مفهوم الجهة في اللسانيات الحديثة PDF

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+ G> LB E K A +J 9 ,= IABF G H + E D +,- AB> C@ ?= >
#Q 7R K< 50 S ?=7 + 70TU V / D O,PA$ = AB> N%M DL E
L$ [ =A<> (Aktionsart) [ U\ [ 4 67 L 7 X7 < . , U Y* K Z< W> N'MCDK A
À$ @^ 7 : , U :$ V> _ + ) [ G [ > C DH +A I]D >^ D A +A I]D
aI Z79 2 7b00 :"E I
h (Tense)K g ,= C+ 4 6 > +< J O * f A$ 3c > 3] IB +,- d Q eIB <>

@Y n 7 \ D =* L$ A4> (Modality) lW U > CLm R A #c< [^ K5i j k
@ J V 2 Tp L W K qIA07 += A 3_> o> j3 A_^ O7/50U L$ A06<
NrM
D
2 s * ? K > L _ I0G> C3qIG 3 0* d Q U Yt [ $ J [ 4 67 O0* W>

+ / W\ 2 >^ C+ _ > + s < v K<Y n A :< J7 wx C+ 70u 8 J
f 4 aI #I0B A$ z :IB EC +"< E + 4 6 y* = >^ 8 < ?4 7 + =I
P 7 Ab } | ,07/W / W\ 2 >^ | d Q U Y* { E +/7c06U + $ A 8
L _ aI 2 3 W
3 c +,- . , A< v k h+ sY* " S +m + $ A +I05U [/ ^ O ~^>
2 m B + U + 4 6 f * o * $ | IW K K o G | Z6a_ + _w6 8 J7 7
2 + bAU > + 75p > ^> +9 ,0c< ] +J / 5 [/ ^ j C+ v A 8 J K q"G
7 XE 7 >^ X$ 6 f < $ k S / 9 0< 8 J7 K q"G [ G [ > C ,= qIA0
f 6U 8 75 { A0 $ >^ C A
)7 X 0B v ,4^ d Q U Y* { E + $ J 8 K q"G 2 ?=7 _w >

2 wR )B> :"E )I :)$ +a)Q > 8 _w0R k CL _ + T06U 8 a7 U
AB S #m O5 k / A > CH +A I]> +,- Q {> =0 +7 A06U 8 a7 U
Ramzy Baàlbaki , Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, p.58

Bernard Comrie, Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems, P.3
Baàlbaki, op.cit. p.312
#) )* * ? L$ pB> C+ E 4 K , =B> +,- . , , = B K5i * ?U
2 > K +< a= 8 > \ > K 7 S +_ Q C R^ + E 4 K H +A I] * ?
: , U wG K qIA0
7 k Cn A :< J7 8 $ 0G 2 aQ > 8 _w0Rj 7B ^ ~<>

L 0B> C D 7A V 6 D> CN'M D ,?U D> CN%M D +,- DS Om 0F< C w
NrM
3 " (Aspect)
e D )$ (Aktionsart) 7 O,PA$ 7 <> N&M D A +,m> D S Om AU À$
, :$ P<^ O,PA$ y < G CD AU +A I] D L 7 X7 < O,PA$> D H
,= $ X< 0 [> (Aktionsart) D H +A I] D> ( Aspect ) +,-
$ (Tense Language) + = ~ +J 6 + $ A [/ ^ S :"E I À$ Z*Y<>

+ = ~ ,)4^ R X< _ < _ C k 5 O,PA$ { c<> C (Aspectual) +) < ,m
+$ P0U K k q S ( Tense - Aspect Language ) +< ,m
| + 4 67 8 2 +9 R> | A v A 2 8 a7 U . T0 +75p >

+W 2 76 * > S > , LI=< $ h ,7/E S aI Y* ,< j> C+_> A
K cU O,_ K | 34 E^ | c A$ > C+ $ A +J7 2 . , U Yt . U
3 A :a7 U . T0 O01 } C A 7 U
I7 d W
# S +< ?4 + $ + S +m S 8 ^ +A 0 n I \ O57B / A >

+ S > h ,0pW = > +=< I0U # + 70u K d Q U Y* 8 0
> Z \ K lp50 C+"< E + $ 4 2 . , U #I0B {> + c I B
L= qIA07 f 9 AU + $ A +J7 , T06B
+A I]> +,- , :$ 8 _w0Rj f "G K L f cI 7 =$>

K j $ + bAU +,- 7 . T0 aI 8 = 7 = 8 c_ CH
I G B> _ 9 L= qIA0 K5i / G l = 0$ k> CH +A I] 7
& )4 ) !"#$ % $ &' ( ) )*+ ,% - . !& / 0 1 "/2 3

601" 5
67-" " ) 7
6 4 8 )9 / : ;
Muhammad Ali Al-khuli, A Dictionary of Theoretical Linguistics, English-Arabic, p.23
<
f 7 bAU AU S ?= $ L= qIA0 K5i / G> C+ 75p +,- L ^

j> B> f , W\ H +A I] 7 . T0 j C+ bAU +,- L ^
=$ | ,4\> C R^ + E 4 K + [ = # p > C+ E 4 K +,- 7 K
[wR 0 > [ t p0 [ , |L 79 B 7
8 J > + $ A :$ (Contrastive) + 7$ cB + 6 d Q 7 [/ ^ # >

c I 0 +J7 O7A + , [ 5B W ,4^ j Cw" + 64 >^ +< 7 G C R^
+ = + j Q B> C { A_\ +,m> Q B 2 > K U (Applied Linguistics)
+ 4 +J , 9 $ + $ A +J7 7A0U Z G 0 ÀI +c W
C+,- . , { E + c I 0 + $ A 8 n 2 aI +75p "/ 0B>

g * aI Y* * [/ _ 8 J7 K q"G 2 . , U Y* m> S 3 ?4>
+4 cU > ,0 + J$ . , U Y* { E +=< I0U > fq"5 A0 | %
LB Q 2 + T06U f A0U 8 a7 U YG> C , cB> ,= $
+A I]> +,- , [p$ 8 ,o 8 < ?= l70u A0 |'

[ $> Nw 3 " C+< 7 >^ + 4 U\ >^ + > GM + 70u 8 J 2 H
+ $ A +J7 2 ,?B l G >^ + $ A +J7 7 ,W I 4
Y* K qIA0 V ] 7 A0 S A6B + c I B + $ + m |r
+"< E + $ 4 {wR K + $ A +J7 2 . , U
[/ | w] 7 =$ | { c K5 _ d Q U 2 +c$ 6 8 K ^
G C E > [ 2 +) c I B> +)< ?4 C+7c06 +) $ 8 $ 1 v +,- . ,
C8 sY* " *q> +) 4 U\ > +) > > +)< 7 GC+ $> >^ 8 J ?E
+J7 $ W +) 7 8 E> ]^ L4 G> A< j d Q U K L 7 8 " / G>
:< J7 À$ K f $ 8 L4^ >^ C+) $> >^> + 5< ^ 8 A m 2 +)< 7
>^ C A a= 2 K 7 O,0 = O,I0G 2 d Q U > =B K<Y C: n A
2 f m 4 G [ > | ,PA$ [/ ^ j C+ $ 8 < > 2 f p= +7 7W +< ?4 8
+9 R> C aI Y* , ,< + p $ L > =0B v | L0pW = > d Q 7 ,E ]
+cI 0 +E= K
=
+< 7 8 7 aI Y* 0 c Ew XI 7 =$>
7 8 O*^ A0 K5i> C = + $ A 8 7 s 0 K "G^
g z 0 a=
6 >? CZ05 v gf * c C [ 6E . C + 9$ +9 |
n A :< J7 K +,- . , K H K >^ K [ 6E . 0G / A
2 D +,- > K D [ = ~ $ d Q U {> =B W> | O>^ K5< v [ | :
#cB 8 ,- [^ S L _ 7R> N * =I > * =A + $ A +J7 M L$ 0G K
+ $ A +J7 2 ,= qIA0 8 > ^ K > CK A O,_ 2 8 ,m g d 4^ + w 2
! AU 2 ,?B> CH A O,_ 2 8 ,m> = > 8 > \ À$> [ >o
O,_ 2 8 ,m> h *q> C 7A B> C 7A_> C A_ 2 f < > E S +$ 6=U
_ 2H 7 j> K 7 + 7/6 6 7_ CZ G 0 2 = +Ww A
[ 5U > o + $ A +J7 2 ,= qIA0 8 > ^ K > C = 2 W * > C c0
C{ > CL _ { A U > CLA { A U > CL7m\ { A U > C L$ { A U C8 $ =U >
+ sY* AB> " 0 # ,/7G d 4\ sY* W> *q> C - > E>
s A$ 8 m + $ A 8 K q"5 3c7 =
- The Semantics of Tense and Aspect in English and Modern Standard
Arabic, (PhD dissertation) Mahmud Dawood Muhammad, Georgetown

University,1982.
Nf 9 AU + mk = + $ A +J7 > +< 7 2 +,- > K +j M
K > +,- . ?4 7 S , _ E I s 0G 7 +E> ]^ + sY*>

+ ?4\ + 7$ cB + {wR K k> C 7AB @ $ B + $ A > +< 7 :0J7 2
(Underlying + 0a0 + j + =I ,65AB GC+ I G 0 jj E K K > +,-
7 * ,o { 5 ^> (Derivational Processes) V c0 j > Semantic Structure )
N%M
@ 0 + j O7 ?4 +,m> K (Surface Manifestation ) + a 6 + =I 06
#; A B* C D ) % &' 3 7- / (+ E FG / H - @ 0* I "; I"; ! @ 0*
H ; C@ ( N# O1 8 7/ 6 7 * - % &C J %K 1") - @ E C L % &' 3GM
Baàlbaki,, op.cit. p.209 6 *- P @C 0* QGR/ # B S ' 7 ; * 4
?
CNMoodM +J > C(Tense )K >C ( Aspect ) +,- + $ E I {> =B W>

7B IAB l G K I CL0 3c7 = A< 0$ + $ > + w" + $ A { A_\ K Y- >
75p Z4 - 7 * G B 2 L 7 +c$ 6 8 3 c0= C+,- * ? K { A_\
K [/ ^ S k K 7R> C(Aspectual Values) +< ,- O c7 @ =AU Z4 - { >
+ a 6 + =I 2 ,= qIA0 K5i (Semantic Categories) [ 0 j [ 0 c +,- >
+J7 X_ B + $ A [/ ^> CZ6a_ A 5 > Cf A0 V ]> Z $
+ $ A [/ ^ O ~> C R^ * ? 2 ,= l70-> +< ,- * ?U À$ 2 +< 7
[ > C+< 7 2 f m U += ~\ À$ K qIA0 > 7 j f 9 AU + mk =
(Wright)< > (Comrie)@ G { " ^ K n A q :"E I K q"5 3c_ [G
( + B q> (Perfect) + B S + $ A { A_\ O 6cB 2 O*q> (Cantarino) =< 04 G>
non-perfect )
+ I/ 7 + ^ g < C@ $ O * $ { G C< =9 6 ; : |
.%&C p= >
Y CH + Gj H > K + * n 05 Y* 2 l U *[G
K {>\ n I K {>\ 2 > =B > C+P 06 + $ +,- v
c n A f a= [/ $ :W p06U À$ O s 7 F <> t A< Cn 05
{ A_\ 2 L0?Ew K5i } +,- [/ $ { c S l/U ,04 > +,- d Q 7 ^
3= E d PU > 3= E Q U { A0 G , =B> w0R [^> C 9 K ,t >
Q 0 +,- L P0cB ^ C R^ f { A U O > f O { A0 > C R
C B> C A_ =IG C *q> { A_\ 2 + =$\ w0R YG> H 2 . A
` Pa0 > Z7/ > = 8 > G C! AU 8 > ^ À$> C A 0 > C A B> C A_>
7 ,0 j + G> D GD > D[ GD " { A_\ À$ S n 05 < = 2 ^ G
+,-
CX$ 6 n 05 2 [ 6E . s Gk } "G$ +,b7 L > =B = E I 8< v>
= k> CK $ +c7A0U n 05 E I À$ K + sY* 8 0 k # >
2 +,- < 2 { A_\ > 8 > \ À$ > YG> CK $ +,- +Ww K <
+= A 8 W
T
C@ , c I C B >9 1 > 9 6 !" A?@ > 9$ |

.%C #<~ 0 > p=7 { c$ B g P I
K > #$ :7 2 +,- d Q @ , c I
+< 7 +T6= 2 | 8 _ Q > c=B A$ | :7 p4 ^ Cn 05 Y*
"Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words. (1993). )$ [ =AU n 057
+< 7 +AI/ 2 +9 R> | n , $ LpW 4> C3 m 3E ] d Q U ] W>

O >C O Gk> C =I +,m s >^ C+ 75p +,- K L _ H k
> > C+< >^ + $ R K C+ \ qJ =I R> C{ A U
V ] À$> +,- . , + sY* 2 {> =0_ +,- . , < 2 *q> +c9w
:0J7 > C+ E 4 K + $ A +J7 :$ | 34 E^ | w 3 $ c C+ $ A +J7 2 ,= qIA0
8 O*^ K [ 0 [ B * 4 G Yt> C R^ + E 4 K + 64 > +< 7
+ $ A 2 ,= qIA0 V ] [ $> +,- . , U N+ $ A > +< 7 $M
C 9 AU A 5 +7 C! G 0 + A4 D 6 CB " D|
.%
+ A$ | + $ A 8 O*^ K | @ ?4 2 | ! G 0 + AB
W> " 0 > 0 K p$ +,- d Q > =B | +c$ 6 @ ,
h (Aktionsart) DH e D L0 7 { < O6W g: 6W ,0 2 +,- 6W
3 G E >^ (Static) 4 5 L4 G +,m K 9 U #Q 7 + = P +A I/ $ X7A0< @^
q S (Iterative) 3 50 >^ (Durative) 3< 0 >^ (Punctual) 3 ? >^ (Dynamic)
+,m $ X7/A0< ! "/ O6c > d Q>\ +,m L0 >^ C+ bAU +,- * sY*> h k
C 3m 0 >^ C 3 B H B O7/50U 0 W> C =I > +,m *> CO7/50U ?4
k q S C 3 0I >^ C 3< 0 >^
2 8 c0pU > { A_\ [/ ^ S ,04 > XI # 2 { c +"E I 7 _ W>
+= A +< ,m R d Q>^ ^ 7 ca7 > Q # {/ B + $ A +J7
| w B > | + G E >^ + 4 5 [ 5B ,] ^ I0 $ { A_\ _ +J $ + IB
>
+< ,- ^ C(Durative) K 2 0 @^ f > q +< 0 [ 5B 8j >

K $ + IB U +,- > C =I +,m g: 4 7 ,_ +J $ + IB U
C A 7U +A m +7 C bA Z I :$ _ D 6 4 E !"D |
.%r C <
C+J $ E I c<> Cd Q U Y* 2 + ,U +" "/ + $ A + *>

#W > {wR K jj > + $ A 9 , _ {> =B W> C(Tense) @ 7 7 U
# +7R 0U 8 a7 U < 7 G/ G +J7 2 o > > . T0 j
K f 6 O * U [/ ^ S 7R> C À$ > K qIA07 + T06U 8 IA
C8jj K #Q> IAB j> C+a a9 q + $ A 7 + A<~ 0 > \
h bAU > 75p , =$ +,- aI Y* 2 {> =B W> A 39 R>
+,- K IAB + $ A [/ ^ <> D AU +A I] D (Aktionsart) 7 X7 < [ G [ >
g * + $ A 7 + \ ]\ [/ ^ Gk G CD 7A V 6 D X< ] K (Aspect)
+ > C+"< \ + > C P + > C A < + > C A _ +
. 0 . > (Perfective) . 0 $ ,0Ww > +J 9 / G 8 4 5 Gk> C+ j
K Y- bA [/ ^ Ew<> C 5 [ c K L07" ^ # 4 G> C(Imperfective)
L0 3c7 = ( Tense ) K
- The Syntax and Semantics of Taxis, Aspect, Tense and Modality in Standard
Arabic, Maher Bahloul , DMLL publication, Cornell University, New York,
USA.1994.
N+ mk = + $ A 2 lW U > K > +,b7 + I G 0 + =I + j M
8j cU G B> zj 7 m + sY* 2 E I * [ G W>

7 7a0 0 > NStandard ArabicM + mk = + $ A 2 +,- > +J > K
+,m < 2 D WD f \ > > C 0 j +,m> . 0 +,m> C b7 + 0a0 I
K H G +,- S f 2 > > + j > + 7A 8 c0pU YG> C A
7a0$ aI O00R > L= qIA0 V ]> C+ 70TU L 4$ (Modality) lW U
,0Ww > + $ A +J7 2 + 7A 7 (Semantic - Pragmatic)+ B | + j
U
8j c 7 L0 j * A A 7 + \ + j 8 6 [/ ^ S 7R> CK $
A 7 N +< 4 ^ @^ M +< > Q + K5B v [ > | K + c _ +J > K > +,-
A A . ?= 8w 7> c0 A$ k L :IB W> +7 b7 +< > Q _ |
+IG U 2 ,0 j E K D W D f \ . T0 > CL > . 0 EK
+ 70TU
[ < g - C+ B I- I H& C H9I A 6 FG ;@ |
.%& C+ A - 8 I U
3_ A + $ A 2 LB ,m> A K ~ K n 05 Y* E I 2 l U H
+ = + $ A [/ ^ K$> C{ A_ + = +,- + O 2 n A f a= 3 c0= > +,- $
qIA0 2 + T06U 8 a7 U > +IG/ U K H G CLB ,m> K X W $
A K ~ 8 ,m [/ ^ S L" 2 7R> 3"< E> 3i W + $ A 2 += ~\ 8 ,m K
C Ic06 7 > C Q a7 Hw > C Q 7 [ g+,m f p 2 a=B 5B
< > c 2 { A0 j 2 f < {wo 8 ,- sY* / G>
+,- [/ ^ * + 7 +b 04 K X7 =< aI Y* [/ _ CXI # 7 =$>

,< L 7 > C ,A 2 K5< v [ C+ v A 8 J "G^ 2 m < @ J . ,
g + 0 8j 60 K +$ m S aI
H +A I]> (Aspect) +,- . , :$ : 4 67 À$ V < v k U |%

. T0 2 34 E^ | K< I0 > n Qj 1 k U>C(Akionsart)
d Q U Y* {> =B = 8 a7 U
l G ( Aspectual ) +< ,m >^ ( Tense Language ) + = ~ +J + $ A * |'
>^ C{ A0 j 2 k ,?< l G> CH +A I]> C+,- K + $ A IAB
=< <^ :$ + a > + c 8 = A 2
W D " 8 > \ > > +,- K L0 =$^> A [ ~>^ À$ IAB l G |r

CD d D> D G D> D [ G D " { A_\ À$> D D > D:6 D> D
Z G 0 À$ 2 +,- . , < 2 *q>
. B q> (Perfective) . B S O6c=< + $ A 2 H [/ ^ a9^ |&
,?< l G> ,= l70 L4^ .^ + _w6 8 J7 2 G (Imperfective)
{ A_\ + * {wR K @^ h +,- K sqIAB V ] {wR K O7/50U lW
, T06<
K f c0=U +7" \ + 7 7a0 9 y,=U aI Y* 2 57 W>

+ a > + c = K +7" \ T0 $ k> C ,7 7> f 0TU =
C+I =U 8 Q U 2 t ,p0 j C , 4^ Z6E , = B K > C =< <^ :$
Y* K V P0 h k S +m C R^ 8 J 2 w " ,04 c #
8 J7 K *q> + $ A 2 :$ Z4 -
l9> 7 f W K +< IR 8 p= YG> C8 < > > c7 S 3 ?4>

8j cU À$> Cfq c c À$ K Y- W aI Y* [/ _ CH E\
7a0 > X I 07 + ^ f N%M+ a
D B c 4^D g *> C + 0 + c 8 ; 8 0R c_ c ^
D Xp < 3 > D > N.%M [w p O * $ + ,0= D (%M B
D > N.%M +o $^ D R^ W> ,0=< j R D > CN.%'M \ + \
@ p IA D I bQD > N.%M f 9 =U :6 D [ <Y K < c$> <
N .' M
CL > C E +J > C $KJ m K 8q0R c_ + a 8 = A ^
,ca7B j> ,cI6B j +7" \ ^ C c4 :$ +7" \ # B> M J N O >
E I #=9 K * >^ C R^ K fk R $ C aI += K 6 7_ c4
gz 0 a= 7 + R> { _ + w K aI [ 5B W>
g > +A$ ^ L _>C K $ ,0Ww > H +A I]> +,- . , g {>\
# C L , > 7 U 9\ L _ Q AB W> C , < AB> +,- K {>\

w0Rj +b 04 n A = #W e7 [ $> C ,0pW = > +,b7 A0U 8 < A0 <
L H [ V FK W ; ; 7X B - " B 1 $* R - B + /N 1 Y& ( Z G %
6 % &C \O1 I ] 1 !O ^ [ ,S / # 1@ _"S /" B* W # L 1 # / 4'
C ,0 +m =U d 4\ > + \ +,- =" Gk L _ m GC . , U { E : $ J
+= A {wR K XI / 5 " 0 # C+ $ A +J7 2 ,= qIA0 V ] [ $>
=< <^ :$ + a > + c
l< AB S L _ A6 [ G> C +,- $ ,0Ww > H +A I $ 0T _ ! "/ ^

Gk # C :"E I À$ +,- :$> L= $ V > C L= qIA0 V ]> C. , U
S L _ W B G C X< _ / G 8 > +W 0 7B 7 :"E I À$ 8 Q 0
" 0 # f 9 AU + $ A +J7 2 . , U Y* K qIA0 V ]
+ > 2 C L 4^> K _ L _> C +,- $ L0Ww > K KA_ "/ ^

+J + $ A * g ,= 8j 6B f K +$ m S A6 # C +,- :$> L= $ X< 07
{ E :"E I # +< ,m >^ + = ~ +J7 [ 5$ U > +< ,m >^ + = ~
,0pW = > k
A6 [ G L _> C +,- $ L0Ww > . w > . 0 . , KA_ CqR\ > #$ ^

+,m> . 0 +,m $ c 2 . 0 q> . 0 K :t p0 : , :$ 0 S
{wR K f 9 AU + $ A 2 . w +,m> . 0 +,m K qIA0 V ] [ $ # C. w
aI d Q =
Cf 9 AU + $ A +J7 7 + c I B + + 75p +,- g[ =A$ ,_ ! "/ ^

W> C aI += 7 {>\ 2f 8 < ?= K s = =IB X I 0 + > L _>
L _ 7a0 [ G> C. 0 +,m K qIA0 V ] [ =A$ {>\ g: 6W 6W
g+ 0 =I
+,- 7 ,0 j > |%
+,- 7 + j 7 t Xa7< > A _ +J 9 |
+,- 7 + j > 2 =I |'
I G B . 0 +,m K qIA0 |r
C. 0 +,m 7 + j 7 Z G 0 2 N WM O _ U . T0 $ k [ 5<>
D A _ W [ 5 <D> CD A _ [ 5 <D> CD A _ W [ GD> CD A _ [ GD Z G B YG>
g+ 0 =I L _ 7a0 [ G> C. w +,m K qIA0 V ] [ =A$ ! " O6c >
* > > |%
0 j 7 ,0 j >^Cf A . , 7 ,0 j > N A <M +J 9
+,- 7 + j > 2 =I |'
+,- ! A f _ 2 * > > f < 9 |
I G B . w +,m K qIA0 |r
+,m K qIA0 2 N M> :6 G +< a= 8 > \ À$ . T0 $ k>
>^ C Q U 2 f A +,m 7 L0 j > D A < [ GD Z G B YG> C. w
d> p { A_^ + c$> D A < Y R ^D g " > Cf A 7 + j [> Q U 2 0 j
> ^D> CD A < GD g " > CNinceptive aspectM C I +,m K qIA0 2 * > >
k q> Nprospective aspectM + 0Ej >^ + AW 0 +,- 7 ,0 j > D A <
+J7 7 + c I B + + bAU +,- g [ =A$ ,_ qR\ > "/ ^
+A I] 7 ,0 j + G> + bAU 8 U ! A 2 ?= [ G L _> Cf 9 AU + $ A
G E C ] p4 >^ =G AQ> l < C 4 >^ < 0 H [ G E K CH
A , _ C+ AQ .^ +< W C:A #Q f c .^ +c7 L _ +G *> C G E q >^
S C+7c .^ f "5 A f U A 2 *> C k K , _ .^ 0 > 50
NAktionsartM H +A I] . , f GY< } k q
=U f 2 +7/"} A 7U +A - ! =0 X _> @ 5 < . cB^ C qR^>
C ,= +a= 7 7A +79 U +9 z E B^ CK< _ nw +< >
>\ - , 7 : c b_
7 { a7 O6c 2 @ < O Ic + $ A +J7 O6W 7 : c 5 ^ G
. W U @> $ 0G k 0 \ G/Y $ O,= R^> C+ $ A +J7 2 7 +m
Cy 4 $ V a0 j IW 0,m > 8 $ A À$ YB 2 5p ,m K L$
7 * $^ + c 8 ?Ew 7 bA Z I K$ _ 0G k 0 \ YG>
sY* +pW = L Ic @ 0 < A I 0G > CL _ d> p IW aI d Q
2 >^ C+ 75 $ + $ A +J7 O6W 2 O, 7 8Y 70B K<Y fYB \ S > C+
W 7 qR O,<~ [^ { _ Cz A . 7$ y 4 $ 2 + $ A +J7 ,A
sY* 7 pU C 0G S < - 5p $ Lm B^ G
+7c 0 =G [^ A$ L _ +$ 05 7 Ab > Cd Q U 7 0W @Y > +
K q"G L =05B @Y +,- d Q +9 R> C+"< 8 4 67 { 2 @ ~
$ 8$ A K q"G /Y_ Cd Q U 2 + $ A #m U f = > C8 5
7 $ ,04 > C#m U ÀI$ @ <> 0$ > > CL0 R O S @ $
. 0*j Y* 7 [ _ A > 5p < m = L7_ C+
S > C ,= +7 ] ,7 > *9 7 A +c _ S { 9 5p >
LA bpB 7 l < V a 0G > C 9 0U , 7 +<q - +6
R$ >^ +c< $ 4 ^ K / G S > C@ U , +A$ +m R S > C 06U
,o [^ S aI Y* +$ 0G = ^ 2 :<qb = q> :<qb = W 9\ > w K
- qR # - b_ C 5p Y* 7
<
2 +cI 0 + 7 +] 0G +6 > +A$ ^ @ ?= Y* K P0<

. , K ! "/ > C , 4^> +,- . , K {>\ _ :cE/w :7
^ C:c$ 6 : , U $ L0Ww > L 4^> K K "/ > C H +A I]
+ $ A +J7/ 2 +,- ! A K qIA0 2 > > C. w > . 0 + = KA_ #$
f 9 AU
,)= qI)A0 X ]> C , 4^ Gk> , < A0$ I +,- d Q O,_ Z7/ 0<>
8 ^ n I \ > C H +A I] . , :$> ,= $ +WwA Q B> C + 70u 8 J 2
Y)G> C8 a7 )U À$ 2 ,G 0 > C :"E I À$ ,= $ e7 S
/ G * ?U " 0 > C ,= $ V> + 7 k A$ {> > C * ? À$ :$ L$ p0
+ K "/ > ! "/ C: c I 0 :7 2 ,7 7 / K > C. ,
!
"
)?4 8 ,m> =< IB k h f A0 8 5 >k )4 6 . , NAspectM CB
)AIB s * ?U w
3 7> 3E ] O,b* = 70R G C 3 , > 3a7 L E : 4 67/
C+) K L_ *^> CN%M 7a0 2 Lb,= > C E I * 0 + 4 67 + 7
philosophical approach $ *$ /& ( bE /& ( \O1 `% 1 / #4 % & _ - E /& ( a 1

feature *LA *7 structulist approach - ) /& ( axiomatic approach 1 ) /& (
"D #c H* ) /& ( model-theoretic semantic cd !"D @ 0* H* ) /& ( analysis
6 1" 5 speaker-based approach 0*L
Bernard Comrie, Aspect: An introduction to verbal aspect and related problems.

(Cambridge University Press, London, 1976). pp. 129 -133
Antony Galton, (The logic of aspect: an axiomatic approach , clarendon press, Oxford , 1984)6
Carlota Smith, A Speaker-based approach to Aspect , in Linguistic and Philosopy, Vol.9, No1,
February, 1986 .
=
Grammatical M +)< +) c +,- * I0 E K , < +J7/ +A I 3AIB>

f A0U > V / S +_ Q $ C NSemantic CategoryM + j + c >^ NCategory
+ bA 8 >^ +< 8 > ^ K C L= qIA07 +J / G , T06B
7 ) :"E )I À$ b=_ . , U Y + T06U 8 a7 U K ^
2 NsM )E f < $ 3A NAspectsM O,PA$ . T06< :E 2 Cf +J $ NAspectM
3_ P >^ NAspectM D+,- D C3 7 U < GC 8 ,m> >^ 8 ,m A CqR\
K) )IAF< k h 3 E > 3 [ =A< wG> CNVerbal AspectM D A +,mD C A S
N'M N%M
NAspectualityM 7 H.Verkuyl G $ 0c< > A X< ] K 3I D+,- D
+ 4 U\ +J7/ 2 A< > h NAktionsartM * L$ L I R . , > C +,- K w /G p
A +A I] >^ H +A I]
^ )} C L E ?= 8 ,m> w0R 2 > . , U Y* L= c4F @Y 9 >
+) c< +)J7/ K) k R . , U [/ k h DH +A I]D > D+,- D :$ R B S
+ 70u 8 J 7 Lc I B : 4 67/ K + {> E / C+i c
#m < @ 7 +,- [/ g{ c _ LBp= M. Ridjanovic $ 4 m < <>
L T0) )W> D+ >^ 5p D AB> C +i c + c< +J7/ 2 NEdosM +? S
+J7/ 2 +c/ 0pU { A_\ > { 9\ { A_\ :$ + 75p V> 7 + j 7 X< f a=
[ )G> p #$ 6 [ c 2 . , U Yt 7 U Y* > f a= c4 / C+ c<
V> S f \ $ T06 C NrMNVidM *> C 7 U Y > $ cU
+ 6=5 + _w6 +J7/ 2 XE 7 > X$ 6 8 k { A_\ > C + 6I { A_\ :$ + _
V> p 7 U . T0 2 # F BF [ > N A$ _ + > 2>M +i c
))$ +7 @k . , U Yt> ,= +c/ 0pU { A_\ > + 6I { A_\ :$ +c W +< =AU
N &M
\ +< 2 7 U { A0 d DAU D
) " h S ; _'C - 7 E 'K E C L e-"f E B* g / ; # "C) - #4 "1 D g / L

6 # " ) C ei "f ; :j % _'"$ * 4 H 3GM K
H. j. Verkuyl, A Theory of Aspectuality, (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p.11
6k -lC" k -
Midhat Ridjanovic, A Synchronic study of verbal aspect in English and Serbo-Croatian, (slavica
publishers, inc. Cambridge, 1976) p.1
?
)5AB + _w6 8 J7/ 2 { A_\ $ +7 0U XE 7/ > X$ 6 ,7"/ BF V> [/ \>

H B +7E E K C A Ym L= IA< @Y H a7 + 70u 3 4^
S > 7 U cF4 c_ C R\ #<~ 0 8 G> C L _ > < @Y ! / 5U >
8 J7 + c$ 8 0 :E 2 CH +A I] A<> C NAktionsartM L 7 c7]^> C + 4 U\
+7E 2 > NVidM ) +7$ cU + = Bw +? 7/ h NAspectM 7 . T0 2 + $> >\
2 L)B k )W 2 > 0) > CNAspectM 7 [ U\ :"E I À$ =IB +cEj
[> )R . T0) :)E 2 C ) E S L= l70u . , U NAktionsartM . T0
N%M
,= $ X , 7G :a7 U
+) 70TU 8 T0) j > C < )0 ) +m 0U 8 0 sY* 8 W W>
C L) f A0 8 < AB S / K > C:"E I +=< I0 F K< 5B S CN'M7 7
+) +) 70u y* )= O,m ,04 S +_ Q $ C R^ 34 E^ f < J0 > 3= E +t p0
>^ ) ^ = K * I0 E K 8 J7 À$ +A I [/ ^ G C+,- * ?
l< A0 < 2 3 > A 2 < 4
7 w0R >^ V B K ,= $ 7 W 7 8 < A0 sY* K PA$ s 4 ^ >^>
gz 0 a=
+)Ww )> L)= )5 H l B +,- Dg Jakobson [ 6$ G < { c<
O )c Dg * >^ NrM D w5 H S f [> > C L _ +G pU ]\ $
N&M
D A , 7 {/ < + E >^ p4 2 += P0U + =
NM
D L0 m >^ L0 7G E K H a7 O/750U f ?4 K qIAB +,-
+< $ :$ V> O, 4 +,- X< ] K D g L c$ . , U Y* Dowty > p<>
NM
D LB 0 >^ NactM A ~ :$> C * 0 > NstateM +
Midhat Ridjanovic, op.cit, p.1

6V"MK o K C 4 8 4 H* o C *LCA 8 4 H* @C * :*+X R -m n 7/
Roman Jakobson,''Shifters, Verbal categories and Russian Verb (The Hague,Mouton) p.493
M.M.Dawood,The Semantics of Tense and Aspect in English and Modern standard Arabic, G(
(PhD Thesis, Department of Linguistics,Georgetown University, USA, 1982) p.25
>= q >>U "/ K/") )% TUpT ' k C /" B* ; #4 E k C

<
>= q e/ C
=
David Dowty, Studies in the logic of verb aspect and time reference. p.12
T
. )?= 2 +)= 5 +) = O c K IB + j + c +,- D g Cook G { c<>

N%M
D A K ~ K qIA07 +7 A06U +J K ?= `J$ C 7A
K< )50 S ?=7 + 70TU V / D g * +,- [/ ^ S Comrie @ G Z*Y<> <
N 'M
DK A #Q 7R
R ,PA$ :$ K< IB> C 8 < A0 sY* À$ :$ L$ pB m < C Ew4 G>

O0) j +),- [/ ^ Jakobson < E CN'M> N%M : < A0 :$ Q > K< IB =,_
s ) Tp O/750U lW K ?= `J$ H l B 4 > h O/750U ?4 +,m $
)?4 +),m> K qIA0 * +,- [/ ^ S qp< ! "/ l< A0 :E 2 CNrMH
L0 m >^ L0 7G E K H a7 O/750U
! "/ L/c 2 qp< G C NStateM + S C {>\ L/c 2 Dowty l< AB qp<>
{ A_\ $ 8j d 4^ # K IA< [^ 3AI] f > P $ > C NActM P<^ A S
8 ) =" K [ 0 = LB +< 0 >^ H ~ > C * 0 >^ + +< $ +_ A _
CN durativity M 0 j > NpunctualityM+ 4 . , _ H +A I] * ? , 7 IBF
)0 A< 0 j _ CH +A I] ^ l = B 2 8w$ c0 E S [ qp< C3w"
~ 0 @^ K H 7R + 4 $ cF< :E 2 C += A f 0 H d W>
),4^ : 4 6/7 À$ < :E 2 C + j + c +,- [/ ^ S #$ l< A0 qp<>
S #m < +,- * o 7 +< a= >^ + j + Q [/ ^ z > I<> N&M +< + c
C + _ ) 8 _ U G C 8 4 5 K L T06B > C 7A , ?4> + =AU +J7 +A I]
L= qIA07 + 4 ~ > o >^
Walter Cook, An Introduction to Generative Semantics, (Unpublished classroom Lectures,

Department of Linguistics,Georgetown University. Washington D.C.1981) p.105
b G(
M.M. Dawood. op.cit , p. 25
B .Comrie, op.cit, p.1
; QGM ` )f C ] , S ^ 7 )f C XR9 , S #4 d2 r ^ 7 )+ $-" L- K :*X- O1
R % !K r C #$ @ C 7*+X # L9t H() ; 6^ 7 )f #4 / s"$- @ Jakobson d2 @2 j-K O1
:*+X R% )4 n -C u *4 t / (f W ) "W ; ^7 )f #4 G #4 :*+X
6. d wHA/ -@ v '& K !O W v$-" 2 aspect :*+X / $ aktionsart
6 Grammatical Categories -C 7C E@ ( x7 # ^ 7 n Charles Hocket, op.cit, p.237
>
C# * =A +,- . , U q?=0 S NAspectM L$ 0G 2 A c_ B. Comrie ^

. 0 . , K L"< E 2 "/ 0< 75p _ C bA .^ 75 ,= qIA0 [ G @^
>^ +c$ ) +_ Q$ +,- K qIA0 [ 5< C NimperfectiveM . w > NperfectiveM
M )A 2 +)= 5 ! )AU K L"< E 2 " 0< bAU > C A S +cEj
inherent
. ), O,PA$ L = < * A 2 += 5 ! AU L > =B > C Nmeanings

H +A I]
) E )a 0< +< G U + c= ,_ C H 2 . w > . 0 + = ^>

+ O,PA$ = c7 = A< Y > C+ _w6 8 J7 K q"G { A_^ 2 +,- . ,
R^ 8 J 2 * * ? p0G A$ C+ ="/ 7B ^ 7 { A_\ l = B> +,-
I) L4 k h + $> >\ 8 J7/ + c$ K l70 w" + > +J7 2 A . ?=_
L E K H S ?=< @^ h NAspectual DistinctionsM +< ,m V> _ 7 ^
0< K [/ ^ :E 2 C L W> K ~ K ?= $ C L 0G > L . >^ L 0G >
w
3 Ic06 >^ 3 Q E >^ 3 Q [ G C H d W> W $
S +)cEj >^ +c$ +_ Q$ C l< 0 X< ] K k S + > +J7 9 0B>
g " h L . 7 ! "/ > H . 7 {>\ {/ <> C napisat > pisat g h A
N %M
D3$ 0G I0G W ja napisat knigu> C 3$ 0G Z0G^ =G A ja pisal knigu
d )4^> ^ L$ F c<F C Comrie l< AB 2 GYU NsituationM #Q 7 >

E .^ NstateM + E [ G h A $ L= qIA0 K5i / G A<> C + 70TU A
/ ?< @Y Nstatic situationM KG 6 #Q AB + > C NprocessM + 7 .^ (eventM
j +) = ~ f 06B Q>^ l B 8j +cI] [^ D @^ h s J< v * G
Antony Galton, op.cit, p.1

U
2> c= / G 2 +0$ +c cE >^ 64 " + [/ ^ A h N%MD f +< + c=$ c0B

N'M
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 GC ! 9 R 8 ?a/7 / G
RRR C+ ST 4^RRR Q%P

Y* K U & j / N'M
, ;XT > + p 4 > WXTV [ S
F ~ RRR NrM
+)<^ , _ 7_ C ; AU 7 {/ B ,/7G C;XT> CWXT CU & C) ST g{ A_\ _

,)0< $ +)_ A s) K5i > K $ c0B w_ C f * o +G E >^ p4 7 + j
K 0 $ f 0} 8j E * $ C ,0< >
C+)< > +)< $ 7 0p< @Y > Ndynamic situationM G #Q A< H >
g "
RR U 2 Z YT [^ 5 >^> RRR N&M

R X< / 2 T
F c7 4 > RR NM
! G 2 +0J$ b B W 4 G $ [/ G 66E^ W> @ _ K ,[\
> RR NM
) G CNdynamicityM NrM+G E 7 {/ B { A_^ ,7/GC ,

^ [\> ] T CZ YT g{ A_\ _
L0< S L >> , _ H +< $ W> Ew4 [^ K5i
K j3 c04 l B ,4^ @^ h 0 W + G 8 7 A K + A0_ + 7 A ^
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 G R^ S + E
E 2 LW J0_ LW _ S .& +R> pU s m j < [^ #W 0< j> N(M

p0U s 6m R K . ,PA$ NM
6E H a0_ \ 7 M .& [^ + pR Ia07_ RRR NM
>T q e/ % `c"
C K 6 %" \O1 ( )+C X$ ; # ; 3 ( X$ ` #*C*7 % y ( / P n7) _d MP *W [ ` c
6n ) ` S 1 K V"MK &' X _d MP / n7) x *; r * *F 1 y ( #(7* @ #() @ *W [
L ;0 C ] " K "Mz H 2 `] ( " x w % !K `% 1 / "7 1 "7 / -"
6' 7
0} K ~ f 06 ,_ C + 7 7 + ,/7GCM .&> C . C S .& g{ A_\ _
q) +),- _ h +),- $ L0Ww > K S 2 +c$ 6 8 < A0 8> 0B>
)0<F j k h c > 3] IB L$ + IB ,=5 C8 < A0 "G^ k S qpB G K
K ) > +),- :)$ +)WwA B > C K A K ~ R H E @^ d W>
N%M
3cEj
K) > )J< )W C +$ P0U > f A0U 8 < A0 > C +=< I0U sY* o 2>
[ 5 +c$ 6 8 < A0 K E > l< AB 0 C+ sY* 2 R\ $> Cl6A0
)?4 8 ),m> K< )I0 k> C H +A I] > +,- ,Uw3 > C 3A4 3A m
[ )G [ > CN'M ,= $ +< * m V> _ m> S O,PA$ f > : , U { E :"E I
H +A I] . , 7 Dowty l< AB {/ < :E 2 C ,= $ V < v Comrie l< AB
Aktionsart 7 j ,0 2 +,- 7 T0 ,=5 C +,- j
8 5) X)7R S . ), U )< > l< A0 2 8 _w0Rj sY* 8 ^ W>
K<Y) : $ )J :< J7 K q"G O * U > 8 a7 U K q"G 2 8wR B>
H +A I]> +,- C sq> NrM Kjell Aartun KB m G 0 c_ d Q U > =B
| ) \ )$| Zandvoort 8 _ 4 ~ _ C ,= $ O,PA$ V _> C E >
+ 4 6 H ^ I"FB [^ IW N&MC w9^ +< 7 +J7/ 2 . , U m> K { 6B>
NM
+ A I/ 8 J7/ # 2 m B C + U + j + c +,- [/ ^ +cEj
)A G h +,- . , R^ 8 J 2 8w$ c0 ` A$ :< J7/ `

F A$ <F>
NM
NProgressive and non-progressiveM C+)< 7 2 )0U q) $ c 2 0U
N (M
+ 64 2 e 6I Q U NPass simpleM $ c 2 C 06U Q U NImparfaitM>
6v K uC n- 7 X$ O1 n W & 7 "D
6n7) O1 7$CX "D
q >> { '| < "# $ % ! k C/" B* ; BX
C D k C 4 8 )9 / : ; b"D
>
Zandvoort R.W. "Is Aspect an English category?" Gothenburg studies in English, 15. p. 1-20
Paul Fredric, On Aspect Theory and Homeric Aspect, in Int. journal of American Linguistics <
Vol . No . p.41
(W.H.Hirtle,Time Aspect and the Verb, p.23 ( B.Comrie , op.cit, p.25,32) b3 W )% H* "D =
Carl Bache, Aspect and Aktionsart: Towards a semantic distinction in Journal of Linguistics, ?
vol.18, No.1, March 1982. p.57
+c W +< < V> _ # C A$ E S +t p0 > +7R 0 fq"G 8 a7 + )>
), 2 ) > I L= y0=< } C 4 E^ ,_ p0G ZA < C ,PA$ :$
@ )0 j > NPerfectM . )0 > NPerfectiveM . ) 0 7 G h H +A I]> +,-
CNPunctualM !
/ > CNProgressiveM 0U > CNContinuousM @ 0 j > CNDurativeM
CNHabitualM @ ) 0 j > CNTerminativeM ,) )04j > CNMomentaneousM ) ?a/7 >
*q> CNFrequentativeM @ 0 > CNIterativeM @ 50 >
C: À$ @^ 7 +c$ 6 +< 7 8 a7 U À$ :$ B m _
: , U wG 2 H * ? l9> 2 ,FPA$ . T06<F> C f < J0 ,4^ < O,PA$>
n c0 7
8 )$ 0G 2 3a)Q > . ), U > 7 U 2 : $ J : w0R ^ ,?<>

)7 j> C Aspect 7 )U $ cU A 7 U 7 c 0< v k h n A :< J7/
2 N%MC D+),- D S L) 0B :"E I K + b _ L= qIA0 X ] >^ C L$ cU
)= D+ D 7 > N'MC ! / 1 K I = D ,?U D 7 :E
K ) L)$ < <> D+,- D 7 a= X7 <> NrM \ + 7R
7 . 0 j * @ ?4 2 S>\ >N&MCD+ D S L 0 _ Aspect ^ C NtenseM
I7 A_ NAspectM $ c E >
)a $ X)7A0B R^ 8
5 , 7 f3 >w > C + a7 8 5 O57B
2 L)b,= > C L)7c4 ) 7 =$ C E $ / G L$ cU > C L6
4. ,U
) Cs > A + j - +,- D gL c$ +,- w
3 " [ 6E . 0_ +
B* u b )*+ ,% - . <= q w j ) & ; (W & ' 1 ) 1 C /" B* b C C W

"A * K & ' /" 7 ; u b !& / 0 1 "/2 3 >T q >T= _"1 ( { L* -"X } #
x- L "A * /" "9 - 7C E '[ ; E % &' bJ 7 H$+X ?q >T y ~ -" `-
q >>U y w j ) & "A * 3 (/ & ' ! w ) b !"#$ % $ &' ( ) ?q >?> y
601" 5 >= q e/ % `c" b <
q >TT y _"1 ( )+* w )F & ' -C B* E % & ; u *7 E 1 4 7-" " ) 7
?q >T> I& '( kv / $ B S @' k ' %[ $ *M 7
q >>< y x- L x- L c B* - jF J 7 H$+X
+,- $ c4 D g { c< R #Q 2> N%M CDH EK > K EK
[w p)< : < A0 K<Y* [/ ^ * =* EwU _ N'M D 7A H 2 3= A W p<
+c/7A0U *> h A +A I] P<^ p<> C + =I > + = +,- *> h . A * =A +,-
L* O/750U ?4 +,m> K A$ CLB k E 2 H $ ^
L) _ @Y ! "/ wx . , 7 3 < > 3E Q> "G^ {>\ l< A0 [/ ^ z > I< >
l)< A0 [ 5 _ H s O7/50U lW * lW U $ U ,_ . t K n Q
+ lW U +? cI0_ L 4^> H +A I] L$ < < .^ C +,- $ 9 R Y =
)7 {/ )B L07" ^ À$ [/ ^ # C L$ 0G 2 +,- 7 [ 6E . / . T0 W>
+ _ { A_\ + =$^ ÀI$ L7 " 0G C ,= $ V < v L4^ 7 {/ < } CH +A I] ! A
H ) A - B *> C *q> NrMl/750 > k TBj > 50 7 + j 7
{ ) > )Q U C +) w"/ +)= ~ + = ~ 8 A
C #) c=U AI S Q U d 0< E h + $ A q 8 J 2 * G C{ Ic0 j >
C n )cU > C e 6)I > C 06)U > C Q $ ,0=U > C b0U > C # c=U Z< c >
:)E 2 C @ 0) j > C @ b0 > C @ A S { K ~ d 0<> >p>
@ 0 j > C AI > C Z< c > C e 6I S { Ic0 j K ~ d 0<
G C n A :"E I K E > qF sY* LB 6cB 2 [ 6E . / #$ B W>
wR +/ [ G [ > NMC !/ 1 K I > NMC + B I- I > N&MC a=
R ,PA$ 8j :$ X< 0 > C += ~\ À$ + 6B 2 O,= $
"G^ *0A< C A 7 8 ,m sq> [ 6E . / , 6< + = 8 A< 0 sY*>
), , / W\ 7 h NAspectM +,m 6 > C + >\ :< J7/
C )Q U h + w"/ += ~\ d 0B> +c$ 6 8 < A0 2 > GC3"< E O* = 6
<? q e/ % `c" C C
q B* ; n7) N1 C C
G ( W &A ' 3u W & "L H v 0#$- K "C W ; B ) H* @ * , j P- P
6& M W Q d R @ `C4A W ,C*L
= p= q q -C 7C E '[ ; E % &' bv/ ;
<
>< pT q q v #c v i "F C /" B* ; $ bv/ ;
=
?p qq C u *7 E 1 4 C 7-" " ) 7
C e 6)I )Q U S w" +< 7 2 NPast, Present, FutureM C Ic06U > C Q >
NSimple Past, Past Continuous, Past PerfectM . )0 Q U > C 06U Q U >
Ic06U YG> C . 0 > C 06U { S >
)* 6 > + AU >
),4^ 7 + 6U S ?=< ! / 1 K5 > C , _ +7R 8 ,- 4 > k E 2 8 ,-
(Forms) { 5 \ I0 7 [ c 0< :< 7c0 [/ D g{ c< L 7 > C Z6a_ + Ew 9
+) w S 6)c< O,4)_ L 7 > C += ~^ ,4^ {>\ . cU 2 H 7 G/ B
K)5 [sw) ^ +a)Q U )*> ] N%M += ~^ ,= O6W / G OP< + 6 { 5 ^
* ?U $ ,0 6B 7 [ a7 <> C # p @ 7c0 w 9j Y* [ P_ < : 7< a0
8 )W>\ K) j> 6cB / G 2 0p W [/ \ 3 ?4 h NAspectsM
H )a7 +I6)= $ . 0 >^ 0 j A<> C + 6I += ~\ S qpB > + w"/
N'M
DLB Y$ w
/ c06 3 < m = ~ > C K * ? K ,?
8 )A< 0 )t A< L4^ L" 2 s =IB @Y +,- . , U ! / 1 O,_ K ,?<>
+,- > =B +"< + 4 6/7 8 O?A [/ ^ # C [ 6E . / * = + =
) E K) C / )5G H S ?= AB / > C ,= + = 8 A< 0 t AB j
L) 7 {/ )< ) G> C s ?4 +,m> K O/750U L= IA< G C L 0G . >^ L 0G
`)A$ K YT0< H [ G [ > C +< A<> h NvidM + > K Om 0U 7 U
2 | ,)= E + 5) aP0_ C L . >^ L 7 + j 7 +3 7 > += ~\ sY*
* m K 3q"G AF IB j ,=5 C R^ +,m K + b,= > C +,m K + a7 | @ ?4
.,U
a 0) [/ ^ )* C. , U * m K q"G AIB j ,4$ { c 7 7 @Y >
: 4 6)/7 Y)G> :< 7c0 : $> >\ :< J7 +< ,- H \ > 8 7 XW
8 < A0 S +_ Q $ C R^ +,m K : n A H YG> C+,m K :
q e/ % `c" 7-C" "C ) 7

q e/
<
2 $ p)0 > R )0 K d 4 p0G S 4 0 C . , U Y +=< I0U > f A0U

, _ +7R +c W + - O * U À$ 2 YG> C Q
+ ) \ + ="/ @^ CL . >^ H . . , [/ _ C XI 7 f3 >w >
W H [/ ^ 7 ,0 j > + < 0 sY* S ?= $ ,= qIA0 O0< C+,- . , U
[ 5 ) C )A_ W C A _ g
" 2 C Ic06U O0 >^ Q 2 >^ Q U 2 ,04 > /
2 0) +) E 2 H [/ ^ 7 ,0 j 2 >^ C *q> A _ W [ 5 > C A _
[ 5) C A < C A
C A < C A < [ G g " 2 C Ic06U >^ Q >^ Q U
*q> C A <
N%M
CK 8 A +,- :$ +WwA w P0B> C$ p0 > R 0 < =* K >
À$ 2 A K ~ a0< wR K k h + < 0 $ L 7 O,PA$ 7 < >^
c f a= @^ 7 + $ A +J7 ,= C8 J7/
& %$ #
, 6c< w" B. Comrie )_ C:"E I + 70u 8 = B> Cf < d 4^ +,b7
C N. w +,m $ c 2 C . 0 +,mM + \ + ="/ I0 $ 8 6cB f
(Continuous 0) j +,m> (Habitual AspectM f A +,m S . w +,m O6c=B
q)> NProgressive AspectM +)m 0U +),- S 0 j +,m d 0B> C Aspect)
gs 4 ^ {> - 2 P0< GC NNon-progressiveM +m 0U
)!
+Aspect*
, -. ,
+Imperfective* +Perfective*
/ $0 1"
+Countinuous* +Habitual*
2/
+Progressive*
2/ ,
+Nonprogessive*
6n7) O1 T 7$X ; u #4 / s"$ "D

=
a7 ) . T0 2 : 4 67 :$ G V B + ) L4^ S L< =0 Z>

h {>\ L)$ )<> 4 E^ ! "/ X7 < E NPerfective and PerfectM C . 0 > . 0
. ) w) > . ) 0 8w$ cB , _ m < 8 J K < = e7 S @ < Y*>
. )0 q) $ c 2 . 0 Z4 m S C Nperfective-imperfective oppositionM
perfect-M
. w> . 0 ., aI 2 3cEj k B > N%M Nnonperfect

h L) W> K) ~ K ?= `J$ C ,04 > #W> W H [/ ^ 7 {/ B . 0 +,b_
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 G w 3 Ic06 .^ 3 Q [ G
Z< $^ Kb S f 6 =$ ,
_ # %" N%M
Z4 m\ K< p0U T0 j + 7 b _ Ta + 4 06G $ IW { m ;`
c N%%M
L0A_ @Y 7IU ,6 4 7 _ da e _ a f 1&> Cs 0G + ,0=B = LA I0 N%'M
W H E\ [/ ^ 7 {/ B ,7/GC sw ^ +7" \ 2 -de > C ;è C,

_ # %" g{ A_\ _
2 * 4> C QU 2 KA K $ q {>\ { "U 2 A _ ,= ,0F4 > AW>
?$ K E W ! "/ { "U :E 2 C A$ >^ 3I< W [ 5< W> C X7 U Q U
H . 7 [j < : "U wG> C ^ * ~
[ 5 q_ 0 A_ [/ ^ 7 {/ _ "/ { "U 2 D8 _/> W [ 5B>D Z G 0 ^
1 ) U q_ 0 [ G [ > C V 6 k 7 {/ G C Ic06U 2 0G > #W> W
) "/ )A 7 . 0 [/ ^ =* Ew4> C. 0 +,m L =AB Y*> CO750 K ~ A $
,0=B> CLA I0 C@^ +7 - 2 :c$ 6 :7A S +I6= $ N8 _/>M
>^ C Q U 2 50 >^ 0 j $ l 0< @Y H A0_ C . w +,m ^
) G h += ~\ # 2 H +< 0 * f U + 6 _ { Ic0 j >^ C Q
g+ 0 +7" \ 2
e
W O L6
F 5< v @Y * c$ gOh ," S N%rM
Rich Harrison, (www.rich.harrison.net./langlab./aspect.html)

?
3 A] C i 4& C gOh g{ A_\ _
pU _ + 70u += ~^ 2 k 7 { A_\ / [ > C L0=< v> 0 j + E 2 H
2 f3 06 +$ 05 [ 50 :E 2 C Q 2 06 > C Q U 2 3 06 [ G
+< 0) j + 9 Q^ @Y * +7" \ # 2 N A < M +J 9 . T0 _ Ic06U
V 6 * E G C + 70TU += ~\ 2 H a7
+ E [/ ^ AB f A +,b_ D h 0 j +,m> f A +,m S . w +,m d 0B>

)* + I B h f 0} f 0_ {wR 8 5B ,4^ >^ C f 0} f 0 8 0 += A
g 7< : =7 "/> N%M D f 0 5 f U + 6
f A E ;1 " @ K f p += " 2 =G . < C+= K 5B L _ > f 0}> f 06 f 7 {/ GYU 2 K56 _

+)$ A ?04 > C = +6 ^ 0} K A #Q l9> * > CLB k E 2 A
)0 7 Q U 2 f 50 f $ t . c O7/50U ZB 5 0 { A__ C I9 G
N )A <M +J )9 Z)B 5 . T0 X< ] K k O,_> CL f aI9^ E K
!
/ ) ~ )o N A < [ GM> C N%(M { "U 2 N A < [ GM Z G B> CN%M{ "U 2
f A k - 7 + j 7 4 E^ N8F 0 M +? . T06B W> C N%M { "U 2
d )4 0>C 0 . +,m> 0 +,m S d 00_ 0 j +,m ^
0 +? AB j> C 0 + E 2 H [/ ^ 7 G0 s =A C . w d 4^ K
E )< W G Cf I0 >^ +$ c0 C +A/ c0 8 0_ 7 >^ B #W> H [/ ^ =*
B.Comrie , op.cit , pp. 27-28

T
NcontinuousM :$ +W 07 :< J7 À$ L T0 7 * 4 > h f U A Y$

0p)< k h5A wx C 06 0 / 5_ h 0 NprogressiveM> C 0 j
AU [ 5< j [^> NcontinuousnessM +< 0 j +< 7 2 +9 R> 0U A 2
{w)R K K I0< G h 5 B 0 O,PA$ L 6< >^ NstativeM =G f 7 bAU
g+ 0 +7" \
+< 7 2 John is singing.

+ 4 I 2 Juan esta cantando.
+ < 2 Gianni sta cantando.
q)J_ Cw") *john is knowing f I ^ CN[ m =J<M AB +c$ 6 - # >

+=G ) +) E 7 {/ < 4 > C p4 >^ +G E {/ < j NknowM A [/ \ h +<
E S + $ A 7 XI =< Y*> p $ O7A >^ +_ AU *> C ; AU @^ C +0$ >
7 m [ > DO7 ^D> D ^D [wA _ +t p R^ { A_^> C8 Y/ $ A Y* 2
)7 {/ :7A A [/ ^ j/ C8 W 6 À$ 2 0 j 7 {/ B N A <M +J 9
f 0} + = ~ f 0_ 7 + ~ 0 j> +m 0 q f c06 +0$ + E
2|[ 5B [^ K5 _ C #F ^ wx C F ) 7 >
F _ [ =AB OF 7 ^> F _
) ) )0 j IcB ,4^ G CN # 4^ A M f c06 +=G + E |@ ?4
C R 8
9 @^ >^ C = >^ C f W K h f 06 [k\ * c/ 70B + B 8 $Y$Y/
8 # c=< [^ S 06 *> C d 0 j + E 2 [ 4^ A [ 50_
2 ) / )5$ +=G ,/7G { A_\ sY,_ C , m ^> C O, _ ^> Cs G ^> CZ
E ^ ,7" >
CD) S D> DFC D < w_ \ 2 0B j ,4^ , R K > CA K [ 56
CD 3 ) n - A<D " C < wA_ Z7/ 0B > ?/ À$ # ,?B j G
N%M
n - A< [ $ L0FA=W^ g " C+IW U { A_^ 8wP_ 2 ,?B j ,4^ S +_ Q $

{ )A_^> [ 56 { A_^ :$ f I +Ww m B j L4^ S XI } 7 [^ K5i>

[/ ^ :)E 2 C(Situation types) #)Q d 4^ 2 +7R + 5 B 06 { A_\ k h+m 0
L 6)B ) >^ C+),- # Ob6=B / > C#Q d 4^ # Ob6=B j +m 0U { A_\
N %M
?= +,m $ +c7/A0U +,- C.Smith
(viewpoint aspect)
g " C{ B A =06 > , 0G +7 - 9 2 4 E^ 0U A <>
,
^ nK = g1$& ," S N%M
L) =AB Y*> C L0< > L >> L0< $ L= O, <F C3 3 E "/i D F 7 R D A _

@^ h , 5$ = ^ 2 [ G { R [/ ^ S D 5IB 4 GD +7 qpB :E 2 C. 0 +,m
Y)*> CL0< >^ 5I +< $ S f +<^ [> C 5I + 7 E K +7E ZG >
. w +,- { "
+ ) [/ _ CComrie s Gk G d 4^ K L0 =< > =/" O 6c0 k Z4 m S >
gz 0 G *> +,- . , N'M: 4 67 À$ , = < fq"G R^ 3 4^
>^ (ingressive aspect) 34 E^ , 7 X7 <F> C I +,m @^ hInceptive aspect

>^ +)= A + E +< $ 7 {/ B> C =* 8 _ 0 ,/7G> C (initiative aspect)
Y* K qIA07 *a Ke Ta > o
e e è )G d> p { A_^ > < =*> K A H E
g " C+ $ A +J7 2 d =
,,m> 8 6W 7 & & +c W R _ *KT> N'M
K)5 NrMh 7 U A 2 + I +,b7 +_ *> h Inchoative aspect

N&M
C )R^ + E S += A + E { 7 + j 7 , :"E I À$
C )A_ { A_\ À$ + =$^ ! A X< ] K + $ A 2 ,= qIA0 K5i>
Carlota Smith, op.cit, p.100

_d MP #* -u *4 t % " X #* 7$X \O1 ; _'& *W [ Rich Harrison, op.cit
6v $ `c"
Ramzi Baàlbaki, op.cit, p. 240. & B.Comrie, op.cit, p.19,140
M.M.Dawood , op.cit, p.103
U
K) > CZpA PR > CL,m> g " h f >q > { a0 7 + j 7

C8 W 6 À$ 2 q> C I9^> C 9 " = { A_\ À$ X< ]
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 k P0<>
m \ L 9$ n> b0B I G p$(T # N'%M

, ^ +Ia $ j I K q r 0 ,
_ =$(T> N''M
n Q> Q _ 2 , $ ( E N'rM
inchoative > inceptive 8 a7 :$ L6 4 W 2 =< IB> wR B Ew4>

C )R O,PA$ = + 70u> CO,PA$ = +_ 0 AB k C . T0 j 2 ingressive >
K qIA0 V ] K< IB S 3 ?4> C k >^ 7 U Y* E $ G L = < S 3 ?4
R^ S +J K , *
(He talked g " Cf m> f 0 0 #Q [/ ^ A<> h Delimitative aspect
[/ ^ )A< a bit l9 _ n K w 3 7W H @^ C a bit about the war)
w
3 < ]. <v <
C ) A + 7 fR Tp [/ $ 0 G/ <> h Experiential aspect
+)J7$ "i> O7/50 K ~ IW f E > f / W\ 7 wA_ n m L4^ >^
+) J=$> -gou +cEj +_ Q$ . , U Y* K [> IA< E + = K< 4 U
g " (neutral tone) f <
ni chi-gou M )$ c 2 c + = ~ 7G^ * NNi chi-le y
/eW c + = ~ 7G^ * AB> CNy

gO W + > 2 " > C I B B #W> E [/ ^ AB> hDistributive aspect
gO W $ c 2 Cn $\ # X7^ A Non zaper vse dveriM
R 7B 3 E > h _ n $\ # X7^ Non pozapiral vse dveriM
8 )m )Q B sY*> h Intensive, moderative, and attenuative aspects
)U [ < m 8j E :$ V G C lAP >^ f c E K H d W>
C+) R 8 ) c$ c Cf J$ _> X/_ B k gush > C m> { k flow >
A_ 5 bAU AU S ?= $ + w"/ { A_\
S ?= )$ S>\ h :0c< / E$ + $ A 2 ! AU 7B À$ K qIA0 K5i>
C+) 70u 8 5$ K5 A K E > d 4 7 {/ B { A_\ ÀI bAU AU
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 G CH ~ f W 2 +B> 0 8 m >
7 # Q s. N'&M
U K + m @ =- W N'M
> ` CW > Cs. g{ A_\ _

X)< ] K)A_ + 4 "/ +c< / ^ f3 "G> f3 W d b0 q ZA > CZA q 0 j_
q"50 7 + j 7 *q> A_ " C{ A_\ À$ + _ + =$\
C +,- j H +A I $ A< +c$ 6 d 4\ À$ :"E I À$ R <F>
+,- * L 7 =$> C f 7 bAU AU X< ] K ,= [> IA< O,4^ I0 7
X I 0 = aI Y* s =I0 Y*> C+ bAU
& " ( )" %'#
S ) m #m < Y*> C +,- K qIA07 +9 R >> C += A X ] +J / 5
)$ h ,= qIA07 +3 9 R 8
7G >^ +3 7 ,7/G 6 7_ C 7A , ?4
q 2 ,= qIA0 K5i L4^ Jesperson K 6< <> k 2 +9 ,c ] ,= / 5
g+ 0 V / E + _w6 8 J7
A 7 79\ AU |%
lW U >^ V 6 s 1 G A 7 Q A AU |'
(derivative suffixM + W c0 +c9j |r
N%M
NTense formM + = +J |&
Otto Jesperson, The Philosophy of Grammar, (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1924). p.286
C+ 75) >^ +) bA [ 5B [^ Jesperson @^ 7 +,- [/ ^ XI } O, <F>
:"E I À$ Am Y*> C f 7 bAU AU $ [ c7A0B + 4 "/ > S>\ [ 0c< / _
C(Lexical aspect) + ) bAU + ),- d )= Y)* ) R )< + 6B S i
+),- ), 7 )c7]^ Y CL0J 9 >^ A 5p$ [ c7A0B C+A$ > +" "/ [ 0c< / >
N%M
(Formal aspect) + 75p
K) +)7 b7 + a 6 + =I 2 +,- ! A K qIA0 K5i L4^ O,PA$ l P<>

+)$ cU { )A_^ 6)< A4 [^ K5i> N'M (aspectual verbs) +< ,- { A_\ X< ]
d )W 8j E l B ,4 k h +< ,- { A_\ K @ 7c0 A a= 2 d> p >
H
8 b,7 ` A$ :E 2 C +,- K qIA07 + 
+9 R + 75 8 > ^ >^ l< 0 . A4 = > Z4 - Y* 2 3 m f3 qc_ + 4 U\ +J7/ 2
C ,= qIA07 + > / W^ R^ > S b7B 8 J7 "G^ [/ _ C +,- ! A K qIA07
N rM
f A +,m 7 + j 7 w3 " +< 7 2 (used to) f I . T0 G
{/ )B C R\ )$ / G _ 9 [ 0 IB [ 0J 9 + _w6 8 J7/ "G^ 2 A_ / 5 >
+)J77_ Nimperfective) L . 7 R\ > (perfective) H . 7 E
)7 ! "/ > H . 7 {>\ A {/ <> C napisat > pisat h[wA_ w" + >
)WM ja napisal knigu> CN3)$ 0G Z0G^ =GM A ja pisal knigug " hL .
+c$ ) V X< ] K 8 m . w 7 + j [/ ^ =* EwU _ N&M N $ 0G I0G
+7" \ 2 PB GC A 7 Cna-
GC Q U 2 f A +,m K qIA07 (used to) A 2 f3 I P<^ + $ A . T06B>
g+ 0 +7" \ 2
C @ cE . / G , _ / $^ [^ ^ _ .e N'(M
C . ? 6G^ G^ E s ^ @Y O6- m^ [^ ^ _ .e N'M
6C 4 #4 C *LCA #4 J %K H* %C" \O1 ( )+ *X$ ; #4 "1 D *7 L%

M.M.Dawood, op.cit, p.26
Rick Harrison, op.cit.
Antony Galton, op.cit. p.1
CD3) D )" + $ A +J7/ 2 50 7 + > ?/ À$ . T0 K5i G
g " 0 j 7 + j 7 Df / GD Z G B YG>
C L A wG^ b I N'M
C $ 0 -FS ,I 0^ 4^> NrM
+)= A 8 W ) 2 N[ G M )$ +W I6 >^ C [ o # N A <M +J 9 . T0 >^

g " QU 2 0 j 7 +j 7
C ,7/cB +$ A l $( -FS !."T ,9S Nr%M

C +< c ,m> > -FS [ ! f S> Nr'M
C z
/ s ?4 O,= E > #_ < w_ # - 7 u ^ T ,
^ 9S NrrM
S L I=0 Z C+,- ! A K f 9 AU + $ A +J7 qIAB > S V 0 IW>

+) = ~ .^ +)< ,m +)J +) $ A [ )G 2 :< )J7 :)$ 3A > j3 m =* [/ ^
f )?4 (verbal inflection) )7A l< )0 S [> )?=< [ < 7c0 n A f a= _
Q U q> Q U L _ C Ndeictic tense) @ K ~ 7 {/ < L)4^ A h +) = ~
8 )J7/ 2 : ) T0U > : $ )J +J7/ ,c_ "G^ [/ ^ :E 2 C N Ic6U > Q M
: 4 6)7 `)A$ <> h +< ,m +J |+ 6 8 J7/ K *qJG| >0A< C+ 6
N%M
A +,- > K + c K IAB ,4^ O,0,m K K< 9 AU n A
w
3 " + 4 I 2 (Juan leia) +7 b_ K > +,- :$ 4 E^ 8 J7 À$ # >
3P)<^ . ) w +),m S > C Q U K S =* qpB ,_ C D ^ c< [ m [ GD AB
+),- 7 ,I G 0$ P<^ +/ + 4 I +7 b7 + $ A + 0 [/ ^ * =* ?=7 _w >
{ R ) K K P _ #W > f c A_ [/ \ Q U K S qp0_ C A K >
s > ) Q U 2 0 + E 2 A [/ \ . w +,m S qpB> C A 7 [ G
N A <M +J 9 7
Abdelkadir Fassi Fehri, Issues in the structure of Arabic clauses and words, p.141
S )7 Comrie @ G Am * ,7G > + $ A +7" \ K XI / A >
+)< ,m +J s = ,_ CK > +,- :$ # 8 J7 K Q +7R + $ A +J7 [/ ^
cEj ,? G+ sY* L Y*> N%M + = ~>
+ &*
. ), 2 [p * G H +A I] . , X/7A0B fq"G 8 5 =* [/
[ )< J7 l70R c_ C * ? À$ :$ R 0 > LIp À$ m k> C+,-
. , U Y* , = B K5i * ?U $ ,04 > 7 U $ $ C H +A I] 2
f * )o ) ,4^ @^ h E > H +A I]> +,- [/ ^ B :"E I K + b _
,= $ +< * m W> _ =* [/ ^ < O,PA$> C:0 70u :0<> ~ K B> AB f E >
j C Aktionsart 7 ) [
T06< j +< 7 $ :c] = : 4 67/ "G^ [/ ^ D # >
N'M
D +,- . , U * o [ < O,4^
7 ) . T06)B v ) Y)* / ,06) 2 f GY)U 8 < A0 # b_
) f l= B * ?U S R$ >^ +c< $ ^ ,PA$ K5 > CNAktionsart)
+)< $ S Dowty f > CL < AB 2 #Q 7 U Comrie . T0 G CH +A I]
* 0 >^ +
{ )m K) L E q ^ S f > C L < A0$ I . , U Y* Q B Z7/ 0<>
C O,PA$ e7 n I ^> C ,= $ V < K = +,- :$> L= $ V > C a7
L= qIA0 V ] 3qR^>
B.Comrie, op.cit, p. 9
; _"S /" p )f ,* R L %GL /" B* H* v *W K ` c ; Comrie K H 2 1 v ) 84-
6n7) O1 ( )+ X$ ; q X *7 V" % EF g / ;hX g ) u @
s"+ 0 v K u W- # AF # - #c K /" - ) w &| X$ w A/ "+ %
6 X$ " M[ wu4 ; G ( n- 7 /" B* ; #4 ") i%
Hadumod Buss Mann , Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics,(Published by Routledge,
London ,1966) p.14
<
," %#
N%M
:< J7 À$ L T0 + 4 U\ +J7 2 (Aktionsart) 7 U + B H +A I]
8 )E> , )9 $ { )A_\ ! A 2 + j V> 7 + j 7 : _w6 > [ U\
. ?= {wR K V> 7B 7 {/ < @Y NaspectM+,- 7 $ c 2 C+ bA
+ j V> $ ec_ =A 7 U [ G k _ . T0 j l70> +J7 @ a=
L4^ >^ C 50 7 {/ B X9 7 G Cw" + W c0 j ,J 9 {wR K { A_\ ,7
2 += 5 + j 8 6 @^ C A 2 +7 9\ + bAU ! AU k Z4 m S p<
N'M
+ bA f E> L 9 $ A
{ c<> C Aktionsart 7 . T0 2 + 5 S Rolf Furuli l > qp<>
h +)"< 8 4 6/7 2 s =AU q A 7 U T00 :< 7c0 f a= [/
:)E 2 C +) bAU +),b7 L4^ 7 7 U T0 K 4 6/7 K q"5_
X< ] K ,= IA< +,- A C+ _w6 8 J/7 + 2 +9 R> [> R L T0
L T06)< :"E I K PA$ G C Nderivational morphology) 2 V c0 j
O7/50)U )?4 +),m> p<> C+ E 4 K + bAU > +< a= +,- p # >^ A
NrM
R^ + E 4 K CH a7
O,PA$> C (Lexical aspectM + bAU +,- O,PA$ * c_ C XI 7 =$>
+ )Q U +),- 6< [> R> C (Situational aspect) d Q>\ +,m , 7 X7 <
)IR + G j CH d W> + 5$ 3 ^ X/7A0B G S 3 ?4 (Objective aspect)
. ) >^ L E K H a7 O7/50U ?4 +,m> K IAB E h +,- 2 G L=
L
Y* L = B K5i 2 w0Rj > C7 U . T0 2 K< I0 Y* 5A=<>
7 J. Lyons 4 <j = E C / 5G d Q U O,_ 7 I7 C k >^ . , U
6k^ 7 k H 2 C v c" ; k $ H )f k K kH )f k H 2 C 4 : ; v c" -

Hadumod Buss Mann, op.cit, p.14
www. Bgreek. org
=
7 ) ) B.Comrie { I0) G CN%M Aspectual Characters

Aktionsart 7
A 2 += 5 ! AU @^ N'Mh Inherent meaning
)_ 2 H ) +)A I] f B 8 =/" O*^ Comrie {> =B W>
@ )0 j > !
/ C )* 8 ) ="/ > CNinherent meaningMD+= 5 ! AU D )$ L4 =
KG 6) #)Q > C NrM(telic and atelic) > j > > > C(punctual and durative)
. Nstate and dynamic situationM G >
X)< ] K) O0< ,= qIA0 [/ ^ A< + bAU +,- * H +A I] [/ $ { c >

j 8 J/7 2 +9 R> C+ bA 8 E> , 9 $ { A_\ 2 += 5 + j 8 6
[/ ^ ) G C ) E fq"5 K @^ Y*> C+,- * ? 7 +< a= + PB
)5B U * I0 > NsituationM #Q 8 A\ +,m / $ { c
H +A I] K qIA07 \
O,"< E 2 :"E I ,7R B> 8 a7 U À$ . T0 2 X$ 0 7/b0<>
K) n )Q >^ I)/7 K d 4 S @ < W } CH +A I]> +,- , K
V ] K H a0< *> bA _ { c< k C : , U :$ X< 0 + > = + 5
a0< { ; Y* 2>D CD AU +A I]D )$ L 7 7 < >^ C H +A I] K qIA0
L4 5 >^ L0< 0 >^ LB I >^ L ] >^ s W >^ L AQ >^ LB W >^ L0< >^ H $
+) 757 +) 70TU ! )AU K L _ IA< G Cs B >^ L W> + 4 E> >^ L0 5 =< >^
)AU Z =0 C l= Y* K + 70u $ N O C C A_M f E
N&M
DL= qIA0 U
K* K K L"< E A 2 Henry Fleisch 7_ @ =* { c< $ cU 2>
j 5p >^ f 7 O W A A [/ D g+ = ~ 6 > +< ,m +J + $ A [/ ^ 7
Cfq"G V $ * B K5i Cf 7 + 70TU { 5 $ c ^ =* [/ ^> CK 7
Semantics,(London, New York & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977) p.706bv/ "D
Aspect ,(London, New York , Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1976) p p.41-51bv/ "D
6`] I K n- 7 P% Vendler v R - !O accomplishment :*+X / ( Telic :*+X
p U q q >> ~ -" /" "9 `/ + C /" ' /K 4 : ;
?
C+ ,04 >^ + 0$ + c4 *> Cs ]/ K f E > + c4 2 >^ s 0 2 H _

=* K > C+b 04> W B >k *> C q"G 5B >^ CZ6a_ f E > f #W> W H >
{ A_^> C+ W 4 R^> C+ B { A_^> C+ = E >^ Cf 06 { A_^ C8 60 7B B
N%M
D+7 > C + ,04 > f 50 > Cd>
bA H a0< :E _ C: , U l9> 2 8 a7 U R B CXI } ,? _
H +< $> C 0 > [ 56 > 0 j " 8 a7 T06 H +A I] K
< )a7 ,= I< W >^ ,6 4 8 a7 U . T06< Henry Fleisch C *q> L0< >^
2 . T06)B 8 a7 ) =* [/ ^ K N'M c$ L 8 ^ PA< Y*> +,- K
k K 7T064 [^ K5i> n c0 7 : , U wG 2 H * ? l9>
2 0) j K) ) m 5p)$ > yB 4C O * U 2 R B L4$ O* < [/ ^ L7/G
: , U * ? 7 2 + T06U 8 a7 U
) E K , ?= $ +7" ^ f 7 |+ 6 = 7 =$ | K5i>
L S ?= $ < ,m L7 7 K5i E { "U [/ ^ A h H +A I] E K > +,-
L4^ >^ C 4 #W> L4 G E K C L _ H +A I] S ?= P<^ K5i> CL . >^
>^ f ) I0 8 )0_ 2 )50< L4^ >^ CL W> = ,W J06< + = f 0 2 0i
>^ lAP) >^ f c K H d W> +m S R$ >^ +c< $ qp< L4^ >^ C+$ c0
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 P0< GCf "5 >^ +7/c
! G 2 kG& W 4 G $ [/ G ,
^ XT W> @ _ K ,
^ [\> Nr&M
AW> W C+c$ 6 - 2 kG&> C,

^ XT C,
^ [\ g+ w"/ { A_\ [/ ^ Ew4
+7R ,_ L 7 > CL Pc4 > H . 7 +/ ,A b_ CO/750 +?a7 X$ K ~ 2
[ 0 ,= [/ ^ Ew=_ CH E\ sY* +A I] + E 4 K ^ C. 0 +,m 2
)Ej> )G E q KG ,_C @ =A 6E A_ [/ ^ :E 2 C+ G +A I/ $
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6n7) O1 T 7$X "D
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+) R^ f IA$ >^ C ,0?Ew K5i L W> = f 0} + = ~ f 0_ ,= / G V J06<
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H a7 + 70TU +A I > . w +,- + 0 f IA $ " 0 K5i>
: ,0 $ [ G ^ K KG / G 2 G& *> NrM
v> 0) +) E 2 L4\ . w +,m 7 {/ X$ 6 { "U 2 G& A [/ ^ Ew4

06 G E p4 ,_ H +A I] E K > C# c=<
) > C+ E 4 K : , U :$ +WwA Q>^ W =/" 7a0 Y* / A >
S 8 ^ ) n I \ K II A< L4^ GC R^ + E 4 K K $ ,= / G IB
7 7a0 >^ , U A 7 C:"E I À$ ,= $ X< 0 .
!
& )" %$#
. ), * CH +A I]> +,- , { E :"E I ?4 8 ,m> 70R
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) ^ f ) 2 H +A I] K l70- +,- [/ ^ S R X< _ Z*k> C E > . ,
g 7< , /^
>^ O7/50)U )?4 +,m $ ABF @^ C Nsubjective categoryM

/ k l=9 +,- p
[/ ^ :E 2 CL . >^ H . K qIA07 L T06< @Y/ A S ZB 5
>
K< )5B +)c c AFB @^ CNobjective categoryM Q l=9 H +A I]

N %M
+= A > o 2 L/ >^ s B E K C 9 U #Q
+ c ,_ CH +A I] wx N Grammatical Category M C+< + c +,- p
+j
W , T0 2 7/b0B +,- + cU +< a= +A I/ [/ _ C:"E I À$ @^ 7 >
+)A I] a0B :E 2 C+_ 9 +< J R^ X cE S Z6=FB (certain constraintsM += A
N 'M
+7 A06U +< J7 + =$\ K +m R X< ] K H
+ $ O0< ,= qIA0 [/ \ h + I G B AB +,- [/ $ ,= $ O,PA$ V <>
X)7 < Y) NrMC { )A_ + bAU ! AU $ H +A I] K IA< :E 2 C Z G 0 >
+,m Carlota Smith B G , 6B > C + bAU +,- H +A I] 7 O,PA$
)< <> NM D + I G B f * o +,- [/ D { c< Y PW = R <^ G CN&Md Q>\
*> C aI Y* 2 H +A I $ L 7 7 9 Y*> Cd Q>\ +,m =* +,- $
8 )4 5 > > )/? > LbbE> A X< ] K :"E I À$ @^ 7 ,= IA<
R^
,)= IA< NAU +A I]M l= Y* d 4^ # 6 D L4^ bA _ <>
)9 j ), R^ [ A =* $ C + $ A 2 f $
)AU +A I $ X7A0B 8jj +IG/ U sY* K E I Gk> CNMD+I/G
) * ,6 4 sY*> D A < | [ 5 < D> D A < |[ G D> D A < | A _ D +J 9
+,- K qIA0 V ] N(Msq s Gk
sY* { E w0R > C R 0 > K< I0 Y* C A Y* {wR K 7/b0<>

* > E lp05B >^ ,U A P0B j C E $ G ,= qIA0 V ]> O * U
Carl Bache, op.cit, p.64 b"D 601" 5 Forsyth Rundgren Hermann Jakobson C \ "- O1
Midhat Ridjanovic, op.cit , p.9
>? q e/ % `c"
Carlota Smith,op.cit, p.100
Henk J. Verkuyl, (1993) , p.4 + ,6$

CK . , H +A I]> +,- K / G +Ww S R^ + E 4 K > C R^>
K<Y* S ,= ?=< +<> > CL0 2 E $ / G Lb,0=< @Y y,=U S +_ Q $
C + > U +J/7 Z6E a0B LB > ^> : , U K qIA0 V ] [/ _ CL 7 > h: , U
j >^ I G B> < ,7 7a0$ + > U +7" E $ / G 7 Z6E>
) ^ )7 H +A I]> +,- :$ X< 0 7 N%M: `

F A$ 0A<>
k ) + Q 6 |O,PA$ { W E 7 | H +A I _ + Q U > + B Y/
k ) + B k 6 +,- > C c c v A l9> 2 V B ,4^ + Q U $ < 4 =G
Y) f P + j > + I G B * =* [/ k N'MC 0Rw { 6_ + B Y/ $ < 4 =G
+ ) > G C+< ,- 8 J7 K q"G 2 Npresent perfectiveM w" . 0 Q _ { c
2 . 0 +,m . b64 . [/ ^ GC{ Ic0 j AU . ?04 $ . T06<F C+ 5 p0 > +< = I >
7 R Nactivity in progressM 06 p4 @^ >^ NprocessM + 7 S f
N rM
k
H )a7 += A +A I] G/ B NAdverbs) > ?/ À$ 7 P<^ Y* XI =<>
) < CDfb_D A udrug g " { _ + > +J7 2 (certain AktionsertenM
. w +,m V 2 < D+7< ] f 0 D A dolgo g " > C. 0 +,m V 2
+) B Y/ :$ X< 0 [/ k CX< 0 k 7 H.Verkuyl 0A< } 7 >

) 0R [/ ^ Tp c0 b I< C| sqIAB E 7 | +7 cB 2 + Q U >
N )AI] f )E >M / 2%d v _ ST g " 2 v
, > 2%d " 8 4 5U O750U
+7 >^ + E L4^ 7 L6 4 #Q l9> + 4 5 $ h + 7AU { < + B k +c< ]
Carl Bache, op.cit, p.65 Henk J.Verkuyl, A Theory of Aspecuality, p.11 3 W )% H* "D
Carl Bache, ibid , p.65
ibid , p.66
+) B Y/ ) ^ )7 H +A I]> +,- :$ X< 0 / ?< k 7 > CN%MH E >^
N'M
7m 7 V Q 0 I m> . A Z6a_ I 4 ^ + Q U >
,)= $ V B S>\ h:0 70u :0c< $ H +A I]> +,- :$ [ 4 67 V < >
V> ) )7 +)< a= + Q AB +,- [/ ^ ^ 7
(grammaticalisation)
(lexicalization) +) bAU + Q AB H +A I] [/ ^ :E 2 C +c W + j
NrM
X< 0 Y* t O0< +c< / K ?= `J$ V> 7B 7
8) 2 : ) T0U O)?A , T06< > X< 0 2 + 4 "/ +c< / ^
)* _ C R^ 8 J K [ I05< K<Y + _w6 [ 7I 2 [ "E I 4 E^> C+ _w6
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k 2 : w0R K LE ] XI U k> CX W 7
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{ A_\ O?A _ Cd Q>\ > NverbsM { A_\ :$ X< 0 n m> * LE ] XI
+< 0 j d Q>\ [/ ^ :E 2 C. w > . 0 K / G # Ob6=B + 4 >^ +< 0 4 G
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3 X H* / & " %@ H* 3 @ #c QGR/ V"MK H 2 3 ( K & " % H* @ - # * [ &
6v +( $
B.Comrie,op.cit, p.4 b G ; O K ] / e* - ; . O "D H.Verkuyl, op.cit, p.11
B.Comrie, ibid, p.7
ibid. p.7
Z) +)c W + 4 d Q>\ k h . w > . 0 $ ,> 7 < * *q [>
/ A [/ \ N%MC. 0 7 + Z G 0$ , f
V J06)< j> +?a/7 2 #c< !
[/ ^ :E 2 C 0 j + $ [k L> K5i j> 0 w = ,_ L 7 > C + = ~ f 0_
K K += A f 0_ V J06B +< 0 j d Q>\
+),- :)$ X)< 0 . * 7a0 > X I 0 = aI Y* 2 s =IB Y >
+,- L ^ I G B> _ 9 L= qIA0 K5i / G l=9^ 4 > CH +A I]>
+,- L ^ f 7 bAU AU S ?= $ L= qIA0 K5i / G> C+ 75p
7 K j> B> f , / W\ H +A I] 7 . T0 j C+ bAU
) )7 =$ | ,4\> C R^ + E 4 K + [ = # p > C+ E 4 K +,-
[wR 0 > [ t p0 [ , | L 79 B
C )A 2 . w > . 0 $ +c7A0U ! AU > { 5 \ O,PA$ = AB +,- [/ ^ # >
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XI G C: , 7 * ? 7 0pB [^ K5i +7 / G 2 f > / ?B ,= $ c0
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,)7 7> ,)= qIA0 [ 5< L 7 > C+ I G B f * o *0 K O,= >C B.Comrie A_
[/ ^ ) G CNverb and its argumentsM LbbE> A GC+7 b7 f 8 4 5 S ?= $
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Carl Bache, op.cit. p.70

6n7) O1 E 7$X "D
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> Z)A7B R\ 8 c/ 0pU > { A_\ 8jj [/ ^ S R #Q 2 qp< G
X)E >^ X$ 6$ k K qIA0 [ 5<> C c Y* 2 + 75 l=9 < 2 qIG
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8 J7 K q"G 2 + _ 9 R > $ 4 E^> C+ _ 9
),?<> C Nstructural phenomenonM +) I G B f * o +,- [/ D Verkuyl { c< >
[ )B * ,)= IABj E | +< 7 > + 4 U\ G| + _w6 8 J7 q 2 7m k
+)= A 8 )4 5 2 += P 8 7A X< ] K 4 > h 8 _ U X< ] K [ 0J7
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EF > A +3 9 R> h +7 b7
A Theory of M L)$ 0G 2 ,)7 7> +7" H.Verkuyl A0 {wR K P0<>
) 4 > C 7a0 2 >^ l = 0 2 H +A I]> +,- :$ V < v L4^ NAspectuality

L4^ GC aspectuality s ) , _ :7R 0 > :t p0 : , 0
7< a0 @ 0 a= +< ?4 7 * ?U L7 7 $
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S { A_\ Zeno Vendler =$ =<~ O6W c_ : 0TU :$ wR 7 C 8 6cB
CNachievementsM 8 ~ ) > NaccomplishmentM N&M8 ) > C NactivitiesM + p) )4^
C#Q d 4\ w" ^ l = B K w9^ 06 O 6c0 Y*> NstatesM 8j E>
+)< J q< )A [/ ^ j/ C #Q 8j c X/7A0< L4\ < J ^ l = B K5< v [ >D
NM
D R> l=9 :$ 07 . T06FB
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8 )?a7 K +? @^ 2 p= Yt L 9> K5i [/ ^ k A<> f +<
> q H7X$ /" %K 4 : ;

q /" ' /K ; 4 : ;
Henk J. Verkuyl, A Theory of Aspectuality, p.14
telos D$ d MP ' 7 `] telic situation :*+X @ / accomplishment :*+X Vendler R -
-O1 x7 _& O 3 ;[ "W C KZ G Comrie,op.cit. p.44 b"D 6k - # k - ( C(-"5t B* ;
6 | 3 ;[ # K 7*+X
Verkuyl, op.cit , p.4 <
NrunM )" { A_$ Vendler "i> N%M , _ H #c< + = f U 70 +4 5U
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d p f t Nr(M
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{ )A_$ "i> N'M f K "G^ 9 U d Q U K E > m 7 #cB j +=< I0
g " > C 0 $ $ Cw m CNdraw a circleM f O "
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8) 7 + { A_\ K > N%M f E > + = ~ + c4 2 a07B v [ C+< ,= > + NreachM 9> CNdieM8 CNbe bornM >F CNfindM m > CNrecognizeM A B
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^ G T> N&M
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^ G TC ,
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f ) V J06< ! "/ [/ ^ :E 2 Cfb_ #c< {>\ [/ $ 8 ~ > 8 :$ [ W _
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n 7c { A_^ L 7 [ < 7c0 f a= X7 < K Q +< =AU
)* h e)c_ . 6)W^ + w S #Q O6c _ Anthony Kenny G ! 04^ ^
K :7/c06 : 4 8 > 8 ~ 0A< v E C 8j > C8 7 A > C+ p4\
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K)5i L4^ GCL0A I]> H d W + 70u V ] S qpB l G> C#Q 7 8 A< 0
K) L) 7 {/ B [^ K5i > { A_\ ÀI + j 8 6 K +A I/ sY* +?Ew
C L4 5) >^ L0G E >^ CL W> 5B >^ s 0 >^ H d W> + 4 S qpB 8jj
H +A I] K qIA0 V ] K L f XI } k q >^
Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, op.cit, p. 416

Alexander P.D. Mourelators,op.cit, p.423 & H.J.Verkuyl, A Theory of Aspectuality, p.51bGW "D
?
! + * *
+ + " %#
Y)*> C(tense) @ ) 7 7 U $ c< aIU Y* 2 K 7 < ^
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,4^ @^ N(M D[ $ eIB U H K qIA07 A +a L _ >^ A . T06B
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j> C < )cU f 2 R < W K qIAB [ _ D K A [ ~ 2 H d W>
NM
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QU K 2H d W> B C ,7 IW> Fe da +J 9 |
{ Ic0 j >^ { 2H d W> B C ,7 IW> Fe Gn e +J 9 |
Otto Jesperson, A Modern English Grammar on Historical principle,Vol. IV, p.1

Charles F. Hockett, op.cit, p.237
B.Comrie, op.cit, p.1-2
W.Cook, op.cit. p.83
<
< q >= E " / -C"X ) L vc ( b /" 7 ; uR ! #
=
q e/ % `c"
^ { 2H d W> B C ,7 IW> Fn d +J 9 |
>^ )A ,< < V 6 2 + o>D s = *> C@ a= K * ! "/ . , U >

l P<> N'M Dl > U G O757 R\ . 6W\ K A S c4 >^ +
) _ )0B ) +J 0- 4 > += A +J $ eIB B j + W 6 + o D [/ ^
[ O),< w_ CV 6 2 U K AU K A ,7 7 :AB K c > O P
O P) $ X< 0 )$ K5i . A < +J 9 >^ A _ +J 9 K B Q U K [ G
AU 7 + j 7 ,a79^ :0J :$ K 0 [^ + 70TU += ~\ :$ K c >
NrM
DL= A$ V 2 U
" ./ 01 - &( " ( )" %$#

)7B ), _ =B +7 - d 4 2 + = +J d =$ @ a= K a0<
N &M
g 7< @ a= K 8 < K5i> C+J
K L7 @Y ,= ~ K qIA0 $ CL _ + 6I + 7A 0 |%
R^ 8j 2
+IG/ U + = $ L= qIA0 |'
+ 7A_ q $ L= qIA0 |r
C )AI > Cn c )GC O6c 2 { ; >^ +,- 6< p4 |&
0 j>
) p4 >^ Cec_ + 7A_ H E^ S > K K + 7A < |
~w A 6<
7 \ K >^ 7 - K 6< p4 |
+ = +< a= ,0 o> S + bAU ,0 j K > ?/ { |(
p U q e/
U q e/
T q e/ % `c"
U q e/ % `c" )*+ . b"D
<
@ U m R K 2 ?= * $ = ~ s * m 2 7_ 67 K ^
H )E\ [ 64 W + ,_ 57 K ^ N %M 0U m @^ h Lm R >^
H )EG CL) _ @ > [ 7 #P @Y m K O6c k * >^ C8 >
N'M
< 0 > +A I/
!6 3 7 &( 4 5 +2 3&( %'#

dQ 0< _ c f a= S 8 c04 [> 9 AU n A [ < J7 Lm> c
NrM
g 7< ,/^ c4 f 2 c= Y* , 7 I4 9 =A T70B> CK
K ) > C+),m K 67 @ m L , K :$ f a= <v |%
R^ +,m K @ J7 L ,
O) 8 I_ +] R +,m> :W p06U H ,m> +c$ 6 + c= y 04 [/ ^ |'
:)E 2 CK K qIA07 > K 7 E K fqc_ + $ A +J7
)7B S )c c c0 U * f a= ,AQ> + $ A +J7 W 4 G

) $ K V K + = + = + m > ~j $ O6B @ a= y,=U [/ ^ |r
)7 + j 2 K 7B Xa7< > C{ A0 j R + 7A
{ A0 j = ^ 2 K
+ $ A +< a= + =I a_ 2 + - f ?= $ O60< c @ a= aI [/ ^ |&
7G f ?= 7B . A4 $ > C , _ K +7 _ < c0
)Q U G K ) 7 + LB a7 c=$ c @ a= y,=U O60< |
)7 f W + $ A 2 + = { 5 ^ [^ @^ C# c=U Q U > C 06U
Ew )9 K ~ / 5 [ < a= YT0< v [ > CK 8 A p> q e/ % `c"
<
! )" %#
V $ [ 5< k [/ ^ j CW $ =A ,= / G [ G [ > +,- K K l70
k [ 5< f > C #Q >^ + W> K A< @^ Ndeitic) +< + c K _ C+ 70u
+),- ^ C R^ 8j E S f # P<^ [ G [ > CK* W S f #
+) 7R ) K< 50 $ AB $ C R W> @^ S + W> +I6=$ AFB w_
)*> C m + W>> C+,- *> C 7R + W> :$ [k V _ += A
N%M
K
+,- ^ CH a0 K ~ * m R R K $ #Q >^ H W> e$ < K _
7R ) ) K< 50 S ?=7 + 70TU V / D ,_ | @ G l< AB Z6E|
N 'M
D#Q 7
K / G 2 +< > e >> +< $ W\ 7 + 7R + =$ H a7 [^ XI } O, <>
j H a7 + 7R + =I ,< 8 7AU _ H + =* 6B> C P > K
LB )Q > )A ,)7 1 )$ CZ6a_ +,- 7 + + _ Z c ,7
NrM
YG NargumentsM
$CL 0G > L . >^ L 0G > L E K H S ?= AB +,- _
[^ :E 2 CwIc06 >^ Q E >^ Q [ G C k L _ O0< @Y K K ?=
2 ) k [ )G C O/750 K ~ S +I6= $ H d W> W> < a0$ A<F K
N&M
Ic06U >^ Q >^ Q U
: & . " 9 %89#
+) = ~ +)J + $ A [ G 2 :< J7 ?4 8 ,m> w0R S f cI c
)/^ )B O,= R^ + ]> C+< ,m ,4^ S :"E I K X< _ Z*Y_ NMC+< ,m >^
B.Comrie, op.cit, p.5

B.Comrie, ibid, p.3
7 c t * { '| * {"B ; E B* &( E * k3 $ ; ^ 7 k $7c 4 )
>>= y /" R
6. d H* *W n7) O1 7$X "D
6n7) O1 > 7$X "D <
<
O )<> C E > [ 2 +< ,m> + = ~ +J + $ A 0AB +" + > C+ = ~

Kurylowicz
+< ,m j> + = ~ 6 ,4^

K) O7/) 7 @ =B D * + = +J7/ $ cU [/ ^ S =* f >
+)J7 ^ +IG/ U > + 6I K X64 S >^ S =06< + =0U [ ~\
+ 8jj 7 $ CX64 7 @ =B w_ K K qIA0 2 Z \ S =06B
f ) K 7-> = ~ fqc_ +J [/ ^ k A< j> N%M D+< J7/ Z G 0 K 0B
=* [/ ^> C Lb 64 ~ X64 7 @ =B +< J + =$ =* [/ ^ D cU 4 > CL
j +) ) $ k S 0B $ CX6= Y* " 7 @ =B j R^ +< J + =$
N 'M
D * < K5i
K) 5 lp05= ,0c cE 2 +=< I0U > C GY + 6 +A$ \ s 4 ^ Q>^>
@ ) L)4^ .^ L= AB +P + _ 9 + 9 R >k *^ C+ $ A +J7 2 K
c06 q * .^ K c À$> V 6 {wR K a0<
g . " <;
Z6)E C+ 6) 8 J7/ { A_^ 2 K . A4 Jusmanov 4 < Ej c
L)0Ww ) E K #Q > A 7 w" O 6c0 K j $> C K 7 > >\ . , U
) =I = 6cB . T06B + 6 8 J7 [/ _ C Ic06U > Q > Q U S W $
N rM
L . >^ H . 7
C +)= ~\ 7 {/ < j 6 A [/ $ Tritton [ 0^ } 7 >
C )b=U H ) 7 S>\ {/ B C [ 0 \ + 6B OwU K L4^ ^ CL 7 =$> b =U q H 7 + 4 "/ >
N&M
. w A_ ! "/ >
T< q e/ % `c" )*+ .
6 # $ 7$X e/
N. Jusmanov, The Structure of the Arabic Language,(Centre For applied linguistics,Washington
D.C.1961) No page number.
Maher Bahloul, op.cit , p.42 b G(
Arthur S. Tritton, Teach Yourself Arabic, (The English University press Ltd, London, 1943) p.53
Maher Bahloul, op.cit , p.42 b G(

<
+E 6) K K IAB j + 6 8 J7 { A_^ [/ $ { c S ^ Y*>

f )/ , _ + = O c [ 5B + $> >^> = 8 J7 _wR> (situated timeM += A
H +A I] . , S n W^ + $ A 2 + = [/ _ C.w5 +? S f 2
)?4 +,m> E K K f 5_ cB 7 f W q aQ^ L 7 > C+,- S ,=
+) bA > + I G B > f , _ K : AB < [ 5< Y Cf > +aQ >
N %M
V 6 s 1@ 4 K = $ C ` +,- . ?4 c0 I"B + $ A _
>^ H ) 0) l9 + _ G ,6 4 A A +J 9 [/ ^ Fleisch <>
C+< ,m +J L<^ 2 + $ A _ C O7/50U $ H a7 + = +WwA K ?= $ CL 0G
s < ) Y)*> N'M A 7 :0 \ :0J X< ] K + 70TU U d 4^ K IAB>
N rM
K K O*^ A A 7 +I6= $ +,- [/ ^ @^ h P<^ Beeston [ 06 $
K ~ 7 {/ B j + $ A +J7/ 2 A +J 9 [/ ^ E. McCarus > G l P<>
>^ CL$ 70 # = 0 >^ CO7/50 +? IW #W> H [/ ^ 7 ec_ {/ B / > CH
N&M
7 7 ( Main verb) A #
)< O ) > V p06U [/ { c<> d Q U Y* 2 { c > TU @ , <>
) f > Q j + / ^ c7/ K<Y c n A f a= S c4 Lm < William Wright
)Q U K ) S L 6)c0$ k> C A { 5 $ L] IB > LB k 2 K f 5_ 7
*> N(MC A< K$ > NML NMC Ic06U > Q >
K) Xa06)B ) K 7 A + j >qA< v f a= [\ hL0?Ew 2 XE 7
+J )9> N )A_M +J 9h :0J = B q L _ ,A< v A A [/ ^ GNMC. 0*j
Maher Bahloul. Op.cit, p. 43

Henri Fleisch, LÀrabe Classique: Esquisse dùne structure Linguistique ( Beirut: Dar El-Machreq,
1968) p.111
Bahloul, op.cit. p.43b G(
A.F.L. Besston, The Arabic Language Today, (London, 1970) No page Number
Bahloul, op.cit, p.43 b G(
Ernest McCarus, A Semantic Analysis of Arabic Verbs,( Studies presented to G.Cameron, Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan press ) 1976.
Bahloul, op.cit, p.44 b G(
= q e/ % `c" uR ! # <
< { L v- ) % =
? X$ "9 - / ?
6 # $ 7$X q e/ % `c" uR ! # T
<<
L4^ Wright 7 YR< K5 > N%M +i c L07E 2 A * ? K ,? *> C N A <M

Cf )a= s )W G + $ A +J7/ K ~> C * G + $ A +J7/ K ~ :$ X< 0 {> 1 v
O), 7R> f )a= { * ] + 70u 8 qIAB S ?4 K P<^ c 8 _ LB _
N 'M
,_
, [ I6=< j :W p06U K + $ A +J7 + = ~ [ =< K<Y [/ ^ S XI } 7>
)9 )* Cec_ f E > f 9 2 4 > C+ 70u 9 2 K 7 ,0 j 2 c4
)* K 7 4 > C A K ~ +W/ $ j + $ A 2 A +J 9 [/ ^ @^ C ,J 9
sw ^ F = $ G O,PA$ L qpB Y*> CK c > V 6
+4 cU 8 $ : )=AU > :W p06U [/ ^ n A :"E I À$ < CL 7 =$>
2 )A A 9 S > ?4 $ C ,= ~ K [ Ic=< O*> < + $ A + =$ a < v
. )5E^ [/ ^ >^ L) 7 > N&MC )0 LW > 2 L ?4 2 >^ NrMC 2 L ?4
+ - f ?= $ O60B c f a= > :W p06U
& . " <=

A K O> =B = k P0<> C+ = ~ +J + $ A [/ ^ [ < 7c0 n A f a= C P U =$F> C \ H E^ K 8YR ^ +7" ^ D L4$ A L
N M
D# c=< v K G * > C #c< v> [ 5<
C{ A_\ 8 c K [ > C[ 7 +W> 6 { A_\ 4 G UD g A< K$ { c<>
g+) w [ [ G U> [ . 6W$ 6c4 CL = . A=B> s m> = m B
+G E> C8 +G E ,= _ C8 G E += ~\ [/ ^ IW K k> C Ic06 > Q E>
) g Y)G { A_\ 4 GC fqR\ > + Q U :$ B +G E ,= > C A$ 8B v
N M
D Q E> Ic06 >
T q e/
? q e/
q ! B* J& ; \' #c b 0 F / _' *% "1 f
< q e/ % `c" uR ! #
<
{ L v- ) %
=
q e/ % `c" - /
<=
Q U g+ w S [ ~\ [ 6c _ C+J > K :$ c > $ [ $ < f a= _

) g . 6)W^ +) w A 6W C+ w"/ += ~\ sY* 7 =$> C Ic06U > { >
/ )G 2 . ?= +A I] w0R O C2 K k 2 : T06 C ^> d P >
8 )WwA . ?4 * a= > C > IU . ?4 * [/ k h a= > K
N%M
+ A=U f U > V 6 * @ a= K 2 ?= { b _ CV 6 2
+ _ G 6 > C f a= { c< G K A [ $ IB j + 7A _
#)Q $ Q U K B N A _M +J 9 [/ ^ C q [ ~ f _ [w$ W $ C#Q $ { B N A <M [/ ^>
@Y) K @ < [^ # 06< Cd PU 7 Q U l AI_ N'M K c > V 67 7G
NrM
D = OF *F > _ C+ c . < LF W .F F c <D gS AB L W " 2 Cd PU L< <
+< 5 >^ C{ Ic0 j >^ { a7 < c_ C K $ IB P<^ d PU >
) L) E I ) _ K K b0< W> P<^ L _ H E = >^ + Q { E
)Q U )7 V 6) 2 d PU {/ _ N&M W I 4 9> LI G B I < >^ C l9>
+) K c $ [ 0c< :E> + 7 7c0 N WM> C $F > C+ ] p ,= K W + $
AW > [ 5< :E { 7 {/ <> C Ic06 7 [ 5< p4 >C p4 f _ L 7 Z7J<
NM
#W O5E 2 >^
K 7 I A A . ?4 [/ { W> :< 7c0 f a= Z*Y Aartun Z*k>
NM
)Q U q) K 7 {/ < {
^ ^ e A > C QU K 7 {/ < {
e ee A _
)A A 9 [/ ^ < EC @^ Y a Q B khrakovsky 56$ G G < <>
K) +7c06 W
^ .^1ee +J 9 0 k 7 f>w > C8 ,m j +7/c06 += ~^ 7 {/ B
C )Q U K 7 {/ B W
e .eSa +J 9 [/ $ { c S ,04 L 7 =$> C W
^ .^1e W
e .eSa
q 1 ) 1
/" B* b"D
U q e/ % `c" J 7 H$+X < bq e/ % `c" !& / 3 b"D T bq e/ % `c" C
>T b -| ' 1 _& %
>> bq e/ % `c" !& / 3
U p UU q e/ C <
Kjell Aartun, Zur Frage altarabischer Tempora,( Universitetsforlget,Oslo,1963) =
= b 0F& # U q k B X D k 4 : ; b . O "D M.Bahloul, op.cit, p.45 G(
<?
^ .^1n e > CX7 U Ic06U 7 W

Ic06U > Q U + = [^ A h k j> Y* j W ^ .^1e >
N %M
W
^ .^1e 7 XI =B j
! & . " |r
7 + $ A [/ ^ @^ N'MC A +,- > K K IA< A A [/ ^ q_ Comrie ^
C. 0 q> . 0 [w5p [ Y*> C A +,- > K S [ qp< C[ A K ] :75
. )0 +) o> [_ C K 7 ?/ n 2> NrMC. w > . 0 $ c 2
. ) 0 . S . 0 q qp< :E 2 C Q U K > H . 7 + j pB
N &M
D[ F 7A B j O 0F4^> OF 7A < > D> Cn I 7 6
F 7m g " C Q K >
:)$ V [ 5< [^ | : "U K<Y* 7 =$ | 0 4 [^ K5i L4^ l P<>
V [ 5< [^ >^ C < 4 ^ @ ,m ^ 7 ,= $ X< 0 [ 5 _ C = ~ :07 -
q6) B )7 =I H * ?U + = f 2 ,= $ V [ 5 _ C < ,m ,= $
K) ~ S . )0 q) qp< c_ h L<^ 7 a9 q :7<>0 wG> NM =< * m
N(M
A$ 8< v + c . < [/ ^ $ NMD + c . < O ,F =$ OF 5 a
<
_ D g " Ic06U
+),m S qp< + $ A +J7 2 . 0 K [/ ^ < Comrie [/ ^ S XI } 7>

q) R S qp< . 0 q [/ ^ :E 2 C 6= Q U K 7 {/ <> . 0
75) :$ +7$ cU _ NM 6= K S j> . 0 . A S qp< j @^ h:= j
N relative tenseM 6= K s ) > +,- K w
G OPB s = . 0 q> . 0
Kjell Aartun, op.cit,

= b 0F& # U q k BX D k 4 : ; b . O "D M.Bahloul, op.cit, p.45 G(
/" B* ; ,* R- W #$ 2 G #c #c / ( ; "5 #$ / s"$- !" 2 d2
E B* ; #4 #$ / ;"S - #c /" B* ; G / s"$ ; v-K& 8 ;G E B* ; v
?>p?T bq v/ "D 6 ;G
= -| _"() _& %
B.Comrie, op.cit, p.78-79 <
&X L; M#$ r3 )( %@ H* 3C - C GM -| ; k LK K IJ k $ K 1 Z G -| _"() _& % =
6G)( Ez ( - C P/ -t 1 - P
B. Comrie, op.cit, p. 79 ?
ibid, p. 80 T
<T
c I K / G < ECN%Mn A : 4 67 À$ @^ Y* 2 LAIB>

C+)< ,m + = ~ +J + $ A [/ ^ CO*q> >> > C @ A6U 7 > C @ ,
s =I0B> + sY* L * @^ Y*>
! & >? " |&

)* ) G + $ A +J7/ 2 +,- + c m B j L4^ q_ Kurylowicz E I ^
6< _ m * G K 8w B S f j> C + _w6 8 J/7 2 [p
) | ,= j $ | m < 4 > C N+i c + = Bw +J7 K + 0U M + 64 > 8 J7/
2 G NsimultaneityM K 0 $ c 2 CFa .ea 2 G NanteriorityM PU $ L0 6B K5i
N 'M
K ~ S [ qp< j ,4^ G C +,- 7 [j/ < j :c$ 6 : "U [/ ^ <> CFV .^#e
NrM
K m < E j +,- m B j k h K A
. 706)< +)J @^ 2 +,- + c m> [/ $ { c $ L Z*k E I O <>
8 )J7 ) ^ C+ )c< >^ +< = I +J7 2 G 9 = + w @k 7A_ . ?4 m>
) \ AU > CFV .^#e Fa .ea " 2 = , _ A . ?=_ C+ $ A , _ + 6
# K 0U H * FV .^#e \ AU > CO7/50 +? IW #W H * Fa .ea
O7/50 +?
)R K A K $ eIB B j + $ A +J7 2 + 7A [/ ^ S + sY* >
+J + $ A [ 5B k 7 =$> C A K * K c > V 6 > CV 6
+J ) > K c > V 6 {wR K L= ~> A +,m K AB C+ = ~ +< ,m
Z G 0 K + A=
)Q U K 7 > . 0 +,m 7 {/ ,_ H . A _^ Z G B / 5_
Z) G 0 ^ R^ 8 W 2 { Ic0 j K ~ 7 {/ > C8 W 6 À$ 2 6=
6Tems et Aspect: Approach de la Phrase Simple en arabe Ecrit) b / # % &' ; !' H* 0#

Issues in the structure of Arabic Clauses and words, p.141 bv/ ; !"#$ % $ &' ( )
J. Kurylowicz, Verbal Aspect in Semitic in Orientalia, Vol, 42, Nova series, Fasc.1-2, 1973. p.
118
J.Kurylowicz, op.cit, p. 115
<>
2 [ 5< W q K ~ 7 > . w +,m 7 {/ 0_ H +< 0 A B

#) + T06)U K c > 8 > \ 7 0A< k> C { Ic0 j >^ Q >^ Q U
* E> N A <M >^ N A _M +J 9 > C+7 - 2 +J
! + ( "
R )0 YG> CH 2 . w > . 0 . , { E aIU Y* ><
L) _ #)I004 G C . w +,m> . 0 +,m $ c 2 C. 0 q> . 0 A :$
. ) 0 + = 7 =$ +,- K *qIAB V ] 7 lc= C ,I G B> + $ A +J7 Z ^
k X c 2 , T06B +< a= 8 > \ > C. w >
. T0) 2 : )4 67 :$ G V B + ) L4^ S N%M c$ 8 ^ W>
L)$ <> 4 E^ ! "/ X7 <F E (Perfective and PerfectM C . 0 > . 0 a7
. ) 0 8w$ )cB ), _ m < 8 J K < = e7 S @ < Y*> h {>\
. )0 q) $ c 2 . 0 Z4 m S C Nperfective-imperfective oppositionM . w >
Nperfect-nonperfectM
+ 0 += ~\ > Nperfective aspectM . 0 +,m :$ e7 K Y a4 [^ Z C L 7 >
l = )B 2 6 ! "/ + o _ C N. 0 Q U > C. 0 Q @^ MC Nperfect tensesM
N'M
:A H E d W> K ~ S f 2 a=B $ CH d 4^
#)W > . 0 q> C Q U 2 #W> W . 0 _ CH d W> K $ [w 0< . 0 q> . 0 _
[ I [ T06< . w > . 0 a7 [/ ^ :E 2 C Ic06U 2 #c L4^ >^ { 2
L= ~ j A +,m
Ic06)U 2 b= [ 5 @Y >^ C Q U 2 b=U H l B . 0 +,b_
w
/ )G s )I0 $ #Q S ?= D A< L4$ (perfective) . 0 . , Comrie A<>
NrM
D#Q 7 +4 5U + 70TU E U :$ [> C E
6n7) O1 7$X "D

Alex Mourelators, op.cit, p.418
=U
) C 50 >^ 06 0A< @Y H S qpB . w +,m [/ _ C $ cU 2>

N%M
Comrie p)<> Ic06)U >^ Q >^ Q U 2 50 >^ 0 j Y* [ G
K) L ?=< k N'Mh D#Q 7 7R K + =$ 7 Q $ {/ < D L4$ . w . ,
+ 7R LB 4 5 E
2 s )4 ^ k ,?<> MC R E $ K l70- . w > . 0 8 < AB [/ ^ # >
sY* [/ ^ 7 V Bj K 4 =* [/ ^ j/ N :"E I :a7 U . T0 w0R
,)= $ _ l70- 8 J7 [/ _ R^ + E 4 K > +< a= +,- 2 @ G + =/"
+J7 _ C k t O0< +c< / > C k . >^ + ="/ sY* 7 +< a= + Q 2
+)9 R + _ 9 +c< ] 7 j ,4^ GC+ ="/ sY* 7 +< a= + PB j + $ A
N rM
w" +< 7 +J7 2 [p * G 0 K qIA07
7" " ./( 01 ( " ( )" % #

+ $ A +J7 , T06B > V / À$ S N&MX$ aI 2 8 ^ c
7 XI 7 =$> C ,0 +m =U d 4\ > . w +,m > . 0 +,m K qIA07
=I >^ . 7A 7 =I [ G C A $ . 0 +,m K IAB f 9 AU + $ A +J7 [/ ^ S
A qJ$ 4 E^ ,= IAB> C { ,b 7
:) "G^ [/ _ C XI G . 0 +,m> . 0 . , 2 : w0R # >
: )4 )A A 2 H a7 D [/ ^ [> < C[ < 7c0 [ < a= O,7IW> C K< 9 AU
{/ B ! "/ > C Q U +J 9 L 7 {/ B {>\ _ CH . . > H . h :6
NM
D{ Ic0 j > { +J 9 L 7
)Q $ L) +)Ww j A f IA K < = N A _M 9 . T06BF>
>^ { ) 0G K sY* L= IAB # X 0< k> CNM.w5 X 4 +? @^ h
B 0A< L4 G 57 K q6$ +Ww L . 0 A } H d W> .
Bussmann, Hadumod. Dictonary of Language and Linguistics, p.20
Abdelkadir Fassi Fehri, Issues in the structure of Arabic clauses and words, p.145
6n7) O1 7$X "D
<
= q e/ % `c" ' %[ $ *M 7
=
= q e/
=
L)m R * #c< 50 / 5G L= H a0< O/750U [ G> C

Q X >^ XI
N %M
K L ?=< >
+) $ A h :0)J7 2 K ) . ?4 :$ +4 c Henry Fleisch 7_ @ =* cA< >
C Ic06)U > C Q U > C Q =,_ Cfq"G += ~^ + 64 +J/7 2 [/ { c<> + 64 >
)Q U > Ce 6I Q U > CW = Q U > C Ic06U 2 Q U > C Q U 2 Ic06U >
j , < )B [/ )_ + $ A ^ C W = XI \ Q U > C. 0 XI \ Q U > CZ/G U
N'M
NinaccompliM . 0 q> NaccompliM . 0 h := ~ @ 01
)*> C+ P)c >^ H Xc +m $ eIB B f 9 +J + $ A [/ D w W <>
K IA0_ Cinachevee b=U q H > achevee b=U H wA 9 R 4 5 B
! )/" K) AB>CNaccompli g. 0 M s = *> CN A _ M XE 7 8 k L0J $ {>\
NrM
DNinaccompli) g. 0 qM *>C N A < M X$ 6 8 k L0J $
C+c$ 6) f )c 2 PB G +< ,m +J + $ A [/ ^ < Henry Fleisch [/ ^ # >
) , 7 X)7]^ := ~ 7 [ < 0 N A < A _M :0 < 0 , 0J 9 [/ ^ < L4^ j/
. 0 q> . 0 K
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`< A V 6 @^ h#W U $ >^C A ,= IA< \ +A I $ >^ C Ic06U
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Gernor L.Windfuhr, A Spatial model for Tense,Aspect and Mood Folia Liguistica,Vol.19, (3-4)
1985, p.438
Genrot L.Windfuhr, op.cit, p.441
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310
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B.Comrie, Aspect: An introduction to verb aspect and related problem. Henk Verkuyl, A Theory of
Aspectuality. On the compositional nature of the Aspects. Aspectual classes and composition.Nils
B.Thelin,Verbal Aspect in Discourse,Carlota Smith, A speaker-based approach to aspect, David
Dowty,The Effects of Aspectual Class on the Temporal Structure of Discourse.etc
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C. 0 +,m K qIA07 G s E> N A _ W [ GM Z G B [/ ^ S XI } 7>
L4> $ >^ C< 9 ~ ?$ L_ K [ G K ?= # c$
G 1A C %$#
N WM . aW .> . 7 K*B +7" \ K + ] + ) [/ ^ S =* q ^ [^ c$
) +)7 - + j l70- j k h . 0 +,m 7 {/ 0 z 0 A > N[ GM :$
+7" \ B C ,= Z G 0 < c_ C t f 70 q >^ N WM )$ f 70 N[ GM 8 m
g+ 0
[ Q U d I \ 3a a * ^ @ U + m <~> fa Sa > ZcB U c7 [ 5 1 v> N&%M

: = 67
d 4& [ ) Gq ^ [ 5E [ ) fa Sa k _ ?=7 c c + Gq \ { A f ~>
a0_ N&'M
+ G {wR +a a9 q +c< $
\ $ W ^ T ,
^ 9S + W 2 # ]^
F W> f U @ 0 ^ CV 6 7 g7W N&rM
+ j [/ ^ C+7 } fq"G R^ +7" ^> N43|41M +c$ 6 +7" \ # K 7T064

N )WM K Ew4 G *> CN A _ [ GM Z G B K f 06 . 0 +,m 7
N )A_ [ GM Z G B [/ ^ S +7" \ 7B {wR K 9 04 [^ K5i> C k 7 + j 7
j )=4^ j/ C. 0 +,m . , 7 + j E K N A _ W [ GM K q"G l70 j
)7 G B f <~ L 2 @ 1 N A _ W [ GM Z G B [/ ^ = ~ [ n Z4
N A _ [ GM Z G B L= 7 A d c4
G 1A @ A C %'#
# +IG N[ GM t . cB +< ,- + o $ C d PU +J 9 7 N[ 5<M . cB>
)7 + j 7 > $ >^ N WM )$ f 70 0_ C+,- 7 + j 7 N A _M +J 9 7 A
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 P0< G t f 70 0_ C. 0 +,m
TT
0U . k S [ 64 K 3 f 1^ N&&M
"< E C ( _ a > f 1 j k U N&M
L0A_ @Y 7IU ,6 4 7 _ da e _ a f 1&> Cs 0G + ,0=B = LA I0 N&M
)7 j/ W N&>&&M : "U 2 N 9 > W C { WM :I G 0 [/ ^ Ew4>

j/ )_ CL _ > @Y V 6 k 7 {/ G P K ~ 2 ,04 > AW> H E^
)A_ d )W> [ G K . , 0 S>\ _ C. 0 +,m 7 > Q U K 7 Y$
P K ~ 2 > { 9> K . , 0 + 4 "/ 2> C Q U 2 { a0
W[ 5 4 > C#c< ) q_ 0 [/ ^ S + j + E = K qp _ N&M { "U ^
Cs 0G + ,0=B = LA I0 g * f IA 9^ [/ G> C Ic06U 2 0G > #W>
:) O)Q S +)IB 5 y0 v 4 > C 7IU ,6 4 7 8 _/> W Y = [ 50 >
CS>\ )7 +_ A + 4 "/ +7 - [/ \ h k O0 . A N[ 5 BM A +c$ 6G =0
:6 5B S +m [> V 6 {wR K { Ic0 j A c/ 70U O, >
#) 2 . 0 +,m A _^ * N A _ W [ 5 <M Z G 0 [/ ^ y0=064 XI }>
Ic06U 2 L > E AW 0 [ G >^ Q U 2 A #W> C+7" \
G 1A C %#
2 ) k P)0< >CN%M[ G 2 [p * GN WM )$ f 70 q 4 E^ N[ 5<M B>
g+ 0 +7" \
E I9 f A + 6 2 Fa (
e e fV 1V Q _ C q"G R0B j N&(M
I 2 0 U e e &e fV 1V L/7A N&M
C Ic06U 2 Q { 9> 2 s c0 K H a0< O/750U [/ ^ N&(M { "U 2 Ew4

. T0) > CLAW B Z6E E I9 f A 2 0G > #W> W [ 5 { 9 A_ [/ ^>
7 7S # K & ) H* W 5 S H 2 E&"+] ; ! - / ( )+ q X ; ; L- 8 " @ W cK 0

6- 7 - B
T>
K) ~ #c< v + j + E = K A _ C. 0 +,m 7 + j 7 N A _[ 5 M Z G B
y01 v O7/50U [/ _ C ,?< G> wIc06 0G > #W> W [ 5 L=5 > CL= H a0
2 * GC. 0 +,m 7 {/ B 0E L z 0 A > N[ 5 <M A :$ N WM . aW S
+c$ 6 N&|&&M +7" \
K ) 2 L) > L W> 0 0 A_ K O/750U H a0 _ N&M { "U 2 ^
) ,= IAU . 0 +,m 7 {/ < ,= wG [/ ^ 2 N&>&(M [j "U X 0<> Q U
2 { 9 7 {/ N&(M { "U _ CK 7 + j 2 [ 70> CN A _ [ 5<M Z G B
Q U K 2 0 A_ 7 N&M { "U {/ < :E 2 C Ic06U
:E k> h Ic06U 2 #c A . 0 +,m 7 + j 7 N A _M +J 9 B W>
C+) +)7 V 2 B :E >^ CNK M >^ CN k M $ +W I6 N A _M +J 9 [ 5B
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 k P0<>
K K 2[G \ K 5 S ,I $ 7 | EC L4wR 7R^ # n p< [^ < ,_ N&M

p_
CO)7A4 G *> CN k M O _ U $ W I6 m n
A [/ ^ X$ 6 { "U 2 Ew4
Z)B 5 . T0) . 0 +,m 7 +7 - / W> C A_ 7 j/ R < j
A $ #c< ) Z $ A_ [/ ^ V 6 K O, F_ + j + E = K ^ CN A _M +J 9
d )W $ > p) p)_ K K \ [/ ^ GCL 7 + ] p N k M { R hO/750 K ~
. 0 +,m 7 > 6= Q U K 7 +/ C[k +7 - _ C Z $
q A . 0 +,m 7 + j 7 N A _M +J 9 IW B> C+ ] p N K M N k M " >
g: 0 : "U 2 ,?< GCK A K $
9> n 7 K > C m> ; NM

>U
C )m> C mM h+ Q { A_^ 7 R NK M O _ U [/ ^ Ew4 CX$ 6 { "U _

) ^ C. ) 0 +,m 7 > 6= Q U K 7 + Ew4 G *> N 9> C
A [ _ Cs 4 ^ [ [j "U
A W c Cb $%
+7 8 ? , 7 ; N%M
Cw C m { cB 4 G G N'M
N )A_M +J )9 7 m [ > +=A7 A_> C+=A7 $ 8 I U 7 N%M{ "U _

>^ j )E L) W> O/750)U 0< * 4 > C Q U 2 +=A7 d W> 7 {/ < j
)Q U +J 9 [/ ^ A< } C N'M { "U 2 + D , D g+7 YG> CwIc06
. 0 +,m K qIA07 6 =*
Imperfective aspect ! &*

@Y) )A . ) w +,m AB> C+,b7 + \ + ="/ K ! "/ d *>
)* f U + 6 _ C Ic06U >^ C Q >^ C Q U 2 50 >^ 0 j $ l 0<
+= ~\ # 2 H +< 0
7R ) K ) +) =$ )7 Q $ {/ < D L4$ . w . , Comrie Q <>
+ 7R LB 4 5 E K L ?=< k N%MD#Q 7
+,m> f A +,m g: _ S NComrieM O 6cB Z6E d 0B . w +,m [/ ^ # >
. ) +),m> 0 +,m g P<^ : _ S ,6 4 0 j +,m d 0B> C 0 j
)aIU Y* 2 +,- * ?U 4 9 [/ ^ j N'MC c$ {> - 2 aQ> GC 0
+)< a= 8 > \ Y)G> C+ _ ) + =$\ > S ?= $ @^ hLc$ 6G [ 5
K O/750U ZB 5 lW ,?< l G> C. w +,m K qIA0 2 * > > Z G 0 >
6n7) O1 7$CX "D
>
[ 5 k 7 =$> C Z G 0 > 8 > \ > 70 L T0 {wR K n

gz 0 a= 7 l = 0
! 4/ " ( F <;
2 N )A <M +J )$ Q 2 A 0 . , K f 9 AU + $ A +J7 IAB
[ G >^ C{ 2 #W > L4\ 0 j $ H >^ A l9 <>CN%M8 W 6 À$
K) qI)A0 [ )5<> C Ic06U 2 d W> + E 2 [ 5 >^ Q U 2 d W> + E 2
K Ic06U 2> C * E> N A <M +J $ > CZ G 0 X< ] K Q U 2 0 j
+7" \ 2 P0< 5_ Q 2 ^ CN A <M +J $ N M > =0 : V X< ]
g+ 0
+c9w0U [ - 2 L ^ 7 [ ]U . i 4 *> C 8 7 > NrM

L ^ :G#& +c c N&M
7 8 > C NrM { "U 2 7 [ > CU . Ci 4 C7 g{ A_\ [/ ^ Ew4

O/750U . T0 W> CL W> +? A 0 7 V 6 k 2 {/ 0 N A <M +J 9
2 +)AW > ),4G> L< < :$ +7 c/ 70U ,7 T0 { A_\ 7B CL6 4 2 q B> AW> "G^ Y$ [ 50_ C+=* +?a7
,= < +? IW AW> W + W 6 ,0 j Z6E { A_\
#Q> 7 {/ B h 0 q 0 7 + j 7 4 E^ ,6 4 +J B>
g: 0 : "U 2 P0< GC KG
* ,7R $ - . [ I9^ \ > l 5_ NM

V ~^ < E K $ ? & & + = > NM
6 C XX( $7X
C q XC ; ] H* BX @' e)% E F C g / ; x*F F
>
)7 4 > Cd W 2 0 0 7 {/ < j NM { "U 2 ]- .ee g A _

2 + = [/ ^ 7 {/ < j NM { "U 2 ? & & [/ ^ GCN c/7A0 M A ,_ CKG #Q>
)A =* @ Bq_ C , _ * + a7 l9> * c$ B j + 7 A f 06 + E
N+
C Q U 2 0 j A 7 + j 7 N[ GM)$ +W I6 N A <M +J $> C Q 2 f A
Y- [/ ^ NHabitual aspectM f A +,m AB> ,ca7< v>^ ~ o ,c
)Q 2 f )A AU "> C 0} K A K ~ H 50< L f A
g+ 0 +7" \ $
AI< 5$ f > 4> C ?A $ s & * C + T p= f _ CK6 +J $ N(M

=< > +b,I
+Q U 8 9 R$ > AB C+A K ,6$w 7 G9& +c40 f^ ,_ C k K wP_> NM
< L _ > @Y V 6 7 =$ CNJBM A [/ ^ N(M X$ 6 { "U 2 Ew4

Z)B 5 1 v [ > C. ?04 $ ?A $ JB [/ ^ V 6 K O, < k Cf A A
7 {/ N M ?/ [ G [ > Cd I ^ G >^ C. < / G CK A ~ ?$ k
hS>\ wx N )=< > +b,I AI< 5$ / Ib e f > 4> M h ,07B +7 - 2 k
N C ?A $ s & * M
) E 2 f^ )U ), 7 8 0 f ,_NM { "U 2 $wU 7 V 4 ^
,) > )t f^ U _ F f * c$ C > K A K $ IB 7_ C+
Cf A A 7 + j 7 +7 - 2 ?/ . T0 S ZB 5 y01 v> C 06 5p$
AU Y* s E> V 67 k = ^ $
[/ )_ CXI G ; AU 7 {/ 0 "G^ >^ f < N A _M +J 9 B G>
)A )7 f )< sY* {/ B [^ [> "G^ >^ f 
+E4 /G K " ( z O,4 NM

=B * P_ < [^ $ < pR^gz { cB> & E _ NM
R K5 K H$# &T 4^> L4 5 2 XI< v N%M
s 5 I< [^ K q =. j N'M
,W 0 ] K + ] _ W &> NrM
* 2 .$& + ] _> N&M
+7" \ 2 C O60IB> CZW B C a0< CZ/cAB^ C B C 9 1 g{ A_\ [/ ^ =* Ew4

>^ f < ,_ CN A < M +J 9 K ~>^ l70- 9 7 8 > C &|
A @ ^ +c$ 6 8 < K @ ^ l PB j> CN A <M +J 9 7 E^ + w"$ >^ :_ E
7 * > > K O 7 C ,_ *q> Z7/ > + > U > +G pU > +J IU G h A 7
+),m 2 +7R Y$ ,_ Cf 06 { A_^ 7 {/ B > C N A <M A C+ 70u [ ~>^
. w
) A< L)4\C P<^ O $ . w +,m K IAF< C N A < M +J 9 7 f3 >w >

,)= )IA< >C N%M )Q U 7 {/ < j> C Ic06U >^ Q 7 {/ <> C A
)A )7 [/j < C+ + $ +,IpU + > O [/ k C P<^ +,IpU + $
k 0A<> C O 2 0 q >^ m 0 0 j Y* < W> C 0 j
0 q q_ +,IpU + 2 ^ C + T06U f 7 bAU AU 7
q6) 0 l)70 GC+ 0 +7" \ 2 . w +,m 7 O + j P0B>
8 )4 5 )7 =$ C R V K O j Nsemantic interpretationM zj
C6= K 0 A ,A _ N[ GM)$ W I6 O < [GC+7 - 2 R^
g+ 0 +7" \ $ ">
K* 2 @= U R S 1 =A$ q"G ^ NM
> q e/ % `c" !"#$ % $ &' ( )

@ \O1 0#$- relative simultaneous ) u 0#j / v * e*+- H* 3 - F $ 0% K Z G- L
6 }f M 1' c 1 "; 2 bH v F ; / F ) $ 0% d2 . d 8 " s
>
C[ f $ 5 + E 2 AU Tp [/ ^ @^ C $ 5< @Y 7 =* O {/ <
2 #)Q Y 0 j + j > K K f A$ , _ 06< j W> , _ 06< W>
+J 2 . w +,m A _^ * +=* +?a7
KG Yt # 8 6 7B 8 6 ?<> NM
L0 Y =< [^ # L4 > N(M
Ic06U 2 W> @^ 2> [

W { "U 2 AU Tp [^ 7 =* O {/ <
#c< ) Y =0 [/ ^ $ CL0 Y =< [^ K
s )=A [ )5< [^ g:0 E 7 ,_ N[ GM)$ W I6 O < = E>
{wR K :I0< G C 0 j A 7 L0 j S +_ Q $ C+G 7 j >^ =G
g: 0 : "U
<- K Q / G ,9S NM
,9S K Z4 m S NM
O) +J 9 7 L ; 0 j $ 9 7- A_ [/ ^ X$ 6 { "U 2 Ew<
2 > Q U 2 0 j [ 5 AU Y* E L 7 N[ GM { R K5 C
S ?= $> C Q 2 0 j A < +J + j S ?= $ ,_ C+=* +?a7
L) 7 X7 < Y*> C+7 - 7 [ G { R Q U 2 0 7 {/ ,_ V 6
NprogressiveM m 0 [ 5< [^ K5i G E A_ 7- > C6= K 0 O,PA$
gz 0 { "U $ +,IpU + 7 " 0 K5i>
R > $ 5/ <^ +=B _ ^ ,75 N(M
[/ ^ ) GC:A K )$ eIB q >^CL0= q < 0 AQ> +=B _ +7 ^ g+7 l B

f 06 + E l9> 7 $ C 0 K 7 {/ < j N+7 Ml9
><
! 4/ 01" 6 & <=

{/ )0 IU 2 f <~ B 5_ C+ 757 2 =I X< ] K 4 E^ +,- K IA<
#W> +c< / 7 a Q B CK A H E t #c< >^
AFa e .d (
f p$ :.Y f / > N(%M
@ < 2 7 %[& + = +< / * <> N('M
K ) 2 K< 06U n Qj > +G A 7 :c$ 6 : "U 2 A0_ +J 9 {/ B
d PU +J 9 7 , ; Q
AFa a _ da (
C 7 \ 3: :& [^ AW B N(rM
5I< s B^ N 2 # Y* [/ > N(&M
)7 L ; . w +,m 7 +,- E K N(rM X$ 6 { "U 2 7A _ =$ {/ <

)7 H +A I] E K > C#c< )
U A [/ ^ 7 V 6 + j > Cd PU +J 9
K +m $ O60B L _ +G [/ ^ G C K A #Q 2 , W C+< 0 + AQ U +G
n Qj > f c
) 0R [/ ^ j C 50 > +G 7 {/ A Y* 2 IU 5B [/ ^ S +_ Q $>
)7 8jj K) L)7 )U [ GC V 6 Y* 2 *q [> +? 7 sY ZB 5
+ bAU ,0 j $ E B +? 7$ L _ * @Y lW U +$ A9 = f c > n Qj
,A ! AU 7B S
j/ C K )A P 2 , W C+ lAP K +m , _ $ CX$ 6 { "U 2 G +< W 6 =* +G [/ ^
[< -
>=
AFe Ga & (
=I B += >C = JB f _ = > C = E K s .& {w? >C 4 JB p +A ^ N(M
8 I / G Z C.& B .^ C O W $ c$ * C R + W ] 8 m> 7 [ G +7 T0 60$ > N(M
+)G E )7 :c$ 6 : "U 2 Z C.&> Cs .& g:7A 2 B =$ {/ <

l)70-> 0 j 7 , 0J 9 + j > +G 7 :B U A + j Cf 06
K 4 ,0G E 2 [/ $ =I K f 06 + j S>\ 2 [/ k hw" W B K W 0B
)A 2 [/ ^ GC G E [ G [ > W B A L= 7 06U 50 > < 0
+I/G + 7 ,4^> C , W> 2 eI K +m , _ + 7 A [/ ^ 7 + j > ,0B
g{ A_\ " . T0 ZB 5 [/ ^ 0 4> C , ,04 IW K K f 0} f 0_ V J06B
f U AU # > AU Yt E>^ U C> , 0B K j $ w 3 " , =B >^ C. , =B Cec 6
B
P<^ k 2 o a7 > 2 =I7 [/ ^ j CAU Y* 2 > K
! C" " ( <H

)7< _ G 4> C+,- 7 + j 7 + =0 { A_^ # + 70u +< 8 > ^ . T06B
[ )_ [ Y)* < k C. w +,m < 2 ~ I > > :6 2 E 7
Y)$ [ ) _ CwIc06 #c A_ 7 LA j/ N A <M +J c$ L 9 $ I
{ )"U 2 GC )aF< v>^ Ic06U 2 K A K $ k EF C . w +,m A
gz 0
I ? %#
A 7 + ,= 8 6 7 #Q aQ\ A$ .k. +G 0pU +=b7 [/ ^ Q>^> N((M
cA 0m [^ 7 + j 7 N# 0M A 7 c$ sw ^ { "U 2 :6 E >
)W> L= O/750 K ~ K1 v @Y aQ\ A$ *> C Ic06U 2 K A K ~ 2
[/ ^ S f ) C 0) j 7 + j 7 I B N A <M +J 9 S :6 Q F
. w +,m 7 Y$ { _ CL W> K ~ 0 + E 2 [ 5 d 0mj
>?
dW Ic06U 2 :A K ~ S f K +7 - 7-> N A <M +J 9 :6 XI6B W>

g+ 0 +7" \ 2 G H
2 6 A c f [= K<Y A K] 2 + $ 0 8 7G [/ ^ S f N(M
f> = 8 A_ 2 f S O A 7U +A m
_ =AW S 9 > C [ j K$ F.#9 > C [ 064 J_^ 2 4.99 N(M
+ Pc +Am 2 GB 5$ f .. + G [ NM
C[> A00 >C A= C 0c= C 0== C[ G p C[> Pa g{ A_\ [/ ^ Ew4

)7 +) j 7 :6 $ +W I6 N A <M +J 9 7 ,A f > +c$ 6 + w"/ +7" \ 2
6) > C ), W K ~ S f +<^ +7 - 2 >C Ic06U 2 #c0 { A_^
+)AW > +7 - 2 { A_\ _ wIc06 #c0 4 > C , W> . A +=* +?a7 2 f 06
O/750 K ~ A $ #cB v G . w +,m 2
I, ? %$#
#c A_ 7 + j 7 N A <M +J +c$ ,W $ N:6 M K N M l70- j
+) $ A +)J7 2 :6 K j A0 W^ ,4^ j C. w +,m 7 + j > CwIc06
N %M
f 9 AU
+ j 7 ,cI6< R A_ S N A <M +J 9 OP$ P<^ I G B . w
/ +,m K IA<>
K) ` A$ AU Y . T06F<> C Ic06U >^ Q >^ Q U 2 H 0 7
q> / o> [ G " = { A_\ c n A f a= , 6< { A_\
+,- 8 4 6 2 A< 7 + j 7 N A <M +J 9 # d> p { A_^ . T06B G
N )GM [wA . T06< G CX ]> CYR^ C^ $ g CNinceptive aspectM + I +,- $
Y* [ 6<> C#c< v L=5 d W > A_ 7 + j 7 ,6 4 +J # N >^M>
)7< ) _> C+ AW 0 >^ + 0Ej +,- @^ h Nprospective aspectM +,- K d =
k B
6 - -K / $7X XX( # 3 W H* "W 0 n

>T
I C %' #
QFe Gn eM +J 9 7 < Q 2 f A A K qIA0 [/ ^ K c$ Gk 5_
N )A <[ )GM Z G B {wR K < Q U 2 0 j A K qIA0 [/ _ C * E>
)7 + j 7 L6 4 Z G 0 < G CLca7< v >^ ~ o Z G 0 Y* X
KG #Q> 7 + j 7 >^ Cf A 7 + j [> Q U 2 0 j
N )A <M +J )9 7 A $ f 9 AU + $ A +J7 2 AU Y* K qIA0 K5i>
Cf ) sk - 7 > H 5B 7 + j 7 += A + 4 ~ > o Lca7B> N[ GMLcI6B
g: 0 : "U 2 P0< G
,/7cB +$ A l $( -FS ^ !."T ,

^ 9S N%M
+< c ,m> > -FS [ ! f S> N'M
+)W $ )a + 4 ~ _> o . T0 O7/50U ZB 5 [/ ^ :c$ 6 : "U 2 Ew4

)7 s 6) > . )< / G I9 *> C Q U 2 0AU A L7Jp< @Y
{/ _ C: "U wG 2 N ?/ A < [ GM Z G B K 0 j A O,_> Cz 0
. w +,m 7 > Q U 2 L0< 0 > H 5B 7 Y$
2 0 j A ,= O, <> ?/ K 7- +7 2 N A < [ GM Z G B < W>
g+ 0 +7" \ 2 GC+7 - V K Q U
E^ "< =< w_ = c T ,
^ 9S NrM
E^ 4 lp5< O7_ C Y > + 2 : J C 2 g#. " 9S> N&M
B> C , G K # &> C * $ %& Cz > <^ d TU 2 #$& C , J f p ," S NM
=E
f )$ [ Ac< [wA_ 2 c7 > C = +6 [/ ^ +c$ 6 +7" \ 2 Ew4

2 N )A < [ GM Z G B + j K k O,_> CL f aI9^ [^ S K f 50
>>
: )"U 2 G A d W> K ~ < a0 ~ o Gk S +m

[> V 6 Y*
N'M> N%M :c$ 6
Z) G B {wR K +b0=06U f A A f _ 2 L c$ K NM { "U l70 j>
K) C+ E 2 50 5p$ t . c f^ U 8 0 { ^ 7 CN A <[ GM
c6 > C. A] > C c$
2 ) GCf A7 A @^ L _ > Q U 2 0 j 7 + j 7 Z G 0 <>
g: 0 : "U
{ P $G EW f S L4^ ?Ej c > NM

_ = [ G ,=*k K5 > A s & ," S N(M
C )Q U 2 f 06 4 G + E K ZB 5 [/ ^ :c$ 6 : "U 2 Ew4

,)=*k> f 06 W + E 2 4 G f^ U [^ GC Q U 2 f 06 4 G +IW U _
W ) >^ +IW U [/ ^ 7 : "U K<Y* 2 N A < [ GM Z G B { < O7_ C _ = [ G
V 6 E < w_ C[ c$ 6 [j "U k 7 { GCL f Y- :7A_ 4 G
)Q U 2 f > ) > +)= A f 0 0 [wA_ $ h f A A K p$ =*
A c4
gz 0 { "U 2 G KG #Q> 7 + j 7 P<^ Z G 0 <>
{ sY* 7 * < [^ . E^ f S _ NM
K >^ f A A 7 {/ < j sw ^ { "U 2 N A < [ GM Z G B [/ ^ Ew<

non-M )0 q) 0 j Y* [/ ^ j 0 j 7 + j L _ [ G [ > C 50
q) KG #Q> 7 { bAU s =A S ?= $ N#W 0<M A [/ \ CNprogressive
N AW 0 M A ,_ C 0
+ $ $w ? & f S NM
UU
c$ 06 [ G B j A_ [/ ^ 7 {/ B j NM{ "U 2 @ B < [ G +7 b_

N *
gs 4 ^ +7" \ 2 GC 50 7 {/ q N A < [ GM Z G B < G
V W ^ 2 #& f ," S NM
O 7E Z4 m S #& 4 ," S N%M
>^ )W )A_ [/ ^ 7 + j +<^ C#& ," S> C#& ," S g:07 - 2 7_

7 { E / G * $ CL0 >^ s K5i f K "G^ #W>> 5B d W
lc0_ +=* +?a7 S f 0} [ 5B [^ K5i C+= A f 0 0 d W > W [/ ^
+AW > A #cB> C+ W > A =*
. T06 _ NStateM + E ,4^ 7 :0c$ 6 :07 - . c< [^ O7/50U K #W/ 0U [ G
) 7 Q $ {/ } C:7A 7 A B +J 9 . T0 K j $ C+AW >> C + W > l9
Y*> Cs ?4 +,m> Z6E +7 - c0 += A 8 4 5U 0Rj +< E 2 > K O/750 7
C ) + Q 6 H +A I] [/ $ XI _ :"E I À$ L Z*k <<
S Q * { a0_ C+ 7 >^ H E G> + E l9> =* O7/50U 0R E
)B k qIAB
AB G f A A f > P $ < H 5B [/ ^ L0?Ew }>
Cf A A 7 , _ H d W> 5B {/ < j +7" ^ k CN A <[ GM +J 9 ,=
N%M
g+ 0 +< 7 +7" \ $ Comrie "/i>
The lecturer stood up, caughed five times, and said
{ W / C8 A C Q . W g+7 - AB>
#W> ] H E * 4 > CL f I9^ L4^ 8wA Q { A A< w_
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+,m S L0 B K5i>CNprospective aspectM )$ +,- 8 4 6 2 A< 7 + j 7
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7 {/ B j NstaticM +=G { A_\ > C+ p4^> { A_^ 7 {/ >^ NstateM
L) W> 2 ) 4 [ )5< W G A [/ ^ G CNdynamicM + G E >^ C+G K
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situation
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j ) { A_\ *> CNstatic verbsM +=G 6 { A_\ $ + K IA<> C ! 9
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) > K) +7 > @$ , _ +G 6 K5i j } *q> +I > `JI >
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K)5i w_C Z7c $ +c7/A0 Nlike, know, loveM , _ { A_\ [/ \ h +< q - sY,_
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CZ P
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8) 0 )Bj G C *q> n Q C
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G @ - > C pU > Cn P G + G
8 4 67 2 L 7 X7 < >^ C:,m 8 k - 2 ,?B j ,4$ YG 0->
gw" { c< w_ CNpseudo-cleftM +"<
b. O "D > q e/ % `c" b"D

Henk Verkuyl .On the compositional nature of the aspects, p. 38
n - L4^ * L7A_ N%(M
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,I1 N'M
s I04 $ <~ [ E N'%M
+< =A$ > ZP N''M
[ )5B +=G 6 8j [/ ^ * + G { A_\ K +=G 6 8j i / A>

Jp)B ,4^ G C m R * J< >^ J0B [^ S t L_ B f 9 U $ +c/7A0
K ~ < K5i j Cw" uWXTV >^ CFV C T >^ CU
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>^ )0_ A >^ )IE ), _ lW 0< + c4 S L 0= > Z >^ ,- >^ +_ AU +< $
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lW 0 G CK 6 K + c4 +<^ 2 G A 2 J0 [ 5 * 9 _
2 k =60< j E C K f $ t . c = ^ 2 G\ >^ @ - >^ pU K
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L6 4 KG 6
%activities# D& <=

~ 0 2 f 50U Ndynamic situationM + G d Q>\ l 0_ + p4\ ^
p= Yt L 9> K5i [/ ^ k A<> C f +< + c=$ p= c0< j
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*q> CZA7< CW < CI6< C pi
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Cs )j > C+ 6) > C+= A +G E . O6- wR a0< +E 6U @^ h[ 5U
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N'M
+ $ 64 >^ +< 5B q >^ +< 5B
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H
d )4 ) 7 # + p4\ 7 + + G { A_\ K PA$ 7< _ 4>
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g+ 0 +7" \
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^ e> CgO
b _ &e CsV _ &e g{ A_\ {/ B>
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f * o + 6m 8 G E S 0 + p4\ [/ ^ k K 7T064> C ,0 } K lW 0<
+=G 6 8j wx C I [ A7
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+ 6 7 {/ < j L=5 z c04
n )0Wj )A { E L0 j > B>D Cz c04 G E p4 ,_ ]E^ =
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)7 {/ )< [ _ N%M D U { E . 1> .> <F / [ > [ _ C p { E
+< + c04 +G E
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"G^ , ^ 2 0p< E +I/G 8 G E 7 {/ _ < A 2 W ^
l 0= ~ 0* , _> Cl pU > c=0 , _ C+G K d 4 K "G$> P K
NrM
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f )W +B> 0 8 m 7 [ 5< W O/750U K + w5 8 9\ 9_ CL= qIA07
.w)5 q) L4^ j , < [ G [ > Cw" _ t > E Q> >^ C AQ>
K) P)0< G + 0 0 > K l70 d 6U Q .w5 [/ ^ G C@ A
g+ 0 +7" \ {wR
<? q e/ % `c" ' ' 7 7

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L,m> 2 f K 4 = K qIG L E # b0< N'(M
, = . ^ z 8 c< 9 - ST =G N'M
f C. j ~ =IE 9> + PU [/ ^ N'M
L,m> 7 s p ^ > . . R m NrM
[ G [ > C+ 0 0 > > .w5 > :$ d 4 @^ K B =* 7_

w0R K ,= $ 7 W * =* * < K 4> C , <# -
, E^ +A I] E K ,= $ 07 . t > Q >^ ClAP > f c E K
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[ 5 _ ^ CL O, <F> Lo ^ BF @ > { 0A 8 $ [ 5< f
0< m +0_ R 8 9^ 9$ [ 5B + 0 0 [/ ^ :E 2 CO, <F 5< j R 8 $
sY)* +A I] K C[k =_ t qIA0 K Q > A [> O U > 0 _ E , _
C+) 0 0 > ) 2 )Q . > . t A > C 2 f c A H E\
@ A .w5 2 f Q # lAP > f c :$ e 0 >
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! / &O M " * *
Ba'albaki, Ramzi Munir. (1990).

Dictionary of Linguistic Terms. English-Arabic Beirut: Dar El-llm
Lilmalyin.
Bache, Carl. (1982).
Aspect and Aktionsart: Towards a semantic distinctions journal of
Linguistics, vol. 18, No.1.
Bahloul, Maher. (1994).
The Syntax and Semantics of Taxis, Aspect, Tense and Modality in
Modern Standard Arabic. (Ph.D thesis) New York, Ithaca, DMLL
Publication, Cornell University.
Buss Mann, Hadumod. Trauth, Gregory P. (1966).
Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, Routledge,
London.
Comrie, Bernad. (1976).
Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of verbal Aspect and related
problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
T
Crystal, David. (1997)

A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell Publishers,
Oxford.
Dowty, David. (1972).
Studies in the Logic of Verb Aspect and Time Reference in English.
(Ph.D. Thesis), The University of Texas at Austin.
Dowty, David. (1977).
Toward a Semantic analysis of Verb aspect and the English
imperfective progressive Linguistics and Philosophy. Vol. 1. No.
1.
Fassi Fehri, Abdul Kader. (1993).
Issues in the structure of Arabic clauses and words. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston / London.
Galton, Antony. (1984).
The Logic of Aspect: an axiomatic approach, Clarendon press,
Oxford.
Hirtle, W. H. (1957).
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Quebec.
Jesperson, Otto. (1924).
The Philosophy of Grammar, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London.
Jesperson Otto. (1946).
A modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 4.
George Allen & Unwinn Ltd. London.
Khuli, M.A. (1982).
A Dictionary of Theoretical Linguistics, Librairie du Liban, Beirut.
Kinberg, Naphtali.
Semi-imperfective and imperfective: A Case Study of Aspect and
Tense in Arabic Participial Clauses Lingua, Vol. 86, No. 4, 1992.
pp 301-330.
Kurylowicz, J. K.
Verbal Aspect in Semitic Orientalia, Vol. 42, Nova Series, Fasc 1-
2, (1973) pp 114 -120
Lyons, J. (1977).
Semantics, London/ New York/ Melbourne, Cambridge University
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Mohammad, M. Dawood. (1982).
The Semantics of Tense and Aspect in modern standard Arabic, PhD
thesis, Georgetown University, U.S.A. Ken Kyusha Ltd, Tokyo.
Mourelators, Alexander P.D. (1978)
Events Processes and States Linguistics and Philosophy, vol.2,
pp 415-434
>
Ridjanovic, Midhat. (1976).

A Synchronic Study of Verb Aspect in English and Serbo |Croatian.
Slavica Publishers, Inc. Cambridge, Mass.
Smith, Carlota. (1986).
A Speaker-based approach to aspect Linguistics and philosophy,
Vol.9, No.1.
Thelin Nils. (1990).
Verbal Aspect in Discourse, John Benjamin Publishing Company,
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Verkuyl, H. J. (1972)
On the compositional nature of the Aspects, D.Reidel Dordrecht,
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A Theory of aspectuality, Cambridge University press.
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Pragmatics, Oxdord, Oxford University Press.
A & $19 1$O '

www.Bgreek.com
www.rich.harrison.net/langlab/aspect.html
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( ' # $%& !

h (Tense)K g ,= C+ 4 6 > +< J O * f A$ 3c > 3] IB +,- d Q eIB <>

2 s * ? K > L _ I0G> C3qIG 3 0* d Q U Yt [ $ J [ 4 67 O0* W>

)7 X 0B v ,4^ d Q U Y* { E + $ J 8 K q"G 2 ?=7 _w >

Ramzy Ba`albaki , Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, p.58

7 k Cn A :< J7 8 $ 0G 2 aQ > 8 _w0Rj 7B ^ ~<>

$ (Tense Language) + = ~ +J 6 + $ A [/ ^ S :"E I `A$ Z*Y<>

| + 4 67 8 2 +9 R> | A v A 2 8 a7 U . T0 +75p >

# S +< ?4 + $ + S +m S 8 ^ +A 0 n I \ O57B / A >

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& )4 ) !"#$ % $ &' ( ) )*+ ,% - . !& / 0 1 "/2 3

f 7 bAU AU S ?= $ L= qIA0 K5i / G> C+ 75p +,- L ^

8 J > + $ A :$ (Contrastive) + 7$ cB + 6 d Q 7 [/ ^ # >

C+,- . , { E + c I 0 + $ A 8 n 2 aI +75p "/ 0B>

+A I]> +,- , [p$ 8 ,o 8 < ?= l70u A0 |'

- The Semantics of Tense and Aspect in English and Modern Standard

Arabic, (PhD dissertation) Mahmud Dawood Muhammad, Georgetown

Nf 9 AU + mk = + $ A +J7 > +< 7 2 +,- > K +j M

K > +,- . ?4 7 S , _ E I s 0G 7 +E> ]^ + sY*>

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8j cU G B> zj 7 m + sY* 2 E I * [ G W>

+,- [/ ^ * + 7 +b 04 K X7 =< aI Y* [/ _ CXI # 7 =$>

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g > +A$ ^ L _>C K $ ,0Ww > H +A I]> +,- . , g {>\

# C L , > 7 U 9\ L _ Q AB W> C , < AB> +,- K {>\

l< AB S L _ A6 [ G> C +,- $ ,0Ww > H +A I $ 0T _ ! "/ ^

+ > 2 C L 4^> K _ L _> C +,- $ L0Ww > K KA_ "/ ^

A6 [ G L _> C +,- $ L0Ww > . w > . 0 . , KA_ CqR\ > #$ ^

Cf 9 AU + $ A +J7 7 + c I B + + 75p +,- g[ =A$ ,_ ! "/ ^

2 +cI 0 + 7 +] 0G +6 > +A$ ^ @ ?= Y* K P0<

philosophical approach $ *$ /& ( bE /& ( \O1 `% 1 / #4 % & _ - E /& ( a 1

Bernard Comrie, Aspect: An introduction to verbal aspect and related problems.

Grammatical M +)< +) c +,- * I0 E K , < +J7/ +A I 3AIB>

) " h S ; _'C - 7 E 'K E C L e-"f E B* g / ; # "C) - #4 "1 D g / L

)5AB + _w6 8 J7/ 2 { A_\ $ +7 0U XE 7/ > X$ 6 ,7"/ BF V> [/ \>

Midhat Ridjanovic, op.cit, p.1

>= q >>U "/ K/") )% TUpT ' k C /" B* ; #4 E k C

. )?= 2 +)= 5 +) = O c K IB + j + c +,- D g Cook G { c<>

R ,PA$ :$ K< IB> C 8 < A0 sY* `A$ :$ L$ pB m < C Ew4 G>

Walter Cook, An Introduction to Generative Semantics, (Unpublished classroom Lectures,

C# * =A +,- . , U q?=0 S NAspectM L$ 0G 2 A c_ B. Comrie ^

. ), O,PA$ L = < * A 2 += 5 ! AU L > =B > C Nmeanings

) E )a 0< +< G U + c= ,_ C H 2 . w > . 0 + = ^>

d )4^> ^ L$ F c<F C Comrie l< AB 2 GYU NsituationM #Q 7 >

Antony Galton, op.cit, p.1

2> c= / G 2 +0$ +c cE >^ 64 " + [/ ^ A h N%MD f +< + c=$ c0B

RRR C+ ST 4^RRR Q%P

+)<^ , _ 7_ C ; AU 7 {/ B ,/7G C;XT> CWXT CU & C) ST g{ A_\ _

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)A G h +,- . , R^ 8 J 2 8w$ c0 ` A$ :< J7/ `

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B* u b )*+ ,% - . <= q w j ) & ; (W & ' 1 ) 1 C /" B* b C C W

q e/ % `c" 7-C" "C ) 7

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