Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II (2021-22)

I1-TD2
(Numerical Sequences)

1. By using the definition, show that

4n √
(a) lim = 2, (b) lim 3n − 1 = +∞.
n→∞ 2n + 1 n→∞

2. Let (un ) and (vn ) be two sequences such that (3un + vn ) and (un − 2vn ) are convergent.
Show that (un ) and (vn ) are convergent.

3. Let (un ) and (vn ) be two sequences satisfied lim(2u2n + 2un vn + vn2 ) = 0. Show that (un )
and (vn ) converge to 0.

4. Study the convergence of the sequences (un ) and (vn ) satisfies

lim (un + vn ) = 0 and lim (eun + evn ) = 2

n→+∞ n→+∞

5. Compute the limit of the following sequences.

cos(2n3 )
p
n
(a) un = (c) un = 3 + (−1)n
n + (−1)n+1 n
X 1
n! (d) un = √
(b) un = n n2 + k
n k=1

6. (a) Show that for x ≥ 0,

1
x − x2 ≤ ln(1 + x) ≤ ln x
2
(b) Deduce the limit of
n  
Y k
un = 1+ 2
k=1
n

7. Use any method to compute limit of the following sequences.

n  2 n
X 1 k X 1
(a) 2+ (d)
k=1
n n k=1
k(k + 4)
n n
1 X 1 Y k3 − 1
(b) √ √ √ (e)
n k=1 3k + 1 + 3k − 2 k=2
k3 + 1
n n X
k
X k+1 X 2j 2
(c) (f)
(k + 2)! k=1 j=1
n4
k=1

8. Prove that the following sequences are divergent:

n
X √ (b) un = sin n
(a) un = k
k=1

9. Let (un ) be a sequence satisfies that lim(un+1 /un ) = 0. Determine the limit of (un ).
un
10. Prove that if (un ) is a sequence for which lim(un − un−1 ) = `, then lim = `.
n
Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 1
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II (2021-22)

11. Let (un ) be a sequence of strictly positive numbers. Show that

un+1 √
(a) lim = ` =⇒ lim n un = `.
un
√
(b) lim un = ` =⇒ lim n u1 u2 . . . un = `.

12. Show that

n n
1Y 27 1Y 1
(a) lim (2n + k)1/n = (b) lim (2 + k)1/n = .
n k=1 4e n k=1 e

13. Calculus limit of the following sequences.

n n
1 X 1 1 X p n
(a) an = √ √ (b) fn = p
k − , p ∈ N.
n k=1 k n k=1 p+1

14. Prove that

n n
X 1 X nα+1
(a) ∼ ln n, (c) kα ∼ − , (α < −1),
k=1
k k=n
α+1
n n
X nα+1 X ln k ln n 1−α
(b) kα ∼ , (α > −1), (d) α
∼ n , (α < 1),
k=1
α+1 k=1
k 1−α

15. Let (un ) be a sequence defined by

√
u1 = 0, and un+1 = un + 6, n ≥ 1

(a) Show that (un ) is increasing and bounded above.

(b) Show that (un ) converges to the positive real number `.
(c) Deduce the value of `.

16. Given a sequence (an ) of positive integers, we define

    
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sn = + + ··· + and Rn = 1 + 1+ ··· 1 + .
a1 a2 an a1 a2 an

Show that if (Sn ) converges, then (ln Rn ) also converges.

n
X 1
17. Let (Hn ) be a sequence defined by Hn = .
k=1
k

1 1
(a) Show that for n > 0, ≤ ln(n + 1) − ln n ≤ .
n+1 n
(b) Deduce that ln(n + 1) ≤ Hn ≤ ln n + 1
(c) Determine the limit of Hn .
(d) Show that un = Hn − ln n is decreasing and positive.
(e) Deduce the convergence of (un ).

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 2

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II (2021-22)

18. Let a > 0 and (un ) be a sequence defined by u0 > 0. Let

 
1 a
∀n ∈ N : un+1 = un +
2 un
(a) Study the convergent of the sequence (un ).
√
un − a
(b) Suppose that for all n ∈ N : vn = √ . Calculate vn+1 in term of vn , and vn in
un + a
term of v0 and n.
√  √  n
(c) Show that if u0 > a, then  un − a  6 2u0 .v02 .
19. Let (un ) and (vn ) be two sequences defined by
u2n + vn2 un + vn
0 < v1 < u1 , un+1 = , vn+1 =
un + vn 2
(a) Show that (un ) and (vn ) are monotonic sequences.
(b) Show that (un ) and (vn ) converge to the same limit.
20. (a) Suppose that (u2n ) and (u2n+1 ) converge to the same limit `. Prove that (un ) con-
verges to `.
(b) Find a sequence (un ) such that (u2n ) and (u2n+1 ) are convergent, but (un ) is diver-
gent.
(c) Suppose that (u2n ), (u2n+1 ) and (u3n ) are convergent. Show that (un ) is also conver-
gent.
n
X
21. Let (un ) be a decreasing sequence tends to zero. For all n ∈ N, Sn = (−1)k uk . Show
k=0
that two subsequences (S2n ) and (S2n+1 ) are adjacent and deduce that (Sn ) is convergent.
22. Suppose that (un ) is an increasing sequence and (u2n ) is convergent. Show that (un ) is
convergent.
23. Let θ ∈ (0, π/2),
θ θ
un = 2n sin , and v n = 2n
tan .
2n 2n
Show that (un ) and (vn ) are adjacent. Find their limits.
24. Let (an ) and (bn ) be two sequences with general terms defined by
2n 2n
X 1 X 1
an = and bn = .
k=n+1
k k=n
k

Show that (an ) and (bn ) are adjacent.

25. Let (un ) and (vn ) be two sequences defined by
n
96 × (−1)n X
un = and vn = uk
(2n − 3)(2n − 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)(2n + 5) k=1

Study the sequences (v2n ) and (v2n+1 ), then show that (vn ) is convergent.
26. Determine lim sup, lim inf and limit of the following sequences.

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 3

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus II (2021-22)

n nπ 2 nπ p
n
(a) an = cos (b) dn = 1 + e−n sin (c) fn = 1 + 2n(−1)n
n+1 3 2

27. Which of the following sequences are Cauchy sequences?

sin n n n
(a)
X 1 X (−1)k−1
2n (b) cn = (c) dn =
k=1
k k=1
k(k + 1)

28. Determine the general term of sequences (un ) defined by:

(a) un − 4un−1 + 4un−2 = 0, u0 = u1 = 1 (d) un+2 −5un+1 +6un = 2n , u0 = −1, u1 =

(b) un+2 = un+1 − un , u0 = 1, u1 = 2 2
1
(c) un+2 = 2un+1 + un + 3n , u0 = 1, u1 = 2 (e) un+1 = un + un−1 , u1 = 1, u2 = −1
3

29. Let (un ) and (vn ) be two sequences defined by u0 = 1, v0 = 2 and for all n ∈ N :

un+1 = 3un + 2vn and vn+1 = 2un + 3vn .

(a) Show that (un − vn ) is constant.

(b) Show that (un ) is an arithmetic-geometry sequence.
(c) Deduce the general terms of (un ) and (vn ).

30. Let (zn ) be a complex-valued sequence such that

1
∀n ∈ N : zn+1 = (zn + 2z̄n ).
3
Show that (zn ) is convergent and express its limit in term of z0 .

31. Let (un ) be a sequence defined by

√ √
u1 = 1, u2 = 2 and un+1 = un + un−1

(a) Show that (un ) is increasing and bounded above.

(b) Deduce that (un ) is convergent and then find its limit.

32. Let (un )n≥1 be a sequence defined by

u1 = u2 = u3 = 1 and ∀n ≥ 1, un un+3 = 1 + un+1 un+2 .

Show that ∀n ∈ N∗ : un ∈ N∗ .

33. Study the sequence (un ) defined by

(a) u0 = a ∈ R, ∀n ∈ N : un+1 = u3n .

r
√
q
(b) u0 ∈ R∗+ , ∀n ∈ N : un+1 = un + un−1 + · · · + u0 .
(c) u0 = 1, ∀n ∈ N : un+1 = eun − 2.
u2n + 3
(d) u0 ∈ R∗+ , ∀n ∈ N : un+1 = .
2(un + 1)

Dr. Lin Mongkolsery 4