Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STUDENT EXERCISES
u.s. Department
of Transportation
Federal Highway
Administration
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
This student exercise book has been developed for use as an interactive teaching tool and a companion workbook
for NHI Course No. 13239 - Module 9 "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering", and is not intended to be used
as an individual exercise book. The extents and depths of the problems presented in this exercise book are limited
due to the time constraint of the 2.S-day course schedule. Detailed design examples illustrating the principles and
analyses of geotechnical earthquake engineering are included in Part II of Module 9"Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering" Reference Manual (FHWA-HI-99-012).
This student exercise book is intended only to be used as an interactive teaching tool and a companion
workbook for NHI Course No. 13239 - Module 9 "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering", and is not
intended to be used as an individual exercise book. The extents and depths of the problems presented
in this exercise book are limited due to the time constraint of the 2.5-day course schedule.
Module 9 "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering" is the ninth module in a series of twelve modules
that constitute a comprehensive training course in geotechnical and foundation engineering. Sponsored
by the National Highway Institute (NHI) of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the training
course is given at different locations in the U.S. The course is tailored to the needs of both
geotechnical and structural engineers who are involved in the analysis, design, and construction of
surface transportation facilities in seismic areas.
Finally, this student exercise book is developed to be used as a living document. Additional
student exercises or case histories may be given separately during the training session.
Reproduced from
best available copy.
NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the US Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), under Contract No. DTFH 61-94-C-QOI04
to Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. The document has been subjected to peer and
administrative review by FHWA, and it has been approved for publication as a FHWA document.
In this document, certain products may have been identified by trade name. Also, photographs of these
products may have been included in the document for illustration purposes. Other products which are
not identified in this document may be equally viable to those identified. The mention of any trade
name or photograph of a particular product does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use
by either the authors or FHWA.
CONVERSION FACTORS
When When
, , L
(a) h
inch 25.4 millimeter millimeter 0.039 inch
foot 0.305 meter meter 3.28 foot
yard 0.914 meter meter 1.09 yard
mile 1.61 kilometer kilometer 0.621 mile
(b)
, , Area
square inches 645.2 square millimeters square millimeters 0.0016 square inches
square feet 0.093 square meters square meters 10.764 square feet
acres 0.405 hectares hectares 2.47 acres
square miles 2.59 square kilometers square kilometers 0.386 square miles
(c)
.. Volume
fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces
gallons 3.785 liters liters 0.264 gallons
cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters cubic meters 35.32 cubic feet
cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards
(d)
, , Mass
ounces 28.35 grams grams 0.035 ounces
pounds 0.454 kilograms. kilograms 2.205 pounds
short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (tonne) megagrams (tonne) 1.102 short tons (2000 lb)
(e) Force
pound I 4.448 I Newton I Newton I 0.2248 I pound
(f) Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticit
47.88
6.895
Pascals
kiloPascals
I
.
Pascals
kiloPascals
0.021
0.145
16.019 I kilograms oer cubic meter I kilograms oer cubic meter I 0.0624
(h) Temoerature
Fahrenheit temperatureeF) I 5/geF- 32) I Celsius temperatureeC) I
Celsius temperatureeC) I 915eC) + 32 IFahrenheit temperatureeF)
Notes: 1) The primary metric (SI) units used in civil engineering are meter (m), kilogram (kg), second(s), newton (N) and pascal (Pa=N/m2).
2) In a "soft" conversion, an English measurement is mathematically converted to its exact metric equivalent.
3) In a "hard" conversion, a new rounded metric number is created that is convenient to work with and remember.
MODULE 9
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STUDENT EXERCISES
Page
Objective:
Design Earthquake and Site-Specific Response Spectra
for a Firm Ground Site (V s = 760 m/s) and Soft Clay Site
(V s = 120 m/s) in Boston, Massachusetts for 2% in
50-Year Probability of Exceedance.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 3-4, 3-5, 4-17, and
4-18, Tables 4-3 and 4-5.
1-1
1. Establish Free-Field Firm Ground Peak Horizontal
Ground Acceleration from USGS Hazard Map
(Figure 3-5):
PGAFF = - - - - -
Z= _
Site Class =- - - - -
C. Establish Cv From Table 4-5:
Cv = _
1-2
D. Establish T s From Inset on Figure 4-18:
Ts-- -
C -
v - _
2.5Z
To =0.2 Ts = _
3. Plot Spectra on Attached Graph Paper
A. M= _
B. D= _
1-3
'/
Figure 3-4: Map and Table for Evaluation of UBC Seismic Zone Factor, Z. (Reproduced from the
Uniform Building Coden!, Copyright~ 1994, with the Permission of the Publisher, the
International Conference of Building Officials)
1-4
'T1
~. Peak Acceleration (%9) with 100/0 Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years
vJ
260. (site: NEHRP B-C boundary)
I
VI
50 -l....- 270' 280
--L I
..---..
'"0'"0
('\) ('\)
c:! ~
g 0::r:: 150
M
'"0'"1
'"1 N'
100
o 0
80
CJ:::I
8:~ 60
:=:0
~'"1
o 0 40
... 8 30
rno-
~ )-
('\) 0 25
o-('\)
('\) 0
40~/1
20
o~ &' I\)
c_
~
(1)
..... 0 15
:::I :::I
I
~ s' 10
Ul
.-<W
('\) 0-
9
I\) '"1
'"1 0 B
!" ~
'iT10' 7
j:;J '"1
!*() 6
('\) ('\)
...... :::1
M 5
('\) j:;J
M ......
4
~~
0- 3
-rn
\01\) ~1.~ 2
\Otn
Q\M
'-'('\)
g 1
c: u. S. Geological Survey o
en June 1996
~
s:
I\)
>-'
o
270' 280
4
z
0
i=
z
0
3 SOIL PROFILE TYPE III
0::
I- w
...J
w SOIL PROFILE TYPE II
0:: ()
W
...J
() SOIL PROFILE TYPE I
W
()
() ...J
I-
...J
Z
0 " ..... ..... .....
..... ..........
--- -- -- --
0::: N
I- 0::
U 0
w ::c
0..
(/)
1
~
w
0..
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-17: Normalized 1994 Uniform Building Code Response Spectra. (UBC, 1994, reproduced
from the Uniform Building CodeN, copyrightc 1994, with the permission of the publisher,
the International Conference of Building Officials)
Control Periods
'Jii Ts = Cj2.5Ca
s To = O.2Ts
z
o
~
a:
w
..J
W
o
~
i
l l.
rn
PERIOD (SECONDS)
Figure 4-18: 1997 Uniform Building Code Design Response Spectra (UBC, 1997, reproduced from the
Uniform Building CodeTII , copyright" 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the
International Conference of Building Officials)
1-6
TABLE 4-3
1997 UBC SITE CLASSIFICATION
Sit" rl" Sh"",. W"v" V"Inritv l ()'hQ"
.. z
SE Soft Soil Less than 180 m/s More than 3m of soil with PI > 20.
Wn > 40%, and Su < 25 kPa
Notes: I Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF'
TABLE 4-5
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT C y
I Z - 03
,
~
Z-04
- ,
_
Notes: I Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF'
1-7
,-.....
Cf)
O'l
..........
c 0.5
0
-+-'
0
L-
V
V
U
u
0.25
0
L-
-+-'
U
V
Q..
(f)
o 1.0 2.0
1-8
USGS-National Seismic Hazard Mappi...e Look-up for Ground Motion Values http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/htmllzipcode.shtm
~11,1!;li'l
',' USGS. Central R,xian. Ge~Jiu.:.,'fC Ha:.w~ Team
Gi'lden. C%rud... '
~,
V ' .., .. : ..
.~:..
NO EXTENSIONS
NO ALPHA CHARACTERS
NO DECIMAL NUMBERS
2of2
1-10 6/9/98 6:47 F
USGS-National Seismic Hazards Mapp...roject-Deaggregated Seismic Hazard http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/htm IIdeagg.shtm I
.. - ".:!i
. : ~ NATIO;"':U SELo;MIC HAZA.RD "'HPPING PROJECT
... '': ~"'.
To obtain the four hazard matrices, go to the CEUS map or WUS map
and click on the city (red dot). The entries are per cent contribution to
hazard. They will sum to 100 per cent for each matrix.
1-11
of! 6/9/98 6:47 PM
USGS-National Seismic Hazards Mapp...roject-Deaggregated Seismic Hazard http://geohazards.cr.usgs.govieq/html/ceus.shtr
CEUS Cities
m~:I!II:r,uj;!t)
2S"N
100"W
9O"W ssw 8O"W 1SW
1-12
20f2 6/9/98 6:48 P
USGS-National Seismic Hazards Mapp...roject-Deaggregated Seismic Hazard http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/htm IIceus.shtm :
Please note that the image map on this page is a client-side image map.
YOU WILL NEED A BROWSER WHICH SUPPORTS CLIENT-SIDE 1M
USE IT!!!
~ - '-'.--- (such as Netscape Navigator 2.0 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or the eq
To obtain the four hazard matrices click on the city (red dot). The entries are per
hazard. They will sum to 100 per cent for each matrix.
1-13
) of2 6/9/98 6:48 PM
Deaggregated Seismic Hazard PE = 2% in 50 years pga
Boston MA 42.333 deg N 71.083 deg W PGA=0.15820 g
M<= 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
d<= 25. 14.782 10.319 5.586 2.673 0.972 0.580
50. 6.324 7.939 7.158 5.055 2.338 1.587
75. 0.992 2.138 3.299 3.692 2.387 2.037
100. 0.179 0.583 1.361 2.146 1.788 1.884
125. 0.047 0.211 0.643 1.306 1.286 1.530
150. 0.012 0.072 0.275 0.701 0.824 1.088
175. 0.003 0.021 0.101 0.323 0.461 0.734
200. 0.001 0.006 0.034 0.140 0.240 0.470
225. 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.067 0.137 0.322
250. 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.036 0.087 0.239
275. 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.019 0.054 0.171
300. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.010 0.033 0.121
325. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.020 0.088
350. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.065
375. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.050
400. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.034
425. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.023
450. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.014
475. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.008
500. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004
1-14
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO.1
1. PGAFF =0.16g
2A. Z = 0.15
2B. Site Class = SB/SC (On Boundary)
2C. C v = 0.20 (Interpolate Between Site Classes SB
and Sc)
2D. T s = 0.53 s
2E. To = 0.11 s
4A. Z = 0.15
4B. Site Class = SE
4C. C v = 0.50
4D. Ts = 1.33 s
4E. To = 0.27 s
1-15
5 0.5
o4J
o
L
Q) _____=-==w- - - - - - - - -:4...
---.. -- --
C1> ....... .......
o ..............
o
e
0.25
....... -
+J
o
C1>
Q.
(J)
o 1.0 2.0
Spectral Period (seconds)
1-16
From Deaggregated USGS Hazard Data:
1-17
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 2A
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 5.4.2 Equations 5-6,
5-7,5-8,5-10, and 5-11, and Tables 5-2 and 5-3.
2A-1
SPT - N ~,~, .... ~,~"
~
4 ~l l- GWT
f
y = 16 kN/m 3
Silty Sand
151 I I 8'
'<tI Ysat= 19 kN 1m
3
A
10 I I Ie Average Fines Content= 15 %
I
8
tv
17
1 I~
>
I
tv
23 I I I
28 L-J -...I-' _
End of Borehole
2. Standardization
Use Equations 5-7 and 5-8 and Tables 5-2 and 5-3.
C60 - ------
3. Normalization
v/ = -----
2A-3
Compute Overburden Correction Factor Using
Equation 5-10
1/2
1
CN - 9.79
CN - -----
2A-4
TABLE 5-3
CORRECTION FACTORS FOR NON-STANDARD SPT PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT
(Richardson, et al., 1995; Youd and Idriss, 1997)
2. Standardization
C 60 = CHT CHW Css (1) CRL(2) CBD (Equations 5-7 and 5-8)
C 60 = 0.75 x 1 x 1.1 x 0.95 x 1
C 60 - 0.78
Note: (1) For loose sand (N= 10), use C ss = 1.10 (Table 5-3)
(2) For rod length greater than 6 ill, use CRL= 0.95 (Table
5-3)
3. Norrnalization
/
0v - 69 kPa
2A-6
Compute Overburden Correction Factor, CN
(Equation 5-10)
C = 9.79 - 1) 1/2
N ( 69
CN - 1.18
2A-7
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 2B
Objective:
Develop Soil Stratigraphy Using Cone Penetration
Data Shown in Figure S2B-l. Estimate the Equivalent
SPT-N Values Using CPT-SPT Correlation Charts.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Sections 5.4.2, Figures 5-6
and 5-7.
2B-l
DEVELOP SOIL PROFILE USING CPT DATA
Friction
Friction Ratio Resistance Cone Bearing Pore Pressure
FR= f/qc (%) fs (x 100 kPa) : qc (x 100 kPa) u (x 100 kPa)
100
5 0 5
oI
0 ! ! !~I ! ! ! ! 'i
-1 0
0
4
A
B
-
N
"I , I "I' I .. $ C
OJ J
I } D
N
::r::.
~
~ 20 20 20
~
.Q ~
<-
.:;;=-
I
~
~
1..'-
1'J.
{
f J:
........
E
I
I
( :? I
I
I
40 I , 40j I 40j J 40
.j
B 25 kPa .. 0.003 mm
tv
to
I
W C 40kPa 0.2mm
D 50kPa 0.003 mm
E 85 kPa 0.2mm
Table S2B-l: Effective Vertical Stress and Mean Grain Size for Each Stratum
For Stratum A:
= 88 (x 100 kPa)
2B-4
3. Determine the equivalent SPT-N value.
2B-5
QCl = Qc( 3.5 -1.251og 1o av')
with 0v I , qc, qCl in kPa.
10 3
HEAVILY
"""' OVERCONSOLIOATEO
-=
c.. OR CEMENTEO SOILS
..10::
0
0
x
'-'
,...
0
CT
UJ
(,)
Z 2
< 10
t-
f/)
f/)
UJ
0:
UJ
Z
0
(,)
c
UJ
N
CLAY TO
...J
< 10' ORGANIC
CLAY
:E
0:
0
Z
1 0 0 -h.,....,.,rT4-rrT'T'TT"T"T'"r"'1"'T""""'r""T"TT'T"1r""T"TTT"I-n-r"'1"'T........,MT""""''TT''I,..,..,...TTT'''''''''''''''r''T'T''I-
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 5-6: Soil Behavior Type Classification Chart Based on the CPT. (Douglas, 1984, 1981,
reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043, 1992.)
2B-6
BASED ON ENERGY RATIO OF 60% (N60)
qc in bars (1 bar = 100 kPa )
ClAY(Y SILlS SANOY SILT
a SILTY CLAy a SILT SILTy SANO SANO
10
I.
9
---
0
oj-) 6
9
);
0 7
4-
!- V
--- CJ
0..
6
~l~/ti.
~4
-
UI 3 9 12 e
S- UI 5 A.~A
~
IQ , 10
I'..W& . .
--C r- ..
.0
....... p
'2
~!>
47 cr
U
:z
:;
~~~II
12
......
13
12 9 !> A. ~~
2
.-<::....
0
I
~lll'
~ ,
0::
o .
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
O.2l'l1M
MEAN GRAIN SIZE, D50 ' mm
Fig':lr:~ 5-7: CPT-SPT Correlation Chart. (Robertson et al., 1983, reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043,
1992.)
2B-7
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE 2B
103
HEAVILY
---
~
~
OVERCONSOLIOATEO
OR CEMENTED SOILS
..l<:
0
0
><
.......
....
0
0"
W
()
z
10 2
..-
(I)
(I)
UJ
0:
W
Z
0
()
c
UJ
N
CLAY TO
..J
10' ORGANIC
CLAY
::2
0:
0
Z
1 0 0 -h-rrTT4-rrr-T"T.,......n-r..,...,.......,-rr.,...,...n-r"T'"T"rrr-h-""""'"T"T"""""'"T'T",..,...,-rr.,.,...,-rrT'T'l-rl-
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 5-6: Soil Behavior Type Classification Chart Based on the CPT. (Douglas, 1984, 1981,
reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043, 1992.)
2B-9
BASED ON ENERGY RATIO OF 60% (N~
..,
..-.. 8 ,
0
0 7
,~
~
~
/
..-.. C!J 6
c.. 1~,-1. ~A
~I e
-
VI 3 ' 12
~ VI 5 A~A4
'" ~ f~:~ '. C, E
~ ..c 4
12
~
4-.7 ......
~ 3
12
..... ~ ~B
,
U
CT
12
, ~~~II
~ A.
13
a 2 ~ 10--" =-~ll'"
~,t _
~
~
< I
1.5 0::: )~.1.1'"
o
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
2B-IO
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.3
Objective:
Evaluate Dynamic Material Properties for Sand at
25 meters with a Void Ratio of 0.5 and the Water Table at
10 m Using Empirical Correlations. Assume a Moist Unit
Weight of 18 kN/m3 and a Saturated Unit Weight of
20.5 kN/m3 Assume a Friction Angle <I> = 30 for the
0
Sand.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Table 5-5, Figures 5-12, 5-13,
5-14, Equations 5-11, 5-12, 5-13, and 5-14.
,
<Jv =-----
1<.0= _
,
<Jm =-----
3-1
2. Assign (K2)max from Figure 5-12:
G max =- - - - - -
4. Assign modulus reduction and damping curves from
Figures 5-12, 5-13, and 5-14:
3-2
G. 220 K~)"'z kPa
1<0- 0.4
.;. - 36-
oy'wlSO kPa
30
20l-------4-------+---......::~
10
eO~-----__.~-----__r------_r------,
70
0, .. 90%
60,0,.-75%
T
50~Or"60~.
KZ
40
Or'" 30%_"1-_ _
201-------I1--------+--:::s::::~~~_+------_t
10
OL...."...------.J....",....-----_-+.:,....- ....l..-:-- -l
10- 4 10-:1 10-Z 10-'
Shea, Strain -percent
Figure 5-12: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Seed and Idriss, 1970, reprinted by
pennission of ASCE)
3-3
TABLE 5-5
CORRELATIONS FOR ESTIMATING INITIAL SHEAR MODULUS
Imai and Tonouchi (1982) G = 15 560 N 0.68 kPa Limited to cohesionless soils
max ' 60
Hardin (1978) Limited to cohesive soils
G = 625 (P . 0' )o.s OCR k
mn 2 am
kPa(l) (3) p. = atmospheric pressure
(0.3 +0.7e o )
PI k
o 0
20 0.18
40 0.30
60 0.41
80 0.48
> 100 0.50
0.8 ..------+----...30~"'c:t!'~~----I__----___1
~ 0.6 1--------I--------l--~_"'l,~~I:""""""_t_-----_1
e
~
<.:>
0.4 ..-------+--------+------"~~~~------1
0.2 1--------+-------+-------+~~~~.----1
OL-------l-----~-----.......I.------J
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, Yc (%)
Figure 5-13: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Iwasaki, et al., 1978, reprinted by
permission of Japanese SocietY of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)
0.8
IOCR= 1-151
0.2
25
PI=O
15
30
-< !OCR-1-8]
015
>= 50
-<
0::
~ 10
c::
::E:
C
5
~.';.0;;:;OO;;;1;----;:;;.:::----::=--:---....L.----..L---..:.-.-J
0.001 0.01 . 0.1 10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAI N. 7;, (0/0)
(6)
Figure 5-14: Shear Modulus Reduction and Damping Ratio as a Function of Shear Strain and Soil
Plasticity Index. (Vucetic and Dobry, 1991, reprinted by permission of ASCE)
3-5
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO.3
3-6
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.4
Objective:
For Site Profile in Figure S4-1, with a Free-Field Peak
Horizontal Ground Acceleration on Firm Ground Equal
to 0.16 g, Evaluate:
Free Field Peak Ground Acceleration;
Peak Acceleration at Top of Embankment;
Fundamental Period of Clay Deposit in Free Field;
Fundamental Period of Embankment.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 4-19, 6-3, 6-4, and
Equation 4-5.
PGAFF =- - - - -
4-1
t - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
11-
0
- - - - - - 40m - - - - - - - - 1
/ ,
t
6m
Embankment
Vs = 200 m/s
Soft Clay
12m Vs = 120 m/s
!
EXAMPLE
4-2
2. Evaluate Peak Acceleration at Top of
Embankment from Figure 6-4:
PGAEMB =- - - - -
3. Evaluate Fundamental Period of Clay Layer, To
(= lIfo), from Equation 4-5:
4-3
4. Evaluate Fundamental Period of Embankment
from Figure 4-19:
A. H= _
B. h= _
c. A= ~H = - - - - - -
D. an = _
E (T) - -v-
0 EMB -
an H -
- ------
s
4-4
(I)
~ 0.5 1----4-----1
iii O';"';';;'~~=::;:::J
-J
g 0.4 t---+----
~
~
(I) 0.3
~
<
~ 0.2
1=
<
0::
W 1989 LOUA PRlETA
d 0.1
o
o
< EARlHQUAKE UAGNITlJOE ,. 7
o O~--f'O:=l==::====:!..-~---!======dJ
. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
ACCELERATION AT ROCK SITES (g)
Figure 6-3: Relationship Between PHGA on Rock and on Soft Soil Sites. (Idriss, 1990)
0.7 .
s ,,-
,.
~\O~7
~O~
--
20.6
(..,.07
~~-;,,-
Z o~
0
~
00/
<c:
#,7
a:
w
...J
0.5
~
0"0/
w
0 e-/
~ 0.4 .::s~
r
en ~/
w
a: ~
0
w 0.3 $i!; -
en 1../
a:
w
>
I.
en
~ 0.2 I
a:
r /.
~
<
I~
0.1 ~,.. 1989 LOMA PRIETA
W
c.. EARTHQUAKE
~. PREVIOUS EARTHQUAKES
.
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
PEAK TRANSVERSE BASE ACCELERATION (g)
Figure 6-4: Comparisons of Peak Base and Crest Accelerations Recorded at Earth Dams. (Harder,
1991)
4-5
h (V .)avJ
A =- f =--
H a H
TTI
h I
e
II.
:L !
H = Fundamental Frequency
= He~mofilieDmruEmb~em
= Shear Wave Velocity
I = coefficient
A a.
0.00 2.405
0.03 2.409
0.05 2.416
0.10 2.448
0.15 2.501
0.20 2.574
0.25 2.668
0.30 2.786
0.35 2.930
0.40 3.107
0.45 3.323
0.50
- 3.588
1.00 4.0
Note: For 0.5 s ). s 1.0, a" may be derived by linear interpolation from aD = 3.6 for). = 0.5 to a" = 4.0 for I.. = 1.0.
Figure 4-19: Fundamental Frequency of Trapezoidal Dam!Emb~ent
4-6
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO.4
4A. H= 16m
4B. h = 10 m
4C. ~=1O= 0.625
H 16
4D. an = 0.625-0.5 (4 - 3.588) + 3.588 = 3.69
1-0.5
4E. (To)EMB = 3.69x6= 0.11 s
200
4-7
0.6 .-----,.---.....---....,..----.-----.-----.
~ 0.5 t-----+-~
iii l,;,;;,;:":;':':':==:::,::::l
oJ
~ 0.4 I---~--
....I-
o
CIl 0.3
~0.1'3
Figure 6-3: Relationship Between PHGA on Rock and on Soft Soil Sites. (Idriss, 1990)
0.7 ,..
s ,.,.,
:,\\O~7
.... ~<r.,'\;)7
~,O'/
~ 0.6 ~~/
z
e ,..~ o~
PI
~
a::
w
-J
w
0.5 R7
~
~
I.
u
u
<t
rC/)
0.4
tj/
~ -,I
~I I
w
a:: Ef
u
w 0.3 $i1
"'I."/
C/)
a::
w
>
C/)
Z 0.2 I
<t
a::
t- /.
:Ie I~ I
<t 0.\
W ~~ 1989 LOMA PRIETA
EARTHQUAKE
~
j
~. PREVIOuS EARTHQUAKES
0
0 0.1 0.2 A 0.3 0.4 O. 5
~
PEAK TRANSVERSE B SE ACCELERATION (9 )
0.2.' 3
Figure 6-4: Comparisons of Peak Base and 'Crest Accelerations Recorded at Earth Dams. (Harder,'
1991)
4-8
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.5
Objective:
Develop Input Data for SHAKE Analysis of Soil Profile
Shown in Figure S5-1 Using Soil Data Provided in
Table S5-1.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 4-19, 5-12, 5-13, 5-14,
Table 5-5, and Equations 5-2, 5-3, and 5-12.
Reference Manual Part II: Figures 4-3a through 4-10.
,
a =-----
v
,
am = _
5-1
f - - - - - - - 56m ------I
EL+6.0m
EL+2.0m
ORGANIC SILT
EL 0.0
CLAY
PILE FOUNDATION
EL-12.0m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 t----------------j
GLACIAL TILL
EL-18.0m - - ' - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 t------~--------
WEATHERED ROCK
EXAMPLE
5-2
TABLE S5-1
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Gmax = _
Vs = _
2. Evaluate Properties of Clay Layer:
5-4
B. Evaluate Gmax at Top and Bottom of Clay
5-5
B. Evaluate Small Strain Modulus Using
Table 5-5 (Seed, et. aI, 1984) and Figure 5-12
cry , = _
,
crm = - - - - -
Gmax = _
5-6
C. Evaluate Shear Wave Velocity
Vs = _
5-7
6. Calculate Fundamental Period of Clay Layer
Beneath the Embankment From Figure 4-19
A. (Vs)AVE = _
B. an = _
c. To = _
5-8
G - 220 K~)1oz kPa
1<0- 0.4
e 0.5 -==::::----:::....:~~--- .p. 36-
e -0.6,_ _-+-__ I
~.150 kPa
K
z
0.7 -_+___ .
4O'F==ler;.om.r===t:::==~:::::""'':::::::::::t'''''~---I----"1
.-0.9-_+ _
30
201--------..1i-------+---..;::"..;~
10
80...--------,------..,--------,---------,
70
Or"" 90%
G - 220 t<z<O-":'Ilf'2 kPa
KZ
40
Or'" 30%_""t- _
30
201--------..1i-------+---:::s:::~~~_+-------1
10
Figure 5-12: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Seed and Idriss, 1970, reprinted by
pennission of ASCE)
5-9
1.01.. . . . ~~~;:=r--1--1
0.8 1-------+----~c_""....r"~~---__1I__----___I
~
Co'
0.4 I-------+-------+-------"~~~~------I
0.2 I--------+-------I--------+~~~,........::____l
0'---------'-------"'---------"'--------'
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, Yc (%)
Figure 5-13: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Iwasaki, et al., 1978, reprinted by
pennission of Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)
1.0r--"'=::::::r::::::::::~::::::~:::::::::::::::::::~.,-------,.---__,
0.8
0.6
i
o~
l.!::I
- 0.4
I.!::I
IOCR= 1-151
0.2
0~,.~0;;::;OOn;1~----:0-;;-.001=---::----==--------:1':----------=:........-----.Jl0
. 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. ~ (0/0)
(a)
25
PI=O
15
30
-< IOCR-1-sl
015
t= 50
<
c::
~ 10
c::
::l::
~
5
~,';.0;;:;OO;:;:;1:-----:0;-:.001=---0-:.=0I---:-
----l0.1-------L.------1
10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. ~ (0/0)
(6)
Figure 5-14: Shear Modulus Reduction and Damping Ratio as a Function of Shear Strain and Soil
Plasticity Index. (Vucetic and Dobry, 1991, reprinted by pennission of ASCE)
5-10
h
H
TTl
hi
I! I
H = Fundamental Frequency
i
= Height of the DamlEmbanlanent
I
I
= Shear Wave Velocity
I = coefficient
I
Y
a"
0.00 2.405
0.03 2.409
C.05 2.416
0.10 2.448
0.15 2.501
0.20 2.574
0.25 2.668
0.30 2.786
0.35 2.930
0.40 3.107
0.45 3.323
0.50 3.588
1.00 4.0
Note: For 0.5 s ).. s 1.0, a" may be derived by linear interpolation from an = 3.6 for). = 0.5 to a" = 4.0 for A = 1.0.
Figure 4-19: Fundamental Frequency of Trapezoidal Dam/Embankment
5-11
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO.5
Material Location 'Y 3 0' v o'm G max V s Modulus
kN/m kPa kPa kPa mls Reduction and
Damping
Embankment 1 m from top 19.5 19.5 19.5 60,230 174 PI=O
1 m above clay 87.7 64.3 109,390 234
Silt Middle 12 2.2 1.5 1,820 39 PI =50
Clay Top 16 4.4 2.9 8,440 72 PI = 15
Ul Bottom 78.8 52.5 45,300 167
I
~
N
Top wi 97.4 64.9 50,350 175
Embankment 171.8 114.5 76,700 217
Bottom wi
Embankment
Till Middle 20.5 N/A 293,000 375
110.9 PI=5
Bedrock Everywhere 21.2 N/A N/A N/A 760 N/A
6. Fundamental Period of Soil Layer Beneath
Embankment:
6B. an = 4
5-13
....-... 0.6
b.D \
""--'"
I\
Z 0.5 , ,~,
o ~Ifl
~
~
,\, I
::,\
f"
'\
~ 0.4
~
,\, f~',
f ~ '\
:"
I
~
I \
I . ' ,\, ' I
~ 'I II ,: : \ \, i
~ I~,I l~--...!.:' I " I
I I \ \ :: / I
~ O 3 I I
I, .' r ,': I / I
I
U 'I
' ;
I ~ ,:
I
I
I \ I
"
". ~#, .' 1 1 ,' ....... \
U I \ ~I : ~, ,' -' ,.... / \ ,
~ ' : \ " ~ I, \ : ~ \
~ O. 2 /
/ :\ "/ '. . . \
, 'I' '...
I \,
I' ,
\ : ~, I
I ,'... : \. \ '\ : ~\
. , (? N"'\": ./ ~ " I '\ "
~
~ -">" - .:~-:>' ,/ \ I
\I , , \I : ~ "
---..a...c \ I , \,' ...,
,-...,> \/ ~ '....: \
...-....c ~ , "
E-i 0.1 \ '_'-~-,
U \
I
'" \ \, '
'-.""
~ Damping = 5% -.
-- ":- ..
~
U2 -.
O. 0 -+-,---.,--,--,.---,-r-;--r-r-,.---,-----,----,--.,-r-r-;r;-;-----r---::..==--1 '-
, .
'....."
0.01 0.1
PERIOD (sec)
------- B024 1M,..
6.5 Simulation FW)
B030 My 6.5 Nahanni, 1985)
B033 My 5.9 Saguenay. 1988)
___ Target Response Spectrum (2~ PE in 50 JTS.)
5-14
,--.... 0.6
b.O
""--' \
1\
Z 0.5 I \'1 ,
I ,,\'~
o
...-.t I ~:
" ,
1\
~ J \ I
I I \
I t\:
< 0.4 /: I
\
, ''i I
:, " ~ I 1\
~
~ I:' J: 'I I
( I 'I' :"
~
f"
, ,\,
I I'
\
~ 0.3 :
I
~
I
\
u : t \
u ~I, "
\,
~
\
-<: 0.2
~
<
~
'\
~ 0.1 -- '\~
\
u
~ Damping - 5%
~
UJ 0.0
0.01 0.1 1
PERIOD (sec)
------- B024 (M". 6.5. Simulation FW)
-- - - B030s (M". 6.5 Nahanni, 1985)
- - - B033 (M". 5.9 Saguenay, 1988)
__ Target Response Spectrum (2~ PE in 50 yrs.)
5-15
1.5
- Response spectra correspond to top of layer of clay
-z
~ 1.25
- Input motion scaled to PGA (0.16 g)
- - - b024 -. simulation
...... b030 - Nahanni
- - b033 - Saguenay
o r. u . , Input Motion Target Spectrum
i=
1 -
0:
W
-I
W
u 0.75
u
Vl
...J
I
~ 0.5 -I -1'---
0'\
...
0:
(.)
w
a.
en 0.25 - .
..................... ,-.- ...
o
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
0.1 10
PERIOD (sec)
iii
; I
1 Ii I II
~
I I I i!
I
- Free-field response spectrum corresponds to top of layer of clay ! ; I I
-.9
z
1.25 - ..
- Input motion scaled to PGA (0.16 g)
I Iii ! II I
i
i I Ii
I
I
.---1_1--'
.
I
-+-. ~I,t
: i
!
i
! I I
I
I
I .i I
-ot -
e:( 1 .- -
Input motion
()
Ul
,
I --I
~
00
0: 0.5" _1-1.- I
II V"\
.,
t- I. I:
1/" I
t)
w
35 AI
0.25 .. .............. -/: ..
JV ~ \ I' .
\~I~'~
"
~ ... ~.I~-
...
,
/ \!\ ,
,, I I
I
~1I
.- I
,
.-/" .......
~ ..... '.' " ' ' .. J I
o. -- G ~L . ..
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-6: Acceleration Response Spectra- Peak Acceleration Scaling (Input vs. Free-Field for Nahanni Record).
_
1.5 -I
1'-
I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II
- Free-field response spectrum corresponds to top of layer of clay
Input motion scaled to match spectral acceleration at period 0.4 sec =
i lUllI,I
II
I
z
- I 'III I ,.
o -Input motion
~
CC
-1 - . -
...... Output from Shake
W
-J
W
() 0 .75 ., .. - _ - ,. I l~r
, ! I 1. ,
1 ._.
!I ' -- --
II
I,:" '. -
'I
! I -. - i !I
II'
Ul
()
<C
I I I III I I I J. ", I I ; III
ii, ! i
II
---1-- t~tt--rt\ --
I ,:1
--r1Ht'
I
..J ! il , ! I 'j i
O. I----_+-~---I- -I--j--I-ltl-
~
<C
\0
a:
t-
5
-------j-- ---j-
O
w
a.
(J) 0.25 -I
I.. .' .- . '... ', ...'..,b'
r /
,
'1,
'
I ~--:..L
o. I .. r f f f
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-7: Acceleration Response Spectra- Spectral Acceleration Scaling (Input vs. Free-Field for Nahanni Record).
1.5
- Shake response spectra are from top of embankment
- Input motion scaled to PGA (0,16 g)
...-
-9 1.25 . - . __ .... ' . ' . - ... -. . . - _- . - p.' _ .. _ ... -
z
-lo-
e::( 1
. -,. Input Motion Target Spectrum
- - - Shake output: b024 - simulation . '
'
I'
Ul t:
I .-J \',
N
o e::( 0.5 -,-. - - - J'
W
, ,,,
.. --/
,-,-,.\-- -~.
I
1-:---------"'--------.,--------
0:: \: \',
l- r~ . . I'
e.> \ I \:'.J I:
UJ
C- 0.25
t ..... ' - ' . ..a-~_LJ_ '_l'
~~,.
..-.... ;1,1
~.-.~~.::: __ . ~_".: ~.~
"
"""' ... u-r"~'C ..\ rl, ...
...... ,,' ........
~~
t. :
....... _
~f""."tv...
\...I'"
,>'
\
...... '.
~~.
I.
OO .-.-" . ~ .-,., ~ ' ..... ~". . '. '. '. ' '" '.
o
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-8: Acceleration Response Spectra- SHAKE Analysis vs. Target Spectra
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
o
..........
- ............... - .. - bo24 - simulation
~'~4 m .. bo30 - Nahanni
".
5 _I- .~ '", ~nh--'----' -x- bo33 - Saguenay I I
, '.
"- ...
Ul
N
I
I-l.
-E
- ......." ~
""
\
\
\
\
...
~
,
J: 15 ----~------';
f- \ "
a.. x ~ tI
W \. :
0 '\ :
\. '
'\ :
_.. _ -_.... ,.-..;I()
20 -1-.. ..__-.. -__ ..-- ...-.... - ..... -... -...- ...
,.
..
.- -j
'I.
.,
U .. !
i
i
25 . _ _ _ . _ __. _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00.00 __ ._ ..
.. " " -- _._ - - .i
I !!:i
i;
I
: :
I
:. .
:
':
I
I
"
' !
I ! I
II I I
-I
W _. - ... _- -. ...... _.... _. .. I I
!
' .1
I : :1
. :. : -.. . . ,
!
... - .
I ....... -.. ..... ......
.
. . --- -' -.. -.
U 0.75 - .
J
," ,
U ,
Ul<C '. : 1\ ,
I
N-I
N<C ,'\ ,': ,
" "I \
:"\
\~~
0.5 . . - - - ._- c-. .. __._. _:_/" L.__
...
a: ., . :I \ :1.-\ I
-----,-- I -
,
-.
t- "'i \,,, ,
1\/\ .: '
.. :
~\
I \' I
O ." . \,
W
.-4- \.J'\ "-,
'- v vr-r--vvJ/
,
0- ,
en 0.25 - ~- .. ~-..., f---- f--'
,
\ .
!
':;/"' 1-0-'
0-
I I
I: I
I
, I I ! ,'"
I ...... -
I I I
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-10: Acceleration Response Spectra- Embankment vs. Free-Field for Saguenay Record.
IOPTION 1 dynamic soil properties' (max Is thirteen): 8 5 0.10 0.135 2493
1 !OPTION 3 Input motion:
5 3
9 ttlModulus for send (PI-D) (Vucetlc and Dobry. 1991) 3752 4096 .005 bo3~.sar (8'9.6)
0.0001 0.060316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 0.16 25. 2 8
1. 'OPTION 4 sublayer for Input motion (within (1) or outcropping (0):
1.000 1.0 .960 0.87 0.715 0.49 0.25 0.1 4
'0.02 8 0
9 ttl Da""lng for s'and (pf=O) (Vucetlc and Dobry. 1991) OPTION 5 number of Iterations &ratio of avg straIn to max strain
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 5
1. o 8 0.59
2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.5 10.5 16.0 20.0 10PTlON 9 RESPONse
24.0 9
10 "112 Modulus for silt (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry. 1991) 2
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 1 0 981
1. 3.16 0.05
1.000 1.000 1.000 0.99 0.95 0.83 0.67 0.45 STOP execution will stop when program encounters 0
0.22 0.02 o .
10 #2 DampIng for 511 (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1. 3.16
2.0 2.0 .. 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.1 6.0 9.3
13.2 18.0 ..
9 #3 Modulus for Cl (Pl I5) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
a
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
1.000.. 1.000 1.000 .. 0.95 0.810 0.63 0.400 0.200
Ul 0.1,:
I 9 tt3DampIng for Cl (PI-15) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
N 0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1. .
tJ,)
2.580 2.580 2.580 2.580 4.645 7.77 11.67 16.085
20.12
9 #4 Modulus for till (PI-5) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
1.000 1.000 0;980 0.900 0.77 0.51 0.32 0.16
0.06
9 #4 Damping for till not yet (PI-5) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)"
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
2.0 2.000 2.2 2.6 4.6 9.0 14.0 19.5
23.8
6 .. #5 ATTENUATlOIl OF. ROCK AVERAGE
.0001 0.0003.. 0.001 0.003 0;01 0.03 0.1 1.0
1.000 "1.000 0.9875 0.9525 0.900 0.810 0.725 0.550
5 #5 DAMPING IN ROCK
. 0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1:
0.4 0.8 1.5 3.0 4.6
5 1 2 3 4 5
OPTION 2 Soli Profile
2
1 8 F!lIIA wIthout embankment
1 2 6.56 0.05 0.076 128
2 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 275
3 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 353
4 3 9.81, 0.05 0.102 431
5 3 9.61, 0.05 0.102 509
6 I. 9.64 0.65 0.131 1230
7 I, ..9.84 0.05 0.131 1230
af30.TnT 00 Created lied Jun 10 10:56:46 1996 Printed Yed Jun 10' 16:4f:45 1998 Page
'OPTION 1 dynamic soil p..ope..tles (1M1I 1.5 thl ..teen): 8 4 9.84 0.05 0.131 1230
1 9 4 9.84 0.05 0.131 1210
5 10 5 0.10 0.135 249l
9 #1 Modulus fo.. sand (PI-O) (Vueetle and Oob..y, 1991) 10PTlON 1 Input motIon:
0.0001 0.000l16 0.001 0.00l16 0.01 0.Ol16 0.1 0.l16 3
1. l752 4096 .OOS bolO.sar (8F9.6)
1.000 1.0 .960 0.87 0.715 0.49 0.25 0.1 0.16 2S. 2 ,. 8
0.02 PTlOII 4 sublayer for Input motion (wIthin (1) or outcroppIng (0):
9 #1 Damping for sa~ (PI=O) (Vueetie and Dobry, 1991) 4
'0.0001 0.000l16 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 10 0
1. PTfON S number of iteratIons &ratIo of avg strain to max straIn
2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.5 10.5 16.0 20.0 S
24.0 a 8 0.S9
10 '''2 Modulus for sltt (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991) 'PTION 9 RESPONse
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 .. 0.00316
.. 0.01 0.Ol16 0.1 0.316 9
1. 3.16 1
1.000 1.000 1.000 0.99 0.95 0.83 0.67 0.45 1 a 981
0.22 0.02 O.OS
10 #2 Damping for sll (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)' ,STOP executIon lilt t stop Idlen program encounters 0
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 a
1. 3.16
2.0 2.0 .. 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.1 6.0 9.3
13.2 18.0
9 'l Modulus for CL (Pf-15) (Vucetle and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 O.OOOl 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
Ul 1.(1.00 ., 1.000 1.000 .' 0.95 0.810 0.63 0.400 0.200
I 0.1 ..::
9 til Damping for CL (Pl-1S) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
N 0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
~ 1.
2.580 2.580 2.S80 2.580 4.64S 7.77 11.67 16.085
20.12
9 "4 Modulus for till (PI-S) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
1.000 1.000 0.900 0.900 0.77 0.51 0.32 0.16
0.06
9 "4 DampIng for till not yet (PI-5) (Vucotlc and Dobry, 1991) .'
'0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
2.0 2.000 2.2 .. 2.6 4.6 9.0 14.0 19.5
2l.8
8 #5 ATTENUATION OF . ROCK AVERAGE
.0001 O.OOOl ., 0.001 0.003 0.01 O.Ol 0.1 1:0
1.000 '1.000 0.9875 0.9525 0.900 0.810 0.725 0.5S0
5 .5 DAMPING IN ROCK
,\l001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1,
0.4 0.8 1.5 3.0 4.6
5 1 2 1 4 5
OPTION 2 Soil Profile
2
1 10 FIIIIA III th embankment
1 1 6.56 0.05 0.124 571
2 1 6.56 0.05 0.124 669
1 1 6.56 0.05 0.124 768
4 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 591
5 1 9.84 0.05 0.102 626
6 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 660
I. _.~_._~ .... _........... :!:.~~...-.- ...... 0.05 0.102 695
bc30. inl .... -.._. - .-.. c;'Ciiitc!dy(;(j Jiiil'10' Wi'l9 ;;6'1998 priiiiedllCicTJUnto;(;':'41:49199if' --.----- - ---- Page
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.6
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 8.3.2, Figures 8-2, 8-3,
8-4, 8-5, and 8-6 and Equations 8-1, 8-3a, 8-4 and 8-5.
Student Exercise No. 2A
6-1
SPT - N i i ~
...... <::r.: ::c:a:4J..... ? <> < >,,- <Ji..': 4Ql.-1... Ii> <1.>9_ <:abj....2' L.
!
4 ~l l GWT
Y = 16 kN/m 3
Level Ground Surface
Silty Sand
15 S
~'A Ysat = 19 kN/m 3
10 e Average Fines Content= 15 %
I
S
0\ 17 V)
I ,...-4
N
23 Evaluate Liquefaction
Potential at Point A
25 - Design Earthquake Magnitude M = 6.0
- Peak Ground Acceleration = O.18g
28
End of Borehole
Figure S6-1: Soil Profile
Step 1: Develop Subsurface Profile
(Boring with SPT-N Values Given)
/
0v = 69 kPa (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
v - -----
'tho = - - - -
6-3
Step 3: Evaluate Stress Reduction Factor, rd (Equation 8-1
or Figure 8-2)
fd =-----
CSREQ =----
6-4
Step 6: Normalized SPT N Vlaue
CSRM =7.5 = - - - - -
CSRL -----
6-5
Step 9: Calculate Factor of Safety (Equation 8-5)
CSRL
FS =--
L CSREQ
FSL =----
6-6
o 6r------r----r:r:::-r-----r--~---r----
1:.137
.....
2Sl:l
,,, ,,,
I I
,I
I
I
,, ,
,
, !
0.4r----+----4~i\i/'---+-I-----+-----J
20' ,
I I
'I'---'I~II
:.,' r-
I
,',' "
CSR7.$ curves for 5,15, and
35 percent fines, respectively
r5J 0.3
r.-s-0+--t....=:::-+---:-.~12,.--/-/f-/-/tf~:......---f:......_+-----~-----j
20 " (f)/ /
J7
2
Ji.sO+/:,y.' e
:
60
.80
10..
._0 ?
?O,/>}O II /
I !5
0.2r--5Cso~~IO~t--~j~nii--r-k~-10:......_--+-----~-----J
48
-.92-,0 ~.20 . 26 ~12
8~
10. cr?O'
~
10 18
30. 1:] .201:f .t!2
I?
22. /ply1D
I
Ai-
~~:70/~~~~ 1230 FINES CONTENT ~ 5%
0.1 r60=(JJj_-f-7-:""~YlI:ll'0~\fr.r~3~1I!\1~~~~'q......;~=:. .,:;~
1:.1""30-,- Modified Chinese Code Proposal (clay content = 59'0)@
7'7 . / ' Marginal No
'3l1 Liquefaction Liquefaction Liquefaction
~ ~ Adjustment Pan - American data l!I
Recommended Japanese data 0 (l)
Figure 8-3: Relationship Between Cyclic Stress Ratio Causing Liquefaction and SPT (N 1)60 Values for
Sands for M= 7.5 Earthquakes (modified From Seed et aI., 1985)
6-7
4.5
::!l ~ Seed and Idriss, (1982)
~ 4 +----~--.=R,..+-nc-oe-o......,f~r-e-co-mm-.
-en-t41-e--;d---1 -II- Idriss
r:l
0
~
3.5 -+-_ _.....-...-...:~~KM from NCEER x Ambraseys (1985)
u Workshop Arango (1996)
<
~ 3 Arango (1996)
0 -+- Andrus and Stokoe
-
Z
u
.....J
<::
2.5 .A. Youd and Noble, PL<20%
fj, Youd and Noble, PL<32%
en 2 A Youd and Noble, PL<50%
~
0 1.5
::>
!-<
..-.
~ I
<
::E 0.5
0 I
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE, Mw
Figure 8-4: Magnitude Scaling Factors Derived by Various Investigators (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
,
1.2
0.8 ~
0.6
r--...........
-
0.4
0.2
11.0 TSF =96 kPa I
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EFFECTIVE CONFINING PRESSURE (TSF)
Figure 8-5: Recommended Correction Factor ko (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
6-8
SOLUTIONS TO STUDENT EXERCISE NO.6
/
Oy = 69 kPa (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
Oy - 16x2m + 19x4m
y = 108 kPa
6-9
Step 3: Evaluate Stress Reduction Factor, rd (Equation 8-1
or Figure 8-2)
rd = 1 - 0.00765 z = 1 - 0.00765 x6
0.95 (For z = 6 m)
CSR.
EQ
= 0.65 (amax
g
) r
d
cry
/
cry
CSREQ = 0.174
6-10
Step 6: Normalized SPT N Value
6-11
o6r-----,-----r::r=-r----.----......----
37 l:J
2Sl:l
I , ,
, I
I
, I
, ,
I :
O.4I-----+-----+~M''---+4----+-----J
I 20 I I
I I
'r--fI~I
I
I
/ / /~ CSR7.5 curves for 5,15, and
/,' " 35 percent fines, respectively
I (~I
//
g 20 I
~ 0.3 r-------~t--::I"?-~LI --tL-'--f,:..---I-------I-------J
~ 1/l/.17
y
_50+ .12:
.27 80 /18_
60 - A50.;1 @ .20
10.. 10 20~hO, / ~IIO
0.21-5(SO>:.:-9~2~_lot~.-r:~20~.'Ii'6~411i-/~lti(i).:I~'~---~------+-----J
.
10. .. I - -
80m Q20~, 10 18
30. . -201:1" Ai2
II I~, /~ /. AI2
o. I T ,'7s- ~~P71~
7S27Q<~~I~( 12
l:l30 FINES CONTENT;;:: 5%
0.1 r 6",-0(J'=..'f-~,-1-nt0l,~~I,-I~tf5(F1-.....l0"'~.'.:;:..,. \ . . . . - - Modified Chinese Code Proposal (clay content = 5%)@
{7. 0 t~ ~
,/
1
w30 .
Marginal No
/1 J" Liquefaction Liquefaction Liquefaction
I-- ~ Adjustment Pan - American data E:l
Recpmmended Japanese data Q (;)
o::-__..C:::B~Y;W=:=(Or=k=sh=O:;;P=!.l._C-h-ini.ie.:..se:....d.:..a::..:.ta=---L
I.:A L.I_ _ ~A:._J
o /10 20 30 40 50
'I
CORRECTED SPT BLOW COUNT, (N 1)60
Figure 8-3: Relationship Between Cyclic Stress Ratio Causing Liquefaction and SPT (N J)60 Values for
Sands for M= 7.5 Earthquakes (modified From Seed et a!., 1985)
6-12
4.5
-+- Seed and Idriss, (1982)
4 -I----~-=R~ng-e-o....,f,.-r-e-co-mm--e-n+-e'd--1 Idriss
1.5
0.5 x
0-1-------+------+------1--------1
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE, Mw
Figure 8-4: Magnitude Scaling Factors Derived by Various Investigators (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
1.2
0.8
0.6
'" ............
~
-
0.4
0.2
11.0 TSF = 96 kPa
I
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EFFECTIVE CONFINING PRESSURE (TSF)
Figure 8-5: Recommended Correction Factor ka' (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
6-13
ka = 1.0 (No Correction for a~ < 100 kPa)
(Figure 8-5)
CSRL = 0.245
FS = 0.245
L 0.174
FS L = 1.4
6-14
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.7
Objective:
Use Newmark Analysis Design Charts to Estimate
Permanent Seismic Deformations for Three Potential
Failure Surfaces Shown in Figure S7-1 for a M 6.5
Earthquake with Free-Field, Firm Ground Peak Ground
Acceleration =0.16 g.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, 7-4,
7-9, and 8-2.
(PGA)EMB = _' _
7-1
(ky)l =0.20 g
t (kY)2 =0.06 g
r--~-~=====t 2m
10m
10m __
-------_____-Soft Clay _._-_._._._.~_._._--
7-2
2. Evaluate PAA for Failure Surface 1, 2, and 3
(PAA)l = --:--_
(PAA)2 = _
(PAA)3 = _
7-3
3. Evaluate ky/PAA for Each Failure Surface
ky ) _
( PAA ------
I-
ky
( PAA~ ------
I-
ky
( PAA~ ------
PSD 1 = _
PSD 2 = _
PSD 3 = _
7-4
5. Calculate Permanent Seismic Deformation, PSD,
Using Figure 7-9
PSD 1 = _
PSD 2 = _
PSD 3 = _
(ky )}=0.20 g
{ (kY)2 =0.06 g
"---~-~=====If 2m
10m
10m 0
_-__---____Soft Clay _._._._---_.~_._._--
7-5
0.6 r---.----r----r---.,.-----T'"---..
~ 0.5 f-----+.--I
iii 1,;,,;,,;;,;;':':':='':':':::::,::::.1
..J
g 0.4 I---~--
to
til 0.3
J-
<
~ 0.2
F
<
cr
w 1989 lOUA PRIETA
d 0.1
(,)
~ EARlHOUAKE IoIAGNllUlE ,. 7
o 0.1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
ACCELERATION AT ROCK SITES (9)
Figure 6-3: Relationship Between PHGA on Rock and on Soft Soil Sites. (Idriss, 1990)
0.7 ~ I
~
~s ,...
~\O~
-
~ 0.6 ~~.,.07
~O~
Z o~
0
~ ~
00/
~1
c::
LLI
..J
0.5
~
q)
I.LI
0 e-/
~ 0.4 l/ -
t-
(/J ~I
I.LI
c:: Ef
0 ij
~ .
I.LI 0.3
(/J
c:: "I
I.LI
> -I.
VJ
Z 0.2 I
<
c::
t- /.
~
<
I~
0.1 ~,.. _ 1989 LOMA PRIETA
I.LI
C. EARTHQUAKE
~. .
PREVIOUS EARTHQUAKES
I
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
PEAK TRANSVERSE BASE ACCELERATION (g)
Figure 6-4: Comparisons of Peak Base and Crest Accelerations Recorded at Earth Dams. (Harder,
1991)
7-6
o
.s::
~-
....cr:o
;:)
Vl
....::;;-<: AVERAGE OF'
ALL DATA
~ 0.8
c..
....
o
1.0 !:----~:___>_......J.......J.~~--"--_:_L_:.__---::_1=---......,.J
o 1.0
PEAK AVERAGE ACCELERATION, kmo. / PEAK CREST ACCELERATION. 0mo.
Figure 6-5: Variation of Peak Average Acceleration Ratio with Depth of Sliding Mass. (Makdisi and
. Seed, 1978, reprinted by pennission of ASCE)
7-7
STRESS REDUCTION FACTOR, rd
21 (70)
24(80) . . .. .. .
27(90) ..
30 (100)
Figure 8-2: Stress Reduction Factor, rd , Versus Depth Curves Developed by Seed and Idriss (1971)
with Added Mean Value Lines from Equation 8-1.
7-8
1000 ...- .,..... ..,
--
E
u
I
::J
~
C
4>
i
u 100
0
Q..
II>
is
C
4>
C
0
E
4>
0.
10 L- ..1- ~ _ ~ :-'
Figure 7-4: Permanent Seismic Defonnation Chart. (Hynes and Franklin, 1984, reprinted by
permission of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station)
7-9
10000 r-"C"'rTTTTTn:.----------------------,
Mw= 8 1/4
Mw = 7 1/2
1000
-S
E
I
::J 100
.:
c:
Cl>
E
Cl>
()
o
Q.
en
25
..-
c:
Q) M.= 6 1/2
c:
o
...E
Cl>
Q.
Figure 7-9: Pennanent Displacement Versus Normalized Yield Acceleration for Embanlanents. (After
Makdisi and Seed, 1978, reprinted by permission of ASCE).
7-10
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE 7
(p~ 1 (~:~~)
= = 0.33
4. PSD l = < 10 em
PSD 2 =10em
PSD3 = < 10 em
7-11
5. PSD 1 =10em
PSD2 = 20 em
PSD 3 =15cm
7-12
o
.&:
to='
:z:
w
:::
:.::
~ 0.2 r-----------------~~~fj,
m
:::
w
l:5
..-
:I:
(;)
W
:I: OA
........
tii
w
c::
v
5 0.6
E
o
w
g;.
~
w AVERAGE OF'
:::
ALL DATA
IE 0.8
lh
o
0.2 !
1.0 ~---~~~.....~7>_~-__=~---_=.I.:4...:......-~
o 0.6 0.8 1.0
PEAK AVERAGE ACCELERAll :!<mo. / PEAK CREST ACC LERAllON. c""",
1O.t . 0.85 .
Figure 6-5: Variation of Peak Average Acceleration Ratio with Depth of Sliding Mass. (Makdisi and
Seed, 1978, reprinted by pennission of ASCE)
7-13
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.8
Objective:
Evaluate the Stiffness Matrix for the Center Pier of the
Bridge Shown in Figure S8-1. The Pier Footing is
25 m in Length, 4.25 m Wide, and 1 m Thick. The Soil
Profile at the Site is Shown in Figure 88-2. The
Design Earthquake is a Moderate Magnitude
(Mw = 6.5) Event.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 5-12, 5-13, 5-14, 9-7
9-8 and 9-9, Tables 5-5 and 9-2, and Equations 9-11
and 9-12a through 9-12d.
A. Translational Modes
Rz = _
Rx = _
8-1
:!1
()q
s:: : 38 m
Ci1
en
00,
...... I 19 m -I- 19 m : I
.. DEPTH B-7 ~~ BEARING v~ INlRIOR SUPPORT
n
a
( I)
.EVATION I ==
--================n==E-~~~~~ ~
8-:-8
(I)
0
::s
0 5m
SIL!i1 g ROADWAY PAVEMENT
"'"'"
.g'"d
0
(I)
CD
0.- SANDY SILT"'-...:=II='
10 m SAND
....to
....
00 &"
CD
1
N
0.-
en
..........0 15 m ~~'"'!'"'.__ --'I......
,jiuv SAND
en
q
........
~
()q
....
-,,-- ..... -- - ------ - __- - - __--11-
~ 20 m GRAVELLY SAND
~
25 rn I I
5 meters
SPT Blow Counts (Blows/300mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
SPT N-for B-71
.. SPT N for B-8
(N1 )60 for B-8
A (N1 )60 for 8-7
5 ,
,
"', .. II
,
. .. '"
., ,...-.. ,. ....
....a:..
.r- -
........
10
-...,
E
J: .. ' ....,
e- ~ .....
(1) :. 111
,I "
C
15 - ,, . I :,
~.Bl_:
r
I I "i'
l'
,
. ,~
:.. B
20
I
,.
.'
ar .. ..'" ",
............................ ...t
'" ' ,
...
~
~
.. ....
-. ...
-a. Ilt
~ .~
I
I
tit,'\.
..
..
I
, ...
~
25
Figure S8-2: Corrected SPT Results for Example No.8 Test Borings.
8-3
B. Rotational Modes
R'"z =- - - - - Torsion
(G~J=--
G= _
8-4
4. Calculate Stiffness Coefficients for Equivalent
Circular Footing Using Equations 9-12a through 9-
12d
v= (Section 5.3.3)
kz = (Equation 9-12a)
~x = . (Equation 9-12d)
~y = (Equation 9-12d)
~z = (Equation 9-12c)
8-5
5. Calculate Rectangular Footing Stiffness Using
Equation 9-11, Figures 9-7 and 9-8
az = (Figure 9-7)
ax = (Figure 9-7)
bz = (Figure 9-8)
bx = (Figure 9-8)
by = (Figure 9-8)
b",x = (Figure 9-8)
b",y = (Figure 9-8)
b",z = (Figure 9-8)
8-6
k z =a z Bz kz =------
k x = a z Bz k z = - - - - - -
ky = a z Bz kz = - - - - - -
~x = a wz Bwz ~z = _
~y = a wz Bwz ~z = _
~z = a wz Bwz ~z = _
8-7
TABLE 5-5
CORRELATIONS FOR ESTIMATING INITIAL SHEAR MODULUS
Imai and Tonouchi (1982) G = 15 560 N 0.68 kPa Limited to cohesionless soils
ma~ , 60
Hardin (1978) Limited to cohesive soils
G max -. 625 (P . a' )0.3 OCR
k
2 am
kPa(l) (3) p. = atmospheric pressure
(0.3 +0.7e o )
00 eo
I
00 Mayne and Rix (1993) G = 99.5(P a )0.30S(q t )0.69.5/(e )1.13 kPa(2 ) Limited to cohesive soils
ma~ 0
p. = atmospheric pressure
Notes: (I) p. and a'lI1 in kPa
111 p. and qc in kPa
PI The parameter k is related to the plasticity index, PI, as follows:
fl k
o 0
20 0.18
40 0.30
60 0.41
80 0.48
> 100 0.50
TABLE 9-2
EQUIVALENT DAMPING RATIOS FOR RIGID CIRCULAR FOOTINGS
(After Richart, et ai., 1970)
Mode of Vibmtioll Mass (or Inertia) Ratio Dampill2 Coefficient Damping Ratio Equivalent Radius
Vertical Translation 2
::: (l-v) ~ 0.425
Bz 3.4 ro
c :::_- fPG
pO DZ - - - r o ::: R z ::: JBL/1t
4 pr 0 3
Z I-v VB:
Horizontal Translation 2
(7 -8v) m 0.288
(Sliding) Bx ::: -- 4.6 r o
c :::_-
fPG
pO DX - - - r o ::: R x ::: JBL/1t
32 (I-v) pr/ x 2-v VB:
x- and Y-axis Rocking
B ::: 3 (I-v) ~
tJI 8 pros
c :::
0.8r: fPG
tJI (l-v) (1 +B",)
D:::
tJI
0.15
(1 +BtJI)JB; r
o
"R
lJI.
"[ 16(B)(L)'
31t
r
00
I
\0 r
o
= R
lJIy
= [ 16(B>' (L)
31t
r
Z-axis Rotation (Torsion) 0.5
10 D 6 --
B o ==-- c ::: 4 JB o ' pG r =R =[ 16BL(B'+L'>r
1 +2B o
pr 0 S o 1 +2 B o "'. 61t
o
Notes: m mass of the foundation
c damping cocfficient (c" c c.' co)
I momcnt of incrlia of thc foundaliun
fl mass denshy of foundation soil
r" equivalcnt radius (R R R.)
B widlh of the foundation (along axis of rolalion for rocking)
L lenglh of lhe foundation (in Ihc plane of rolation for rocking)
G shear modulus of lhe soil
v l'uisson's ratio of the soil
D damping ratio (D., D D Do)
G - 220 K~)"z kPa
Kc-0.4
e 0.5 .::::=--_.......::~:---i---
-36-
e-0.6_ _~_ I
~-ISO kPa
KZ40F==:ee.... c:0r..78":-=_=-::~1-=~~:-:~:::::..""""::::::::::::::t,,~,----t-----_1
e0.9-_+ _
30
201-------+-------+---~
10
eo~-----~------~------_.------_,
70
G - 220 t<z<cr,;.)112 kPa
60f==="Or-7S"'
I
.
T
50~
I
Or=- 60.".
KZ
40
OrQ30% _
30
201-------lf--------4--,;:::".;::st:~~~------..,
10
Figure 5-12: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Seed and Idriss, 1970, reprinted by
pennission of ASCE)
8-10
1.0 r-~_1!i1!! =-------.,r---------r"------.,
0.8 1-------~------:~~~~.-------+-----__1
; 0.6 .-------+-------+--"'"'=~~~..__t_-----___;
E
~
C
0.4 1-- +- -+- ---.::l~~~.._---__1
0.2 I--------t-------+-------+~~~~;;:::_____i
O~----_--I-------.l-..-------'---------'
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. Yc (%)
Figure 5-13: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Iwasaki, et al., 1978, reprinted by
pennission of Japanese SocietY of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)
1.0r---===::::::r:::::::::::::=::~~~::::=:::::::::_.,..------,---__,
0.8
0.6
~~
o~
- 0.4
~
IOCR= 1-151
0.2
0~,';:;.OOO;nn;1----;0~001:;;::;:;---::----:;!-;;;----:!::--~--=~-----.Jl0
. 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN.
(a)
-rc (0/0)
25
P(=o
15
30
-< {OCR=1-sl
015
so
!<
co:
~ 10
Ci:
::E:
-<
= 5
~';;.0;;;OO;:1-----:0~.001::::---~0~.01=--:----o...l.1-----L---:..---.J
10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAI N. -rc (0./0)
(6)
Figure 5-14: Shear Modulus Reduction and Damping Ratio as a Function of Shear Strain and Soil
Plasticity Index. (Vucetic and Dobry, 1991, reprinted by pennissioll of ASCE)
8-11
1.20,..,.-------------------;-----------,
~
1.15
~&k
T I----1L
c:i
ot- z
(,)
~ 1.10
LIJ
Q.
<C
::r:
(fl
1.05
1.001+.,_~r_T_r_,_.,....,_,......,i__r_r_,_.,......,__r_.....,;_r--j-..,... .......,__r_.....,r_r__r..,.....,
Figure 9-7: Shape Factor a for Rectangular Footings. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-12
CQ.
c::
o
I-
()
<{
I.L
I-
Z
UJ
::::2:
o
UJ
CD
::::2:
LLI
O/R
Figure 978: Embedment Factors for Footings with D/R < 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
3.0,...-----.,.-,- - - - . . . . . . . , - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - , 9 . 0
I
I
i
~
2.5 - - - - . -.._-~ - .
4.0
1.5 3.0
1.0 ~:....-....;,..-_=..L::----~----..:...-----i.~....;,..--.....J
1.0
O. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
D/R
Figure 9-9: Embedment Factors for Footings with D/R > 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-13
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO.8
1. Equivalent Radius
R
'lfY
= 16(B)3L
[ 37r ]
1/4
= 7.56 m
R
'If
Z = [
2
16BL(B +e)
67r ]
1/4
= 15.52 m
= 28
(N60 )
Gmax = 15,560 N~~8= 150,000 kPa
3. Modulus Reduction
(G:)= 0.6
G=90MPa
8-14
4. Stiffness Coefficients for Equivalent Circle
MODE Equivalent ex ~ Stiffness
Circular Mpa-m
Stiffness
Mpa-m
Vertical 3,260 1.13 1.09 4,015
Translation 2,568 1.17 1.26 3,785
(X-Direction)
00
I
~
Translation 2,568 1.07 1.26 3,430
Ul
(Y-Direction)
Rocking 2,295,478 1.18 1.1 2,980,000
(X-Axis)
Rocking 161,310 1.16 1.2 225,000
(Y-Axis)
Torsion 1,814,326 1.17 1.3 2,760,000
1.20-,----------------------,,-----------,
1.17
t5
~
1.15 ~F I
I L
~
t
I
~~ ~
I. I f>
1.13
0
t-
z
o
<:
..... 1.10
w
0-
<:
:c
en
'.05
, . oO-+--r--r-"T""""T"""....--r-,--..---.--ir--,,-,--,.--,.--r--r~~~-+-.,.......,......,......,.........__.___.__r__r__1
o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.Q 3.5 4.0
LIB
Figure 9-7: Shape Factor a for Rectangular Footings. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-16
cc..
0::::
o
~
()
\.r..
~
Z
W
~
o
w
m
~
w
O/R
Figure 9-8: Embedment Factors for Footings with D/R < 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
3.0 .-------~--------------_._----.....,
I
9.0
I
I
i
i
--_..... ---_.j-------
!
... .I ..
~
.
._..- - _ ...... 8.0
2.5 -----.--- ~ - .
.. _. 6.0
1.5
Figure 9-9: Embedment Factors for Footings with DIR > 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-17
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 9A
Objective:
Evaluate the Effects of Seismic Loading on the
Geotechnical Capacity of a Pile Group Foundation, as
Shown in Figure S9A-l.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part II: Step 3 in Section 3.4
9A-l
Q
,.- :'4
.
... .. ..
41
:
.... 4
..
llltimate Pile Capacity
Compression: 1,000 kN
Uplift: 500kN
..
4
Pile No. 1 2 3
M-d i Q
p=---
n En 2
d.1
i=l
(Compression)
1,OOOkN
F.S.(compression) = 500kN
2.0
9A-3
Seismic Load Case 1
Q=1,500 kN, ,
M=3000m-kN
9A-4
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. 9A
9A-5
Seismic Load Case 2
P = 300 + 0 = 100 kN
2 3
p = 300 3,000 x 2 = 100 - 750 = -650 kN
3 3 22 +22
9A-6
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 9B
Objective:
Evaluate the Foundation Stiffness for a Pile Group
Shown in Figure S9B-1 Using Simplified Design Charts.
The Piles Are End Bearing Piles on a Hard Stratum. The
Soil Overburden at the Site Consists of 30 ft (9.15 m) of
Medium Stiff Clay.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 9.3.6, Table 9-5,
Figures 9-20, 9-21 and 9-22.
9B-1
r- 14-in diameter vertical cast-in-
"'//h':~
place concrete piles.
,Ir
End bearing piles on Very Hard
Z
Stratum.
Medium Pile Length =30 ft.
StiffCIay 30'
Pile head 6" into pile cap.
Cu= lkSf Pile group layout 3 x 3 as shown
(48 kPa)
Center-to-center pile spacing
.
'Ir
s = 42" = 3d (Longitudinal)
Hard Stratum
s =70" =5d (Transverse)
42'1 o 0
0 0
0 L,x A = n x (14) 2 x ..!- = 154 in 2
4
42" 0
-y~
O I = n x (14) 4 x _1 = 1885 in 4
64
L..--- _ _ _,
T L = 30 ft
E = 3,600 ksi
Figure S9B-l: Pile Group Foundation
9B-2
Step 1: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under
lateral loading.
f = _
B. Consider the pile group effect. Estimate the
overall stiffness reduction factor
(Le., p-multiplier) using Table 9-5:
9B-3
c. Detennine effective coefficient of subgrade
modulus feff = (p-multiplier)ave f:
Longitudinal: f eff, L = _
Transverse: f eff, T = _
D. Calculate the Bending Stiffness of the Pile
EI = _
E. Derive lateral stiffness for free-head condition
using Figure 9-21:
9B-4
Step 2: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under axial
loading.
"v=~ =----
A. Lateral Stiffness
K L = n . k'g , L
K r = n . k'g ,T
B. Axial Stiffness
K v = n k v =
9B-5
c. Torsional Stiffness
n n
K TOR = L
i=l
k'8,L . y~ + L
i=l
k'8,T . x~
I.. Yi .,
0 0 0
IXi
0 0 0
L
0 0 0
T
9B-6
E. Rocking Rotational Stiffness about Longitudinal
Axis.
n
K RL = k v . L Y;
i=l
9B-7
BLOWCOUNT (BLOWSIFT)
0 2 4 8 15 30
l
e N
,..
e r-=
~OFT
N
-
( 'I)
-
- -
c VERY SOFT C'J
~ E
-ar
;:::.
CfJ
0
ClQ
~
N
Z
.::t:-
C'J
0
W ~
Z
U.
u.
j:::
-x
...:
CI) ~
W Z
-
M
C e v::$ W
'C
~
(!j
Es 0
Ll.
m
=> ,,"" Ll.
CfJ ,," W
0
~ "
~" 0
z ,," w
0
~
0
'lI:f
=
e:-
- a: O
<3:
a: C!)
'!Il
~ ::>
u. rn
0
u:
u.
w 0 -.::r:
~ V')
0
0
0 I
0 1 2 3 4 5
COHESION (ksf)
I
1O' I
50 100 150
I I
200
I
250
COHESION (kPa)
9B-8
Recommended p-Multiplier
For Group Effects
"~",~",,,.(,,
,w"~~~''t,{'*W:~
..7-
.....
.p ~
~:"~..:..
.. ~::: <:~::':":':/'~.::':~'~:'::;
.IIf. , . .. .
.
...;
iii.'
, .. eo A,. i ~ i ,OJ r.o I
\0
to
I
\0
'.
/U rU u, U,U" U1\
Front Row 2nd Row 3rd & More Rows
Row Spacing Front Row 2nd Row 3rd & More Rows
3D 0.8 0.45 0.35
4D 0.9 0.65 0.55
5D 1.0 0.85 0.75
VL.,..-i--" ,
ci It'l
Z
o
S ..
,
u
Cl I"
~ I
.
UJ
:r:
UJ
UJ
l\' I\." '" '''' ~ Jl.......... ~
c:
u.
c: f = 200
o
u. 1 = 150
en
~ .... 1\" 1 =100
en -i--l-+-!~=+++-b--..q~--4+-1+H+,,=-...:::--g....+-fd'.ffi~l\~ 'oM!
, . 1 = 80
UJ V~ 1\\\ 1 =60
zu. I--"'" V ~ /.... ~\ \ 1 = 40
u. V I.. . . . . . . l\\\
~
...J
~
t
./
_ _ ~.1=10
\.
1=5
1=1
1 =20
c: =--l--H-HH+!+,-+-+-+-++H*-+-+-+-tttl+t-~d'1 = 0.5
UJ
~ +---l--l!-+++-l-H+-+--Hf-HI-H-I+---l-t-t-t+tttt--t- 1= 0.1
~
...J
Coefl. of Variation of Soil Reaction
o Modulus with Depth, 1(LBIlN 3)
1"""'1 I
10 10 1011 10 12
BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (LB-IN 2)
9B-IO
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. 9B
f = 16lbs/in3
9B-ll
SLav/COUNT (BLOWSIFT)
o 2 4 8 15 30"
L
c 1+..I..::..J----I,----....I.------r-----1------jr-=
M
c M
1""l
LsOFT
-
( l)
-
-
c VERY SOFT CO)
~ E
-
::::;. c
00 -
N
~ Z
.::t:.
CO)
0
.....
- X
. .:
~
..., Z
-
~ W
0
u:
",'" L1..
",
W
,.'" 0
,,"
,.,,:,,'
0
W
-= a:
C\
Cl
C!J
"CO
::>
Cf)
~
~
e I
0 1 2 3 4 5
COHESION (ksf)
I
iO' I
50 100 150
I I
200
f
250
COHESION (kPa)
9B-12
C. Determine the Effective Coefficient of subgrade
modulus feff = (p-multiplier)ave f:
9B-13
~~ ~
...... l;" , :,......-- v
~ "<::
I--::: ~ ~
v ..... 0
2
BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (LS-IN )
9B-14
Step 2: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under axial
loading.
A. Lateral Stiffness
K L = n k'5,L = 9 x (1.2 X 104)
= 1.1 x 105 lb/in (Longitudinal)
K T = n . k'5, T = 9 x (1.7 x 104)
= 1.53 x 105 lb/in (Transverse)
B. Axial Stiffness
9B-15
c. Torsional Stiffness
n n
K TOR =L i=l
k'a,L Y~+L
i=l
k'a,T x~
I~ Yi .,
0 0 0
TXi
0 0 0
T~L
0 0
9B-16
E. Rocking Rotational Stiffness about Longitudinal
Axis.
n
K RL = k v . L y~
i=l
9B-17
Q
~
:
: 0
, 0 . 0
'
,
,
.,
--
0
I I
I I I.
.-. I I III1 I I I I I I
z v,-
::::::
CD
- I I I I
I II
I I III I
I JIll
~ '-' J):
...J
....... Jhtl U:~v~ I
= 200
" O~j;p'-
\D
~ f
0<{
Q-
~ f = 150
W f
f
= 100~
= ~
0
. v.- ...... . , .0
, 0
, I
IF FIXE P,
-
u:
en
en
an
Q
~
..........-:::~ tt
~
~ t:::
~
I-- HiIt>< V
i'...
tJ..+u.
I I 1
""~ I~
,
.
5.0 X/oil:
W
Z
U.
.... .- 1"""'.... , I
0
I
01.
u.,...-
I
'-'
II "
"
.....
~.'i.
I.>:
0
I
I
I
I
I
Ht ---....k r......'"
'-1 . I i
u. en i-'" )./(1 f',.~nlill
3.3xIO ...J
v ,,~
'~f-40
r.......rrl
......
f',~
<{
z
a "b ,..-(
V
V
~
100-'1.-
I L.--
~o:'O
"'. f
f
=
= 20
10
~ , ,,
, f =5
...J .- .0
I I ......
=1
en v ...... "- f
Z
I
.............
..Joo"', I
,. ........-r
I I IIII
V 1 I
I
I
I ........ f = 0.5
<{
0: I I I I I
f = 0.1
~
M
Q
~
lvH11
. . I I
Coeff. of Variation of Soil Reaction
Modulus with Depth, f (L8IIN3 )
. ' "'1 I
10 10 1011 1012
BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (LB-IW)
I
PI =Ko'3+ Koa' e
I
" Mt =Kae3+Ke,e
K =1.0765E'
T3 I Ib/in 3 = 272 kN/m J
~1/5 1 ksf= 48 kPa
T =\ f7 lib/in = 0.1752 kN/m
I Ib-in~ = 2.87x 10,6 kN-m 2
9B-18
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. lOA
Dynamic Earth Pressure Approach for Seismic
Design of Retaining Walls.
Objective:
Derive the Dynamic Earth Pressure for a Cantilever
Wall Retaining a Highway Enbankment in Collinsville,
IL. The Wall Geometry, Soil Properties behind the
Wall and other Assumptions are Presented in Figure
SlOA-l.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 9.4.2, Equations 9-
13a and 9-13b, and Figure 9-28.
lOA-l
Location: Collinsville, IL
Peak Acceleration on Firm Ground (or Rock)
Ace = O.15g (per current AASHTO)
Site is Underlain by Soft Soil
Soil Amplification Factor = 1.5
Assume the Wall Can Yield Sufficiently to Mobilize
Active Soil Wedge, But Permanent Sliding
Displacement is Not Allowed.
Other Relevant Parameters Are Given in the Sketch
Below.
0.5m .1 ~
Not to Scale
y=19 kN/m3
0
5m <1>=32
p=oo0 (backfill slope angle)
8=0 (vertical wall face)
0.7 m I I
T -
Figure S lOA-1 : Retaining Wall Geometry and
Assumptions
10A-2
1. Total Wall Height, H = -----
2. 0 = <p =
---
3. kh = Amplified Peak Ground Acceleration/g
= 1.5 x 0.15 =
2
K ae = COS r(cP-W-8) ] 2
sin +0 sin - -
COSW cos 2 8 cos(0+8+W) 1 + (cP) (cP W P)
cos(0+8+W) cos(P-8)
K ae = - - - - -
lOA-3
6. Total Dynamic Active Earth Force (Eq. 9-13a)
P =_lK yH 2 ==
ae 2 ae ------
Pae == Pae/H ==
IOA-4
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE NO. lOA
2. 0 = <I> = 32
3. kh = Amplified Peak Ground Acceleration/g
= 1.5 x 0.15 =0.225
2
K ae = COS [( <I> -tV -8) ] 2
K ae = 0.47
10A-5
6. Total Dynamic Active Earth Force (Eq. 9-13a)
0=32
lOA-6
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. lOB
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part II: Section 9.4.2, Equation 9-14.
10B-l
1. dR = Allowable Displacement = _
dR
V N)
2
=0.087 ( A.g A
) ( -4
lOB-2
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. lOB
dR =0.087 ( ::J.( ~) -4
2
~ 50=0.087 ( 250 J.( 0.225
N )-4
0.225x9,810
lOB-3