YARN EVENNESS
Yarn Evenness
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Department of Textile Technology, Dr B R Ambedkar National lnstitute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab 144 0,t1, lndia
he evenness or unevenness,
regularity or irregularity, all these
mean the degree of uniformity of
a product. The textile materials which
are the products of various spinning
machines such as laps, slivers,
rovings, and yarns are inherently
produced with unevenness or
irregularity in their quality or
character due to statistical variation
in machine and process parameter and
dissimilarities in raw materials
characteristics. Producing a yarn of
Yarn evenness deals
with the variation in
yarn fineness. This is the
property, commonly
measured, as the varia-
tion in mass per unit
length along the yarn,
since it can influence so
many other properties
of the yarn and of fabric
made from it.
uniform characters such as uniformity
in mass per unit length, uniformity in
diameter, twist, strength etc., is indeed
a work of very great competency and
perfect uniformity is only dreams. In
the case of staple fibres, that too with
natural fibres, the work of transfor-
ming millions of individual fibres of
varying fineness, maturity, length,
colour, diameter, etc, into a lap, sliver,
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roving and finally
into yarn of uni
form character is
really hypothe-
tical.
Irregularity
in mass per
unit length
in yarn
The level of
variation in yarn
linear density or
mass per unit
length of yarn
refers to the
variation in yarn
count along its
length.It is the
evenness of staple spun yarn that is rated in diameter variability. This
of concern here. Continuously preferential concentration of twist in
filament yarns have virtually no thin places along a yarn also
variation in linear density so evenness exacerbates the variations in yarn
is not an issue for those yarns. A diameter or thickness. which often
yarn with poor evenness will have adversely affects the appearance of the
thick and thin places along yarn resultant fabrics.
length, while an even yarn will have
Iittle variation in mass or thickness Irregularity in twist
along length. While a yarn may vary in Twist variation is important
many properties, evenness is the most because of its influence on perfor-
important quality aspect of a yarn, mance of yarn and fabric dyeability
because variations in other yarn and defects. Twist tends to accumulate
properties are often a direct result of in the thin places in yarn, so
yarn count irregularity. irregularity in yarn linear density will
cause variations in lwisl along yarn
Uneven diameter
Iength. Soft twisted yarns take more
Variability in yarn diameter is dye and so uneven dyeing is caused by
important because of its profound high twist variation. Weft bars and
influence on appearance of yarn. As bands are also caused by low twisted
twist has tendency to run into thin yarns. Twist variations come from
place, variability in weight gets exagge- slack spindle tapes, jammed spindles. A
Asian Textile Journal o April 2O17 o 39
YARN EVENNESS
certain amount of variation is also
present along the chase of cop.
Strength variability
An irregular yarn will also vary in
strength along the yarn. The weak link
theory says a yarn is only as strong as
its weakest point. When there are large
variations in yarn lrnear density, there will
be many thin plaies in the yarn, which
are often the weak points. Yarn breaks at
the weakest element and so yarns with
high strength variability will result in high
breakages in further processes.
Theoretical aspects of
evenness
A fibre assembly such as lap, sliver,
roving or yarn is said to be perfectly
even when the constituent fibres are
uniform in thickness and the assembly
Fig 1 : A perfe<:tly even fibre assembly
has the same number of fibres in all
cross sections along its length as
shown in Fig,1.
Natural fibres such as cotton and
wool always exhibit variations in
thickness along fibre length. And it is
not possible to obtain a structure such
that as one fibre terminates, another
must be introduced to take its place to
obtain same number of fibres in all
cross sections. Because of the variable
nature of fibres, particularly natural
fibres, and the difficulty with individual
fibre placement in the fibre assembly
using current technology, a perfectly
even yarn is unattainable in practice.
Therefore, a real yarn would always have
some irregularity in linear density,
because the way fibres are arranged
deviates from what's required to make a
perfectly even yarn.
To achieve an even yarn random Iibre
distribution is a key objective throughout
the different processes involved in
successive stages of yarn manufacturing.
If all processes perform perfectly, we will
end up with a completely random
Asian Textile Journal e April 2O17 o 4O
distribution of flbre ends in the resultant
yarn. We call this yarn an ideal yarn, and
still the yarn is having some irregularity
and it is called limiting irregularity.
Limiting irregularity is therefore the
minimum irregularity that we must expect
from any real yarn or other fibre assem-
blies. A thorough understanding ofthe
concept of limiting irregularity is essential
for the understanding of yarn evenness in
particular, and yarn quality in general.
timiting irregularity
A common method of expressing the
irregularity of a yarn is to use the
statistical term CV or coefficient of
variation. Obviously the higher the CV
value, the more irregular the yarn is. The
traditional way of obtaining the CV value
is to dissect a length of yarn into many
short sections of equal length, say 1 cm,
and then weigh each of the short
sections. Assuming we have dissected a
yarn into n short sections, and the
weights of these sections are: x1, x2, x3
..... xn respectively. From these readings
we can easily calculate the following
statistics regarding the yarn:
e The mean or average:
f, ,x- I-x,+.......+r, Ir,
o The rtu.raula deviatiorf:
F*"
,r
! component yarn, the limiting irregularity
o The coefficient of variation:
CV=! xl}O%
v .,fr
o The percentage mean deviation
(known as the U% value in textiles)
The CV thus calculated will be the
measured CV or effective CV. It is the
actual CV of the yarn concerned. The
U% value is listed here for completeness.
Increasingly, it is the CV or CV% value
that gets used for this purpose. For a
fault-free yarn with random variations in
thickness or linear density, the following
relationship exists between the U value
and the CV value.
CT/:1,25U
We can measure the U and CV values
of a fibre assembly by Uster Evenness
Tester at a high speed.
The limiting irregularity can be
expressed as a CV value, denoted as CV*
such that,
100
CI/1;^=_i
-.1 n
Where, n is the average number of
fibres in yarn cross section. Also, it
can be expressed as:
100 i +0.0001Cirrl
ct\,,^ =
J;
where, CVu is the coefficient of
variation of fibre cross sectional area.
These expressions indicate that the
number of fibres in yarn cross section
is the most important factor that
determines the irregularity of a yarn.
Irregularity increases with a reduction
in the number o[ fibres in yarn cross
section. The fibre variability also has
some effect on the irregularity value. But
different fibre types vary considerably in
terms of fibre variability.
In case of blend yarns where
constituent fibres are randomlY
distributed, limiting irregularity can be
calculated. For a given count of the
blend yarn Tb, and the blend ratio of
fibre component Bi, the count of each
component Ti can be calculated by:
Tbx Bi
Il--
100
Once we know the count of each
of the blend yarn of n fibre components
is given as follows,
cl'-.r t' + tc v,,,^xT,l2 -
I Yta't*"a =
..... I (CV,h, Tnl
T,
Index of Irregularity (I)
It is clear from the above concept of
limiting irregularity that number of
fibres present in yarn cross-section
plays a decisive role on yarn irregularity.
Due to this, a coarse yarn always be
more even than that of a thinner yarn

made from similar fibres and under
similar processing conditions. However,
it cannot be justified that coarser yarn
is always better in terms of evenness
than that of the finer yarn. The limiting
irregularity provides a reference point
and it changes with yarn count. A fair
comparison of yarn quality in terms of
evenness between similar yarns of
different counts is to see how close the
actual CV of each yarn is to its
respective limit that is the limiting
irregularity. It is a measure of the degree
to which the mass variations of a yarn
deviates from the ideal yarn with random
fibre ends distribution. The index of
irregularity provides such a measure. It
is defined as the ratio between the actual
(measured, effective) irregularity and the
limiting irregularity for the yarn or other
fibre assemblies.
ct/-
(]t
I-
CVr,*
where,
I = Index of irregulaity
CV"rr = Elfective (actual, measured)
irregularity
CV,* = Limiting irregularitY
The index of irregularity is a
dimensionless parameter. In the ideal
case, I = 1. Since the actual CV of a
yarn is almost always higher than its
limiting CV the I value is usually greater
than 1. The higher the I, the worse the
yarn is in evenness, regardless of the
yarn count. Like limiting irregularity, the
index of irregularity also applies to fibre
assemblies other than yarns.
Cljef Aeldli' !+ssr{i
E R&irE Y;rr
Csrfr{r *.aui il:!
siEi tll & 2tr
Fig 2 : Changes in CV and I values through
processing stages of cotton yarn
production
Fig 2 shows changes in CV and I of
the fibre assemblies at different stages of
the fibre to yarn conversion. It is worth
noting that the trends for CV and I are
quite different. I gradually decreases with
further processing. This indicates that
the fibre assembly is increasingly
approaching an ideal one. In other
words, with further processing, the fibre
ends distribution is getting more and
more random. At the yarn stage, the
index of irregularity is approaching one,
suggesting that the yarn is approaching
an ideal yarn.
On the other hand, there is a general
trend for the effective (or actual) CV of
the fibre assemblies to increase during
fibre to yarn processing, with the CV of
the resultant yarn higher than the
roving's and the slivers'. This is a
reflection of the decreasing thickness of
the fibre assemblies, and reducing
number of fibres in the cross section of
the fibre assemblies. At the yarn stage,
the number of fibres in the cross
section is the lowest, hence the CV of the
yarn is the highest. Unlike the CV% and
Uolo values, the index of irregularity (I) is
independent of the count of the fibre
assembly. This makes it an ideal tool for
use in the control chart. For instance, if
the I value is obtained at the roving stage
for every processing lot and plotted on a
control chart, abnormalities may be
easily identified before the final spinning
stage.
Reduction and addition of
irregularities
One of the objects of doubling is to
reduce the irregularity. If 'n' strands of
material, each having the same
coefficient of variation, are doubled,
then the coefficient of variation of the
combined strands is given by,
.u =&
.t;
where,
CI4 = CY of all n slivers at the input
to the drawframe
CIt = Mean value of the CV values of
all the single slivers
fibre assemblies. Uster Evenness Tester
ct, - C[a+ C'[/2+....+CV,,
n = number of doubled slivers.
That is why the measured CV (CV) of
the cotton sliver gradually reduces from
carding,to 2nd drawing, and then the CV
increases again after the roving and
spinning stages as shown in Fig 2.
At the roving and spinning stage,
there is no doubling. A sliver is drafted
YARN EVENNESS
into a thinner roving, and a roving is
drafted to yarn thickness during
spinning. The net result is a reduction in
lhe number ol libres in yarn cross
section. In addition, the process itself
may introduce additional irregularities to
the drafted material. Mathematically, if a
fibre assembly enters a drafting process
(roving, spinning) with an irregularity of
CVr, and emerges from that process with
an irregularity of CV",,, then the addi-
tional irregularity due to the process
itself (CV"uu) can be worLed out using the
following formula:
CV2 -, =CV2 , + CV2.aa or
ctr,r, = ,lctr" *, - cv\,
The added irregularity comes from
two sources - reduction in the number
of fibres in cross section and imperfect
drafting.
Measurement of yarn
unevenness
The fundamental method of yarn
evenness testing is to dissect the fibre
assembly into many short sections and
weigh each section, and then calculate
the CV of the fibre assembly from the
weights of the individual sections. This
manual cutting and weighing method is a
very tedious and time consuming pro-
cess when your yarn sample is suffici-
ently long enough. Instead, now-a-days
there are instruments available to
The limiting irregularity
provides a reference point and it
changes with yarn count.
determine yarn unevenness. Uster AG, a
textile instrument manulacturer based in
Switzerland, has produced generations of
evenness testing instrument for rapid
measurement of the evenness of various
3, 4 or 5 are widely used in this regard.
The Uster Evenness Tester measures
mass variations along the length of a
fibre assembly. It is based on the capaci-
tance principle as depicted in Fig 4. The
two capacitors detect the mass
variations or weight per unit length
variations of the fibre assembly running
between them. These variations are
Asian Textile Journal o April 2O17 o 41
YARN EVENNESS

a cut length of approximately 1 cm

(measuring length). In other words, this
is the U value obtained from cutting the
yarn into approximately 1 cm sections
and weighing those short sections.
CVm : Coefficient of variation of
mass with a cut length of approximately
1 cm. This is the CV most often quoted in
yarn specification and commercial
transactions. It is the effective CV used
for calculating the index of irregularity.
CVm(1m) : Coefficient of
variation of mass with a cut length of 1
m, simulating the CV obtained from
cutting the yarn into 1 m sections and
weighing those sections. The same
applies to CVm(10m) and CVm(100m). It
should be noted that as the cut length
increases, the irregularity reduces.
Index : The index of irregularity (I)
Fig 3 : Uster evenlless tester 5 value, which is always greater than one
as indicated in the print-out.
transformed into a proportional Single overall results Thin places (-50%) : Number of
electrical signal. The signal processing places that have mass reductions of
The single overall results include the
unit will process this signal, and work 50% or more with respect to the mean
Uo/o and CV% values, index of irregularity
out the U% and CV% value, as well as value. Note that (-50%) is the standard
(I), as well as the number of
other useful information concerning the sensitivity Ievel used in the test. If a
imperfections (thin place, thick place,
mass variations. All the details can be different sensitivity level (-4Oo/", -4Oo/o,
and neps). All those parameters are
displayed or printed out. The accuracy -60%) is used, the result would have
expressed as single numbers, which are
of this method, and other evenness been different. The number of thin places
easy to use, particularly in a mill
measuring methods, may be evaluated has a significant impact on yarn
situation. These single values provide an
against results obtained traditionally, i.e.
overall picture of yarn evenness.
by cutting and weighing.
However, if the results are bad, the
An Uster evenness tester provides a Uster evenness tester provides
causes of the poor results cannot be
considerable amount of information on a considerable amount of
identified from these single values. The
the evenness of a fibre assembly, information on the evenness of
following information obtained as single
including single overall results, diagram a fibre assemblv.
value results are explained below.
and spectrogram
Um: Irregularity U of the mass with
strength.
Fibre
Thick palces (+50%) : Number of
assembly places that have mass increases of 5O%
tu or more with respect to the mean value.
Note that (+50%) is the standard
caoactor sensitivity level used in the test. If a
.m f;;;l [-;;-_-l
tr) ffi\
;--1
different sensitivity level (+35%, +70o/o,
" ^ +100%) is used, the result would have
lID,,"":3::l"n
llllr-l
1W L'j0
I been different. The number of thin places
has a significant impact on yarn
strength.
Neps (+280%) : Number of places
that have mass increases of +280% or
more with respect to the mean value and
Printing a reference length of 1mm. Note that
+2OOo/o is the sensitivity level normally
W used in the test. These short thick places
Fig ztr : Principle of Uster Evennes-s lesler in a yarn are often the results of

Asian Textile Journal o April 2017 o 42


lliss
Fig 5 : A cliagrant of mass variation
vegetable matter or entangled fibres.
S : Standard deviation of results
Q95o/, : 95% confidence interval of
the mean value
Diagram
The graphical representation of
mass per unit length variation along the
length of sliver, roving or yarn is referred
as diagram. It is simply a trace of mass
(linear density) variation along a fibre
assembly. For instance, if you dissect a
Iong length of yarn into many very short
sections and then weigh each section,
you will get many mass readings as
shown in Fig 5.It indicates the nature of
variability present in the material.
We may obtain various information
from diagram. Visualization about long
wavelength variations, even with periodic
variation is possible from the diagram
which cannot be confirmed by spectro-
gram. Extreme thick and thin places can
be detected by diagram. When there will
be slow and step changes in the mean
value of the linear density, that can be
detected. In many cases, it can confirm
the numerical values of instrument also.
Spectrogram
In this, amplitudes of periodic mass
variation are plotted against the
wavelength as shown in Fig 6. From the
speed at which the yarn is running
through the capacitance type sensor,
the frequencies are converted to
wavelengths and plotted into a finite
number of discrete wavelength steps. A
histogram is then plotted automatically
by the instrument. Amplitude, which is a
measure of the number of times a fault of
that repeat length occurs, helps in
locating the generating point of a
periodic fault. The spreading of humps
when observed, are
due to periodic faults
generated due to
"drafting waves" and
the wavelength due to
flle an drafting wave in case
m 455. will be around 2.5 -
3.0 inch for cotton.
The single overall
results are very
Len!tn useful in that they
provide evenness
information in
concise single values. These single
values are easy to use for comparison
purpose in particular. For instance, the
CYo/o or index of irregularity of one yarn
is higher than another similar yarn, we
can say one yarn is better than the
other in terms of yarn evenness. But that
is often not sufficient for quality control
purpose. Suppose we now know from the
single overall results (eg. CV I) that a
yarn is not good in evenness, and we
want to find out what has caused the
irregularity in the yarn. Once we know
what has caused the irregularity, we can
1 t,tl, t{]${}
tl{,1 Lrilgtll
Fig 6 : Spectrogram
then try to rectify the problem. For this,
we need the spectrograms.
Periodic mass variations in a yarn
often result in unwanted patterning in
fabrics made from such yarns. They also
lead to increased ends down during
spinning and subsequent processing. It
is esserrtial in yarn manufacture to
prevent the occurrence of such mass
varialions in slivers, rovings or yarns.
Furthermore, the presence of periodic or
practically periodic mass variations in a
Asian Textile Journal o April 2O17 o 43
YARN EVENNESS
fibre assembly does not necessarily
result in significant increases in the
CV% value or in the index of irregularity.
So the CV% value or index of irregularity
will not indicate the presence of those
mass variations.
Modern evenness testing
instruments. such as the Uster Evenness
Tester, provide diagrams as well as
spectrograms for the fibre assembly
tested. The diagram is a time domain
mass variation signal, while the
spectrogram represents the same mass
variation in the frequency domain. If a
yarn has mass variations that resemble a
sinusoidal wave as shown in Fig 7 (a),
then a mathematical (Fourier) transfor-
mation of such a mass variation signal
will reveal the frequency (f) of such
variation as a sharp peak shown in Fig
7(b). For a signal that is not as simple as
just a sinusoidal wave, it has been
proven mathematically that it can be
conslrucled by superimposing a series
of sinusoidal waves of varying
frequencies. Therefore, if the original
mass variation in the yarn is of a more
complex shape as shown in Fig 7(c),
then the same mathematical transfor-
mation will reveal the frequency of each
of its sinusoidal components as shown
Periodic mass variations in a
yarn often result in unwanted
patterning in fabrics made from
such yarns.
Fig 7(d). The different amplitude reflects
the different 'share' of the respective
component in the original signal.
If the original mass variation is of a
random nature, then after transfor-
mation, there will be many frequencies of
similar amDlitude. Further, if there is a
periodic mass variation in addition to
the random variation, then the lrequency
of that periodic mass variation will
show up as a sharp peak after the trans-
formation. Put differently, if a mass
variation signal is subjected to a
transformation and a sharp peak
('chimney') appears in the transformed
signal, then we know there is a periodic
mass variation in the fibre assembly. This
is basically how spectrogram works.
YARN EVENNESS
Tim*
Fig 7 : Transformation
Since wave Iength is more useful than
frequency for textile purposes, the
spectrogram indicates the different wave
Iengths (on a logarithmic scale) versus
their amplitude.
A fault-free fibre assembly will give a
typical normal spectrogram (with neither
'chimnies' nor'humps'), A'chimney' on
top of a normal spectrogram indicates
the presence of a Periodic
variation in the fibre assembly. The wave
length of this periodic mass variation
can be read off the horizontal axis' A
'hump' on top of a normal spectrogram
indicates the presence of a drafting wave
in the fibre assembly. The wave length of
the drafting wave is equal to 2.5 to
times the mean fibre length. Once we get
the wave length of a Periodic mass
variation from the spectrogram, and we
know this wave length is related to the
circumlerence of the offending roller, we
can then identify the roller and replace it
with a good one to solve the problem' For
drafting waves, the use of more uniform
fibres and proper fibre control during
drafting will usually solve the problem'
Spectrogram is therefore a very useful
quality control tool in a spinning mill'
Benchmarking Yarn evenness
Benchmarking consists of
comparing Your organization with
another. In this way You can decide
whether your organization's performance
is in some waY failing short of the
standard against which you compare
yourself. This standard is the
Asian Textile Journal o April 2O17 o 44
Transformation
FrEquercY
Transformation
tl t3 FrBqlleffl'
of time clomairt signal to frequency domain
'henchmark'. Benchmarking can be
undertaken in a variety of situations' In
an organization-wide context all the key
factors can be benchmarked. Such items
as financial performance, Profit and loss,
cash flow, investment, sales, production
and productivity are all subject to
regular benchmarking within industry
and commerce. In management jargon'
mass benchmarking is a total qualitY
management tool and denotes the
procedure of identifying and quantifying
topnotch or world-class performance
(benchmarks) in a particular business or
product category and comparing the
data with the performance of the own
company or Product.
3
If a manufacturer Produced some
yarns and tested the yarns for evenness
and then he want to know how good his
yarns are he need to benchmark his
product i.e. yarns. There are several
ways of benchmarking yarn evenness,
including such as Index of irregularity,
Uster Statistics, etc. The reasons for
recommending the implementation of
benchmarking exercise in organizations
are to increase efficiency, promote
understanding, create awareness, make
continuous imProvements, enhance
customer satisfaction, gain commitment
to Corporate goals, improve profitability
etc. There are various tYPes of
benchmarking Processes such as
internal Benchmarking (Comparison
within Organization), Functional
Benchmarking (Comparison of specific
functional performance of competitor
firms), ComPetitive Benchmarking
(Comparison with competitors - within
the country, and outside the country),
Generic Benchmarking (Comparison
across comPanies / industries -
Universal). Successful companies
deflnitely do the benchmarking exercise
continuouslY. TheY maY call it bY
different names as setting standards or
objectives or goal setting. But the
purpose is the same viz. to have
competitive edge or advantage. This is
more than applicable in textile industry
where there is hectic competition from
inside and outside the countrY.
Uster Statistics
While the evenness index value is of
use to the Yarn manufacturers for
internal quality control purpose, what
matters to the users of yarn (i'e the
weavers and knitters) is the actual
Benchmarking consists of
comparing Your organization
with another.
irregularity in the yarn they are going to
use. For this reason, the Uster Statistics
is of great practical importance' Almost
half a centurY ago, in 7949, the first
Uster Standards were presented to the
textile public in numerical form' This
started a new era in the assessment of
the technological and commercial value
of spun yarns. Over the years, the Uster
Standards have developed into the Uster
Statistics, which have been regularly
upclated until today and additional
quality parameters for sliver, roving, and
yarns have been introduced progres-
sively. Simultaneously, the methods and
procedures applied to establish the Uster
Statistics have been gradually enhanced'
Today, the Uster Statistics represent the
only truly comprehensive survey of the
quality of textile materials produced in
the major textile hubs around the world
and they constitute the mainstay of
global market intelligence related to textile
quality. The Uster Statistics are first and
foremost a practical guide to 'good textile
practices' in the field of yarn manu-
facturing. It just seem to have been made
for quality benchmarking on the
 YARN EVENNESS

corporate level. The key quality
attributes of yarns considered in Uster
statistics are: Yarn count variation
(between bobbins or packages), Mass
variation (U% and CV%), Imperfections
(thick and thin places, neps), Uster
Hairiness Index and Tensile properties
(strength and elongation).
However, it need to be mentioned here
that there are restrictions on the
interpretation and application of Uster
Statistics. Uster Statistics do not provide
direct access to information about the
raw materials used in spinning. Good
quality, more expensive libres are usually
spun into good quality yarns. Therefore,
a yarn with a CV% below the 5o/o line on
the Uster Statistics chart may be
indicative of a high cost yarn. Similarly, a
yarn with a CYo/o value above the 75o/o
line may not be all that good in terms of
evenness, but it may be indicative of a
very attractive price and just the right
quality for the target markets. The Uster
Statistics is merely a global survey of
yarn quality as produced in every part of
the world. Whether or not these qualities
are produced economically from
adequate raw materials and offered at a
legitimate price is beyond the scope of
the Uster Statistics. Yarns intended for
different end uses have diflerent quality
requirements. For example the
requirements of weaving and knitting
yarns are often different. Therefore, yarn
quality should be j.udged in the context
of its end use. The quality of yarns is a
moving target. As technology improves
quality standards also change.
Conclusion
Non-uniformity in variety of
properties exists in yarns. There can be
variation twist, bulk, strength, elonga-
tion, fineness etc. Yarn evenness deals
with the variation in yarn fineness. This
is the property, commonly measured, as
the variation in mass per unit length
along the yarn, is a basic and impor-
tant one, since it can influence
many other properties of the yarn and
of fabric made from it. Such variations
are inevitable, because they arise from
the fundamental nature of textile fibres
and from their resulting arrangement.
Irregularity can adversely affect many
of the properties of textile materials.
The most obvious consequence of
yarn evenness is the variation of stren-
gth along the yarn. An Uster evenness
tester provides a considerable amount
of information on the evenness of a
fibre assembly, including single overall
results, diagram and spectrogram.
Benchmarking is a very good tool to
have competitive advantage. Bench-
marking in textile industry can be done
in stages depending on the need to
overcome competition. It need not be
restricted to copying the best methods
and standards from others, but it can
be internal innovativeness. There are
several ways of benchmarking yarn
evenness, including Uster Statistics
which is considcred to be one of the
strongest.
References
1 B P Saville, Physical testing oftextiles,
1999, Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC
Press LLC, Cambridge CBI 6AH England
2 Anonymous, Working with the Uster
Statistics, https://www.uster.colr, acce-
ssed on 1 5th March, 201 7
3 Anonyrrous, Uster Statistic Application
handbook 201 3, httyts l lwww. uster.com,
so accessed on 15th March, 2017
,1 Anonymous, http://www.textilegence.-
com/en/uster-statistics-201 3- is-out-on-
uster-com/, accessed on 15th March,
2017
5 A F W Coulson and M W Townsend,
The assessment of yarn quality, journal
of the textile institute proceedirrgs vol
40 ,7,1919
6 C Thilagavathi, T l(arthik, Proccss
Corrtrol and Yarn Cluality irr Spinning,
Woodhead publishing lndia Pvt Lrd,
2016, New Delhi
7lOchola, J Kisaro, L Kinurhia, i
Mwasiagi and A Waithaka, 2012, Study
on the lnfluence of Fiber Properties on
Yarn lrr-rperfections in Ring Spun Yarns
Asian Textile Journal, 2: 3)-43
8 Anonymous, Yarn irregulerr-ity (CVrn,X,),
http://www.rieter.com, accessed on
15th March, 201 7
9 M Ferkl, Yarn lrregularity, http://www.
qc1 m.cz/l i n k/neste j nomernost-en. htm,
accessed on I 5th March, 201 7. m

malls
country, there are

l in the recent

mall.
Retail Services. JLL lndia. these malls were located in chennai. Mr Renjhen said, osuuE--
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Delhi-NCR. Mumbai and Pune. 'lt was not the first time that the best possible
maintaining rthe p tenant mix and having at least a few
withdrawal of mall space was done;
done, but the.guantum trme wias.
the quantum this time was tenants
tenar from the entertaihinent
ent( and food and beverages (F&B) ',,
far higher than in all previous withdrawals (from the first quarter of categories. lt has been seen in recent years that retailers choose
categ
2010 to the fourth quarter of 2o15) put together.' high-quality malls havrng mixed-use ai the rigrrt locations. Many

Asian Textile Journal o April 2017 o 45