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Verification Manual
Last Updated: July 28, 2017
Table of Contents
631.41 6 6
minimum pressure = 2.5 2.5
2.60417
2.60417
= 96.4176 kN/m 2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 5 kN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total dead load of service state on foundation = 631.41 - 60.9 = 570.51 kN
Hence Max Possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.45 570.51 = 256.729 kN
FOS Sliding = 256.729/5 = 51.3458 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 kN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force = 0.45 570.51 = 256.729 kN
FOS Sliding = 256.729/5 = 51.3458 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Resultant Direction
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 6 kNm
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 2.5 570.51 = 713.137 kNm
FOS Sliding = 713.137/6 = 118.856 > 1.5
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 2.5 570.51 = 713.137 kNm
FOS Sliding = 713.137/6 = 118.856 > 1.5
Hence OK
Comparison
Table 1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,887.96 kN) = 943.98
kN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,887.96 kN) = 943.98
kN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (4 m) (1,887.96 kN) = 3,775.92 kNm
Hence FOS = 3,775.92/50 = 75.52 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Overturning Moment =50 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (4 m) (1,887.93 kN) = 3,775.92 kNm
Hence FOS = 3,775.92/50 = 75.52 > 1.5
Hence OK
Factored Design
Axial Load = 387.96 kN + 1.4(1,500 kN) = 2,487.96 kN
MX =1.4 x 50 =70 kNm
MZ =1.4 x 50 =70 kNm
1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 155.4975 kN/m2
2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 142.3729 kN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 155.4975 kN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 168.6221 kN/m2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.001696 b d = 0.001696 4,000 532 = 3,609 mm2
calculated Steel = 4,173 mm2
So Take 4,173 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.00170 b d = 0.001696 4,000 532 = 3,609 mm2
calculated Steel = 4,173 mm2
So Take 4,173 mm2
Provide 12 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c
So, provided area of steel = 4,409 mm2
c = 1 2 3
3 Ast f c
bd
( )( )( )3 4,4, 000
= 0.7 1.175 1 1
409 25
532
= 0.3066 N/mm2
c = 1 2 3
3 Ast f c
bd
( )( )( )3 4,4, 000
= 0.7 1.175 1 1
409 25
532
= 0.3066 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 d from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.0 x 12) mm = 538 mm
u = 4,552 mm, a = 600+538 = 1,138mm
Vmax = (42- (1.138)2 (155.49 - 24) = 1,933.55 kN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 1,933.55 (10)3/(4,552 538) = 0.789 N/mm2
/ /
1.0 + u M u,max 1 + 4, 552 785.87(10)3
c = fcv 8V max a d
= 0.7(1.7) 8 1, 933, 000 1, 138 538
= 0.8639 N/mm2
v < c
Hence safe
Comparison
Table 2: Australian verification example 2 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Sliding force =0
Comparison
Table 3: Australian verification example 3 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 5 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 3,349.5 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 3 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 2,009.7 KNm
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 d from the column face.
Pm = 4 (300 mm + 432 mm) = 2,928 mm
Vmax = (840+1.125+(0.732^2/15)*187.5- 120*0.732^2) = 783.52kN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 783.52 KN 1000/(2,928 mm 432 mm) = 0.619 N/mm2
c = [0.34 (fc)] = 0.7 [0.34 (25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
For Column Two
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
Pm = 2,976 mm
Vmax = (770+1.125+(0.732^2/15)*187.5- 120*0.732^2) = 713.52kN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 713.52 KN 1000/(2,928 mm 432 mm) = 0.564 N/mm2
c = [0.34 (fc)] = 0.7 [0.34 (25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Comparison
Table 4: Australian verification example 4 comparison
Problem
A column 400 mm X 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN. The safe bearing
pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement
is grade 460.
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.6 x 25 = 93.75 kN
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 93.75) kN = 1,193.75 kN
Area required = 1,193.75 / 200 m2 = 5.96875 m2
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1,600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2
M 352.8 106
K = 2
= = 0.0144 < 0.156
bd f CU 2,500 5302 35
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.984d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M YY 352.8 106
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 460 0.95 530
= 1,603.42mm2
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0015 x 2500 x 530 = 1,987.5 mm2 < AS (Hence Safe)
Let us provide 8 nos. 20 mm bars, AS = 2,512 mm2.
vc1 =
min
{
5
0.8 f CU
= 4.7328N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min
100 2,512 1/3
2,500
3
530
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 430
1
35 1/3
25
( )
1.25
0.79(0.19)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.407N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Effective depth, d = 600 - 40 - 20 = 540 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 810 mm from the column face. The critical perimeter is shown
in Figure 6.3.
Spacing
We provided 8 nos. 20 mm bars, AS = 2,512 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 2 - 20) / (8 -1) = 342.86 mm.
Comparison
Table 5: British verification example 1 comparison
Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the following table. The
proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure 6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150
kN / m2. The materials to be used in the foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
M 395.94 106
K = 2
= = 0.012 < 0.156
bd f CU 3,600 5052 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.987d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M YY 395.943 106
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 460 0.95 505
= 1,888.6mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3,600 x 575 / 100 = 2,691 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
M 619.862 106
K = 2
= = 0.025 < 0.156
bd f CU 2,800 5052 35
(Hence Safe)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.96d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M YY 619.862 106
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 460 0.95 505
= 2,956.6mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2,800 x 575 / 100 = 2,093 mm2 < calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
{ (
0.79 min
3
2,800 505
)} { ( )}
100 2,956.6 1/3 400 1/4
max 505
1
25
( )
35 1/3
1.25
0.79(0.206)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.420N/mm2 > v
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4.7328 N/mm2 > v
(Hence Safe)
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min 3,600 505
3
)} { ( )}
100 2,691 1/3 400 1/4
max 450
1
25
( )
35 1/3
1.25
0.79(0.148)1/3(1)1/4(1.4)1/3
= 1.25
= 0.374N/mm2 > v
Punching Shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a distance 1.5d
from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Effective depth for punching shear check (d) = 575 - 40 - 20 = 515 mm.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 807 mm from the column face. Punching shear strength will be
increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per BS8110- 1997, 3.7.6.2.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 3.6 132.28 + 0.5 3.6 2.8 (186.38 132.28) = 1,606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.995)2 144.335 + 0.5 x (1.995)2 (174.316 - 144.335) = 634.119 kN
Punching shear force = 1,606.05 - 634.119 = 971.93 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.995 x 4 = 7.98 m.
Comparison
Table 7: British verification example 2 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1777.922 = 888.961
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1777.922 = 3422.5 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1777.922 = 888.961
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1777.922 = 3422.5 KNm
Hence OK
Hence safe
Moment About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 682 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0192 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.979d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 3,364.9mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.979d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 3,364.9mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.168N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.349N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.698N/mm2
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B de
= 0.168
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.168 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.349 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.698 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (750-50-1.0 x 12) mm = 688 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1,032 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.5885 m2
Vu = Pr(BH - Am) = 141.68 x (3.85^2 - 5.5885) = 1,320.27 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 6 x d) = 9.456 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm d) = 0.201 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.167 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.347 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 862.3 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
12 2
3, 850 50 2 12
Spacing = 35 1
= 110mm
3, 850 50 2 12
Spacing = 35 1
= 110mm
Comparison
Table 8: British verification example 3 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 2,780.06 = 1,390.03
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 5.3 2,780.06 = 7,367.15 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 2,780.06 = 1,390.03
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 5.3 2,780.06 = 7,367.15 KNm
Hence OK
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 16) mm = 676 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0273 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 6,262.42 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 6,521.9 mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.185 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.72 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.185 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.36 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0. = 72 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (750-50-1.0 x 16) mm = 684 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1,026 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 6.012 m2
Vu = Pr(BH - Am) = 2,200.696 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 (b + h + 6d) = 9.808 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm d) = 0.328 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.183 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.359 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
6,262 4
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
16 2
5,300 - 50 2 - 16
Spacing = 32 - 1
= 167 mm
5,300 - 50 2 - 16
Spacing = 32 - 1
= 167 mm
Comparison
Table 9: British verification example 4 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.51,449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.53.631,449.8 = 2,645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation =0.51449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =80 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.53.631449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence FOS =2645.885 / 80 = 33.074
Hence OK
Hence safe
Hence safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.983d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 2, 720 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 2, 560 mm2
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B de
= 0.143
V u,max =
1
2
(139.922 + 132.479) 0.993 3.65 = 493.65kN
Developed shear stress V = 493.65(10)3/(3,650682) = 0.198 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B de
= 0.143
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.662 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (750-50-1.0 12) mm = 688 mm
Punching shear strength will be increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1,038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.364 2.364 = 5.588 m2
Vu = Pr(BH - Am) x 1.15 = 1121.572 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 6d) = 9.456 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm d) = 0.150 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.143 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.331 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
3, 559 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
12 2
3, 650 50 2 12
Spacing = 32 1
= 115mm
3, 559 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
12 2
3, 650 50 2 12
Spacing = 32 1
= 115mm
Comparison
Table 10: British verification example 5 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 100 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 1,905.42 = 952.71 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 75
max resisting Moment = 0.5 4.65 1,905.42 = 4,430.1 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 1,905.42 = 952.71 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 4.65 1,905.42 = 4,430.1 KNm
Hence OK
Hence safe
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0198 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.977d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 4, 368 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.97d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 4, 192 mm2
V u,max =
1
2
(103.387 + 98.18) 1.493 4.65 = 699.7kN
Developed shear stress V = 699.7(10)3/ (4,650682) = 0.220N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.336 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.671 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at a dist, d, from the face of column
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B de
= 0.15
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.336 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.671 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (650-50-1.0 x 12) mm = 688 mm
Punching shear strength will be increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1,032 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.3642.364 = 5.59 m2
Vu = Pr(BH - Am) x 1.15 = 1,790.825 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 (b + h + 6d) = 9.456 m
Vm1 = Vu/(Pm d) = 0.275 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 368 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 39
12 2
4, 650 50 2 12
Spacing = 39 1
= 119mm
4, 650 50 2 12
Spacing = 37 1
= 126mm
Comparison
Table 11: British verification example 6 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation =0.5 1,854.375 = 927.188
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 4.5 1,854.375 = 4,172.344 KNm
Hence FOS = 4,172.344 / 50 = 82.5> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation =0.5 1,854.375 = 927.188
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 4.5 1,854.375 = 4,172.344 KNm
Hence FOS=4,172.344 / 50 = 82.5> 1.5
Hence OK
Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge= (94.4856+103.7037)/2 = 99.0952 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge= (103.7037+112.9218)/2 = 108.3128 KN/m2
Force creating Moment = (108.313 +104.011)/2 2.1 4.5 = 1,003.23 KN
Lever arm = (104.011+2108.313)2.1/3(104.011+108.313) = 1.057m
Moment = F LA = 1,060.505 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (700-50-1.5 x 12) mm = 632 mm
M ux
K = 2
= 0.0236 < 0.156
bd f CU
Hence safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.973d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 4, 042 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.973d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 4, 042 mm2
V u,max =
1
2
(108.313 + 104.592) 1.468 4.5 = 703.225kN
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.70 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
100 Ast
Percentage of steel pt = B de
= 0.148
V u,max =
1
2
(108.313 + 14.592) 1.4683 4.5 = 703.225 kN
Developed shear stress V = 703.225(10)3 / (4,500632) = 0.247 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.148 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
d
1
= 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.70 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (700-50-1.0 x 12) mm = 638 mm
Punching shear strength will be increased by 15% if there is moment apply to the bottom of footing per
BS8110-997, 3.7.6.2.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 2.2142.214 = 4.902 m2
Vmax = Pr(BH - Am) x 1.15 = 1,830.415 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 6d) = 8.856 m
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.324 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.15 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
4, 095 4
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
12 2
4, 500 50 2 12
Spacing = 37 1
= 120 mm
4, 500 50 2 12
Spacing = 37 1
= 120 mm
Comparison
Table 12: British verification example 7 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.551,222.954 = 3,057.385 kNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 171.299 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600 - 50 - 1.512) mm = 532 mm
M ux 171.299(10)6
K = = = 0.0121 < 0.156
25(2,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length= (2 - 0.3) / 2 = 0.85 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 14050.852 / 2 =252.875 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600 - 50 - 0.512) mm = 532 mm
M ux 252.875(10)6
K = = = 0.00715 < 0.156
25(5,000)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.986d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 468 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0013BD = 1,383 mm2 (as fy > 250)
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.994d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 793 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.986d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 1, 170 mm2
Vumax = 226.649 KN
Developed shear stress V = 226.649(10)3 / (2,000532) = 0.276 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.149 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.335 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.67 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.012) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 807 mm from the column face. Punching shear strength will be
increased by 15% if there is moment applied to the bottom of footing per BS8110-1997, 3.7.6.2.
Two-way shear = 189.03 x 1.15 = 217.385kN
Pm = 3002+3002 + 53812 = 7,656 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 217. 385(10)3 / (7,656538) =0.053 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Comparison
Table 13: British verification example 8 comparison
Hence safe
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 60 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.55.91423.5 = 4,199.325 KNm
So FOS = 4,199.325 / 60 = 69.99 > 1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.52.51,423.5 = 1,779.375 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 233.56 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.512) mm = 532 mm
M ux 233.56(10)6
K = = = 0.0132 < 0.156
25(2,500)(532)2
2
f CU bd
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length = (2.5 - 0.3) / 2 = 1.1 m
Ultimate soil bearing pressure w/o self-weight (Max) = 1.4 x 1200/(5.9 x 2.5) + 1.4 x60 / Z = 118.035
KN/m2
Ultimate soil bearing pressure w/o self-weight (Min) = 1.4 x 1200/(5.9 x 2.5) - 1.4 x60 / Z = 109.762 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (118.035 + 109.762)/25.91.12/2 = 406.56 kNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
Hence OK
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 761 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.985d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 1, 080 mm2
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.99d
So, Z= 0.95d
M uz
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 1, 882 mm2
Vumax = 317.771 kN
Developed shear stress V = 317.771(10)3 / (2,500532) = 0.239 N/mm2
vc1 =
min
{ 0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.17N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
25
V3 = = 1 N/mm2
40
min 25
1/3( )1/4( )
0.79(V 1) V2 V3
Vc = 1.25
= 0.351 N/mm2
2d V c
Vce = av
= 0.702 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Effective depth for punching shear check, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.012) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 807 mm from the column face. Punching shear strength will be
increased by 15% if there is moment applied to the bottom of footing per BS8110-1997, 3.7.6.2.
Two-way shear = 476.443 kN
Pm = 3002+3002 + 53812 = 7,656 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 476.443(10)3 / (7,656538) = 0.116 N/mm2
vt1 =
min
{0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
Comparison
Table 14: British verification example 9 comparison
92.2372 92.2252
Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the base is not to exceed 2.0
m. The safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement.
Let us assume that the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130 = 1,250 kN.
Area of base = 1,250 / 160 = 7.81 m2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat be as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1,249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1,249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m2 < 180 kN/m2 (Hence safe).
M ux 277.74(10)6
K = = = 0.013 < 0.156
35(2, 000)(550)2
2
f CU bd
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.988d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M XX 277.74(10)6
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 460 (0.95 550)
= 1, 216 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.132000600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1,808 mm2.
Hence Safe
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 -
K
0.9
) = 0.995d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
M XX 99.7(10)6
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 460 (0.95 550)
= 437 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.132000600 / 100 = 1,560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
250.8(10)3
V = 2, 000 550
= 0.228N/mm2
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min 2, 000 550
3
)} { ( )}
100 1, 808 1/3 400 1/4
max 550
1
( )
35 1/3
25
1.25
0.79(0.1644) (1) (1.4)1/3
1/3 1/4
= 1.25
= 0.39 N/mm2 > v
Comparison
Table 15: British verification example comparison
Longitudinal Bending 277.74 for load III 265.84 for load III using 4.5%
Moment that causes Results Along Line
tension on bottom (kNm)
Longitudinal Bending 99.54 for load I 98.62 for load I using Negligible
Moment that causes Results Along Line
tension on top (kNm)
Note: There is larger difference (10%) for Area of Steel required for longitudinal moment at bottom because the
maximum moment is used to calculate the required steel area in STAAD Foundation Advanced where as the
average moment is used to calculate required steel area in the hand calculation.
Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m5.0m1.0m
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Mz = +45.89 - (-3001.0) + (-5000.3) = 195.89 kNm
Mx = - 98.32 + (-2001.0) - (-5000.3) = -148.32 kNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
1 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) + (6195.89/53) - (6148.32/53) = 49.717 kN/m2
2 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) - (6195.89/53) - (6148.32/53) = 35.478 kN/m2
3 =((500+800.395)/ 25) - (6195.89/53) + (6148.32/53) = 54.283 kN/m2
4 = ((500+800.395)/ 25) + (6195.89/53) + (6148.32/53) = 68.522 kN/m2
which is < 120 kN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 kN
Restoring Force = m(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 650 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (650/300) = 2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = mu(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 650 kN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (650/200) =3.25 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32- 200
(0.0 +1) = -298.32 kNm
Restoring Moment = Fy (Width of Footing 0.5 +Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing)
Width of Footing0.5 = 3,400 kNm
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3,400/298.32) = 11.397 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction
Hence safe
Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.9977d
Thus, Z = 0.95d
M XX 431.95(10)6
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 415 (0.95 926)
= 1, 245 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.135,0001,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
About Z- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
= (36.522+22.283)/2 =29.4025 kN/m2
(5/2+0.3-0.15) = 2.65
Average Base Pressure along other edge
= (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
= 29.4027- [(29.4027-10.5973)/5.02.65] =19.4358 kN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0[19.4358 2.652.650.5+0.5(29.4027 19.4358)2.652.652/3}= 457.874
kNm
Effective depth, d = 1,000 50 1.5 16 = 926 mm
Mu 457.874(10)6
K = = = 0.00356 < 0.156
5,000(926)2(30)
2
bd f cu
Hence safe
Therefore,
(
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K
0.9
) = 0.9961d
Thus, Z = 0.95d
M ZZ 457.87(10)6
AS = 0.95 f Y z
= 0.95 415 (0.95 926)
= 1,320 mm2
The minimum area of steel = 0.135,0001,000 / 100 = 6,500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6,500 mm2
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
100 6,500 1/3
0.79 min 5,000 930
3
)} { ( )}
400 1/4
max 930
1
25
( )
30 1/3
=
0.79(0.145)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 353 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25
{ ( )} { ( )} { ( )}
f CU 1/3
100AS 1/3 400 1/4
25
0.79 min bd max d min
1 40
3
25
vc = 1.25
=
{ (
0.79 min 5,000 930
3
)} { ( )}
100 6,500 1/3 400 1/4
max 930
1
( )
30 1/3
25
=
0.79(0.148)1/3(1)1/4(1.2)1/3
= 355 kN/m2 > v
1.25 1.25
vt1 =
min
{
0.8 f CU
5
= 4 N/mm2 > v
V1 =
min
{ ptrqrd
3
= 0.146 N/mm2
V2 =
max
{ 400
1
d = 1 N/mm2
({ )
f CU 1/3
30
V3 = = 1.063 N/mm2
40
min 25
Comparison
Table 16: British verification example 13 comparisons
Problem
A tied column 450 mm square and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead load of 1,300
kN and an unfactored live load of 1,000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD Foundation Advanced to calculate the factor of safety against sliding
check. Factor of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Max sliding force = axial load x coefficient of friction
Coeff. of friction = 0.5,
Sliding force = 0.5x 2839.46 =1419.73 kN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5x 2839.46 x3.6 kNm = 5111.028
kNm (Same wrt both x and z axis).
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load combination factors
must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 1,300 kN) + (1.5 1,000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Stress on soil from Factored load = 3,125/(3.6 3.6) = 241.126 kN/m2
Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 0.5 680.5)2 = 1.2780 m2
Vmax = Pr(BH - Am) = 241.126 (3.6 3.6 - 1.2780) = 2816.833 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 2d) = 4.522 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.915 N/mm2
=4
=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
c )0.19 f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19) /
s d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
d = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr )
f c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
d = 0.730m
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
Comparison
Table 17: CSA verification example 1 comparison
Problem
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead load of 900 kN
and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is
available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square footing.
The compressive strength fc is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-1 x 19.5) mm = 530.5 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 265.25 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+530.5)2 = 1.0619 m2
V max = Pr ( B H - Am) = 258.33(3 3 - 1.0619) = 2,050.649kN
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
c )0.19 f c
'
c = 1.656N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19) /
s d
b0 c f '
c = 2.048N mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
d = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr )
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
d = 0.714m
Hence OK
Along X Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
d = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr )
f c
where
k1 = 1.3
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
d = 0.714m
M ux =
1
2
258.33 3 ( 3 -20.5 )2 = 605.46 kN m
1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.fc = 0.82
s = 0.85
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
21 f c
c
)
s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.744
Bd
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
21 f c
c
)
s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.744
Bd
Comparison
Table 18: CSA verification example 2 comparison
Note: Consider the water effect is permanent and consider buoyancy for bearing capacity check.
Comparison
Table 19: CSA verification example 3 comparison
Problem
A tied column 450 mm square carries an unfactored dead load of 1,300 kN and an unfactored live load of
1,000 kN, unfactored wind load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kNm. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of
300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
(
262.732 262.72 219.5216 ) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 241.881kN/m2
V u,max = (262.732 + 251.881)(3.6)( - 0.67075) / 2 = 837.377 kN
3.6 - 0.45
2
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff = 0.9 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 (20 mm metric bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-1 20) mm = 680.5 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 0.5 680.5)2 = 1.2780 m2
Vmax = Pr(BH - Am) = 241.126 (3.6 3.6 - 1.2780) = 2,816.833 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 2d) = 4.522 m
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, after adding additional factor to account moment affect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (v Mu e ) /Jc
v = 1 1 / (1 + 2 / 3 b1 / b2) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pier length and width
v = 0.4
Ac = Pm deff = 4.522 0.6805 = 3.077 m2
About x direction, Mu = 168 kNm
About z direction, Mu = 0
e= (0.45 + 0.6805) / 2 = 0.56525 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.915 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)^3) /6 + (deff ^3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 +
deff)^2) /2
C1 = C2 = 0.56525 x 2 = 1.1305 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
Vu_moment = ((v x Mu x e) /Jc) x Ac = 53.138 kN/ m2
Vu = 2,816.833/Ac + 53.138 = 968.52 kN/m2
=4
=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
c )0.19 f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19) /
s d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
d = 0.730m
M ux =
1
2
(241.126) 3.6 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,076.65 kNm
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
(
= 262.731 262.731 219.522 ) ( 3.6 -20.45 ) / 3.6 = 243.827 kN/m2
Bending moment at critical section,
M uz =
1
3
(262.731 243.827) + 12 (243.827) 3.6
3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1, 145.0 kNm
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
Comparison
Table 20: CSA verification example 4 comparison
Problem
A tied column 450 mm square carries an unfactored dead load of 1,300 kN and an unfactored live load of
1,000 kN, unfactored wind load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kNm, Fx = -20kN, Mz = 60kNm. Suitable soil with a
factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy=400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
(
254.63 254.63 227.623 ) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 247.848 kN/m2
V u,max = (254.63 + 227.623)(3.6)( - 0.67075) / 2 = 817.632 kN
3.6 - 0.45
2
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff = 0.9 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 (20 mm metric bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Average max. stress = (268.133+ 241.127) / 2 = 254.63 kN/m2
Average min. stress = (241.127 + 214.12) / 2 = 227.623 kN/m2
Critical section is deff from edge of column, maximum stress of critical section
(
254.63 254.63 227.623 ) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 247.848 kN/m2
V u,max = (254.63 + 227.623)(3.6)( - 0.67075) / 2 = 817.632 kN
3.6 - 0.45
2
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff=0.9 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-1 20) mm = 680.5 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 0.5 680.5)2 = 1.2780 m2
Vmax = Pr(BH - Am) = 241.126 (3.6 3.6 - 1.2780) = 2,816.833 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 2d) = 4.522 m
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, after adding additional factor to account moment affect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (v Mu e ) /Jc
v = 1 1 / (1 + 2 / 3 b1 / b2) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pier length and width
v = 0.4
Ac = Pm deff = 4.522 0.6805 = 3.077 m2
About x direction, Mu = 105 kNm
About z direction, Mu = 105 kNm
e= (0.45 + 0.6805) / 2 = 0.56525 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.915 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)^3) /6 + (deff ^3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 +
deff)^2) /2
C1 = C2 = 0.56525 x 2 = 1.1305 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
Vu_moment = ((v x Mu x e) /Jc) x Ac = 33.211 kN/ m2
Vu = 2,816.833/Ac + 33.2112 = 981.8 kN/m2
=4
=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
c )0.19 f
c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19) /
s d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
d = 0.730m
(
= 254.63 254.63 227.623 ) ( 3.6 2 0.45 1.575) / 3.6 = 242.815 kN/m2
M ux =
1
3
(254.63 242.814) + 12 (242.814) 3.6 3.6 -20.45 2 = 1, 119.4 kNm
1 = 0.85 - 0.0015.fc = 0.8125
s = 0.85
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
(
= 262.731 262.731 219.522 ) ( 3.6 -20.45 ) / 3.6 = 243.827 kN/m2
Bending moment at critical section,
M ux =
1
3
(254.63 242.814) + 12 (242.814) 3.6
3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1, 119.4 kNm
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
Comparison
Table 21: CSA verification example 5 comparison
Problem
A tied column 450 mm square carries an unfactored dead load of 1,300 kN and an unfactored live load of
1,000 kN, unfactored seismic load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kNm, Fx = -20kN, Mz = 60kNm. Suitable soil with a
factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a rectangular footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy= 400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 1,300 kN) + (1.5 1,000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Factored Load, Mx = Mz = 105 kNm
Stress at four corners (ultimate condition):
1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 215.7986 kN/m2
2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 193.9236 kN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 218.2292 kN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 240.1042 kN/m2
(
240.1042 240.1042 193.9236 ) ( 3.6 -20.45 - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 228.508 kN/m2
Minimum stress = 218.23 (218.23 215.8) ( - 0.67075) / 3.6 = 217.619 kN/m2
3.6 - 0.45
2
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff = 0.9 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 (20 mm metric bar), effective depth
deff = (750-50-1.5 x 19.5) mm = 670.75 mm
Critical section is deff from edge of column, maximum stress of critical section
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff=0.9 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-1 20) mm = 680.5 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2 0.5 680.5)2 = 1.2780 m2
Vmax = Pr(BH - Am) = 240.104 (3.6 3.6 - 1.2780) = 2,847.65 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 2d) = 4.522 m
According to CSA23.3-04 Clause No: 13.3.5.3, after adding additional factor to account moment affect
Vu = Vu/Ac + (v Mu e ) /Jc
v = 1 1 / (1 + 2 / 3 b1 / b2) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are footing length and width
v1 = 0.413
v2 = 0.387
Ac = Pm deff = 4.522 0.6805 = 3.077 m2
About x direction, Mu = 105 kNm
About z direction, Mu = 105 kNm
e= (0.45 + 0.6805) / 2 = 0.56525 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.915 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)^3) /6 + (deff ^3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 +
deff)^2) /2
C1 = C2 = 0.56525 x 2 = 1.1305 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
(v1 + v2)M u e
V u_moment = Jc
Ac = 66.433kNm2
Vr1 = 1 +( 2
c )0.19 c f '
c /
= 1.852N mm 2
Vr2 = ( s d
b0 )
+ 0.19 c f '
c /
= 2.573N mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
d = 0.730m
(
= 254.63 254.63 227.623 ) ( 3.6 2 0.45 1.575) / 3.6 = 242.815 kN/m2
M ux = ( 3 (229.167 - 218.533) + 2 (218.533 )) 4
1 1 3.6 - 0.45 2
2
= 1,119.368 kNm
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.622
bd
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
Comparison
Table 22: CSA verification example 6 comparison
Problem
A tied column 450 mm square with X offset of 300mm and Z offset of 300mm carries an unfactored dead load
of 1,000 kN and an unfactored live load of 600 kN, unfactored wind load w/ Fz = 20kN, Mx = 60kNm. Suitable
soil with a factored soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.2 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength f'c is 25 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has fy= 400 MPa. Unit
weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Note: The Bar sizes used in Canadian Reinforcement Tables are slightly different from the Metric Bar sizes.
Factored Load, V = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 1,000 kN) + (1.5 600 kN) = 2,150 kN
Factored Load, Mx = 815.2 kNm, Mz = -647.2 kNm
Stress at four corners (ultimate condition):
1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = -22.1674 kN/m2
2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 144.29 kN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 353.9576 kN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 187.5 kN/m2
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff = 0.9 670.75 = 603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 (20 mm metric bar), effective depth
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9deff=0.9 670.75=603.675 mm
bw = 3,600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
230
Vc =
(1000 + dv ) c f c bw dv = 1012.297 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 19.5 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-1 20) mm = 680.5 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 340.25 mm from the column face.
Vu = Vu/Ac + (v Mu e ) /Jc
v = 1 1 / (1 + 2 / 3 b1 / b2) (13-8, CSA23.3-04)
where
b1, b2 = are pier length and width
v = 0.4
Ac = Pm deff = 4.522 0.6805 = 3.077 m2
About x direction, Mu = 815.187 kNm
About z direction, Mu = 647.187 kNm
e= (0.45 + 0.6805) / 2 = 0.56525 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.915 N/mm2
Jc = (deff x (C1 + deff)^3) /6 + (deff ^3 x (C1 + deff)) /6 + (deff x (C2 + deff) x (C1 +
deff)^2) /2
C1 = C2 = 0.56525 x 2 = 1.1305 m
Jc = 0.7148 m4
About x direction, Vu_moment = ((v Mu e) /Jc) Ac = 257.84 kN/ m2
About z direction, Vu_moment = ((v Mu e) /Jc) Ac = 204.70 kN/ m2
Vu = 1,937.98/Ac + 257.84 + 204.70 = 1,092.33 kN/m2
=4
=L/B =3.6/3.6 =1
(
Vr1 = 1 +
2
c )0.19 f c
'
c = 1.852N mm 2 /
Vr2 = ( + 0.19) /
s d
b0 c f '
c = 2.573N mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 1.15 Ab
(dcs + K tr ) f ' c
k1k2k3k4 fy
ld = 0.45 1
db
f ' c
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
d = 0.730m
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 0.8
d = 0.730m
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
2 1 f c
c
) s f y
Mu
Kr = 2
= 0.664
bd
Comparison
Table 23: CSA verification example 7 comparison
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1,200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt = 1.0
Load factor for axial load = 1.5
So, Load on pilecap (axial) = 1.5 800 + 1.0 54.15 + 1.0 0.78 = 1,254.93 kN
Moment = 1.5 100 = 150 kNm
Load on pile 1, 2 = 1,254.93 /4 + 150/(2 1.2 m) = 376.233 kN
Load on pile 3, 4 = 1,254.93 /4 - 150/(2 1.2 m) = 251.231 kN
Calculation of Shear
( )
230
(1, 000 + dv ) c f c bw dv
V r = max
0.1c f c bw d
( )
230
(1, 000 + dv ) c f c bw dv
V r = max
0.1c f c bw d
Punching Shear
= 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
c = 0.65 (Clause 8.4.2)
f'c = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
c = (Column Length)/(Column Width) = 1,900/1,900 = 1
s = 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)
( )0.19
Vr1 = 1 +
2
c c f
c = 1, 852 kN/m2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr3 = 0.38c f
= 1, 235 kN/m2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
c
(
Kr = 1
fy
s
21 f c
c
) s f y
where
1 = 0.85 - 0.0015fc 0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
c = 0.65 (clause 8.4.2)
s = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation (steel area ratio) = 0.1745%
Therefore, Astx = bd= 1,601.277 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 B D = 2,280 mm2
Provided area = 2,280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Mu 347.733(10)6
Kr = 2
= = 0.785 N/mm2
bw d 1, 900(483.05)2
Comparison
Table 24: CSA verification example 4 comparison
Comparison
Table 25: CSA verification example 5 comparison
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension
= 400 mm 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2, and Load Factor = 1.5.
1388.322 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress c = 4 ( 955 )( 555 )
= 0.654 N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Spacing
2,697.119 4
No. of 10 mm bar = ( 10 )( 10 )
= 34.34 35
3, 500 35(2) 10
Spacing = 35 1
= 100.588 mm
Comparison
Table 26: IS verification example 1 comparison
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 250 MPa, Column Dimension
= 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 1.5 /(2.4 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 156.25 2.4 0.95 0.95 /2= 169.21875 KN-
m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
de = (350-50-1.5 12) mm = 282 mm
700
K u,max = 1, 100 + 0.87 f y
= 0.53
802.97 ( 10 ) 3
Developed shear stress c = 4 ( 788 )( 288 )
= 0.884N / mm 2
Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Spacing
2,977.116 ( 4 )
No. of 12 mm bar = = 26.33 27
( 12 ) 2
2,400 - 50(2) - 12
Spacing = 27 - 1
= 88 mm
Comparison
Table 27: IS verification example 2 comparison
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2,000 KN, fc = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column
Dimension = 300 mm 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100.5 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Pedestal design is not required as pedestal is considered as concrete enclosed steel pedestal.
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation =0.52428.79 = 1,214.395
kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
Punching Shear
deff = (700 - 50 - 116) mm = 634 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 317 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.872 m2
Vumax =3,000 - (122.436 0.872) = 2,893.192 kN
2893.192 (10)3
Developed shear stress, v = 4(934)(634)
= 1.221N / mm 2
= L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5 , k 1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
Comparison
Table 28: IS verification example 3 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 10 kN
Max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,464.48 - 264.65 = 1,199.83 kN
Max Resisting force =0.5 1,199.83 = 599.915kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 3.65 1,199.83 = 2,189.689 kNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0 kN
Max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1,464.48 - 264.65 = 1,199.83 kN
Max Resisting force = 0.5 1,199.83 = 599.915kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = -6 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 3.65 1,199.83 = 2,189.689 kNm
Hence OK
Comparison
Table 29: IS verification example 4 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 1,498.39 = 749.19 kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
Punching Shear
deff = (550 - 50 - 1 16) mm = 484 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 242 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.614 m2
Vmax = 1,800 - (131.4828 0.614) = 1,719.26 kN
1719.26 (10)3
Developed shear stress c = 4(784)(484)
= 1.132N / mm 2
= L/B = 3.7/3.7 =1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5 , k 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress
c = k 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison
Table 30: IS verification example 5 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 2,510.774 =
1,255.387 kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 5.3 2,510.774 = 6,653.551 kNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 2,510.774 =
1,255.387 kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 5.3 2,510.774 = 6,653.551 kNm
Hence OK
Mu = 0.87.fyAstd.(1 - Astfy/bdfck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 6,956.85 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012 B D = 5,088 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Provide 36 bars of 16 mm at 145 mm spacing
Provided area = 7,238.229 mm2
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu = 0.87.fyAstd.(1 - Astfy/bdfck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 6,956.85 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast,min = 0.0012 B D = 5,088 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Provide 36 bars of 16 mm at 145 mm spacing
Provided area = 7,238.229 mm2
V < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (800 - 50 -1 16) mm = 734 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 367 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 1.069 m2
Vmax = 3,000 - (106.799 1.069) = 2,885.815 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 ( b + h + 6d) = 4.136 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.9505 N/mm2
= L/B = 4.95/4.95 = 1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5, k 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress
c = k 0.25 f ck = 1.25N/mm 2
Comparison
Table 31: IS verification example 6 comparison
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 1,734.04 = 867.02
kN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 72 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 3.95 1,734.04 = 3,429.729 kNm
FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 120
max Resisting force = Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 1,734.04 = 867.02
kN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 kNm
Hence OK
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)0.5 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21)
2,651 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 - 144.21)
2,651 / 3,950 = 144.21 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)0.5 = 133.69 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)0.5 = 154.73 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 )
2651/ 3,950 = 147.81 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 133.69 + (154.73 - 133.69 )
1.299/ 3,950 = 140.609 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (left)
F = (133.69 + 140.609)0.5 1.299 3.95 = 703.720 kN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (154.73 + 147.81) 0.5 1.299 3.95 = 776.173 kN
So max SF along X axis Fuz = 776.173 kN
Punching Shear
deff = (600 - 50 - 1 16) mm = 534 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 267 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.696 m2
Vmax = 2,149.632 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2(b+2d+h) = 3,336 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 1.206 N/mm2
= L/B = 3.95/3.95 =1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5, k 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress
v < c
Hence safe
Comparison
Table 32: IS verification example 7 comparison
Hence OK
Vumax = 170.711 kN
Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear= 491.44 kN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 491.44 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.272 N/mm2
=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress = c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
For Column 2
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear= 491.44 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 491.44 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.272 N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Comparison
Table 33: IS verification example 8 comparison
Vumax = 171.78 kN
Developed shear stress v = 171.78 x 1000 / (1650 x 532) = 0.196 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.29 N/mm2
Considering Shear Enhancement factor = 2, c = 0.58 N/mm2
v < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (600-50-1x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear= 434.3 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 435.623 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 538 x 4) x 538 = 0.241 N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
Comparison
Table 34: IS verification example 9 comparison
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1,000 1.5 / (5.4 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 809.588 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1,188 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provide 11 bars of 12 m at 150 mm spacing
Provided area = 1244.07 mm2
Along X Direction (Top)
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 592.332 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 1,188 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provide 11 bars of 12 m at 150 mm spacing
Provided area = 1244.07 mm2
Along Z Direction (Bottom)
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astz = 1071.585 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 3,888 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Provide 35 bars of 12 m at 155 mm spacing
Provided area = 3,958.40 mm2
Vumax = 227.222 kN
Developed shear stress V = 227.222 1000 / (1650 532) = 0.258 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear= 631.811 kN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 631.811 1000 / (300 2 + 300 2 + 538 4) 538 = 0.350
N/mm2
=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +=4.27 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
For Column 2
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear= 631.811 kN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 631.811 1000 / (300 2 + 300 2 + 538 4) 538 = 0.350
N/mm2
=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +=4.27 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Comparison
Table 35: IS verification example 10 comparison
Note: Use Neglect Self Weight for Concrete Check in Global Settings to get exact results.
Maximum pressure for axial load = P/A = 1050 /(61.75) = 100 kN/ m2
Moment on each col = 45 (0.5 + 0.6) = 49.5 kNm
So total moment = 49.5 2 = 99 kNm
Z=1.7562/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 99/10.5 = 9.428 kN/m2
Stress at left end = 100 + 9.428 = 109.428 kN/m2
Stress at right end = 100 - 9.428 = 90.572 kN/m2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
deff = (600-50-1 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear = 449.289 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 449.289 1000 / (300 2 + 300 2 + 538 4) 538 = 0.245
N/mm2
=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +=4.43 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
For Column Two
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 269 mm from the column face.
Punching shear = 458.245 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 458.245 1000 / (300 2 + 300 2 + 538 4) 538 = 0.2496
N/mm2
=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +=4.43 , k1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Comparison
Table 36: IS verification example 11 comparison
Note: Use Neglect Self Weight for Concrete Check in Global Settings to get exact results.
Note: Pile cap design uses initial depth first and then finds a suitable depth for the final design. This example
problem has used the final depth calculated as the initial depth, which satisfies the design on first attempt.
Minimum depth required for the pile cap = 1.5x pile diameter = 1.5x 400 mm = 600 mm
Assume a pile cap depth of 750 mm.
c/c pile distance is equal to 3x the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5(500) + 1(67.69) = 817.69 kN
Load on each pile = 817.69 /4 = 204.42 kN
So Total Mz X2X2 = 97.099 2 - (67.69 / 1.9) [(1.9 - 0.25) / 2]2 / 2 = 182.074 kNm
So Max value of Mz = 182.074 kNm
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
critical section distance from center = .125 + .626 = .751 m < (.6 + .2) m
After geometrical calculation of finding the area of sector
Included angle = 81.94
Area of sector = .0286 m2
Area of triangle =.0197 m2
Area of partial pile = .0089 m2
Area of pile = .1256 m2
For shear about X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 204.42 x .0089 /.1256 = 14.48 kN
So Total V X1X1 = 28.97 - 67.69 (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 21.88 kN
For shear about X2X2
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 204.42 x .0089 /.1256 = 14.48 kN
So Total V X2X2 = 28.97 - 67.69 (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 21.88 kN
So Maximum V along section X1X1= 21.88 kN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear about Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 4 = 204.42 x .0089 /.1256 = 14.48 kN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 28.97 - 67.69 (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 21.88 kN
For shear about Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = 204.42 x .0089 /.1256 = 14.48 kN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 28.97 - 67.69 (0.825 - 0.626) / 1.9 = 21.88 kN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 21.88 kN
Punching Shear
Comparison
Table 38: IS verification example 12 comparison
1 -850 -850
2 -850 850
3 0 0
4 850 -850
5 850 -850
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5(1,100) + 1(118.325) = 1,768.325 kN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5(115) = 172.5 kNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1,768.325 /5 = 353.665 kN
Reaction from moment = 172.5 (0.85)/[4(0.852)] = 50.735 kNm
So,
Reaction at pile 3 = 353.665 kN
Reaction at pile 2 = reaction at pile 5 = 353.665 + 50.735 = 404.4 kN
Calculation of Moment
Moment is calculated at face of column
About Z Axis
For moment about X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 302.93 x 0.6 = 181.758 kNm
Contribution from pile 2 = 404.4 x 0.6 = 242.64 kNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 kNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 424.398 kNm
For moment about X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = 302.93 x 0.6 = 181.758 kNm
Contribution from pile 5 = 404.4 x 0.6 = 242.64 kNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 kNm
So Total Mz X2X2 = 424.398 kNm
So Max value of Mz = 424.398 kNm (Gross)
So Max value of Mz (Net)= 424.398 - 25 2.4 0.8 0.95 0.95/2 = 402.738 kNm
About X Axis
For moment about Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 302.93 x 0.6 = 181.758 kNm
Contribution from pile 4 = 302.93 x 0.6 = 181.758 kNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 kNm
(
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1
Ast f y
bd f ck )
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 1,035 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 2,304 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Provide 16 bars @ 200 mm c/c
Provided area = 2,411 mm2
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
(
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1
Ast f y
bd f ck )
So solving equation for Ast,
AstZ = 1,195 mm2
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.0012 x B x D = 2,304 mm2 ( as fy > 250)
Provide 16 bars @ 200 mm c/c
Provided area = 2,411 mm2
Calculation of Shear
Vumax = 200.368 kN
Developed shear stress V = 0.123 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.19 N/mm2
Considering Shear Enhancement Factor = 2, allowable stress= 0.58 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Comparison
Table 40: IS verification example 13 comparison
Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm) with 4-25 bars and
C2 (500 mm x 500 mm) with 4-28 bars supporting axial loads P1 = 900 kN and P2 = 1600 kN respectively
(under service dead and live loads). The column C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the
property line. The center-to-center distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the
base of the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 kN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in the columns as
well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
1,350 ( 10 ) 3
v = ( = 0.516 N/mm 2 < c,allowable
2 400 + 882 ) + ( 400 + 882 ) 882
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C2 = 2400 kN
Developed shear stress,
2,400 ( 10 ) 3
v = 4 ( 500 + 882 ) 882
= 0.492 N/mm 2 < c,allowable
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the critical perimeter. This
approach is conservative.
Calculation of Reinforcement
The maximum, positive moment at the face of column Cz is given by
M +ve = 608.8 x (1.460 - 0.250)2/2 = 446 KNm
Moment at center of column = 608.8 x (1.460)2 /2 = 648.859 KNm
The maximum negative moment occurs at the location of zero shear, which is at a distance x from left edge
M - ve = 608.8 x (2.2175)2/2 - 1350 x (2.2175 - 0.2) = (-) 1227 kNm
for full width.
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) per meter width = 1227/2 = 613.5 KNm/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
f 4.5Mu
c
Ast = 0.5 fy
1- 1- 2
B de
f c B de
where
B = 1,000 mm
de = 950-50-.5x12 = 894 mm
Mu = 613.5 x 106 N-mm/mm
Ast = 1948.40 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 B D = 1,140mm2/m
Figure 71: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
Comparison
Table 41: IS verification example 14 comparison
Reference
Notes on ACI318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design Applications. 2002. PCA.
Fanella, D.A. and B. G. Rabbat, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live load = 275 kips, Service
surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 113 pcf, Gross soil bearing capacity = 4.5 ksf, Column
dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete (fc') = 4,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
conc = 0.13 Kip/ft3
Surcharge =0.7 Psi
Ignore self weight for factored design, Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check.
Min soil contact required =75%
Soil Condition =Dry.
Solution
Base Area of Footing
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible soil pressure.
Axial load (LC3) =350+275 = 625 Kip
Self Weight = 13 x 13 x (33/12)x0.13 =60.4175 Kip
Soil Weight = {13x13-(30x12)/144) x (27/12)} x 0.113 = 42.33623 Kip
Surcharge = (156x156 - 30x12) x 0.7/1000 = 16.78 Kip
Total Axial load =625+60.4175 +42.33623 +16.78 = 744.5333 Kip
= Max. Corner Pressure =744.5333 /(156 x 156) = 0.0305939 ksi
GBC =4.5 kip/ft 2 > 4.406 ksf
So, < GBC. Hence Safe.
As, no lateral load/overturning moment present. So, no need to check for sliding/overturning.
Wide-beam action
One-way shear check
Along X (Shear plane parallel to global X axis)
d = D - CC -1.5x = 33-4-(1.5) x (8/8) = 27.5 in.
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 156 x 44.5 in2
Vu = qn x Tributary Area =0.03534 x 156 x 44.5 =245.33 kip
Shear capacity (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1),
Vc = (2f'c bw d) = 2 x 1.0 x (4000) x (156 x 27.5)/1000 = 542.64 kip So, 0.75Vc =0.75 x
542.64 = 406.98 kip
So, Vu <0.75 Vc. Hence Ok.
Along Z (Shear plane parallel to global Z axis)
d = D - CC -/2 = 33-4-(.5) x (8/8) = 28.5 in.
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 156 x 34.5 in2
Vu = qn x Tributary Area =0.03534 x 156 x 34.5 =190.19kip
Shear capacity (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1 Eq. No: 11.3/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1 Eq. No: 11.3 ),
Vc = (2f'c bw d) = 2 x 1.0 x (4000) x (156 x 28.5)/1000 = 562.379 kip So, 0.75Vc =0.75 x
562.4 = 421.784 kip
So, Vu <0.75 Vc. Hence Ok
Two-way Action
d = D - clear cover - = 33-4-(1) x (8/8) = 28 in.
Vu = qs x tributary area
Tributary area = [(156 156) - (30 + 28) (12 + 28)] = 22,016 in2
V =0.03534 22016 = 778.04 kip
u
V1 = 2+ ( 4
) f c bc d = 1, 249.53 kip
( d
)
V 2 = s b + 2 f c bc d = 2, 677.564 kip
0
(clause 11.11.2.1.b)
where
s = 40
V 3 = 4 f c bc d = 1, 388.366 kip
Calculation of Reinforcement
m = fy/0.85fc = 17.647
1 = 0.85(as fc =4) .
bal = 0.85*1*fc*(87/fy.(87+fy)) =0.02851
max = 0.75bal = 0.0214
min =0.0018( as fy =60
Reinforcement Along X
d = D - CC -/2 = 33-4-(.5) x (8/8) =28.5 in.
Muz = 0.03534 x 156 x 632/2 = 10940.6 kip-in. = 911.718 kip-ft
Mnz = Muz/ = 12156.25 kip-in. = 1013.02 kipft
Rn = Mnz/bd2 = 0.0959 ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.0564 <1 hence Ok
=
1
m ( 1 1
2mR n
fy ) = 0.00162
=
1
m ( 1 1
2mR n
fy ) = 0.002289
Comparison
Table 42: US verification example 1 comparison
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip (including pedestal weight), fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60
Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of
friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
Neglect footing self-weight for section Design
Min soil contact area = 75%
GWT condition dry
Surcharge on soil Nil
Depth of soil above footing 0 in.
Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check
Solution
Sliding and Overturning Check
Critical load case for overturning and sliding-LC 101
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 224.66 = 89.864 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13,704.26 inkip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 224.66 = 89.864 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13,704.26 inkip
Hence OK
V1 = 2+ ( 4
) f c b0d ( 11.11.2.1(a))
= 2+ ( 4
1
)1 4, 000 109
15.25
1, 000
= 630.78 kip
V2 = ( s d
b0 )
+ 2 f c bo d
(11.11.2.1(b))
V 3 = 4 f c bo d (11.1.2.1(c))
Comparison
Table 43: US verification example 2 comparison
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 250 kip (including pedestal wt) fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 kip/ft2. Coefficient of friction =0.4,
FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
GWT condition - dry
Suncharge on soil - Nil
Min soil contact area-75 %
Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 352.74 = 141.096 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.4 160 352.74 = 1,881.28 inkip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 352.74 = 141.096 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.4 160 352.74 = 1,881.28 inkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Considering #5 bar (5/8 inch dia)
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - = 21 - 2 -10.625 = 18.375 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9.1875 inch from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm = 0.01367 x {160x160-30.375x30.375} = 337.33 kip
Pm = bo = 2 (b + h + 2 d) = 121.5 in
= Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
) f c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 121.5 18.375(10)3 = 847.197 kip
V2 = ( d
b
)
+ 2 f c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 121.5
18.375
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 121.5 18.375(10)3 = 1, 136.57 kip
V 3 = 4 f c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
Comparison
Table 44: US verification example 3 comparison
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 300 kip (including pedestal weight), fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60
ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.3 ksf. Coefficient of friction
=0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.
Notes:
Ignore self weight for section design
Min soil contact area = 75%
Surcharge on soil - Nil
Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check.
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 369.873 = 147.94 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.4x 158 x 369.873= 1947.99 kip.ft
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 369.873 = 147.94 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 369.873 = 1947.99 kip.ft
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Considering #6 bars (i.e. 6/8 inch dia)
Effective Depth = D-clear cover - = 21 - 2 - 0.75 =18.25 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9.125 inch from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016824[158x158-30.25x30.25] =404.59 kip
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 121 in
c = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1
As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
c
) f c bc d Clause 11.11.2.1.(a)
= 2+ ( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 121 18.25(10)3 = 837.971 kip
V2 = ( ) d
b
+ 2 f c bc d Clause 11.11.2.1(b)
V 3 = 4 f c bc d Clause 11.11.2.1.(c)
Comparison
Table 45: US verification example 4 comparison
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 kip (including pedestal weight), Mx=240 inkip. Mz
= -240 inkip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil =
2.2 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
Ignore self weight for section design
Soil Condition = dry
Soil Surcharge - Nil
Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check
Height of soil above footing = 0 in.
Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 130 inch x130 inch x19 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123) = 29.55 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 kip
Zx = 130x1302/6 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302/6 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.01358 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.000655 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.000655 Ksi
(For critical Load Case LC 101)
So stress at four corners:
Sliding Check
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 229.55 = 91.82kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.4 x 229.55 = 91.82 kip
Hence OK
Overturning Check
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 inkip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 inkip
FOS = 14920.75 /240 = 62.17 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 inkip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 inkip
FOS = 14920.75 /240 = 62.17 > 1.4
Hence OK
Pressure calculation for strength checks
Pressure from factored axial load = 1.4 x 200/(130x130) = 0.016569 Ksi
Pressure from factored moment = 1.4 x Mx/Zx= 1.4 x 0.000655 = 0.000917 Ksi
Pressure from factored moment = 1.4 x Mz/Zz= 1.4 x 0.000655 = 0.000917 Ksi
(For critical Load Case LC 103)
So stress at four corners -
1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.014733 Ksi
Punching Shear
Effective Depth = D - clear cover - = 19-2-0.75=16.25 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 8.125 in from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm = 0.016569 [130 130 - (12+16.25)2 ] = 266.793 kip
Critical perimeter, Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 113 in
According to ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.7.2/ ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.6.2, an additional factor should be
added to account moment affect
Vu v M u C AB
Vu = Ac
+ Jc
f =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/ACI 318-05)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
b1 & b2 = pier length and width, respectively
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
v = 0.4
Ac = bo d = 113 16.25 = 1,836.25 in2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 240 kip-in = 336 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 16.25) / 2 = 14.125 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 264,353.1 in4
v M u C AB
V ux = Jc
Ac = 13.184 kip
About Z Direction
Mu = 1.4 240 kip-in = 336 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 16.25) / 2 = 14.125 in
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 264,353.1 in4
v M u C AB
V ux = Jc
Ac = 13.184 kip
V1 = 2+ ( 4
) f c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+ ( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 113 16.25(10)3 = 696.807 kip
V2 = ( d
b
)
+ 2 f c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 114.5
16.25
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 114.5 16.625(10)3 = 900.30 kip
V 3 = 4 f c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733+0.016569) 0.5 = 0.01566 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569+0.018405) 0.5 = 0.01749 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
86.875/130 = 0.01627 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
43.125/130 = 0.01689 ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.01749 + 0.01689) 0.5 43.125 130 = 96.38 kip
So, maximum shear force along X axis Vux = 96.38 kip
Allowable shear (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733+0.016569) x0.5 = 0.01566 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569+0.018405) x0.5 = 0.01749 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
x87.625/130 = 0.01626 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.01749+(0.01566-0.01749)
x42.375/130 = 0.01689 ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.01749 + 0.01689) 0.5 42.375 130 = 94.69 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Vuz = 94.69 kip
Allowable shear (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):
Reinforcement Calculation
Area of Steel Along X Direction
z = 0.002049
Therefore, Astz = zbd = 4.428 in2
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c
Area of Steel Along Z Direction
x = 0.00225
Therefore, Astx = xbd = 4.643 in2
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c
Comparison
Table 46: US verification example 5 comparison
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 kip, Fx= -6 kip, Fz = 6 inchkip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal dimension = 36 inch x 36 inch x 24 inch and Gross Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 2.2 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Notes:
Ignore self weight for section design
Soil Condition = dry
Soil Surcharge = Nil
Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check
Height of soil above footing = 0 in.
Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 ft2
Assuming 130 inch 130 inch 19 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing =130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123) = 29.55 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 36 x36 x24 x0.159/(123) = 2.86 kip
Therefore,
total load on the footing = (200+29.55+2.86) kip = 232.41 kip
Zx = 130x1302/6 = 366,166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302/6 = 366,166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 232.41/(130x130) = 0.0138 Ksi
Mx =6x(24+19) =258 kip-in
Mz =6x(24+19) =258 kip-in
Mx/Zx=258/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=258/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Sliding Check
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 6 kip
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 232.41 = 92.96 kip
FOS = 92.96/6 = 15.49 > 1.4 Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 6 kip
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 232.41 = 92.96 kip
FOS= 92.96/6 = 15.49 > 1.4 Hence OK
Overturning Check
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 258 kip.inch
Max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 232.41 = 15106.65 kip.inch
FOS= 15106.65/258 = 58.55>1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 258 kip.inch
Punching Shear
Effective Depth, deff = D - clear cover - = 19 - 2 - 0.75 = 16.25 in
Punching shear is checked at a perimeter 0.5d = 8.125 inch from the pedestal face.
Critical perimeter Pm = bo = 2 x (b + h + 2 x d) = 209 inch
f =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/ACI 318-05)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
b1 & b2 = pier length and width, respectively
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
v = 0.4
Ac = bo d = 209 16.25 = 3396.25 in2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 x 6 x 43 kip-in = 361.2 kip-in
CAB = (36 + 16.25) / 2 = 26.125 in
C1 = C2 = 36 in
Jc = 1,582,313.877 in4
v M u C AB
V ux = Jc
Ac = 8.1 kip
About Z Direction
Mu = 1.4 x 6 x 43 kip-in = 361.2 kip-in
CAB = (36 + 16.25) / 2 = 26.125 in
C1 = C2 = 36 in
Jc = 1,582,313.877 in4
v M u C AB
V ux = Jc
Ac = 8.1 kip
V1 = 2+ ( 4
) f c bc d 11.11.2.1(a)
= 2+( 4
1
)1.0 4, 000 209 16.25(10)3 = 1, 288.786 kip
V2 = ( d
b
)
+ 2 f c bc d 11.11.2.1(b)
= ( 40 114.5
16.25
+ 2)1.0 4, 000 209 16.25(10)3 = 1, 097.626 kip
V 3 = 4 f c bc d 11.11.2.1(c)
Allowable shear (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.016569+0.018543) x0.5 = 0.01756 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.014595+0.016569) x0.5 = 0.01559 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section =
0.01559+(0.01756-0.01559)x30.375/130 = 0.01606 ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section =
0.01559+(0.01756-0.01559)x99.625/130 = 0.0171 ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.01756+0.0171)x0.5x30.375x130 = 68.44 ksi
So, max shear force along Z axis, Vuz = 68.44 kip
Allowable shear (as per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):
Base Pressure along one edge = 0.01559 Ksi (left end) (left end)
Base Pressure along other edge = 0.01756 Ksi (right end)
Base Pressure at right face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x83/130 = 0.01685 ksi
Base Pressure at left face of pedestal = 0.01559 +(0.01756 -0.01559) x47/130 = 0.01631 ksi
Reinforcement Calculations
Along X Direction
z = 0.00129
Therefore, Astx = zbd = 2.788 mm2
Ast,min = 0.0018bD = 4.446 in2
Ast,min governs
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c (As,prov = 4.79 in2)
Along Z Direction
x = 0.001425
Therefore, Astz = xbd = 2.99 in2
Ast,min = 0.0018bD = 4.446 in2
Ast,min governs
Provide #6 bars at 12 c/c (As,prov = 4.79 in2)
Comparison
Table 47: US verification example 6 comparison
0.0123 0.0123
0.0138 0.0138
0.0152 0.0152
Reference
Wilson, Kenneth (1997). Bearing Pressures for Rectangular Footings with Biaxial Uplift Journal of Bridge
Engineering, Vol 2(1), 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(1997)2:1(27), , 27-33. Fig. 7.
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Calculate Corner pressure for an isolated footing with the given data:
Load Fy = 100 Kip (excluding pedestal weight)
Eccentricity along X direction = -3.75 ft. Eccentricity along Z direction = 3.25 ft.
Height of soil on footing = 0 ft.
Note - GWT condition - dry
Surcharge on soil - Nil
Ignore self-weight
Solution
P= Applied load on the footing =100 Kip
Mx= 0+ 100x 3.25= 325 kip-ft
Mz= 0+ 100x 3.75= 375 kip- ft
Assuming 15ft x 10.5 ft footing area:
A=Area of footing = 15x 10.5= 157.5 sq ft
Zx= 15x 10.52/6= 275.625 ft3
Zz= 10.5x 152/6= 393.75 ft3
For the current Load case, Pressure at 4 corners,
1= P/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = (100/157.5) - (325/ 275.625) + (375/393.75) = 0.4082 ksf
2= P/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz =(100/157.5)-(325/ 275.625)-(375/393.75)= -1.4966 ksf
3= P/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = (100/157.5) + (325/ 275.625)-(375/393.75)= 0.8616 ksf
4= P/A+ Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz= (100/157.5) + (325/ 275.625)+(375/393.75)= 2.7664 ksf
Here the foundation has arrived into Out-of-Contact with Soil situation. Therefore, redistribution is necessary.
After redistribution with manual method, (for the procedure, refer to the reference by K. Wilson), the maximum
pressure is 5 kip/ ft2 at corner 4 and at all other three corners, pressure is zero. (Refer to Figure 2 (on page
278)).
In out of contact situation, redistribution is also performed by STAAD Foundation Advanced. STAAD Foundation
Advanced reports 4.938 kip/ft2 at Corner 4 and zero for other Corners.
Note: Refer job name jobIsolated in the file us-isolated-foundation-7-general.sfa, which is installed
with the program.
The same situation is also generated in the flexible method using the Mat foundation module and maximum
pressure reported is 4.85 kip/ ft2.
Comparison
Table 48: US Verification problem 9 comparison
Before redistribution
After redistribution
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.4
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = 30 Mpa
Strength of steel = fy = 450 Mpa
Applied loads: Fy = -800 kN Type of depth is fixed bottom.
1 2 3 4 5
Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.45 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table.
3 4
Note: To specify using variable bearing capacity input, select the Global Settings tool on the Home ribbon tab.
In the Global Settings dialog, select the Use Variable Bearing Capacity option on the Rigid Foundation
Settings tab.
Using the initial dimensions, the portion of the bearing pressure table is:
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is observed to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 3 and 4 m
width:
(
150 + 152 150 )( 3.44 33 ) = 150.8kN / m 2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 150.8 140 )( 2.53 2.25
2.25
) = 143.6kN / m 2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 143.6 kN/m2
Comparison
Table 51: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
Reference
Note: These results have been verified for ACI 318-2005 and ACI 318-2011 editions. You can select different
design codes from the Job Setup page under Edit Current Job.
Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.4
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = 30 Mpa
Strength of steel = fy = 450 Mpa
Applied loads: Fy = -1600 kN Type of depth is fixed bottom.
1 2 3 4 5
Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.5 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table.
3 4
Note: To specify using variable bearing capacity input, select the Global Settings tool on the Home ribbon tab.
In the Global Settings dialog, select the Use Variable Bearing Capacity option on the Rigid Foundation
Settings tab.
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is observed to not vary between 3m and 4
m width, so the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 3 and 4 m
width:
(
150 + 159 150 )( 3.44 33 ) = 153.6 kN/m2
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interpolated between 2.25 and 3
m depth:
(
140 + 153.6 140 )( 2.53 2.25
2.25
) = 144.53 kN/m2
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 144.53 kN/m2.
Length = 4.2 m
Width = 4.2 m
4 5
Hence safe.
Comparison
Table 53: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 2
Reference
PCA. 2002. Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete . Skokie, IL:Portland Cement
Association Example 7.8 Design of Square Column for Biaxial Loading p.7-46.
Problem
Design the pedestal of an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,200 Kip, Mx=1,500 inkip, Mz=3,600
inkip, fc' = 5 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Pedestal Dimension = 24-inch x 24 inch, and Gross Bearing Capacity of Soil = 4 Kip/
sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Notes:
Ignore self weight for section design
Soil Condition = dry
Soil Surcharge = Nil
Ignore lateral earth pressure for stability check
Solution
Note: The Design of footing is as same as done in the US Isolated Problem 5 (on page 256).
Note: Assuming = 0.65 ( will generally vary from 0.55 to about 0.70. Hence, a value of 0.65 for is generally a
good initial choice in a biaxial bending analysis.)
where
Poz = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of Mnz only
Pox = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of Mnx only
Po = Maximum axial load strength with no applied moments
= 0.85 f
c ( Ag Ast ) + Ast f y
This equation is valid if the failure load, Pn 0.1f'cAg
1,846.154 > 0.152424 = 288 kip
Hence, OK
Here:
Hence OK.
where
Mnz = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnx = Nominal Biaxial moment strength about X axis
Mnoz = Nominal Uniaxial moment strength about Z axis
Mnox = Nominal Uniaxial moment strength about Xaxis
This equation is valid if the failure load, Pn 0.1f'cAg
From the interaction diagram, Mnoz = 680 ftkip for Pn = 1,846 kip
Hence OK.
( ) ( )
log 0.5 log 0.5
M nz M nx
log log
M noz
+ M nox
1
Po = 2,796 kip
Pn = 1,846.154 kip
Pn / Po =1,846.154 / 2,796 = 0.66
=
Ast
Db ( )
fy
f c
=
6.24
( ) = 0.13
60
24 24 5
From the graph is determined to be 0.66 for = 0.13 and Pn/Po = 0.66 and fy =60,000 psi.
The PCA Load Contour equation becomes:
log 0.5 log 0.5
( 680
)
461.5 log 0.66
+ ( )
192.3 log 0.66
680
= 0.65 < 1
Hence OK.
The pedstal section 24 in x 24 in with 4 #11 bars is safe for the loading.
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Difference
Advanced Result
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-30 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 2.5 ksf. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil = 24 inch
Depth of GWT=10 inch
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
With Respect to Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) inch = 21.25 inch 1.771 ft
Two-way shear Vm = 67.113 kip
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+ ( 4
c
) f c bc d
(
= 2+
4
1
) 4, 000 133 21.25(10)3 = 1, 051.652 kip
( )
V 2 = 40 b + 2
d
f c bc d
= (40 133 + 2)
21.25
4, 000 133 21.25(10)3 = 1, 500.138 kip
V 3 = 4 f c bc d
Reinforcement Calculation
z (top) = 0.00263
z (bot) = 0.0018
x = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast =bd
Comparison
Table 54: US combined foundation 1 comparison
Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip, Mz=360 inkip for each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy =
60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-30 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch .
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.5 ksf Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 168.35 = 23,148.2 inkip = 1,929.02 ftkip
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 44x 168.35 = 3,703.72 inkip = 308.643 ftkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
deff = (24-2-1 x 0.75) inch = 21.25 in 1.771 ft
Two-way shear, Vm = 89.663 kip
c= Width of col/depth of col = 12/12 = 1
bc= 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 133 in
As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V1 = 2+( 4
c ) f '
c bc d = 2+ ( 4
1 ) 4,000 133 21.25(10) 3
= 1,072.652 kip
( d
V 2 = 40 b + 2 ) f '
c bc d = 40( 21.25
133
)
+ 2 4,000 133 21.25(10)3 = 1,500.138 kip
V1 = 2+ ( 4
c ) f '
c bc d = 2+ ( 4
1 ) 4,000 133 21.25(10) 3
= 1,072.652 kip
( d
V 2 = 40 b + 2 ) f '
c bc d = 40( 21.25
133
)
+ 2 4,000 133 21.25(10)3 = 1,500.138 kip
V3 = 4 f '
c bc d = 4 4,000 133 21.25(10)3 = 715.101 kip
= 1/m(1-1-2mRn/fy) = 0.00055
Hence OK
About Z Axis (hogging)
m = fy/0.85fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
bal = 0.851fc87/fy(87+fy) = 0.028507 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
max = 0.75 bal = 0.0214 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 204.621 ftkip = 2455 inkip
deff = 20.875 in
= 0.9
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 2,728.28 inkip
Rn = Mnx/bd2 = 0.1423 ksi
mRn/fy <1, Hence OK
= 1/m(1-1-2mRn/fy) = 0.00242
max Hence OK
About X Axis
m = fy/0.85fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.851fc87/fy(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75 bal = 0.0214
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Cantilever length = (44-12)/2 = 16 in
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 40.73 ftkip =488.73 inkip
deff = 20.875 in
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 543.03 inkip
Rn = Mnx/bd2 = 0.0045 ksi
mRn/fy <1, Hence OK
= 1/m(1-1-2mRn/fy) = 0.000076
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
z (bot) = 0.0018
z (top) = 0.00242
x (bot) = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast = bd
Comparison
Table 55: US combined foundation 2 comparison
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 in
x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip
1 -54 -27
2 -54 27
3 0 -27
4 0 27
5 54 -27
6 54 27
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2) + 0 1(.267) = 499.467 kip
Load on each pile = 499.467/6 = 83.245 kip
Punching Shear
( )f
V1 = 2 +
4
c
c bc d = 2+( ) 4, 000 153.5 26.375(10) = 1, 536.321 kip
4
1
3
Calculation of Shear
Effective depth for punching shear check, d = 31 -2 -2 - 1.5 x 0.625 = 26.063 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.0d from the column face.
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile2 = 83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
Total shear = 283.245 = 166.49 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(144 -12)/2 - 21.063]/144} 37.2 = 10.317 Kip
So Total V, X1X1 = 166.49 -10.317 = 156.172 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile6 = 83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2,3,4 =0 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
Total shear = 283.245 = 166.49 kip
Shear per self weight = {[(144 -12)/2 - 21.063]/144} 37.2 = 10.317 Kip
So Total V, X2X2 = 166.49 -10.317 = 156.172 kip
So V parallel to X direction = 156.172 kip
Now allowable shear (per ACI-318-2011 clause 11.2.1.1/ ACI-318-2005 clause 11.3.1.1):
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = fy/0.85fc = 60/ (0.854) = 17.65
1 = 0.85 (as fc = 4) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
bal = 0.851fc87/fy(87 + fy) = 0.028507 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
max = 0.75bal = 0.02138 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)
min = 0.0018 (as fy= 60 ksi) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)
=
1
m ( 1 1
2m Rn
fy ) = 0.0023
=
1
m ( 1 1
2m Rn
fy ) = 0.0009
So = min=0.0018
< max, Hence OK
Comparison
Table 57: US verification example 10 comparison
Note: Pile cap self-weight, soil weight, buoyance, and surcharge are included when calculating shear forces and
moments. This feature is only available in US code.
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ftkip. fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 18 inch
Vertical capacity = 65 kip,
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip
1 -27 -27
2 -27 27
3 27 27
4 27 -27
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.4
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip
Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ftkip = 840 inkip
Punching Shear
Effective Depth for punching shear, deff = D - clear cover - =27-2-2-0.625 = 22.375 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.19 in from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip
f =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/05)
/
1 + 2 3 b1 / b2
where
b1 and b2 = pier length and width, respectively
v = 0.4
Pm = 4(12+22.375) =137.5 in
Ac = Pm deff = 137.5 22.375= 3,076.56 in2
About x direction,
Mu = 1.4 50 kip-ft = 840 kip-in
CAB = (12 + 22.375) / 2 = 17.19 in
Jc = (deff(C1 deff)3)/6+(deff3(C1+deff))/6+(deff (C2+deff)(C1+deff)2)/2
C1 = C2 = 12in
Jc = 670,076 in4
Vux_moment = ((v Mu CAB) /Jc) Ac = 26.52 kip
Total punching shear Vu = 230.516 - 17.3 + 26.52 = 239.74 kip
= L/B = 12/12 = 1
As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
V3 = 4 f '
c bc d = 4 4,000 137.5 22.375(10)3 = 778.316 kip
Pile 1/4 are taking reaction 49.849 Kip & Pile 2/3 are taking reaction 65.409 Kip
d critical = 4.46 inch
Effective depth = 22.375 in
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Calculation of Shear
Effective Depth for punching shear, deff =D-clear cover- = 27-2-2-1.5x0.625 = 22.063 in
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 21.188 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 = 27.799 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 Kip
Contribution from self weight = 3.811 Kip
Calculation of Moment
About Z Axis
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 49.849 21/12 = 87.24 ftkip
Contribution from pile 4 = 65.409 21/12 = 114.46 ftkip
Contribution from pile 3,4=0 inkip
Comparison
Table 59: US verification example 11 comparison
Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1,200 KN & Mz = 100 KNm, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 KN
Horizontal capacity = 50 KN
Uplift capacity = 50 KN
1 -900 -450
2 -900 450
3 0 -450
4 0 450
5 900 -450
6 900 450
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1,200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1,758.78 kN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 kN
Moment, Mz = 1.4(100) = 140 kNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 1400.9/(40.90.9) = 332.02 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 kN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -1400.9/(40.90.9) = 254.24 kN
Punching Shear
Effective depth for punching check,deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 165 = 664 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =332 mm from the column face.
f =
1 (13-1, ACI318-11/ACI 318-05)
2 b1
1+
3 b2
where
b1 & b2 = pier length and width, respectively
d (c1 + d )3 (c1 + d ) d 3 (
d (c1 + d )2 c2 + d )
Jc = 6
+ 6
+ 2
v = 0.4
Pm = 4(0.25+0.664) = 3.656 m
Ac = Pm deff = 3.656 0.664= 2.428 m2
About X Direction
Mu = 1.4 100 kNm
CAB = (0.25 + 0.664) / 2 = 0.407 m
C1 = C2 = 0.25m
Jc = (deff(C1 deff)3)/6+(deff3(C1+deff))/6+(deff (C2+deff)(C1+deff)2)/2 = 0.3826 m4
Vux_moment = ((v Mu CAB) /Jc) Ac = 184.525 kN
Total punching shear Vu = 1,448.08 - 61.71 + 184.525 = 1,570.9 kN
= L/B = 250/250 = 1
As per ACI-318-11 clause No. 11.11.2 and Eq. No. 11-31, 11-32, and 11-33/ As per ACI-318-05 clause No. 11.12.2
and Eq. No. 11-33, 11-34, and 11-35,
( ) f b d = 6, 049 kN
V1 = 2 +
4
c
c c
= (40 ) f b d = 9, 341 kN
d
V2 bc c c
V 3 = 4 f c bc d = 4, 032 kN
Calculation of Shear
V c1 = 2 f c bc d = 871.78 kN
0.75Vc1 = 653.835 kN
V < 0.75Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 0.926 KN
So Total V, Z1Z1 = -0.926 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
Contribution from self weight = 0.926 KN
So Total V, Z2Z2 = -0.926 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = fy/0.85fc= 415/(0.8525) = 19.529
1 = 0.85 (as fc = M25) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.2.7.3)
bal = 0.851fc87/fy(87 + fy) = 0.025729 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.2)
max = 0.75bal = 0.019297 (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 10.3.3)
min = 0.0018 (as fy= 415 N/mm2) (ACI-318-11 and ACI-318-05 clause 7.12.2)
= min=0.0018
min < < max, Hence OK
Calculation of Moment about X Axis
Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 kNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 293.13(0.325) = 95.27 kNm
Contribution from pile 5 = 254.24(0.325) = 82.63 kNm
Contribution from piles 2, 4, & 6 = 0 kNm
Contribution self weight =11.106 kNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 107.9 + 95.27 + 82.63 - 11.106 = 274.696 kNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 kNm
Contribution from pile 4 = 293.13(0.325) = 95.27 kNm
Contribution from pile 6 = 254.24(0.325) = 82.63 kNm
Contribution from piles 1, 3, & 5 = 0 kNm
Contribution self weight =11.106 kNm
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 107.9 + 95.27 + 82.63 - 11.106 = 274.696 kNm
So Max value of Mx = 274.696 kNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ = 317.78 KNm =318 KNm
Rn = Mnz/(bd2) = 0.555 N/mm2
mRn/fy = 0.0261 <1, Hence OK
= 1/m (1-1-2mRn/fy) = 0.00136
So = min=0.0018
< max, Hence OK
Comparison
Table 61: US verification example 13 comparison
Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc = 3,000psi (column and footing),
fy = 60,000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.
Column 1 Column 2
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of column 1
Resultant vertical load R = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
Point of action of R is obtained as
R e = 276 15, which gives e = 276 X 15/444 = 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.
Find B
BLq = 444
444
B= 19.648 2.775
= 8.143 ft
dV = 0x q d x
V = 22.48 x 168
V = 0 at x = 168 / 22.48 = 7.47 ft (locates point of Mmax)
Moment between column 1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):
dM = 0x dV d x
M =
22.48( x )
2
2
(
168 x 0.5 )
At x = 1(right face of column 1),
M = -72.76 ft-kips
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M =
22.48(7.47)2
2
( )
168 7.47 0.5 = 543.76 ftkips
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B vc d = 166.39 22.48 d
vc = 11.825 ksf (allowable)
8.17 11.825 d = 166.39 22.48 d
d = 166.39 / 119.1= 1.397 ft (16.765 in)
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using d just obtained for a three-side zone and
vc = 4 0.75 3, 000 = 164.317psi = 23.66ksf
And
(
As d
a
2 ) =
Mu
fy
(
As 16.765 0.98As = ) 543.76 12
0.9 60 8.17
= 14.79
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
Ast 0.94 200
= bd
= 16.765 12
= 0.00467 > fy
(OK)
168
q= 8.17 2.05
= 10.03ksf (conservative)
10.03(3.585)2
M = 2
12 = 773.45inkips
(
As 15.765 0.98As = ) 773.45
0.9 60
= 14.323
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:
L d = 0.04 0.60 60, 000 3, 000 = 26.3in
or
Ld = 0.004 0.875 60000 = 21 in
Ld furnished = 3.585 12 3 = 40 in
276
q= 8.17 3.25
= 10.394ksf (conservative)
10.394(3.46)2
M = 2
12 = 746.6 inkips
(
As 15.765 0.98As = ) 776.478
0.9 60
= 14.379
As = 0.98 in2 / ft
Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in
Use 2
fc = 0.75 0.7 fc 2 = 3.15 ksi
P = 15 15 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276
Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Comparison
Table 62: US verification example 12 comparison
Problem
Design a combined footing for 3 columns with the following data:
Calculations
Approximate area of footing required = Load/Bearing Capacity = (3200)/75 = 8 m2
Let us assume a footing dimension of 11.6 m x 1.5 m x 0.5 m
(left overhang=right overhang = 0.8 m)
Weight of footing = 11.6 1.5 0.5 x 25 = 217.5 kN
Weight of pedestal = 3 0.5 0.5 1.7 25 = 31.875 kN
Weight of soil above footing = [11.6 1.5 - 3 0.5 0.5] 0.5 22 = 183.15 kN
Surcharge = [11.6 1.5 - 3 0.5 0.5] 5 = 83.25 kN
Reduction of weight due to buoyancy = 11.6 1.5 (0.5+0.5-0.2) 9.81 = 136.555 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing (Dry) = (600 + 217.5 + 31.875 + 183.15 + 83.25)
= 1115.775 kN
Total load on the footing (Wet) = (600 + 217.5 + 31.875 + 183.15 + 83.25 - 136.555)
= 979.22 kN
Total load on the footing (Wet) excluding surcharge
= (600 + 217.5 + 31.875 + 183.15 - 136.555) = 895.97 kN
Maximum corner pressure = 1115.775 /(11.6x1.5) = 64.125 kN/m2 < 75 kN/m2 . Hence Safe.
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
There is no lateral load. Hence, sliding force = 0
Maximum Resisting force due to friction = Vertical load
Total service load on foundation = 895.97 KN (for stability calculation)
Hence, maximum possible resisting sliding force (both directions) = 0.4 x 895.97 = 358.39 kN
Since there is no moment on the foundation, overturning moment = 0.0
Maximum resisting moment (w.r.t Z axis) = 895.97 11.6 / 2 = 5196.63 kN-m
Maximum resisting moment (w.r.t X axis) = 895.97 1.5/ 2 = 671.98 kNm
Effective Depth
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and a bar diameter of 12 mm, the effective depth is
deff = (500 - 50 - 1.512) mm = 432 mm
Note that 1.5d is based on the following:
Instead of one effective depth for the longitudinal bottom reinforcement, and another effective depth for the
transverse bottom reinforcement, a value of 1.5d is used for both directions, as suggested by some textbooks)
0.55 2
Moment at the left face of the left end column = 46.55 1.5 2
= 10.56 kNm (Sagging)
0.8 2
Moment at mid-point of left end column = 46.55 1.5 2
= 22.344 kNm (Sagging)
600 3.867 2
Maximum moment within the span = 1.35 11.6
2
- 200 3.067 = 306 kNm (Hogging)
5.8 2
Moment at center of middle column = 46.55 1.5 2
- 1.35 200 5 = - 175.5 kNm
0.5 2
Moment in transverse direction at face of columns = 46.55 11.6 2
= 67.5 kNm (Sagging)
Shear a deff to the left of the left-most column = 46.55 1.5 ( 0.8 - 0.25 - 0.432 ) = 8.24kN
Shear at the center of the left-most column = 46.55 1.5 038 = 55.86 kN
Shear immediately beyond center of the left-most column = [55.86 - 1.35 200] = -214.14 kN
Shear at deff to the right of the right side face of the left-most column = [46.55 1.5 (5..8 - 0.25 - 0.432) -
1.35 200] = 87.38 kN
Shear just before the center of the middle column = [46.55 1.5 5.8 - 1.35 200] = 135 kN
Shear just before the center of the middle column = [46.55 1.5 5.8 - 1.35 200 2] = -135 kN
Shear a deff to the right of the right side face of the middle column = [46.55 1.5 (5.8 + 0.25 + 0.432) - 1.35
2 200] = -87.38 kN
Punching shear perimeter = Pm = (only one side of the punching shear rectangle is inside the footing) = 1,500
mm
Punching shear stress = v = Vmax/(Pmd) = 1351000 / (1500438) = 0.2055 N/mm2
For Column Two
Punching shear perimeter = Pm = (only two sides of the punching shear rectangle are inside the footing) = 3,000
mm
v = Vmax/(Pmd) = 112.51000 / (3000438) = 0.0856 N/mm2
As per Clause 6.2.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3 & 6.4.4 and BS Annexure-
Eccentricity factor, = 1
k = 0.346
Reinforcement percent for bars along X = 0.0026
Reinforcement percent for bars along Z = 0.0023
Reinforcement percent for punching strength calculation= 0.0024
c = 0.501 N/mm2 V min = 0.346 N/mm2
So, take c 0.501 N/mm2
Comparison
Note: The following Global Settings are required within the GUI of STAAD Foundation Advanced to obtain the
numbers in the table below in the column STAAD Foundation Result:
On the Rigid Foundation Settings tab,
1. select the Neglect Footing Self Weight for Concrete Checks option in the Concrete Check Self Weight
Settings group and
2. select the Gross Bearing Capacity Input option in the Bearing Capacity Settings group.
Resisting Flexural 1,443.6 (about the Z axis) 1,443.61 (about the Z Negligible
Moment, kNm axis)
11,163.8 (about the X
axis) 11,163.92 (about the X
axis)
fc = 30 MPa, fy = 500 MPa, Column Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm, Pedestal height-1000 mm. and C/C column
distance = 5,000 mm. Depth of top soil = 500 mm. Soil condition is dry. Unit weight of soil and concrete are 22
and 25 kN/m3 respectively. keep the footing extended 800 mm at each side from each end column.
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 kN/m2. Coefficient of friction = 0.4, FOS against sliding = 1.5, FOS against
overturning = 1.5 (neglect Self Weight for factored design)
Use British Annex for region specific values.
Calculations
Approximate area of footing required = (200+300+400)/150 m2 = 6 m2
Assuming 11.6 m x 1.5 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 0.8 m)
Weight of footing = 11.6 x 1.5 x 0.500 x 25 = 217.5 kN
Weight of pedestal = 3 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 1.0 x 25 = 18.75 kN
Weight of soil above footing = [11.6x1.5 - 3x0.5x0.5] x 0.5 x 22 = 183.15 kN
Therefore, total load on the footing =V = (900 + 217.5 + 18.75 + 183.15 )
= 1319.4 kN
Fx_tot = 5+4+3 = 12 kN
Fz_tot = 3+5+7 = 15 kN
So Mx = Fz_tot x lever arm = 15 x1.5 = 22.5 kN
11.6 400x0.8 + 300x5.8 + 200x10.8
eccentricity = e = 2
- 400 + 300 + 200
= 1.1111
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Sliding force(X) = 12 kN
Sliding force(Z) = 15 kN
Moment at Span
80.91 + 62.238 62.238 + 2x80.91 3.71
= 1.35 2
1.5 3.71 80.91 + 62.238
3
- 400 2.91 + 5 1.5 = - 520.44 kNm
(Hogging) at 3.71 m from left boundary
Moment at middle column
80.91 + 51.72 51.72 + 2x80.91 5.8
= 1.35 2
1.5 5.8 80.91 + 51.72
3
- 400 5 + 9 1.5 = - 257.349 kNm (Hogging)
80.91 + 76.88
Shear at left end column location = 1.35 2
0.8 1.5 - 400 = - 412.19 kNm
80.91 + 76.88
Shear just before left end column location = 1.35 2
0.8 1.5 = 127.813 kN
80.91 + 51.72
Shear a middle column location = 1.35 2
5.8 1.5 - 700 = - 166.13 kN
80.91 + 51.72
Shear just before end column location = 1.35 2
5.8 1.5 - 400 = 238.87 kN
80.91 + 26.556
Shear at right end column location = 1.35 2
10.8 1.5 - 900 = - 39.86 kNm
80.91 + 26.556
Shear just before right end column location = 1.35 2
10.8 1.5 - 700 = 230.143 kN
80.91 + 80.316
Shear at deff (left) from left end column location = 1.35 2
0.118 1.5 = 19.26 kN
80.91 + 73.45
Shear at deff (right) from left end column location = 1.35 2
1.482 1.5 - 400 = - 308.38 kN
80.91 + 55.15
Shear at deff (left) from middle column location = 1.35 2
5.118 1.5 - 400 = 165.072 kN
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter at 2xdeff from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (500 - 50 - 1.0 x 12) mm = 438 mm
Pm = 4 (500 mm + 4x 438 mm) = 9008 mm
Now, the punching line exceeds footing boundary. So practically punching shear behavior is changed into one
way shear. So, calculation is not repeated.
Note: Refer to EN Conmbined Foundaiton 1 (on page 335) for a detailed explanation.
Comparison
Value of Reference Result STAAD Foundation Result Percent Difference
(General Mode)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 8 kN
max Resisting force = x Total effective vertical load on foundation = 0.4 (959.807 kN)
= 383.92 kN
FOS = 383.92 / 8 = 47.99 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5kN
max Resisting force = x Total effective vertical load on foundation = 0.4 (959.807 kN)
= 383.92 kN
FOS = 383.92 / 5 = 76.78 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Resultant Direction
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About the X Axis
Overturning Moment = 31.5 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (2.8 m) (959.807 kN) = 1,343.73 kNm
FOS = 1343.73 /31.5 = 42.658 > 1.5
Hence OK
About the Z Axis
Overturning Moment = 4.6 kNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (2.8 m) (959.807 kN) = 1,343.73 kNm
FOS = 1343.73 / 4.6 =292.12 > 1.5
Hence OK
Factored Design
Axial Load = 1.35 800 kN = 1,080 kN
MX =1.35 31.5 = 42.525 kNm
MZ =1.35 4.6 = 6.21 kNm
1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 127.829 kN/m2
2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 124.435 kN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 147.681 kN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 151.076 kN/m2
CRDC =0.156
c = 0.4761 N/mm2
Vmin= 0.346 N/mm2
So, take c = 0.4761 N/mm2
So, VRDc = c x effective depth x effective width = 709.2 kN > F = 254.064 kN
VRDc >F
Hence OK
Shear Line Parallel to Z Direction
Critical section for shear is at a distance, deff, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 139.46 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 136.06 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 138.71 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 136.811 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section = [(139.46 + 138.71 )/2 ] 0.618 x 2.8 = 240.673k N
Hence, the SF at the right critical section = [(136.06 + 136.811 )/2 ] 0.618 x 2.8 = 236.088k N
Critical shear force F = 240.673 kN (rounded off to 241 kN)
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter at a distance of 2deff from the column face.
Effective depth for punching shear, deff = (600 - 50 - 1.0 x 12) mm = 538 mm
Punching Shear perimeter, u = 2. (500+500) + 4..538 = 8763.43 mm
Area inside shear perimeter = (4..5382 + 5002 + 8x538x500)/106 = 6.04 m2
Vmax = (2.8 x 2.8 -6.04) x 137.755 = 247.86 kN
Punching shear capacity, as per Clause 6.2.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.3 & 6.4.4 and BS Annex:
Eccentricity factor, = 1
k = 0.346
Reinforcement percent for bars along X = 0.00226
Reinforcement percent for bars along Z = 0.00226
Reinforcement percent for punching strength calculation= 0.00226
c = 0.475 N/mm2
V min = 0.346 N/mm2
So, take c = 0.475 N/mm2
So, VRDc = c x effective depth x punching shear perimeter = 0.475 538 8,763.43/103
= 2,239.49 kN
take V RDc = 2,711 kN > F = 112 kN,
V RDc >F
Hence safe
Comparison
Note: The following Global Settings are required within the GUI of STAAD Foundation Advanced to obtain the
numbers in the table below in the column STAAD Foundation Result:
On the Rigid Foundation Settings tab,
1. select the Neglect Footing Self Weight for Concrete Checks option in the Concrete Check Self Weight
Settings group and
2. select the Gross Bearing Capacity Input option in the Bearing Capacity Settings group.
135.06 135.06
152.27 152.27
154.79 154.79
Solution
Assuming a 2.6 m 2.6 m 0.5m footing dimension,
Total Moment wrt Z = 150kNm
Total Moment wrt = 0kNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
1 = V/A - Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A - Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Due to presence of uniaxial moment and positive value for Mz, we can conclude:
1= 4= max = V/A + Mz/Zz
In partial uplift situations involving an axial load and uniaxial moment, the CG of applied loads and CG of the soil
pressure reaction have to pass through the same point. The CG of applied loads from left end of the footing =
B P 2.6 150
2
Mz
= 2
222.83
= 1.3 0.6732 = 0.6268 m
Thus, CG of the force resulting from the soil pressures too is at 0.6268m from the left end
So, length of contact region (see X' in the above figure) = 3 0.6268 = 1.88 m.
Maximum corner pressure is obtained from the equation:
Reactions due to base pressures = Applied axial force (222.83 kN)
X
Hence 2
2.6 = 222.83 kN
222.83
= 1.3 1.88
= 91.174 kN/m2
Comparison
Table 63: EC2 verification 4 comparison
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231
Necessary Factors of Safety:
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification:
strength of concrete = 4 ksi
strength of steel = 60 ksi
strength of guy rod steel = 50 ksi
unit weight of concrete, c = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of water = 62.4 lb/ft3
Soil & GWT condition:
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
Assume depth of Ground Water Table (GWT) = 8 ft below ground line (GL)
Assume soil cone angle of uplift = 30
Surcharge on soil at GL =0 kip/ft2
Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load, H = Pcos = 83.815 cos(54.231) = 48.9656 kip
Vertical component of load, V = Psin = 83.815 sin(54.231) = 68.0245 kip
Min area required for guy rod = 83.815/50 = 1.677 in2. I.e., if single rod is used, min dia of rod required = 1.5 in.
Table 65: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips)
Note: is in degrees.
Pa= hKp
Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + hKa
where
Ka = Active EP coeff of the present layer
= Soil density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer)
Pp= hKp + 2C(Kp)
Pp of a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + hKp
where
Kp = Passive EP coeff of the present layer
= Soil density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer
C = Cohesion of Present layer in kip/ft2
Note: Here, is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If the soil layer is below GWT, then submerged density of soil (-soil) is used
Adhesion factor = 0.31 + 0.34/C, 1
Take a 11.5' x 4' x 3.5 ft block with 0.5' tow with total embedment depth 10'.
Soil Depth upper lvl of Soil Depth lower lvl of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer(ft) layer(ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft) Volume
Depth Depth (pcf) (ft 3 )
upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
0 0.5 115 10 9.5 6.2763 5.987 24.05 23.47 16.55 15.97 193.24
505
0.5 1 115 9.5 9 5.9875 5.699 23.47 22.9 15.97 15.4 181.85
128
1 1.5 115 9 8.5 5.6987 5.41 22.9 22.32 15.4 14.82 170.79
116
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft) Volume
Depth Depth (pcf) (ft 3 )
upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
1.5 2 115 8.5 8 5.4099 5.121 22.32 21.74 14.82 14.24 160.06
47
2 2.5 115 8 7.5 5.1211 4.832 21.74 21.16 14.24 13.66 149.67
19
2.5 3 115 7.5 7 4.8322 4.543 21.16 20.59 13.66 13.09 139.61
276
3 3.5 115 7 6.5 4.5434 4.255 20.59 20.01 13.09 12.51 129.88
728
3.5 4 115 6.5 6 4.2546 3.966 20.01 19.43 12.51 11.93 120.49
545
4 4.5 115 6 5.5 3.9658 3.677 19.43 18.85 11.93 11.35 111.43
728
4.5 5 115 5.5 5 3.677 3.388 18.85 18.28 11.35 10.78 102.71
277
5 5.5 115 5 4.5 3.3882 3.099 18.28 17.7 10.78 10.2 94.321
915
5.5 6 115 4.5 4 3.0993 2.811 17.7 17.12 10.2 9.621 86.264
72
6 6.5 115 4 3.5 2.8105 2.522 17.12 16.54 9.621 9.043 78.541
183
6.5 7 115 3.5 3 2.5217 2.233 16.54 15.97 9.043 8.466 48.151
304
7 7.5 115 3 2.5 2.2329 1.944 15.97 15.39 8.466 7.888 41.095
082
7.5 8 115 2.5 2 1.9441 1.655 15.39 14.81 7.888 7.311 34.372
519
8 8.5 52.6 2 1.5 1.6553 1.366 14.81 14.23 7.311 6.733 27.983
613
8.5 9 52.6 1.5 1 1.3664 1.078 14.23 13.66 6.733 6.155 21.928
366
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft) Volume
Depth Depth (pcf) (ft 3 )
upper lower
lvl of lvl of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
9 9.5 52.6 1 0.5 1.0776 0.789 13.66 13.08 6.155 5.578 16.206
776
Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thickness Area of Factor CA (psf)
( C) (psf)
layer (ft) layer (ft) effective for contact (ft2)
adhesion (ft)
0 0.5 22223.181 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 20912.897 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 19640.984 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 18407.441 0 0 0 0 0
2 2.5 17212.269 0 0 0 0 0
2.5 3 16055.467 0 0 0 0 0
3 3.5 14937.037 0 0 0 0 0
3.5 4 13856.977 0 0 0 0 0
4 4.5 12815.287 0 0 0 0 0
4.5 5 11811.968 0 0 0 0 0
5 5.5 10847.02 0 0 0 0 0
5.5 6 9920.4428 0 0 0 0 0
6 6.5 9032.2361 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thickness Area of Factor CA (psf)
( C) (psf)
layer (ft) layer (ft) effective for contact (ft2)
adhesion (ft)
= 0.85 - 0.05(fc-4)
0.85 0.65
= 0.85
width, B = 4 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5top rebar dia
deff = 38.19 in
Area of each top rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of top rebar = As = 2.404 in2
a = Asfy/(fckB) = 0.883847 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = Asfy(deff - a/2) = 408.37 ftkip
Ratio = 408.37 / 127.1218 = 3.213 >1, Hence OK
Front face Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force, V = 48.9656 kip
Length, L = 11.5 ft
Force/Length = w = V/L = 4.258 kip/ft
Bending Moment = wL2/8 = 70.389 ftkip
Factored Moment, M = 1.3 70.389 = 91.506 ftkip
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05(fc-4)
0.85 0.65
= 0.85
width, B = 3.5 ft
Effective Depth, deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 top rebar dia
deff = 44.19 inch
Area of each front rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = Asfy/(fckB) = 0.757583 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = Asfy(deff - a/2) = 355.47 ftkip
ratio = 355.472 / 91.5057 = 3.885 >1, Hence OK
Comparison
Table 66: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition:
Axial Tension = 75.926 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 49.816
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
Table 68: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
clay 2.5 800 0 106 106 265 1.001 265.3 1.001 1866 0.735
clay 3 800 0 106 106 318 1.001 318.4 1.001 1919 0.735
clay 3.5 800 0 106 106 371 1.001 371.5 1.001 1972 0.735
clay 4 800 0 106 106 424 1.001 424.5 1.001 2026 0.735
clay 4.5 800 0 106 106 477 1.001 477.6 1.001 2079 0.735
clay 5 800 0 106 106 530 1.001 530.7 1.001 2132 0.735
clay 5.5 800 0 106 106 583 1.001 583.7 1.001 2185 0.735
clay 6 800 0 106 106 636 1.001 636.8 1.001 2238 0.735
clay 6.5 800 0 106 106 689 1.001 689.9 1.001 2291 0.735
clay 7 800 0 106 106 742 1.001 742.9 1.001 2344 0.735
clay 7.5 800 0 106 106 795 1.001 796 1.001 2397 0.735
clay 8 800 0 106 106 848 1.001 849.1 1.001 2450 0.735
clay 8.5 800 0 106 43.6 869.8 1.001 870.9 1.001 2472 0.735
clay 9 800 0 106 43.6 891.6 1.001 892.7 1.001 2494 0.735
clay 9.5 800 0 106 43.6 913.4 1.001 914.6 1.001 2516 0.735
clay 10 800 0 106 43.6 935.2 1.001 936.4 1.001 2537 0.735
Kp=tan2(450 + /2)
Kp=tan2(450 - /2)
Note: is in degrees.
Pa= hKp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + hKa
where
Ka = Active Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
= Density of Soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer
Note: Here is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (-soil) is used
Adhesion factor = 0.31 + 0.34/C , 1
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer (ft) layer (ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer (ft) layer (ft) surface (psf)
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft) Volume
Depth Depth (pcf) (ft 3 )
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
6.5 7 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 7.5 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5 8 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8.5 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.5 9 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9.5 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5 10 43.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Depth Soil Depth Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper lvl of lower lvl of (lbf) thckness Area of Factor ( C ) (psf) C. .A (psf)
layer(ft) layer(ft) effective for contact
adhesion (ft) (sq.ft)
0 0.5 2968 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 2968 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.5 2968 0 0 0 0 0
1.5 2 2968 0 0 0 0 0
Length, L = 14 ft
Force/Length = w=V/L = 3.4979 Kip/ft
Bending Moment = wL2/8 = 85.699 ftkip
Factored Moment M = 1.3 85.699 = 111.4087 ftkip
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05(fc-4)
0.85 0.65
= 0.85
width, B = 3.5 ft
Effective Depth = deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 top rebar dia
deff = 44.19 in
Area of each front rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = Asfy/(fckB) = 0.757583 in
Resisting Moment = M1 = Asfy(deff - a/2) = 355.47 ftkip
ratio = 355.472 / 111.4087 = 3.191 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Comparison
Table 70: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 2 comparison
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition:
Axial Tension = 92.435 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 31.289
Necessary Factors of Safety:
FOS against uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate load factor = 1.3
Material Specification
strength of concrete = 4 ksi
strength of steel = 60 ksi
strength of guy rod steel = 50 ksi
unit weight of concrete = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of soil = 62.4 lb/ft3
Soil & GWT condition
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
Table 72: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
silt 0.5 500 20 105 105 52.5 0.491 25.77 2.043 1536.6
silt 1.5 500 20 105 105 157.5 0.491 77.3 2.043 1751.1
silt 2.5 500 20 105 105 262.5 0.491 128.8 2.043 1965.6
silt 3.5 500 20 105 105 367.5 0.491 180.4 2.043 2180.1
silt 4.5 500 20 105 105 472.5 0.491 231.9 2.043 2394.6
silt 5.5 500 20 105 105 577.5 0.491 283.4 2.043 2609.1
silt 6.5 500 20 105 105 682.5 0.491 335 2.043 2823.6
silt 7.5 500 20 105 105 787.5 0.491 386.5 2.043 3038.2
silt 8.5 500 20 105 42.6 861.3 0.491 422.7 2.043 3188.9
silt 9.5 500 20 105 42.6 903.9 0.491 443.6 2.043 3276
silt 10.5 500 20 105 42.6 946.5 0.491 464.5 2.043 3363
silt 11.5 500 20 105 42.6 989.1 0.491 485.5 2.043 3450
Kp = tan2(450+/2)
Kp = tan2(450-/2)
Note: is in degrees.
Pa= hKp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + hKa
where
Ka = Active Earth Pressure coefficient of the present layer
= Density of soil at present layer
h = Thickness of present layer
Note: Here is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (-soil) is used.
Adhesion factor = 0.31 + 0.34/C, 1
Take a 10' 4 ' 5 ' block without tow at a total embedment depth 12'.
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer (ft) layer (ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer (ft) layer (ft) surface (psf)
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft)
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer (ft) layer (ft)
7 7.5 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7.5 8 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8.5 9 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 9.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9.5 10 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft)
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer (ft) layer (ft)
10 10.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10.5 11 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 11.5 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11.5 12 42.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor (C) (psf) C. A (psf)
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor (C) (psf) C. A (psf)
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
Therefore, total resistance against uplift = 20.016 + 61.98 + 69.3 + 0 = 151.296 kip
Required anchor uplift resistance = V = 48.024 kip
Net Safety factor = 151.296 / 48.024 = 3.151
Required Factor of safety against Horizontal Load = 1.5
FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05(fc-4)
0.85 0.65
= 0.85
width, B = 5 ft
Effective Depth = deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5 top rebar dia
deff = 44.19 in
Area of each front rebar = 0.601 in2
Total area of front rebar = As = 1.803 in2
a = Asfy/(fckB) = 0.530308 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = Asfy(deff - a/2) = 356.39 ftkip
ratio = 356.394 / 128.3438 = 2.777 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Comparison
Table 74: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 3 comparison
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition:
Axial Tension = 250 kip
Slope with Horizontal = 50
Necessary Factors of Safety:
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification:
strength of concrete = 4 ksi
strength of steel = 60 ksi
strength of guy rod steel = 60 ksi
unit weight of concrete = 150 lb/ft3
unit weight of soil = 62.4 lb/ft3
Layer Index No Layer Type Depth of Layer Cohesion (psf) Angle of Friction Dry Density (pcf)
1 C- type 0 0 20 104
2 C- type 3 0 20 104
Table 76: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
C- 5.5 500 22 105 105 572.5 0.455 279.1 2.202 2662 0.99
type
C- 6.5 500 22 105 105 677.5 0.455 326.9 2.202 2893 0.99
type
C- 7.5 500 22 105 105 782.5 0.455 374.8 2.202 3124 0.99
type
C- 8.5 800 15 105 105 887.5 0.589 429.6 1.701 3932 0.735
type
C- 9.5 800 15 105 42.6 961.3 0.589 473.1 1.701 4057 0.735
type
C- 10.5 800 20 106 43.6 1004 0.491 496.4 2.043 4338 0.735
type
C- 11.5 800 20 106 43.6 1048 0.491 517.8 2.043 4427 0.735
type
C- 12.5 850 15 106 43.6 1092 0.589 541.3 1.701 4439 0.71
type
C- 13.5 850 15 106 43.6 1135 0.589 567 1.701 4514 0.71
type
C- 14.5 850 15 106 43.6 1179 0.589 592.7 1.701 4588 0.71
type
C- 15.5 850 15 106 43.6 1222 0.589 618.4 1.701 4662 0.71
type
Ka = tan2(450+ /2)
Kp=tan2(450- /2)
Note: is in degrees.
Pa= hKp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + hKa
where
Note: Here, is the density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT.
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (-soil) is used
Adhesion factor = 0.31 + 0.34/C, 1
Take a 12' x 6' x 8' block with 0.5' tow at a total embedment depth 16'.
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer(ft) layer(ft) surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
Soil Depth upper level of Soil Depth lower level of Avg Pp effective on block Weighted Avg Pp (lb/ft)
layer(ft) layer(ft) surface (psf)
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 0 0
7.5 8 0 0
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft)
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
Soil Soil actual H1 (ft) H2 (ft) X1 (ft) X2 (ft) L1 (ft) L2 (ft) B1 (ft) B2 (ft)
Depth Depth (pcf)
upper lower
level of level of
layer(ft) layer(ft)
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor, (C) (psf) CA
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact (psf)
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor, (C) (psf) CA
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact (psf)
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
Soil Depth Soil Depth Volume (ft Soil weight Strip Perimeter Adhesion Cohesion Adhesion =
upper level lower level 3 ) (lbf) thickness Area of Factor, (C) (psf) CA
of layer(ft) of layer(ft) effective contact (psf)
for (ft2)
adhesion
(ft)
Comparison
Table 77: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 4 comparison
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 45 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30 ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft3, Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft3, Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program as:
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.169 ft
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.7171
Layer
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer
Layer3 0.59045
Layer1 125.788
Layer2 589.040
Layer3 1180.889
Layer Qf (kip)
Layer1 6.3228
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 66.7777
Layer1 2.3711
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 51.9382
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po Nq
Nq is selected from API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 5.184
Layer2 31.58
Layer3 18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q Ap
Layer Qp (kip)
Layer1 16.286
Layer2 99.211
Layer3 56.549
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ conc = 14.137 kip
Factored Capacity
Q
f_mod Q p_bott Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 48.278 kip
Comparison
Table 78: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3 ( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft
Layer1 315
Layer2 1345
Layer3 2504
Layer4 3626
Skin Friction
, Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1 3.1746
Layer2 0.8178
Layer3 0.7987
Layer4 0.8274
Factor
Layer
Layer1 0.3746
Layer2 0.5528
Layer3 0.5597
Layer4 0.5497
Layer1 375
Layer2 608
Layer3 1119
Layer4 1649
Layer Qf (psf)
Layer1 24.000
Layer2 99.353
Layer3 112.487
Layer4 248.677
Layer1 4.707
Layer2 99.353
Layer3 112.487
Layer4 165.785
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer, q = 9 c
For cohesionless soil layer, q =po Nq
Layer q (psf)
Layer1 9000
Layer2 9900
Layer3 18000
Layer4 27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q Ap
Layer Qp (psf)
Layer1 113.097
Layer2 124.407
Layer3 226.195
Layer4 339.292
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ conc = 73.513 kip
Factored Capacity
Q
f_mod Q p_bott Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 216.037 kip
Comparison
Table 79: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 13
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60- 16
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3( ) Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 37.362ft
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55
Layer
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.55
1 =
N60
1.5 0.245 depth for N60 < 15 11.19
15
Layer 1
Layer1 0.9017
Layer2 0.8536
Layer3 0
Layer1 389.50
Layer2 1347.86
Layer3 1100.0
Layer Rs (kip)
Layer1 19.578
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 62.204
Layer1 7.342
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 48.381
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2, & 11.4b
For cohesive soil layer,
where
Ir = Elasticity of soil / c
For cohesionless soil layer, q = min(0.6 N60, 30 psf)
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 13.2
Layer q (kip)
Layer2 15.6
Layer3 5.53
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q Ap
Layer RB (kip)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 49.009
Layer3 17.623
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ conc = 14.137 kip
Factored Capacity
R
s_mod R B_bott Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 56.434 kip
Comparison
Table 80: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: FHWA
Load Fy = 100kip, fc = 4ksi, fy = 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter = 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay, 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, N60 10
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, N60 12
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, N60 14
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, N60 15
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone
for skin friction Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc = 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3( )Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft
1 315
2 1345
3 2504
4 3626
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer
1 0.55
2 0.55
3 0.55
4 0.55
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
1 6.912
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2, & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layer,
where
Ir = Elasticity of soil / c
For cohesionless soil layer, q = min(0.6 N60, 30 psf)
Layer q (kip)
1 3.646
2 3.880
3 5.611
4 27
End Bearing for each layer, Qp, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 45.815
2 48.759
3 70.510
4 339.292
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ conc = 73.513 kip
where
dw = depth of water
w = density of water
Factored Capacity
R
s_mod R B_bott Self_wt
i i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 81: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy = 100 kip, fc = 4ksi, fy = 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter = 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3,
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150 lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 32.169 ft
1 432
2 1579
3 2789
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55 (FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6)
Layer
1 0
2 0
3 0.55
1 199.532
2 852.039
3 1100
Layer Rs (kip)
1 10.030
2 69.596
3 62.204
Layer Rs (kip)
1 3.761
2 69.596
3 48.381
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Unit end bearing, q , from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Cohesionless Soil
(
N qp = e tan ()tan2 45 +
2
) (Vesic 1973, Eqn 4)
Layer q (psf)
1 7,949
2 46,485
3 18,000
End Bearing for each layer, Qp, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 57.809
2 92.488
Layer RB (kip)
3 56.549
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ conc = 14.137 kip
Factored Capacity
Rs_mod
i R B_bott Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 54.753 kip
Comparison
Table 82: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison
Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic Method
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay, 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft2, Avg Density 105lb/ft3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay, 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft2, Avg Density 110lb/ft3, Density- Medium
3. Clay, 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft2, Avg Density 111lb/ft3, Density- Dense
4. Clay, 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft2, Avg Density 113lb/ft3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
3 ( )
Ec I
Es d
0.286
= 74.511 ft
1 315
2 1345
3 2504
4 3626
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55 (All layers)
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
K = 0.8 (for straight pier)
Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction, f, from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer, f = c
For cohesionless soil layer, f = K Po tan
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
tan() = 0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
1 6.911
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Unit end bearing, q, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Factor Fr = 1
Factor Ncp = 9
Layer q (psf)
1 9000
2 9900
3 18000
4 27000
End Bearing for each layer, Qp, from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 113.097
2 124.407
3 226.195
4 339.292
Unfactored Capacity
4
d
Self wt = x 4
+ conc = 73.513 kip
Factored Capacity
Rs_mod
i R B_bott Self_wt
i
FS_skin
+ FS_bearing
= 215.995 kip
Comparison
Table 83: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 90 mph
Exposure category B, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 40 0 0
2 40 3.746 44.735
3 40 2.3816 19.053
4 20 3.746 44.735
5 36 2.3816 19.053
6 18 1.1908 9.5264
7 30 1.873 22.368
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip
Shear = 3.746 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
1 56 0 0
2 48 0 0
3 48 5.993 71.577
4 48 3.403 27.218
5 18 5.993 71.577
6 36 3.403 27.218
7 18 1.702 13.609
8 27 2.997 35.788
Governing Loads
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Pedestal flat Pf = Dp tan(45) = 4.971 ft
Pedestal area = D p2 2 ( Dp P f
2
) 2
= 119.294 ft 2
Fu = 0 kip
Area of Dowel Bar Required
As_ped_req = Fu/(fy) = 0 in2
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5: 24 #5 bars
Weight of Soil, Wsoil = 20.412 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
1 0 0
2 0.374 21.41014
3 0.179 44.72791
4 0.427 18.73092
5 0.183 43.60848
6 0.104 77.1421
7 0.199 40.14039
8 0.146 54.75053
Load Case Max Soil Bearing (ksf) Min Soil Bearing (ksf)
1 0.754 0.754
2 0.898 0.887
3 0.823 0.817
4 0.803 0.793
5 0.804 0.799
6 0.684 0.682
7 0.779 0.773
8 0.860 0.855
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
d = = 12 in
4 f c
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.75 ft
db = 0.5 in
Rn = Mu / (0.91ftd2) = 3.59(10)-4ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
mRn / fy = 1.16(10)-4
1 1 2m ( Rn
fy )
= m
=0
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 2 ft
Comparison
Table 92: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 15 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 18 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 24 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 110 mph
Exposure category C, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
g Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
Case Load
1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 66 0 0
2 66 15.09532 414.5593
3 66 0.275945 2.207563
4 28 15.09532 414.5593
7 70 7.547658 207.2797
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
1 92.4 0 0
2 79.2 0 0
8 63 12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip
Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Pedestal flat, Pf = Dp tan(45) = 6.213 ft
Pedestal area = D p2 2 ( Dp P f
2
) 2
= 186.396ft 2
Fu =
4M uped
N d DC
0.9
De + D p
Nd
=
4(759.904)
30(14.5)
0.9( 136.038
30 ) = 2.91kip
1 0.000 0
2 1.826 4.929712
3 0.014 646.6431
4 2.117 4.251975
5 0.014 631.2025
6 0.007 1302.479
7 0.900 10.00197
8 0.773 11.64614
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
{
0.87db f y
d = = 12 in
4 f c
max 12 in
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.25 ft
1 (
1 2m
Rn
fy )
= m
= 0.000
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 18 ft
Footing Thickness = 2 ft
Comparison
Table 100: Vertical Vessel verification example 2 comparison
Problem
Wind Load
In accordance with ASCE/SEI7-05
V = 115mph
Vessel Data
Structural Data
Allowable net soil bearing pressure at a depth of 5 feet for transient load combinations (i.e., load combinations
that include wind loads) = 3.25 ksf
Consider self-weight for factored design
=110pcf
f' c = 4,000 psi
f y = 60,000 psi
From Wind Load Analysis
(Nominal loads)
V = 44.75 kip
M = 1,902 kip-ft (at top of grout)
Anchor Bolts
24,1-1/2-inch type ASTM F1554, Grade 36, with a 4-inch x 15-inch-long sleeve and 1-ft - 2-inch projection
on a 14' - 10.5" bolt circle (non pretensioned)
Pedestal Design
Pedestal Dimensions and Weight
BC + 9 inches = 178.5 inches+ 9 inches = 187.5 inches (Equation 1a, PIP STE03350)
BC + 8(BD)= 178.5 inches + 8 x (1.5inches) = 190.5 inches (Equation 1b, PIP STE03350)
BC + SD + 9 inches - BD = 178.5 inches + 4 inches + 9 inches - 1.5 inches
= 190.0 inches (Equation 1d, PIP STE03350)
BC + SD + 7 x (BD) = 178.5 + 4 + 7 x (1.5inches) = 193 inches Controls = 16.083ft
(Equation 1e, PIP STE03350)
Use a 16-ft - 1-1/8-inch octagon
Note: Pedestal diameter had to be increased to 17-ft - 8-1/2-inches to provide a sufficiently large projected
concrete failure area to resist the tensile load in the anchor bolts.
Pedestal Reinforcement
Pedestal area= 259.781 ft 2 (Table 1, PIP STE03350)
Pedestal weight (Dp) = (259.781) x (4.5) x (0.15 kcf) = 175.352kip
Mped = O.T.M. at pedestal base = 1902+ (4.5 ft) x (44.75 kip) = 2103.375 kip-ft
Mu ped = 1.6 Mped = 1.6 x (2103.375 kip-ft) = 3365.4kip-ft
Footing Design
Foundation type: octagonal-shaped foundation
Select Trial Octagon Size
M ftg = Moment at footing base = 1902 + 6.0 x 44.75 = 2170.5kip-ft
SB = allowable gross soil bearing= 3.25 + 5x 0.11 = 3.80ksf
Trial diameter = (2.6) x (M ftg /SB) 1/3 = (2.6) x [(2170.5)/(3.80)] 1/3 = 21.57 ft
Try a 21-ft - 8-3/4-inch octagon.
Area = 391.1 ft2
Check Required Thickness for Pedestal Reinforcing Embedment
For #5 hooked bar,
0.02 f y
c 0.02(1.0)(1.0)60, 000 (ACI 318-11, Section 12.5.2)
dh = db = 0.625 = 11.86in
4, 000
f c
Footing Weights
Net weight of pedestal = (259.7 ft2)[(4.5 ft)(0.15 kcf) - (3.5 ft)(0.11 kcf)] = 75.3 kip
Weight of footing + soil = (391.1 ft2)[(1.5 ft)(0.15 kcf) + (3.5 ft)(0.11 kcf)] = 238.6 kip
Total (Ds) = 75.3 kip + 238.6 kip = 313.9 kip
Bottom Reinforcement
( Load combinations as per PIP STC01015, Table 4)
Load Comb 203 - [1.2(Ds + Do) + 1.6W]
(Critical case)
SB (at distance d from face):
= (8.50 x (7.39 - 2.81 + 1.16))/ 7.39= 6.6 ksf
V u (at distance d from face):
= ( 6.6 - 0.55) x (2.81- 1.16) + (8.50 - 6.6) x (2.81- 1.16 )/2 = 11.55kip/ft
V u = ( 11.55 ) (1,000)/ [(12) x (13.875)] = 69.369 psi= 9.989 ksf
V allow = 2 f c = 2(0.75) 4, 000 = 94.86 psi > V u
hence OK
= strength reduction factor = 0.75
Top Reinforcement
Check to see if concrete can take weigh of concrete plus soil above footing without top reinforcement. Use load
factor of 1.4.
Factored pressure due to soil+ concrete =1.4 x (1.5x0.15+3.5x0.11) = 0.854ksf
Mu = 0.854 (2.81)2 )/2 = 3.37 kip-ft= 3370 inch-lb/inch
f
t = 5 f
c = 5(0.55) 4, 000 = 173.9 psi
treqd = teff + 2 in =(6 x Mu/ f't )1/2 + 2 in
= [6 x (3370)/ (173.9)]1/2 + 2 in = 12.78 inches< 18 inches
Wind loads (rather than earthquake) govern footing design. Therefore, no top reinforcement is required.
Comparison
Pedestal Design, Tensile 13.514 13.089 Negligible
Force In Each Dowel (kip)
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4.5 ft
Diameter, Dp = 17.708 ft
Design Parameters
Pile
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, c = 150 pcf
Concrete Strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar type: Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
Case g Load Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
101 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
103 0 0 0.35 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Load Empty Operatin Wind Seismic Test Erection Live User User User
Case g Load Load Load 1 Load 2 Load 3
201 0 10 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0
201 -873.74 0 0
Pedestal Design
Pedestal Dimensions and Weight
BC + 9 in = 178.5 in + 9 in = 187.5 in
Minimum
BC + 8(BD)= 178.5 in + 8 x (1.5ins) = 190.5 in
BC + SD + 9 inc - BD = 178.5 in + 4 in + 9 in - 1.5 in = 190.0 in
Use a 17-ft - 8-1/2-inches octagon
Pedestal Reinforcement
Pedestal flat, Pf = Dp tan(45) =88.019 in
Pedestal area D p2 2 ( Dp P f
2
) 2
= 259.773 ft 2
Asreq'd = Fu/ fy = (14. 725 kip) / (0.9) x (60 ksi) = 0.273 in2
Use 24 #5 bars (A s = 0.31 inch ) with #4 ties at 15 in c/c (minimum reinforcement controls)
(
vc1 = s
deff
bo
+2 ) f c bo deff
(ACI 318-11, Equation 11-32)
= 0.75 ( 40 1.24
69.428 ) (
+ 2 4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 2, 415 kip
() (
= 0.75 4 4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 1, 649 kip
(
vc3 = 2 +
4
) f c bo deff (ACI 318-11, Equation 11-31)
( )
= 0.75 2 +
4
1 (
4, 000 69.553 1.271 )( )( ) 122
103
= 3, 623 kip
1- (
1 - 2m
Rn
fy )
= m
= 2.05 (10)-3
Comparison
Pile Reaction (kip) 75.742 75.757 Negligible
Note: Pile cap self-weight, soil weight, buoyance, and surcharge are included when calculating shear forces and
moments. This feature is only available in US code.
Comparison
Table 106: Vertical Vessel verification example 4 comparison
Comparison
Table 107: Vertical Vessel verification example 5 comparison
Comparison
Table 108: Vertical Vessel verification example 6 comparison
Comparison
Table 109: Vertical Vessel verification example 7 comparison
Comparison
Table 110: Vertical Vessel verification example 8 comparison
Comparison
Table 111: Vertical Vessel verification example 9 comparison
Comparison
Table 112: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison
Comparison
Table 113: Vertical Vessel verification example 11 comparison
Comparison
Table 114: Vertical Vessel verification example 12 comparison
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
qz = 0.00256KdKzVIGCf
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F = qzGCfA
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
13.867 449.46
Comparison
Table 115: Vertical Vessel verification example 13 comparison
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
28.77 1169.945
Comparison
Table 116: Vertical Vessel verification example 14 comparison
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
qz = 0.00256KdKzVIGCf
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F = qzGCfA
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
26.771 1124.42
Comparison
Table 117: Vertical Vessel verification example 15 comparison
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
qz = 0.00256KdKzVIGCf
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F = qzGCfA
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
1.984 24.452
Comparison
Table 118: Vertical Vessel verification example 16 comparison
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
= 0.4
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Partial Wind Load for Test and Erection Loads (%) = 100
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng Trans Trans n
101 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
105 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
106 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng Trans Trans n
117 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ Tran EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng s Trans n
205 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
206 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
209 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
210 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
211 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
212 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Table 121: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
102 42.4 0 0 0 0
103 42.4 0 5 0 0
104 42.4 2 0 0 0
105 42.4 0 4 0 0
107 36.8 0 5 0 0
108 36.8 2 0 0 0
113 44.0 0 5 0 0
114 44.0 2 0 0 0
117 36.8 0 0 0 0
Table 122: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
102 63.6 0 0 0 0
103 63.6 0 5 0 0
104 63.6 2 0 0 0
105 63.6 0 6 0 0
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
107 55.2 0 5 0 0
108 55.2 2 0 0 0
113 66 0 5 0 0
114 66 2 0 0 0
117 55.2 0 0 0 0
Table 123: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
202 50.88 0 0 0 0
203 50.88 0 8 0 0
205 50.88 0 4 0 0
207 33.12 0 8 0 0
209 38.16 0 4 0 0
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
212 33.12 7 0 0 0
213 39.60 0 8 0 0
215 56.64 0 4 0 0
217 33.12 0 0 0 0
Table 124: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
202 76.32 0 0 0 0
203 76.32 0 8 0 0
205 76.32 0 6 0 0
207 49.68 0 8 0 0
209 57.24 0 6 0 0
212 49.68 3 0 0 0
213 59.4 0 8 0 0
215 84.96 0 4 0 0
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
217 49.68 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors can be avoided by
doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then check applied load distribution,
follow PIP 4.3
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is located in
higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
S1 = 0.882, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.296, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 1, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.15, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 6 s, Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 s, Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft + 10.416 ft - 5 ft = 12.416 ft
fa = 1.0, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 1.53, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
SD1 = 0.882, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
CS = 0.074, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)
= 0.4
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ Tran EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng s Trans n
101 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
102 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
103 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
104 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
105 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
106 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
107 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
108 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
117 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Load Empty Operati Test Thermal Bundle EQ Tran EQ Long W W Long Live Erectio
Comb. ng s Trans n
205 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
206 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
209 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
210 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
211 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
212 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Table 127: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 60 0 0 0 0
102 60 0 0 0 0
103 60 0 5 10 0
104 60 2 0 0 5
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
107 40 0 5 10 0
108 40 2 0 0 5
113 44 0 2.5 5 0
114 44 1 0 0 2.5
117 40 0 0 0 0
Table 128: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
101 90 0 0 0 0
102 90 0 0 0 0
103 90 0 5 10 0
104 90 2 0 0 5
107 60 0 5 10 0
108 60 2 0 0 5
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
113 66 0 2.5 5 0
114 66 1 0 0 2.5
117 60 0 0 0 0
Table 129: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
201 84 0 0 0 0
202 72 0 0 0 0
203 72 0 8 16 0
204 72 3.2 0 0 8
207 36 0 8 16 0
208 36 3.2 0 0 8
213 39.6 0 4 8 0
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
215 76.8 0 2 4 0
217 36 0 0 0 0
Table 130: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier
Load Comb. Axial Load (kip) Longitudinal Transverse Shear Transverse Longitudinal
Shear (kip) (kip) Moment (ft-kip) Moment (ft-kip)
201 126 0 0 0 0
202 108 0 0 0 0
203 108 0 8 16 0
207 54 0 8 16 0
208 54 3.2 0 0 8
213 59.4 0 4 8 0
215 115.2 0 2 4 0
217 54 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation Advanced analysis.
Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Pedestal Geometry
Height, B = 9 ft
Length, CL = 36 in, Width, Cw = 64 in
Design Parameters
Pile
Dia of pile= 12 in
Vertical capacity = 60 kip
Horizontal capacity = 40kip
Uplift capacity = 40 kip
Pile embedment inside pile cap = 3 in
Edge distance =18 inch
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, c = 150 pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 3 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
1 -90 -35
2 0 -35
3 90 -35
4 -90 35
5 0 35
6 90 35
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
101 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
Table 135: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
Table 136: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
Table 137: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
Table 138: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
Effective depth, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.5 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.5 x 1.27 in = 12.095 in
Along Length (Section Parallel to Z)
For shear wrt X1-X1
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) t c
= 1.4 21.333 ft 0.742 ft 1.67 ft 0.15 kcf = 5.541 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) Soil height s
= 1.4 21.333 ft 0.742ft 5 ft 0.11 kcf = 12.19 kip
So Total V X1-X1 = 5.541 + 12.19 = 17.731 kip
For shear wrt X2-X2
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) t c
= 1.4 21.333 ft 0.742 ft 1.67 ft 0.15 kcf = 5.541 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) Soil height c
= 1.4 21.333 ft 0.742 ft 5 ft 0.11 kcf = 12.19 kip
Design shear, vc = 2 f
c ( )(
Pcl deff = 2 3, 000 21.333 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 339.185 kips
0.75Vc1 = 254.389 kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Width (Section Parallel to X), for Left Column (Channel End)
For shear wrt Z1-Z1
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 Pcw (1.667 ft - 12.095 in) x t x c
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 0.659 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 2.038 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Pcw x (1.667 ft - 12.095 in)x Soil height x s
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 0.659 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 4.483 kip
So Total V Z1-Z1 = 2.038 + 4.483 = 6.521 kip
For shear wrt Z2-Z2
Contribution from piles 1, 4 = 73.303 kip x 2 = 146.606 kip
Contribution from axial load = 0.6 x Do x1.4 = 89.04 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x (4.667 ft + 12.095 in) x t x c
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 5.675 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 17.545 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x [Pcl x (4.667 ft +12.095 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
= 1.4 x (8.833 ft x 5.508 ft - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 26.279 kip
So Total V Z2-Z2 = 89.04 + 17.545 + 26.279 + 1.4 x column weight - 146.606 = 16.498 kip
Maximum design shear is at (21.333 x 12 /2 - 6) in = 122 in from left edge of pile cap.
Contribution from piles 1, 4 = 73.303 kip x 2 = 146.606 kip
Contribution from axial load = 0.6 x Do x1.4 = 89.04 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x Pcw x 122 in x t x c
= 1.4 x 8.833 ft x 10.167 ft x 1.67 ft x 0.15 kcf = 31.432 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x (Pcl x 122 in) - Cl x Cw ] x Soil height x g s
= 1.4 x (8.833 ft x 10.167 ft - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 56.766 kip
So Total Vmax = 89.04 + 31.432 + 56.766 +1.4 x column weight - 146.606 = 60.872 kip
Design shear, vc = 2 f
c ( )(
Pcw deff = 2 3, 000 8.833 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 140.444 kips
Factored Shear Capacity per ACI318-05/11 Eqn. 11-3, Vc1 = 140.444 kip
0.75Vc1 = 105.333 Kip
Vmax < Vc1, Hence Safe
Effective depth for punching, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.0 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.0 x 1.27 in = 12.73 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 deff = 0.5 x 12.73 = 6.365 in from the column face. For left
column (Channel End),
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 2 x ((3 + 6.365) / Pile Dia.) x pile reaction
= 146.606 x (9.356 / 12) = 114.414 kip
Average punching area = (Cl + deff/2) x (Cw + deff/2) = 20.701 ft^2
Contribution from axial load = 0.6 x Do x1.4 = 89.04 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x punching area / ( Pcl x Pcw) x pile cap weight
= 1.4 x 20.701 ft^2 / (8.833 ft x 21.333ft) x 47.111 kip = 7.246 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x ( punching area - Cl x Cw x Soil height x s
= 1.4 x (20.701 ft^2 - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 3.620 kip
So total punching shear Vm = 89.04+7.246+3.62+ 1.4 x column weight-114.414 = 15.732 kip
B0 = 2 x (36 +64 + 2 x 12.73) = 20. 91 ft
= Cw / Cl = 64/36 =1.778
(
v1 = 2 +
4
) f
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(a) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(a) )
= 2+( 4
1 ) 3, 000(20.91)(12.73)( ) = 743.555 kip 103
12
v2 = 40 ( deff
Bo
+2) f
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(b) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(b) )
= ( 40 12.73
20.91(12) )
+ 2 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 704.948 kip
12
103
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x 4.5 ft / Pcl x pile cap weight x 4.5 ft /2
= 1.4 x 4.667 ft / 21.333ft x 47.111 kip x 2.333 = 33.663 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x s x [1.667 x Pcw x (0.833+3)+ 3 x (Pcw - Cw)x1.667)] ft3
= 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 1.667 x 8.833 x 3.833 + 3 x (8.833 - 5.333) x 1.667] = 56.938
kipft
So Total Mz L-R = 198.84 - 244.392 + 33.663 + 56.938 = 45.049 kipft (Top)
For moment in 126 in from left edge of pile cap
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 146.606 x (10.667 - 3.133) +65.833 0.25 = 1,116 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load & column self weight = (89.04 + 1.4 x 43.2/2) x 7.5 ft = 894.6 kip-ft
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x 10.667 ft / Pcl x pile cap weight x 10.667 ft /2
= 1.4 x 10.667 ft / 21.333 ft x 47.111 kip x 5.333 = 175.876 kip-ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x Soil height x s x [1.667 x Pcw x (0.833+9) + Cl x (Pcw - Cw)x7.5 + 6 x Cw x
3)] ft3 = 1.4 x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf x [ 1.667 x 8.833 x 9.833 + 3 (8.833 - 5.333) x 7.5+ 6 x 8.333 x 3 ] = 294.558
kipft
So Total Mzmax = 894.6- 1,116 + 175.876 + 294.558 = 249.019 kipft
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 276.687 ftkip (Top)
Rn = Mzmax / PCW x deff2 = 0.208 ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.168 <1 Hence OK
= 1/m x (1- (1-2 x m x Rn/fy)) = 0.0037
Calculation of Moment About X Axis (Length)
For moment at left face of columns
Contribution from pile1, 2, 3 = (73.303 + 58.463 + 65.883) x 0.752/2 = 55.589 kip-ft
Contribution from axial load = 0 kip-ft
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x 1.75 ft / Pcl x pile cap weight x 1.75 ft /2
= 1.4 x 1.75ft / 21.333 ft x 47.111 kip x 0.875ft = 11.433 kip - ft
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x 1.5 ft x Pcw x Soil height x s x 0.75ft
= 1.4 x 1.5 ft x 8.833 ft x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf 0.75ft = 25.153 kipft
So Total Mx L = 11.433 + 25.153 - 55.589 = -19.003 kipft (Bottom)
Mx R= Mx L
So Total Mxmax = -19.003 kip - ft (Bottom)
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mux/ = -21.113 kipft (Bottom)
Rn = Mxmax / Cl deff2 = 0.0166 Ksi
2mRn/fy = 0.013 <1 Hence OK
= 1/m (1- (1-2 m Rn/fy)) = 0.00028
Moment Calculation
Along X Direction
= 0.0037, Ast reqd = 0.0037 106 12.095 = 4.77 in2
min = 0.0018, Ast min = 0.0018 106 12.095 = 2.31 in2
Therefore, Astz = 4.77 in2
#7 bar, As = 0.6in2, Number of rebar = 4.77 / 0.6 = 7.95
Space = (106 - 2 2) / (7.95 -1) = 14.66 in
Provide #7 bars @12 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.6 [(106 -4)/12 + 1] = 5.7 in2
Along Z Direction
= 0.00028 < min = 0.0018
Hence, Ast reqd = Ast min = 0.0018 256 12.095 =5.57 in 2
#4 bar, As = 0.196in2, Number of rebar = 5.57 / 0.196 = 29
Space = (256 - 2 2) / (29 -1) = 9.0 in
Provide #4 bars @ 5 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.196 [(256 -4)/5 + 1] = 10 in2
Comparison
Table 139: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 1 comparison
Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Pedestal Geometry
Height, B = 9 ft
Length, CL = 36 in, Width, Cw = 64 in
Design Parameters
Pile
Dia of pile= 12 in
Vertical capacity = 60 kip
Horizontal capacity = 40kip
Uplift capacity = 40 kip
Pile embedment inside pile cap = 3 in
Edge distance =18 inch
Soil Density, s = 110 pcf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
1 -90 -35
2 0 -35
3 90 -35
4 -90 35
5 0 35
6 90 35
Load Types Axial Force (kip) Base Moment (ft-kip) Base Shear (kip)
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
101 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Load Empty Operati Wind X Seismi Wind Z Seismi Test Erectio Live Miscel Bundle Therm
Case ng cX cZ n Load Load laneou Pull al
s
Table 144: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
101 63.6 0 0 0 0
Table 145: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
101 42.4 0 0 0 0
Table 146: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
201 89.04 0 0 0 0
Table 147: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End
Load Case Axial (kips) Shear X (kips) Shear Z (kips) Moment X Moment Z (ftkips)
(ftkips)
201 59.36 0 0 0 0
Effective depth, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.5 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.5 x 1.27 in = 12.095 in
Along Length (Section Parallel to Z)
For shear wrt X1-X1
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) t c
= 1.4 22.0 ft 0.742 ft 1.67 ft 0.15 kcf = 5.714 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) Soil height s
= 1.4 22.0 ft 0.742ft 5 ft 0.11 kcf = 12.571 kip
So Total V X1-X1 = 5.714 + 12.571 = 18.285 kip
For shear wrt X2-X2
Contribution from piles = 0 Kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) t c
= 1.4 22.0 ft 0.742 ft 1.67 ft 0.15 kcf = 5.714 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 Pcl (1.75 ft - 12.095 in) Soil height c
= 1.4 22.0 ft 0.742 ft 5 ft 0.11 kcf = 12.571 kip
So Total V X2-X2 = 5.714 + 12.571 = 18.285 kip
Design shear, vc = 2 f
c ( )(
Pcl deff = 2 3, 000 22 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 349.784 kips
Design shear, vc = 2 f
c ( )(
Pcw deff = 2 3, 000 8.833 12.095 )( 1, 12000 ) = 140.444 kips
Factored Shear Capacity per ACI318-05/11 Eqn. 11-3, Vc1 = 140.444 kip
0.75Vc1 = 105.333 Kip
Vmax < Vc1, Hence Safe
Effective depth for punching, deff = t - Pile embedment - clear cover - 1.0 x Maximum rebar size
= 20 in - 3in - 3in - 1.0 x 1.27 in = 12.73 in
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 deff = 0.5 x 12.73 = 6.365 in from the column face. For right
column (Shell End),
Contribution from pile 1, 4 = 2 x ((3 + 6.365) / Pile Dia.) x pile reaction
= 112.162 x (9.356 / 12) = 87.533 kip
Average punching area = (Cl + deff/2) x (Cw + deff/2) = 20.701 ft2
Contribution from axial load = 0.4 x Do x1.4 = 59.36 kip
Contribution from pile cap = 1.4 x punching area / ( Pcl x Pcw) x pile cap weight
= 1.4 x 20.701 ft2 / (8.833 ft x 22.0 ft) x 48.583 kip = 7.246 kip
Contribution from soil = 1.4 x ( punching area - Cl x Cw x Soil height x s
= 1.4 x (20.701 ft^2 - 3 x 5.333) x 5 ft x 0.11 kcf = 3.620 kip
So total punching shear Vm = 59.36 + 7.246 + 3.62 + 1.4 x column weight - 87.533 = 12.933 kip
B0 = 2 x (36 +64 + 2 x 12.73) = 20. 91 ft
= Cw / Cl = 64/36 =1.778
(
v1 = 2 +
4
) f
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(a) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(a) )
(
= 2+
4
1 ) 3, 000(20.91)(12.73)( ) = 743.555 kip
12
103
v2 = 40 ( deff
Bo
+2) f
c Bo deff
(ACI 318-05 Clause 11.12.2.1.(b) or ACI 318-11 Clause
11.11.2.1(b) )
= ( 40 12.73
20.91(12) )
+ 2 3, 000 20.91 12.73 ( )( )( ) = 704.948 kip
12
103
(
= 4 3, 000 20.91 12.73 )( )( ) = 699.817 kip
12
103
Moment Calculation
Along X Direction
= 0.0043, Ast reqd = 0.0043 106 12.095 = 5.51 in2
min = 0.0018, Ast min = 0.0018 106 12.095 = 2.31 in2
Therefore, Astz = 5.51 in2
#7 bar, As = 0.6in2, Number of rebar = 5.51 / 0.6 = 9.18
Space = (106 - 2 2) / (9.18 -1) = 12.47 in
Provide #7 bars @11 in spacing. Asprovide = 0.6 [(106 -4)/11 + 1] = 6.16 in2
Along Z Direction
= 0.00028 < min = 0.0018
Comparison
Table 148: Horizontal Vessel pile cap foundation 2 comparison
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Figure 11: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions ................................. 36
Figure 15: Section considered for bending about the Z axis ..................................................... 53
Figure 16: Section considered for bending about the X axis .....................................................54
Figure 17: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction .....................................56
Figure 18: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 57
Figure 20: Section considered for bending about the Z axis ..................................................... 62
Figure 21: Section considered for bending about the X axis .....................................................63
Figure 22: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction .....................................65
Figure 23: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction ..................................... 66
Figure 25: Section considered for bending about the Z axis ..................................................... 72
Figure 26: Section considered for bending about the X axis .....................................................73
Figure 27: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction .....................................74
Figure 28: Section considered for one-way shear along Z direction ..................................... 75
Figure 44: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads ...................................................... 151
Figure 62: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams ................................................ 203
Figure 71: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams ...... 234
Figure 109: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 365
Figure 110: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 369
Figure 112: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 374
Figure 116: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 384
Figure 117: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 387
Figure 120: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section ...................................................... 393
Figure 121: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram .............................................. 397
Table 51: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
................................................................................................................................................................................. 281
Table 53: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 2
................................................................................................................................................................................. 284
Table 65: Properties of soil (divided into approx. 6 in. thick strips) .................................. 366
Table 66: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison ............................... 374
Table 68: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
................................................................................................................................................................................. 375
Table 70: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 2 comparison ............................... 382
Table 72: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
................................................................................................................................................................................. 385
Table 74: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 3 comparison ............................... 392
Table 76: Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
................................................................................................................................................................................. 394
Table 77: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 4 comparison ............................... 404
Table 78: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison ......................................... 409
Table 79: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison ......................................... 414
Table 80: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison ................................... 419
Table 81: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison ................................... 424
Table 88: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 440
Table 97: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level .................................. 449
Table 104: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level ................................465
Table 105: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level ................................................ 466
Table 119: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 488
Table 120: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 489
Table 121: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ........................489
Table 122: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ..............490
Table 123: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ..................... 491
Table 125: Service level load combinations per PIP .................................................................. 495
Table 126: Strength level load combinations per PIP ............................................................... 496
Table 127: Service level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ........................496
Table 128: Service level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ..............497
Table 129: Strength level loads applied at the top of the shell / fixed pier ..................... 498
Table 130: Strength level loads applied at the top of the channel / sliding pier ...........499
Table 135: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End ... 504
Table 136: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End .......... 504
Table 137: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End ....................504
Table 138: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End ...........................504
Table 144: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Channel End ... 516
Table 145: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level, Shell End .......... 516
Table 146: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Channel End ....................516
Table 147: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level, Shell End ...........................516