ccnc. HNSsand rolufion Mn2o eonfirmed
-- rormed
add PbOs, boil and csoi-

rest For
i;"gqff*atorv
Blaek precipitate dissolved
in
Sqjra ps.ia iA HCr& r x-{Nos)
et heated to cuncentrate
solution.
thj'

f . For SSe*

f.tqft*lum
(NFlaCl-IS) test.
$utphocyariide
Elue colour solution farn"r*d
Add NH+CNS to the one part. c*rrfirrned

3. For ft{iz+

F Dimethyl glyoxime test

**:8Jii3-irixyf;ilxfi
- Red rose preeipitate fcrmed.
hliz" esnfirmed

Fqr qrq.un E

White precipitate dissolved

rn acetic acid & divide
into
three parts.
 -_'_- -'/
--"/

a" Confirmatorva Test

For Eaan

tsPofiasium ehrcmate
{K2GrOa} test I
I
To one part add Pottasium * r^ -l
I

chrornate Yellow precipitate fonned He*'osnilnFeq

I
I

I b. Gonfinnatsry Test
I ror sf*
F Ammonium sulphate test
Add Amrnonium sulphate to
the second part. White precipitate formed. Sf* aonfirmed

p Conffrrmatory Teet.
For Ga2*
ts Amn'lcrrium oxalate test
To the third part selution add Ca2* confiirned.
White precipitate formed
Ammsnium oxilate

SFlarne test
Performed with ealt & Baz* confirmecl
Gneen cslour
concentrated HCl. $f* cpnfirmed-
Orimssn red eolour
Brick red colour Sa?" confirmed
Ier.sruF-g
Sonfirrnatory Test fsr
Mg**

>NazHPCIa test
T0 the csncentrated eolution \ffihite preeipitate fonrned Mg?" conflnned
add hla:HP0+ &N|"{*OH