IMPROPER INTEGRALS

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Infinite Limits of Integration
1
1
0 1 x 2 dx, xe x e
x 2
2 x2
dx, dx

These integrals are called improper integrals with infinite limits.

Definitation b b

f ( x) dx lim f ( x) dx

a
a
b

f ( x) dx
a
lim
b f ( x) dx
a

If the limits on the right exist and have finite values, then we say that
the corresponding improper integrals converge and have those values.
Otherwise, the integrals are said to diverge.

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 1

xe
x2
Example Find, if possible, dx

Solution
1 1 1
1 x2 1 x2
a xe dx 2 a e (2 x dx) 2 e
x2

1 1 1 a 2
e e
2 2
Thus,
1
1 1 1 a 2 1
xe
x2
dx lim e e

a
2 2 2e
1
We say the integral converges and has value
2e
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Definition


f ( x) dx
0
If both f ( x) dx and f ( x) dx converge, then
0 is

said to converge and have value
0


f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
0

Otherwise,

f ( x) dx diverges.

Calculus I (MA1313) Faculty of Science IT Telkom Bandung

 1
Example Evaluate 1 x 2 dx or state that it diverges.
Solution
1 b 1

0 1 x 2
dx lim
b 0 1 x 2
dx

1

lim tan x 0
b
b

lim tan b tan 0
1 1
b 2
0 1 1
1 x 2 dx 0 1 x 2 dx
2
Therefore,
1 0 1 1
1 x 2 dx 1 x 2 dx 0 1 x 2 dx 2 2
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Infinite Integrands

Definition
Let f be continuous on the half-open interval [a, b) and suppose that
lim f ( x)
xb

b t
Then
a
f ( x) dx lim f ( x) dx
t b a

Provided that this limit exists and is finite, in which case we say that the
integral converges. Otherwise, we say that the integral diverges.

Calculus I (MA1313) Faculty of Science IT Telkom Bandung

Example Evaluate, if possible, the improper integral
2 dx

0
4 x2

Solution Note that the integrand tends to infinity at 2.

t
2 dx t dx 1 x
0
4 x 2
lim
t 2 0
4 x 2
lim sin
t 2
2 0
1 t 1 0
lim sin sin
t 2
2 2 2

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Integrands That are Infinite at an Interior Point

Definition
Let f be continuous on [a, b] except at a number c, where a < c < b, and
suppose that lim f ( x) .
x c
Then we define
b c b
a
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a c

Provides both integrals on the right converge.

b
Otherwise, we say that a
f ( x) dx diverges.

Calculus I (MA1313) Faculty of Science IT Telkom Bandung

 3 dx
Example Evaluate, if possible, the improper integral 0 (x 1) 2 / 3
Solution The integrand tends to infinity at x = 1. Thus,

3 dx 1 dx 3 dx

0 ( x 1) 2/3
0 ( x 1) 2 / 3 1 ( x 1) 2 / 3
t dx 3 dx
lim lim
t 1 0 ( x 1) 2/3
s 1 s ( x 1) 2 / 3

lim 3( x 1)
t 1

1/ 3 t
0
lim 3( x 1)
s 1
1/ 3 3
s

3 lim (t 1)1/ 3 1 3 lim 21/ 3 ( s 1)1/ 3
t 1 s 1

3 32 6.781/ 3

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