Middle East Technical University

Department of Aerospace Engineering

AE 342
AERODYNAMICS II
Laboratory Report 2

Model Performance and Shock Pattern Analysis

11 Semi Angled Wedge in Supersonic Flow

Date :

Instructor : Funda Kurtulu

Submitted by : 1942812 Ouzhan AYDIN

1942804 Ali AVANLIER

 ABSTRACT

In this experiment, we aim to calculate pressure coefficients at different mach numbers such as 1.8,
1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2. And we observe oblique shock waves on a 11 semi- angle cone to do this.
Pressure coefficients at these Mach numbers were calculated and compared with each other. The
pressure coefficient (C_p) is calculated from difference in static pressure values on the model
(P_m) and on the wall (P_w) divided the differences normalized by the dynamic pressure. After
that, we measure shock angle from photos which are provided by experiment. To conclude, we
compare beta_measured vs mach number, beta_theoratical vs mach number and Cp_measured vs
mach number, Cp_theoratical vs mach number.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................4
1.1. Theory ..................................................................................................................4
1.2. Experimental Procedure ......................................................................................5
RESULTS...........................................................................................................................7
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................................8
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................15
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................16
1. APPENDIX A....................................................................................................16

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 INTRODUCTION

1. In this experiment, we examine oblique shock on the 11 degree semi- angle cone to
determine pressure coefficients and shock angles. Also, we examine pressure coefficients
and shock waves with two ways as measured and theoretical. During this experiment, we
record the gage pressure on the model and on the wall. And then, we use these records in
the calculation of pressure coefficient. Also we calculate measured shock wave by using
photographs which are provided during this experiment. After all, reasons of errors of
measured and theoretical pressure coefficients, and reasons of errors of measured and
theoretical shock waves are investigated in discussion part. Also, Mach numbers from
photographs are calculated by using --M graph. All results are examined in conclusion
part.

1.1. Theory

2. The pressure coefficient is defined for compressible flow as;

3. = 2

2
4. Where is model pressure, is wall pressure and is Mach number.

5. According to above formula, we calculate Cp by using provided pressure values and mach
numbers.

6. Secondly, we know that = 11 since we work on 11 degree semi-angle cone. From givens
photographs, we calculate shock angles for different mach numbers. Since we know shock
angles and theta, we use , , chart to find mach numbers from photos. Also, since we
know theoretical mach numbers and theta, we find theoretical shock waves by using again
, , chart as follows:

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7.
Table 2. , , Chart.

Also , , relation is given as follows:

12 sin2 1
tan = 2
12 ( + 2) + 2

This clearly explain why we use , , chart. As we can see, we cannot calculate shock angles
analytically from this above formula. Thus we should use , , chart.

7.1. Experimental Procedure

The schema of the set-up is shown in Schema 1 below.

Schema 1: Experimental schema

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The procedure:

A) Startup:

i. Adjust the mirror and light system so that the model can be observed as clearly as
possible on the screen.

ii. By using the handle next to the test chamber adjust the Mach number value to the
desired value.

iii. Turn the compressor knob to position A in order to let the compressor fill the tanks
with air. Observe the pressure and temperature gauges on the control panel so that
these parameters do not exceed the limits.

iv. When the pressure level in the tanks has reached the sufficient level for the
experiments to be conducted (7-8 bar), turn the compressor knob to off position.
As the pressure will drop quickly, start the experiment immediately.

B) Experiment:

i. By carefully opening the large yellow handle on the left hand side of the control panel
achieve the start pressure value corresponding to the desired Mach number. Then, try to
keep the pressure at the run pressure value indicated in the table below by carefully adjusting
the same handle.

ii. As soon as the pressure has been stabilized press the remote pressure lock button to freeze
the pressure readings and read the model and wall pressure values from the gauges on the
control panel.

iii. At the same time observe and photograph the shock patterns seen on the screen.

v. Repeat the same procedure for different Mach numbers (M = 1.5, 1.8, 2.0)

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 RESULTS

For various alpha degrees, corresponding Mach numbers (theoretical, measured and photo) are
calculated for each section of the diamond shape. Then from the shock-expansion theory
pressure values are computed for each section as well, then pressure coefficients are calculated
using those pressures.
Note that section 2 is the upper-left side, section 3 is the upper-right side, section 4 is lower-left
side and section 5 is lower-right side of the diamond shape.

For section 2, measured pressure values are directly used for computing pressure coefficient.

All results are tabulated and shown below.

Mach_2(theoretical
Alpha and measured) Mach_2_photo Cp_theo_2 Cp_measured_2 Cp_photo_2
5.5 1.780999669 1.690069702 0.422710396668042 0.105652403592182 0.535752394836543
7 1.845502448 1.542160196 0.382117909031704 0.0770950582067690 0.551674505445982
3 1.732475195 2.047954321 0.478029386258600 0.166025205644857 0.530019723163270
-3 1.488503412 1.717826058 0.678644268854015 0.258665287118469 0.561131146942620
-5.5 1.379107833 1.470216813 0.780356968395815 0.332050411289714 0.616985739956080
-7 1.302134924 1.302134924 0.852433997495208 0.350916911931175 0.632852955424630
Table 1: section 2

Mach_3(theoretical
Alpha and measured) Mach_3_photo Cp_theo_3 Cp_measured_3 Cp_photo_3
5.5 2.6344 2.5172 0.140756196 0.530262449 0.561373481
7 2.7196 2.3384 0.123730551 0.535517922 0.589926409
3 2.5712 2.9867 0.160808814 0.549645426 0.416666667
-3 2.2718 2.5487 0.24648542 0.57752455 0.271959852
-5.5 2.1481 2.2504 0.290477938 0.623550684 0.329559614
-7 2.0678 2.0704 0.320424592 0.633769098 0.271959852
Table 2: section 3

Mach_4(theoretical
Alpha and measured) Mach_4_photo Cp_theo_4 Cp_measured_4 Cp_photo_4
5.5 1.3791078 1.25019051 0.780356968 2.631238387 0.852433997
7 1.3021349 1.253503099 0.852433997 2.889192082 0.880986925
3 1.4885034 1.424747842 0.678644269 2.364023996 0.707727183
-3 1.7324752 1.497179812 0.478029386 1.791575408 0.563020368
-5.5 1.7809997 1.289847902 0.422710397 1.691647644 0.62062013
-7 1.8455024 1.349786204 0.382117909 1.58500514 0.563020368
Table 3:section 4

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 Mach_5(theoretical
Alpha and measured) Mach_5_photo Cp_theo_5 Cp_measured_5 Cp_photo_5
5.5 2.14281 2.0165 0.293440025 1.352035148 1.433098467
7 2.0678 2.0196 0.320424592 1.461353317 1.496039899
3 2.2718 2.1988 0.24648542 1.228678416 1.271364652
-3 2.5712 2.2821 0.160808814 0.975435212 1.103543523
-5.5 2.6344 2.0552 0.140756196 0.950912019 1.230766336
-7 2.7196 2.1177 0.123730551 0.906183115 1.170382356
Table 4: section 4

And then, theoretical, measured and photo Cl, Cd values are calculated using the pressure
coefficients.

The results are shown in Table 5.

Alpha Cl_theo Cl_measured Cl_photo Cd_theo Cd_meas Cd_photo

5.5 0.246828233 1.658013293 1.78891103 0.098839179 0.243090718 0.265732466
7 0.321657314 1.843552972 1.890473883 0.116890231 0.321285082 0.329571495
3 0.13913782 1.432720773 1.50171292 0.080224157 0.148246282 0.157053693
-3 -0.13913782 0.966616769 1.148494516 0.080224157 -0.002261101 -0.0013843
-5.5 -0.245326415 0.843780818 1.247401048 0.098983788 -0.037383661 -0.05216515
-7 -0.321657314 0.752326568 1.122264513 0.116890231 -0.053600707 -0.07826682
Table 5:cl , cd

Also, for each alpha value, those measured, theoretical and photo Cl, Cd values are plotted .
See Figure 1 and 2.

And, the anglemeter calculations on photos are shown below

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Photo 1: aoa=3

Photo 2: aoa=-3

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Photo 3: aoa=5.5

Photo 4: aoa=-5.5

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Photo 5: aoa=7

Photo 6: aoa=-7

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Figure 1: alpha versus Cl

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Figure 2: alpha versus Cd

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

It is clearly seen from Figure 1 and 2 that the differences between measured and theoretical lift
and drag coefficients when the alpha is not zero are quite high. Seems like error is getting bigger
when alpha is getting away from zero. On the other hand, measured and photo values are very
close to each other.

Possible reasons for this error are that the picture is taken from wrong angle (not from perfectly
front), and the pressure sensors may not work perfectly, or those pressure measurement includes
some real-flow effects which we assume the flow follows the theoretical laws such as inviscid,
no heat transfer, ideal gas etc.
And since some of those effects are also create some errors in measurements of pressure values
, the measured values of Cl and Cd became similar to those obtained by using photos.

Beta values obtained from the photos may not be reliable due to our measurement technic (angle
meter)

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The error in beta cause us to come up with measured Mach numbers with some errors. But the
error in Mach numbers is not too much.
Also those errors in Mach number cause us to come up with errors in pressure values and so Cp
, Cl and Cd values.

All those experimental process errors were expected, but the difference between theoretical
Cl,Cd and measured,photo Cl,Cd is not acceptable.

In conclusion, for different given Alpha degrees, theoretical and measured values of pressure
coefficient and beta angles for shock region (2,4) and theta angles for expansion region(3,5)
are calculated. We noticed that the measured,photo and theoretical values are different and the
difference is really high in some regions especially for bigger alpha values. The possible
reasons for this error is discussed above. Furthermore, the Mach numbers for photo
calculations is tried to obtain according to angle beta from the photos taken during
experiment.. The result was expected to have some errors but is not acceptable for big alpha
degrees. In short, the results have some expected errors which are mentioned in discussion
part. Although the measured and photo Cl,Cd values are really close to each other, the result
is very different when it comes to theoretical Cl,Cd values especially when absolute value of
alpha is getting bigger.

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 REFERENCES

Anderson, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

Lab Manuel

Appendix C from Anderson, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

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 APPENDICES

1. APPENDIX A

Matlab code:
gamma=1.4
mach_inf=2
epsilon=11
theta_1=epsilon-Alphadeg
mach_n1_upper=mach_inf.*sind(beta_upper)
mach_n2=sqrt(((1+(((gamma-
1)/2).*((mach_n1_upper).^2)))./((gamma*(mach_n1_upper.^2))-((gamma-1)/2))))
mach_2=mach_n2./sind(beta_upper-theta_1)
p01=1.8*100000
p1=p01/((1+(((gamma-1)/2)*(mach_inf^2)))^(gamma/(gamma-1)))
p1=101325+p1
p2=p1*(1.+(((2*gamma)/(gamma+1)).*((mach_n1_upper.^2)-1)))
p2=101325+p2
cp_theo_1=(2*(p2-p1))/(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
theta_2=22
p3=p2.*(((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_2.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-
1)))./((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_3.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1))))
p3=101325+p3
cp_theo_2=(2*(p3-p1))/(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
theta_3=epsilon+Alphadeg
mach_n1_lower=mach_inf.*sind(beta_lower)
mach_n4=sqrt(((1+(((gamma-
1)/2).*((mach_n1_lower).^2)))./((gamma*(mach_n1_lower.^2))-((gamma-1)/2))))
mach_4=mach_n4./sind(beta_lower-theta_3)
p4=p1*(1.+(((2*gamma)/(gamma+1)).*((mach_n1_lower.^2)-1)))
p4=101325+p4
cp_theo_4=(2*(p4-p1))/(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
theta_4=22
p5=p4.*(((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_4.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-
1)))./((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_5.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1))))
p5=101325+p5
cp_theo_5=(2*(p5-p1))/(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
p_mpa=100000*p_mbar
p_wpa=100000*p_wbar
p_wpa=101325+p_wpa
p_mpa=101325+p_mpa
cp_m_1=(2*(p_mpa-p_wpa))./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf.^2)
p3_m=p_mpa.*(((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_2.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-
1)))./((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_3.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1))))
p3_m=101325+p3_m
cp_m_2=(2*(p3_m-p_wpa))./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf.^2)
p4_m=p1*(1.+(((2*gamma)/(gamma+1)).*((mach_n1_lower.^2)-1)))
p4_m=101325+p4_m
cp_m_4=(2*(p4_m-p_wpa))./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf.^2)
p5_m=p4_m.*(((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_4.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-
1)))./((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_5.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1))))
p5_m=101325+p5_m
cp_m_5=(2*(p5_m-p_wpa))./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf.^2)

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fx_t=((p2*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p3*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p4*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p5*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))
fy_t=-((p2*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p3*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p4*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p5*sind(79))/(2
*cosd(11)))
L_t=(fy_t.*cosd(Alphadeg))-(fx_t.*sind(Alphadeg))
D_t=(fy_t.*sind(Alphadeg))+(fx_t.*cosd(Alphadeg))
Cl_t=(2*L_t)./(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
Cd_t=(2*D_t)./(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
fx_m=((p_mpa*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p3_m*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p4_m*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p5_m*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))
fy_m=-((p_mpa*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p3_m*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p4_m*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p5_m*sind(7
9))/(2*cosd(11)))
L_m=(fy_m.*cosd(Alphadeg))-(fx_m.*sind(Alphadeg))
D_m=(fy_m.*sind(Alphadeg))+(fx_m.*cosd(Alphadeg))
Cl_m=(2*L_m)./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf^2)
Cd_m=(2*D_m)./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf^2)
mach_n1_upper_photo=mach_inf.*sind(beta_photo_up)
mach_n2_photo=sqrt(((1+(((gamma-
1)/2).*((mach_n1_upper_photo).^2)))./((gamma*(mach_n1_upper_photo.^2))-
((gamma-1)/2))))
mach_2_photo=mach_n2_photo./sind(beta_photo_up-theta_1)
p3_m_photo=p_mpa.*(((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_2_photo.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-
1)))./((1+(((gamma-1)/2).*(mach_3_photo.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1))))
p3_m_photo=101325+p3_m_photo
cp_m_2_photo=(2*(p3_m_photo-p_wpa))./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf.^2)
mach_n1_lower_photo=mach_inf.*sind(beta_photo_low)
mach_n4_photo=sqrt(((1+(((gamma-
1)/2).*((mach_n1_lower_photo).^2)))./((gamma*(mach_n1_lower_photo.^2))-
((gamma-1)/2))))
mach_4_photo=mach_n4_photo./sind(beta_photo_low-theta_3)
p4_m_photo=p1*(1.+(((2*gamma)/(gamma+1)).*((mach_n1_lower_photo.^2)-1)))
p4_m_photo=101325+p4_m_photo
cp_m_4_photo=(2*(p4_m_photo-p1))/(gamma*p1*mach_inf^2)
p5_m_photo=p4_m_photo.*(((1+(((gamma-
1)/2).*(mach_4_photo.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1)))./((1+(((gamma-
1)/2).*(mach_5_photo.^2))).^(gamma/(gamma-1))))
p5_m_photo=101325+p5_m_photo
cp_m_5_photo=(2*(p5_m_photo-p_wpa))./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf.^2)
fx_m_photo=((p_mpa*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p3_m_photo*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p4_m_photo*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p5_m_photo*cosd(79))/(2*cosd(11)))
fy_m_photo=-((p_mpa*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))-
((p3_m_photo*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+((p4_m_photo*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))+(
(p5_m_photo*sind(79))/(2*cosd(11)))
L_m_photo=(fy_m_photo.*cosd(Alphadeg))-(fx_m_photo.*sind(Alphadeg))
D_m_photo=(fy_m_photo.*sind(Alphadeg))+(fx_m_photo.*cosd(Alphadeg))
Cl_m_photo=(2*L_m_photo)./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf^2)
Cd_m_photo=(2*D_m_photo)./(gamma*p_wpa*mach_inf^2)
plot(Alphadeg,Cl_t,Alphadeg,Cl_m,Alphadeg,Cl_m_photo)
plot(Alphadeg,Cd_t,Alphadeg,Cd_m,Alphadeg,Cd_m_photo)

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