_~¢ SPRING DESIGN y || & MANUFACTURE all’;( Gxreay SooryRon ‘ena Fret pubenedy Argus Books 1988 (@ Wat coin 888 ‘is eer No prt afthisbopk may be reproduced lnm print easy. meron or anyother E 203087+ son 0652429258 rottypesting by Tadesat Protseting Limited ‘ern Hoss chyn Gagan Cy Heros Pld nnn Sens Moar Roa Contents Captor toducion (Chapter? Tension ond Compression Spring rincles Chapter’ Compression and Tension Spring eign Chater Worked Examples CCheters: eat Spring Princes — ‘Chater? Laat Spring Design a ‘Chapter Making eat Springs e Chester Torsion Soxings [Graper%0 1 Engine Ve Senge ESREsoe Aciaiomnengement [se i oppertty of pubic scknowadsing the help ofthe te nw Bory Me” wa rat irrogaced moro he we of Nomograms in salving {pring proteme, art evacty50 yar ogo Tnove who woul asta contact ‘Bovreum stars can Erie derivation inte npenaict hepepa “Prats Problems in Sping Den Proc! ne Val 1930p 808 areCHAPTER 1 Introduction {Rul nts ta | al fom out Epingtseways sete uncer. ‘Feetpecteaton tpg we bought “Gertical domension: few ofuscan aftord es sinning machen Or rge ond the very smal the later Se tets fmocersting Tos moana shave tt sping te simost always tol sping, and inmany cose tial wie, Tasos 8 ‘hunoansimy. And moreover usa raarenat tein springl aly 0 be noughe, Homever this dh nat rome “formulae” might so tighten readers asad to sch at hey wou na eon imytouee mem Turge yout se fears nan modes They eres in embol, heen ane sting at ‘Spring com crry wil Gopend on tl the ‘See dares [othe gamete ofthe ois anal te stangth fhe ater ‘od sun aun stat at 309 toae ermine tater Ser nee ties sont at ‘onthe dvs wan dearingsprins he oruloe aera St batiobe musi togttamina ‘tues 0 explain whyhe formule Seite fem te epee ie he fc tne speinge connate il a hema aoe “ive tr pot would mat tat theltrmulae appea 0 be much more di” Sony" ly Se See ee es auld benmplorhan hat Vth precy wnat xpos 3] on page 8 saying no more and no ant So, senyaceoreta any haart {rand staymtois Tha symone ‘al # hear fo wea {other tan savng page. space ot ‘curses taruiog tet sie gain of forma. ‘yt wt cn mae cn thehome computer(ttheyarewiing's ‘Sui snd cn el taping ar Port te beabie' to Baw fora he ‘Sra oes oe pera more sda type to doth same ‘Sate ra rte both in fonion and compression. and ‘walwort troughs fewonampee Thece ‘ope show Shoes is we Spring nas o mound, and proved be hap La sping, ath ton laminated come next, th {Sie ep otha problem of he Assign a compound pings “sng ise oe een et Sprig racing eo epings Vand ‘ato, ave tate aw age de gine aie springs. Poreogan ere ci dternatve rapa and ‘aera meine ed, shel itarapringe"ae isn ate, very {eae in rea made. or tha sare Sppteatone se “apring shart Siete ace and te he. FenCHAPTER 2 iind'you il an ete oad whieh 2 —" Tension and Compression Fhe tacit apne ps J Spring Principles Soa eo Ft 7 bt F.2 Th isting moment on the SringciO = Wonaioesome they work? 1" multgad by the lover tm the tang ataen e612 Being ne meen ‘inmate colt So. te tore SEH Now so coe we lina al ea hm ond Eton rhe sping wre wl Be he ns pind ‘towne bys same sow Bat o 4 (10th oar wey rund we B22. o Fg. 1 Showing howmelcastom > a in SBacenicolteppiodstaand = Meares iin ‘eecton ibe 28 Srensensting oe at 2 2 Sab locmiesonot wortthe and “8° of het of spring wil in dation mow author “Yauco me iste on Hence tha ttl aoocton Ss [aad another parofnttcole andthe reward move by $8 anéao.n- The {otal deacon capenas ety on te ierofeoas nm" sun ta i Ra for SEALE ‘dna 9 hata nao sauce 3 Sate ot on ish = tin Ute would be tes fr oun sping monn thea ot {hove home computer operators) 201 tsp wove ne formal he ne {ine Gaocbon uncer sed W = gion or avorn 1 = ction iotas 1 > momo afoanen coi 6 = Torsona modular feast. ican +P in = sonnet, in. of deat, ‘noethat howe ganthe unis rote inteolimperal ae caso ‘hen consistant St ans —miletes, Fram) From 2 above you wil se tht te ‘tection ors gan losd cepenae Scion the St of hat loon ne of ceil, and iveraly 08 th fourth fom ot te wie ameter ane, of ee “inva ta oh Eeiaetuenoemur offer sure ‘Srl Blt ap youcan uses chars Saticking a ones i ar Wott a doflecion of finches and D Shar tee ren Sis ameter Then pt ane Mure ‘ino expression 2)to tite names} (hie Them ato eatin Theat ‘Stnatws may most enti wi a shat genau ames tee Uh 'sior a dean ol samen or Sire mae Eva yo i eSine oft ‘Burhas'smotthe mow soar arag A Darmenont “et” for exam Me mst {hse oa dive sum Gut nea png ‘SS eS c=serng @ rato % Fe-4 Cures ofconsction actors needed because the sring wie isnota straight te morova a se corcionsarealowedrin ro cakueoon chore S600, Sena tinct td, od wn bo OK couravemgemsmmerans te cited ap wade 2a ms spears gan a er hn ony deme Sencha en ie esas Tetanwoon ss See, eee ane ec memrentiemece: Coban ete won Bot Seerte Nae Somme sues ‘Correction ipneeded becouse the wires mosels ("formulae") shown onthe Seretyew gnc poee'Ge ater eos fee erence gees 7 Stieraioe™ Odecrases Even with 2nd ‘raatnly Sey” sping made om 6 est veg win om hin mean darstr them Ky o Sc es wil'be Ze gree nan imsink anak otherreadtomthe graph Selsigeatton erate OB gen lod» bigs be to car ia sina am rasa rem i eae BPqueeson” actualy tie more tie Se ec tn ong ‘re that Sort ot eit that takes “Sais on to those whch oe a tur hoe aeody menwoned 912 iran wow be ony es, iGreen ata lot at Baro te Bm ol arate” — Dis = {Bort wage you deta of the anges ‘traios ha majortybasetseen B= Soe stews sass may aise scopsongs them done ans we carder hon shat or sis "on the load Ag’ 1 Seas ~ 65, 00004eain Sate Siu Oi 4, and ne fy peer yu san om bogie omograr Fi 16 using he rew Oia Max. doses lngth = ih so. at Compress Tong’ fe '128in very fais you COULD copy ham manuel ‘Rieti sts whe foot Soman tO" Nahe ins a sane won bainonng leahceleonte {oaowingin "Ty t yursat) Rom ato” Sen Tia Emge ne tures as befor, to spesing ol te were sy the sess chat for carbon see Fig, 6Pig 12 This ata moods about 1? cols, fad at Stn Honcrmoxtaaat impor” Unorunatey "he ou'can aee'tat the sas limt is nd thee not pace for so many ‘iicompretion propraion of évarble nomograms {sob in sofa atthe worting Ame aly compressed ct length (Pen 120) 95 254 homscrtn does mole quite sot of lestheeecnife ab a78 0.76) bet anal pub oot 8 sha Entities octhhe ae we emigre op thetimestislsqute goed margin. Sf wns st wil be nen, Eo this Nite laasooobtea fail cach vanabi Potocoping Sint cache anu, ‘urbr of cleo oe ar “elt te ceo aane nas ilove tenner eiterena2200 ante omoaram, tance Sean“, a" he ftecriors wate spat ecursey Fo" andy todos tatiana “or 3 To complate ths recon, ry abot There" a tolerance on commetcs ‘how Aasie,Thsmeans an estraon thr suna, Rate comes oto 90bti, ‘nameone! find 3 spring fom your peng wee of eau 1 arg ase (f'T260.89 ~"4 Sam The mnvmum (Can be shacas om the bac formule owwnh eof suet faehatyouson hich may eto lr 0005) fr Athan isa «0014813768 Inumbar_ tread be Fly compressed ange Issue the toad and ate ‘Ure he ite blow gbou 24 wa 0.02) oFveole amet) a0" tet the Ogses. ronstoCALCULATEwnattnes should Therateat gen oad depends re ‘maximum axtnsed eng wi be 438. sFrom this rat the compression to beso compare wth the measured ourth poner ofthe wire ume so Tgv6'= bam (ns escudes any yoring oad 1890 = bin ana the Mautes (WB Bort seaamoserengite that aati in rae could be fom ‘hooks of eauree} So the moctanm ae Teng wil be 075-1 88 or ‘thvcsping forties aressuatymage to Tot This can be overcome by Imortbe aangnedsothariespringson 906m Thisiathus ‘ntmoratmon” in ‘tehvomeronadumoroter aly se. mensuing the, wite and” using Ie Sninsoieguatoctsrtening tomo fone. eetone ofmode! ypelThen dergn dimansion inthe nomoyrm. Then {hon Skin, {Tree no way of iting Slate at coco! compression (9- ‘on 0 date same ou (af eger provided resonable worn teas Inaarth’oFstenconepringwnch'sS680)»60 28 85.andio)maaeotoronse Inchon get baumed is tlranee mend not be of Inherent tine apeng tect” eCheck Stes nen fly compres Inne mucn prasten you can NOW. prance The MPERIAL igure on te ial ae" gute thy fe ab ie Thun monioar ono Sculmads cars went stay ln Sean art _ Tne ring ry hon, ath amebec0 you stn ue arg et found close colod wih 89 cols of 28 att forthe amatur fund, though Reproducing the Charts to coef you are, bt the sess read stg. on a renn ameter of 6296 not impose Fwsuld be bt made Fypu tre katy to sengnapings fay ifehauigbe within Be eestor aecing wang Homans wo, sagt rach ichet a Yay tthe "ata co can b tar Fong te te and inreeig De EB puper contr wth reseoncbe spring back Sng nding & ‘ald iS eet» free of ef han octal wnt damngs,baterotex abut $2 eens a Sef" Rah sae tig sod io pect over BOA Example 4: Four vate soins of vary rahe "nesttype,two'shet copiers and an ror a in col arate il [etaein boi tidanraiethatitbenet fd parfinsngin rom ta srpyerd Moy not be quae accurate Figs Sto causes Rae erro tout 3. Fre ‘more than nono. et mean ateter Ulin we aout Bande Mend dort materintnsenotaasy towing ennact umber of ‘ropose 0 ge the cleuitions 2 sacg. (0104) mound wh 10 oo Fespaet tay wit roprodoce “nese Seve ce! There taranoa, together Sonvgurselawe gong!" aysatearinemesimum oad end what ouldve done ascreuy supose. oop: eay chuss te seta ats hg emg sslected chock meen enereta? You should fad thats local to-dier trom that calcvated by much eee eee eee eee eee eeeen wining to gt the CHAPTER 5 _ pat ne elec ose Winding Coil Springs a eS Spring back be “latin thi area rot ind a oping we tut Ron han ec on nd bere “Cand "D™ See. Thi fearatnathe Res AASB nil morsaieepion ie bend artes, oi be Seonssereie oer sipiceton ot » elFi. 18 vow otadup sess cove “erin bck ft winding abet thin ‘heetetcimi Showa theses pater i) andi) Ses pot Ibentbeyandihe ascii thematrs reg oastc "between [nVana et Stes ptr cuting te sping 9s afta te lade removed Not She, ghenamanan 10 begin wih ta i en se he et an Specgees Statham sty ‘sta then uly ode hae “Singe” theory of bending* Sie eer eeee deat Syhog oemec te, See ee ear SPF eee es we SAN eu ee Se Manat Seay Romearen er eertn te Rem teraceoemnmes eects onan erteaa atte Satie oe Sinisa oats Roonaan omen ee er eyeae See neice vs lee Lente scl vd etn a A er el See com 92 ata ee Se SS re ee Teer waoats Raheem creates Tepe ofr oc whieh ae Se pctecclseen ss eatnrenstr oe asretctioael Re g 1Ns. fa,20 pn ofcrng bck punt nearer PANO WIRE The varia For ordinary carbon ste! wie tse 8% ofthese figures, ond fr Phosphor bronze, eas.iat trom Fg. 20. leo capture the endo the we EXthomertonhrerorests ipsa toson te ims % : foarte pore without mang one. there lthe of physical inj wal. Sinativhent Tae 3cotepunginss Bysang-s smbiaton pnd ‘esi te OOo th col oso’ "wrapng” ton ur the ‘hesiomater bom wire ané mandrel, = roleble sping ets wound i Sna‘can uc work out me domear'© expect with "phospnor bots of ih 7 Sthintnelinivnsingmansrlmustoe presente Tha ete prow ! Sade focngwten’"winding” ove cated "Te aherutve approsch.ofcoursia iol apr fr compreaion to une suc stand ameter Rock at epinge wish meaty lose cobd ne ‘ou"hae tor both text ana wencing tet lueedwmenmeting aioe can E piv Boe loknut fr adjusting 8 inean‘ccl ameter ther ipingnce_ 0H opper we bomaat te en) scion spree tonavethe hans : i Sretp led dig see lat Fg 21 The CRU" spring-winderoiladapinge tbe ACRU used ith tbe roar enough” sping ore ‘Sehnguetortne sae sprngti doesnt AMlantia 8 eotortesemagecanane: wade waaher an the athersise ofthe Wie ‘hove td presen some sansa of materery mec Ctonson washer 0 Tension achstr’ fede ‘Though a itmoretraule tar eter onthe eaing sping wie addon, Tansee out cay i uml te ter to mate ap a springacing the 00 ofthe wodgo-nashe bears on ota doce; a gestdel_ he, th one ond fhe ‘eves ortpuee the change whontstnd the mandrel ‘and haps totale fof \asigned {though it may be Important a ‘Src used eter tay up ao tat bth that spring dacoma bind on’ on ¢ ‘A commerci Winder ferent ighenana” his an ia” ean ate tothe gute spa tom trong te mane XSommaraal spring winder whch | wound’ Fg #¥enows tn operation Th Ghred timod sO yave ape ha Cols at agae, eco & "os WShounin. 2 The comprisoe gp" whe mas eting of toca ‘retow hand, Sbow in dry Ye ance dove rand leprae, Shove! indeed for mony of my springs! the” tlstock "towards, the chuce) fedstng arick linn Fomeatende. ardetnecth te gue some spor. bat SRT Mercier Memes meat © maatemolmintonc Sone eae mat eencice pe Sierras goa: Seecheweche tury Sdn fe nl Seat Siang wash eismens pine nh nc ep ote notre aruda elpaby nana connote se, ah coe aed rng fe rinewindngtenson Thedas"B¥emusai bacon qute stacy he ee rae IAM wing ag tata Retocnendtantas ies —«‘Hageanonnein sas Ceceontedegn a hs favs Cite agate inks Siete Remensing mnt Arca can or Suislaianctneraaees Striareanaitaweaties — Sumaurynohs hee, Caras rangers Siecay wound onde othe ofcourse, waged une saad of the sae EO\ | : dl Fea? a Foz Imisiee od. in'audy nme Te Seo engion, Spender ono to have one of mors dummy rune ocean omeke sigheacustmantsto tthe ts isnot unorun Soca core rari ‘tHch you en unwioe steiien ond the progiessie erior can become 3 provide the designad ii tension. For Ee oc oe {oi 2 tine men fod a reg tear sion BE tee ares ase fremostaiicut estas evry gn lrpeot wound ‘Sant fo ou ef ove ype! of ttn ‘made by ‘model enginers tom hard. Grown ate "atane ends sen “ coe ofcouses made gtndng ne nde pressure gana te grindone {Scorn boi! tis fore te nat SOME iil st ines on'onte fo tne creuterents}sthough the wingers tures ey one TinCof be preous cob-Swthsdons_ revolution for enn ew of oe mana! Sr Sr i aii 'Ss eats ope'sone «Setar mecmenesuyeaoang tee" wea ak oF —E™—™—“‘_iesesSs—sSssSsSéssS _——— Remon seteman od Seutowconicm arse Ealeaettcantne one naaeel ytd Reel naes ground, and this can cause arama fean” therfore, we mat wind he ‘Spring Terminations ‘ring witha ocka'up torial tess var along i spi Simpson roe can of ue wtiwas tis li ate the are herd tay won be oversea a al in Fe ewer we eee | aot as eee Se ees SESE EG sees wang machines mibeieaeden ‘yew ome brtar vangemane The isi the Gort apply too ush Pesan at llNatura, nt I you ean fr ‘ra See 28 Tension springs Ro, 29 shows 2 tow Scampi "ot te tarminotons for ‘Stenson fr tension springy Those st Stes Bland Chavo open-ended lope Drelrsly bent wht reasonable fade one bend and seo iets Rate Ads ‘ow the enrene ote loop canbe ‘There te brousht ower tb sof he ering seen he ce Pt thet ovrowsing the spring sigh Ectadicep ge anavat aad Samoan so, hat en ‘mote tne ena ofthe sping. The manematc ae woo mre to ge {Simang te typedo nor make thei hare, burns pocastcon eared rao, a abject to ‘thang seen ond can easy be ove. Sipping ower re anchor poi The ise setae uring suey Fl rouce ‘aw eA shows. how the wire le Wevakel treatepe contrac rtormancs, Hower ay opt 0 ‘rena te sping letnen mas be trond tacos Toit tach Tere ates mosey soon, Sen ea i preare sea at Se Zoe cer eect incase Severas Secretion cia mewn Sis Serene eaecrra Suet ne Resear Heenan ek Seok oe eee cae tekeaitoece beta Fo, 27Aterminaion.” ne Nving ‘SShsunent ei they provide yore Beno ears Ere Ge meee Sameer scucmaea ‘havea commercal spring of toe | gute nena, ol Srings ot Rectngulr Wire Mosel ensiears sre unite to,se ‘ther tan ound we or hal springs, ‘but may be of ners 0 have 9 Some prototypes The fect oF eng {Cooma urcisaese canine ‘ah ips lites ind or ‘hespring mugs“ te RATE Incense by 2510 9%, Tere are many 250 Se nan ie Ee omputr age there ae precise "nto ‘temene”anayees meh wll give 89souwron fe ha {aca} ForRATE,A. ‘uch sforspring note sare space CHAPTER 6 Leaf Spring Principles Springs inBendingFatnd Laminated Spang enty Bont be, mayest ‘he’ reat thing, ond i ourcan bude Sterns mulee, Howsve such Mngt oo maxim eo a dou ty en ‘tay designedtoheve minimum 49) Fg. 20thereat swing eect the (notonai iis sing st. The ining Moment hare tertor U2 Sending Stresses fe thagine's beam mide up of © humber fin pont, seat nated 2 = | together ston ond, ston sudiectad Eagle eae the on ee ofa ran, for uhot is ‘ror ety learnt te top lok arb Shed Sti mara it ‘witeSeahadintonsion Th contre Blan wi nt they are tn cnonge igh maleaed ln ‘Segeet of tension or sompressot Ssponing how tar heya ay om {he cone ona, The seecet ete ious "pants canbe shown Pay ar otha eat ine nue wate ‘Shao, Each yer oft bea, ‘materal wil withstand eoee aes Seinen Shee to ue crm & “Mamnematal Mosel” hate ai ealed een ” Elune tat forthe nual recangulor oaton is given 2 Sista tke = ‘ ‘Sewn younveta ty hand! ® — fora i 'sInensd) It you wok in 80 Met ats ns Dewan rs ithe ster i Come oot Newton tn Oboe forelrge cpa 1) mah se fons o° Tonnes ee, but na for mode! epingel Ut ue Fa Binow an anoint nt taeda bal oka you Pave sie Bes ec Me Wee ay = Geen oan = ~ 20000670 nite ‘swaee, # = Wz 028 = sarong ‘ = bums te=wa = S2an0an 2 Yatea enape 35000 shear for tempered [5 Resa si te loaded bean Sno young Modula €:(nerateot Soke atc ‘recarre af ee bem inte textbooksSscay Rae etitadoe ee hte‘ ig Feeoers may abject het ought tbe ‘hed "Second Moment of Aes" ete Ris he change inthe rai of eur bot forthe usual recangulet ec en 2 {For other seins both tan Z cant {oun by teronoe to engineers Poco. Soe Brats on Engineering Benan 1202) ‘Now, we are notin the slightest nares th au earemure at {Sonbot rater ina ect ‘on the ‘laine of in ban =. ‘ozura nese some” unreal ‘hee! dey under thelond and give ‘he Forman for hese standard cares Thou Wir import to femebee Romover wate deacon ey 8 30) change in oie of eee $0 ta teasing. or "exompe rea icon of ha very short oto ost leery amolraatwety to he onde Bt aarp ni ers ‘feumure ofa ong op oe ‘ont go int te deriatons, but har eth expressions for datastons fe tre pest eam or spring we i o For Sin upon = oo fer Lodotet layouts — oe tetas [eins veer Linea tatu or compton — ‘ce tevin rrp lt tat aye wing tock ach Shoda wi undo be easy noe ‘ring a example ot ht Sroeead Young's Mose at Eneiety “tor te more common ‘matralsae gvenintha aie oppose etre detection atthe ot Jeno = ax5xoo1si2 $= wH9er ax 29 00 000 oto 00 as) = osx toeer 2 distin gro oat ete tt ore mare ae Roe eee Tesi siere re serena ienten er, sonic Souasioe tiered one ae ‘aor Maximo Young’ Workingstess Modulus eisai. "neh Unite ‘erbon Spin Sel Tempered 75000 23,900000 ‘ado deat,z108, Spring Tempee 75000 ‘000.000 Boryium Copper,CBI01, WH Temper 60,000 18,000,000 TURNOL Fine Fabia ‘000 "150.000 ‘ote te quate of baryiiom copper, wich wil work w te sme o alghiy Fig svees thon sel but wt provide tome &D% move dofacton ~ hep ‘when “set eae meth hanging 10 268 onge (aren! Yor trae have ven fae he se" one and ayo any beam Ins ament orto wil spy fers Spaccal for uso wan spring tut fet ‘ret of proportioning springs to Soryapeste leads andar tne gare tine ‘ronde scent resiance. So fone ot elosisumat ts pesieto designs Simp spring wot ea ut icone lose ge hohe Bor ‘Swit deflect ata Or nosmeseraty ie ot a a ae nk‘rod oulbe more ay orig t clr the eng bocsing would be ‘wie jutundor Sin doe, nthe etc would be pat ove a Sarin or ‘ra Tn ok it lng those tn Ser since firming te ck eae are it Sich tet secant ‘Fa oul remeron te BDI ad i ‘woreda Dandinerene seemze we eat inp th seni le opel tha in we “could tnd romauhar on te locometie fai Epringe or wade the ri-geuge We Shnvet couse sate CAN cat tp neo Scr onast thar sien one atone Oe ‘ter iomatesiominatodspring Tee ne Coding Tristeone hate secs ne ring, by snoring the instars {hetaeaca vm othe “hates: tenga sir arengemert can be how in Fp. 3G) he wee, thn Pit died incor anon Ital ne nave the amingted sting wih taney, show sen okang ate (Ghisthetsplstesimutton Wecemat ow" tee ater seme ‘Ban'wow "6 Thue sometimes the me bitnae tiny nde nee iSite srng anions eb eet when ata (tdotacanowetyeltbeleves touch ach atte such at sa ony Sth, nat tee tne enon ‘king ho somite spring of Rg anenmpa teapraninn inerrant thea ‘ekrtt te nit Boore? “ine” inlrty Y"berwean ‘Ueto (12) and a} wih hove oF and 0) is apparent, whan ts Srembord wt =" a0%e and t= ‘Nek ova dpi spingCHAPTER 7 Leaf Spring Design ~ orate formule for dtaction. Th {fourm column gs tha rat WA. The frat column rferto carne eral braivingyou na momen Yous nt zune mae conn ‘ste dant ad "Soenginess”, Those format . aa ee summarised able REF || "7 iii |we rSyoucnn urement 02a tick tin. wide or one Ot ex» D2 Soa © Sawa nen, timbers nave shown tthe top of Ne har sna "morpolte between the Siping "rte ato gat 8 Imig uso 28s tea in wide. tuemto g 38 hare te ong ws tal sng ames {iin eocton tr vr ro She'chck tt sO Pt the now Frown valor of¥i in Bandito tne ‘Sao ana ap Weodibeegin, wrk ie te isocony Ba Te owe nd yu ge = 0298 | inact on myosin ier inset are te (Show 20006 nea poge wd Eicon Readt eal tae 5 en at Yow old Seren tere tear attmetormalaeincolumn ofthe Stara) - asnse70) x ae) Tus, though bass ie te wer Souma tang then hos acento as ther Forms Spring ‘tteminad trong. 38 shoul be iii Tare shown IMatisiine figures poofThe tar Thus Safa vung ha ae ot iains read othe etcton fort 3SE Se a multiply by (105) by & Tree Bieler oes on Pa owe nad ne menos of evluning sows eastonea megs tees rom cans and Tobe burt ive FL nan determine’ by meaning Sesnown nig 0 Important Note tho soto spring nat be we Fo » © Iota cambaron th spring io rest etween ie and spring ahaces ntameticeme:‘metal (fo woaten mast othe awe, Ercole Big wan Sn 1g 1 hows the stengemect, wre tater sts bates heer on ‘Complex, When fest intfodueed most Fiching tat can and does cont recon use th fat 10 ‘woapings onesbove na ont ke Soh eect ele ‘TRUE’ dafiacion so far 96 stess Is oncernd ithe shange i rg of ‘Satire Tha changeit be oneal fern tg Tener in both prt tthe String so tong a they se tether end ‘they orbouneto do. oa (O=t = theknesotteat) (= Eos = 20M/18M = 26.2096, ‘2, om Table th ato of for sta shatumoteaais ‘Sein, Sut hava of sesses i be ‘tert the sess fa for ony et par the ein Ack 8 (wandtarethesametor both materi _—_— — => Fete Ws = zoMmtutex nerd histhe numer fai ees Iisteenumbe oft ewes Wie = ooewettats nin wows (1955 08) tne vaicr fs and an tha niet otiaves tency assuming intrest retance| that opt eaves il oe sie ecg) and tnon art eave” Tnen api Fig 37 aha or he rmais oso or ete you mst tae iow seman ee sae ey and or a ey) tm oout Ean) oe" pernape’ 7 leaves in alan Serntryfor ee oe Wet fou can then flow one of two (2) Use the charts igs 37 ana 38 for ‘muliptied by the length of the top leat ‘Thenatn ut tne spring pring nthe ter fies out uae ‘sort "Or Calculate te valve of We fo ‘mownlueofirtalingantne tel avee seoe dene rn Er. = {igh anesample nor) (eile sore attao tsk oroa roma cats fgathin oe 00 So) ney down Sra, Sn or al Hower ‘henge the matatal ef ho mastr fea, ‘he'd being fo fnd» sate roof Exvoungenoguedivded by worting Sten Urarrataly the oes nat “oki ouror yours et Besar Teovrsresog wal fer tothe ure of Ph the ooenen of elaborate compute Ss besa our oer of auc t and go" Roop Hoole wih tbe drmenetone wh ccmny 0p ne es let — an dont helps eet sno tho uly tat Ses yee nlf some Foc wnat tf worth | nd hat over the ‘oval or Wola ange of ruber of ‘tows the Tal pot behaves more ot (SSvfaa aa ses! eaves ban sro ‘Stethtean ewe ieioos ae ares ‘rodent to mate up a tel sorng afer {hecstclaons have ven yous ule. ‘alatianthe Sanh, Once you ave estimate the detection. nar scoe” ire {aa felon» pon of 37a. (oan cana sn wide Coluote {ne numba o iaaees o uo! and te ‘ial daacon i it le at undor {Besimar att cow a atom es Fa Boos meer fe shown From ‘anata Dat alt «tf teat Met assamedtne longs of nebo Ieitoserinosiensuner othe) From E08 seeing el 7 Tt, We Wr 1306 HenceWs = ‘2511306 956 f= 290) From hig 32K = 122 From Fg 38.rending rom = 12h 1 yes and 2 Oda Ths too Tee tee int Sing, and wen checing fom Fg, 38 Seishin seats asae aS Sse mci Seeggaremates como i i Soe mare "Si stro ratio fs now 16, the other eo roman. (18) W~ 15516 (theta on onc ea Wee anrande = 902, sensor See aa eas 2 a ia ee Insert use tne simpler of the to formulae for deecign “on Tobe, ator han ouse ig 38 on coven {Song oC Seas and Soong -- Seuss 2 Sse raes = = 10000375 iowm-0@ ‘seo vasonable igure, ana though the leave. are aight thar than ‘tina osted forthe watt Yor flog remains aly tocheat ese ‘inh Ch Sours tis soring ofan. wid eaves to 0 ‘hamechining of hearts bce wh {owns Bron nal ae ‘eit ohty Cdn at The “Late” Soring ‘etate te previous example, with ti {Woe we shold eppereney now only Move’ butsoch aula be mage up of ‘number of much ther lati of ‘ides ths method wes let Siagosted bythe aaa SSC" ‘Sosdontage whichibest us recom aac peck igNo 32 attain near ough ai Is oniy doen thcker ge To sth one i hare ht Frm Fig 38." for 32609, «O82 ota 2 ‘here treferone infor tot ot 40 Tepe, zo uee thor an may nen = 60, onan = 4 ea Botte reaued salve st Wie we fool nye wg wk ‘oo x 2708 lea00bfe0n ‘onedoabieoveroes capac thus Max ste load ~ 26 » 70,00048.200 iow heh tecion om Fo. 38. Stereo a ,totoeeq in Tues ‘eats = 09 x 000070000 = Bitinesaylonsaca eceeee ernest Seo seer ares Tears eer el Caetano ae eee eos Seas se canes at | Berane ‘The Slotted Spring {ingot soso eppearance dan to but he others ae slot a shown tet to he fl wih of fe let feet counting a6 820 in number (The tei Shr fon fol a oy bo a wie 6) sof hom soe ta ida than he wth Sb to weno the Ghar orformulst20e 039 0:6 8) 2 sotot the number flee. ‘aloe sy 8 cared efectve (Bony and iho manera eater Mis tet Sings ' {hespig ater mantra ‘Roeteinie noes aig ‘tin sae eng Min i pin whieh eaely le atest thre s00thenin or ete spn = Seige tn et eh eins probasty duet he ead elo taping ea Design uncertainties Pie ed the tem “uncer (becouse the dierences tween the ‘heated rests and toss hom eis Seemed Sia a ese ee rad But for ‘aur puroasas the method wil Streit offce to get vavonabe fat ‘Some the sources of uncertainty wore “ageina" te ‘too elghbour “ag ottaye: The Seto res Ths ficion Phe eee at wi ot septegon of aa the defcton wit esi, 10 lp the shock bsorbers ods ave cnc "Second the base assumptions. We theory of bending” in enlysing the thts bese assumptions. that the Sectional geet ‘Sree ad “amg tery? at the teat apaiteto curved beam tmuch more complicated isu Sete’ by perhaps So or 20, The Serer she wl be aight higher but ‘cinta cae 31's amondanapes sing Ist fara he anc fos om ona Shi means thet NOT waa prot {eit sgl lot in slason frond fea detection sn then ay tat icra tecenbiediggtaarh cy “he theory ie ot ton far oct for te pring se. whan bat twa oun ene apr Sow mut rn theuhotesorng Tne etecthere may Er eiher wan depending "onthe umn a operons of he sting ‘inal taraoae you lok st Tale o1 (page 88, you wi 08 that in every Coleen wee muting seve eft Thus you ae 1 otin bath See ee gommemmieccn Frere ted eee eer cee le Set a oe actyctanseneince wt seogiama ranges Soman atoeraes CHAPTER 8 Making Leaf Springs ‘sta ete, but i ty tocar te fom wh realy mater The ie of roe "the Marea have seesy {ine then an Young Mss houoh to wey about Hwee you sing tel you may na yoursel¢ way te tay hse and canbe| anes ‘Pacino hast rested wh no ‘Seat Gwen “olsun ne! aren nd emp to sping ua ‘oud be aren or out 70 Sy sr Sn orp “Kastemporng process. described in ‘Taunt - Argue Bosk."Tes gs ‘uch Boer quay, sha provided you ‘Thr shouls be he sma fora anes — ow shout NOT mata th rod of ach are ie ge thaw forthe Sacer to ee gh omer gure temo race Thi sosembied ‘ol hat fh et ‘ay care to design for feb ft a (se) {08k owerona Proved: ata thatthe esc, de otek 8 Snee re beeen om seen an tte “eee, —Q —& ‘ve the same curvstureit ie casiest The entre shckle must be designed to ive" load is one which can vary oer Serce gees pmeneamnes Sat ee eee mye O to io mines at 120 doy ish uracsias ‘eye fond Tog aoaqust at th ay (ana “ie thou bo mat bot ah com ave made up 8 maior ia his wey {Reo thar Nr Ean cone 5 3 before poo Sringbec, “and_ you ping seta od ot ee Bait bu ths prety expos Sepcrment String! the tok eto use shor Werseel Saya and har wort Sung spesaiy co's metel formar i sea Inve stublength ai very hh eeour ow 8 ~ bearing ent Bric wor houng 2 few lengths of Timetor't tpt upto tempat lineage benng wie uso No 28 of Bec for te so of ab 1079 0 costing” amo the aye rather than to tela, ‘va backing poo of tou coped Lat Length ‘neal im he ort of ach fovcatehardenad tae "ie tern sto machine ne top elow shouldbe dat foul be VERY shan, and tose we toa hom these alten nat rat Seale cating of the ‘ve oy earbon tea dat opposed | do NOT recommend hardened ana ‘vs nat sift = sounds fo Showninfig e-butipreterso atime 12 MSS) of stub length wit td te tempered stver set fr such pins. oes una stout ai wie ponod ‘eiolmot netomat mang fio Ste at Erechecring ves cht wet Yuhawe sachin in woo owe thcenre bus an notmorevnanone ano 2 ante for te “Thewe fermuloe wil gs, spidly soldat the sng Sr to» pace ot {ro a length ote op ieat g emalipineanadout tot modalionds, tid sel frst Siow tr to, gos Etthey ean bo wal won ceegnng Pat ofthe mater mtn 9 “Miles reatance™ ust pt inthe Agues for fa at quiche han ming a than present probleme. Fs, howe the the FULL SE" SPRING, wort out tho mil down to. thou 2 "Iho ovr [ihe Sines sich pv oon Taisa gue eat ae $e and then rauce the late to tke the nal choving Song thon \erevor posible you shou aye ‘hte no tp ens he some erat, eae ‘tw ne feo got» gondii The real protlam comes. won ‘The"ande are then shaped nd dled, imatingtne onde Mos pacions’s the len carve ahd then beet eas Bowery top one bong tad ne yore want utyou un aor imocne op'be oer and Wan See Abas mie Nt oe tan Beene ttle nite kOe fs teed may NOT ent Be toll "Eqs. Twa hye any 900 dey 8 or 80 doh ly Seated rl cin tn fore Serle Se get wre SUIT Sy nets a oe «Sua con aping' sa the mug ec enn deg oes oe ‘ST tte morc re ne Siraente iui otte tig say Sie et nd Pell sp a eal sae or thesingo Gnd ecantonuhy, on son To at She weratrmotn erent Serey" "0 Gog en bea food camropiccolapee tut re Seeoniy ou mest cos antares SS eos EF gatos st fee i Saup es me can open wth year onthe Orang srogn by maven raceme snd esata ta tout SRELTEEANS sunt cars pees shes} oumustawetteandiortoee wines aeatoxh ie at See rg wat Be tome by Saari Seiny'ioy ACE este of'a"Tona sanded esa ncengotte sor faye snap Rerariicte or FSR an bat ne aie snng Ste "ing th een ota png tnt pcitempeneunignecearyTo putes fowl cok fae nd Weber cmon taeesocorot Einope purewsoorarte toying forsee pace hape seam Imonons) euldnis aratvean don ChAponetotenbmsure led . = rmThe Stor mene who have Age or Rayourn cocks or 2 mute amass Sndvnetec isgoingbactothe iad Srued for midst den orvortt wo spring sec’ We se the ‘Sechrdening or rather erbrisng ‘roceas youlook bck o Fg 3 ge {ehyou wl remembar thatthe -worana et Sabet Toston oot Sr don tlt woud 8 {halon il behave™nface th tees Sirs may rood to HIGH a crbon il simple, Moke the spina nf orgeting to pu the hes an he ‘ire i rom mid ses (Dont ah ‘Become noieunulyoueve formed the during the bending) you use BOMS IRroszed outer shin. Seta bol though “Shama nt and hen put he ooo ee) mast ied vith ‘se Sol te he wth fe lo man wl doy but story eth ‘Stover geting im Sate never ‘mutta heia up 850.90 gop on ‘Reheat ate hgetebos sneer Saute (il deo ie SS moni wy sn eps ‘Thi snot easontil but dogs refine ‘he Oram of the uncaroarsed ore Te Now sabes tho fa 0 hea Nonna fompestae 70 iemgaraseacin eg Cy Ronoe tBsmm hie. Even hr, hve ‘ound nat solving th por to a lock SrA anh alte: vn Ie igor betes carne. “bur ig Bt mat mtn» iethnan tat bt etning Sree Ug Fatt ov ‘etna eating a up to 99 deg oesna arm butmay gre too hes cel 1594 shows an experimental spring mace mig way, 275, ong etna Bee fe ys 86, ck and ‘cor barn dnc bee eo te fret opstation Aker pouring 2nd texming the crn (no care hos wa ieeueemetacer ona rear at eka ngher incite "San weer R TE Se sae ‘tet han 0.00, 1.00 ete. Sin, the oad beng leased betonen ‘83h spent car permanant Siacotbucgin. “Faure” occured Something vee 16000bNsain = Fa. Thad hoped fr an timate sess of ind aad Kotent No. t= wh is aay tended ler Spent cpa, Nowe ‘cedure avai, anon nes ait ‘rely cin caroug or ir thaprosaaureune tented ot Fete spingr ach hve made tne "Rw sape rye tan or Pra sonia tization on lat tert, forthe record) o wn hee Samed" ona” subaequerty Sopris the inpomanee ofthis Model {Binge should fe aesembled wth Woneane "and "be aorta 2 . ° a e feet ee maszesar, loaded toa stress of 0, 000Ibt qn, ora'digmeci. Sioa saat eee ieee teatome since sence ton im citar ceomonaiia {esvoe wh ip oti eel fearCHAPTER 9 Torsion Springs Aas of my ae al emer te gt by neal adopt a ‘The col sringin terion Fig 51 Loading condone on torsion anes ee in hema of om on septa arr feroundae vn St om forage T= gy eS: Apc smi made oon ‘Ta det stress tothe “ut” onthe iy clare pe LDADIARES, |Ton Mist! secbieain NB'pinasiest ——sao.000" orsn.da Sails Sto Very varie. Const howphor bron trator dateshecte Monel met Colscotadehoet, xcept for monel these figure ato wi Sea Tobe ges frat sping regent, Eanes ene te {Re ein i mat be canada eaeeciteten Eerogeaerm se eet Emegetermeart ss Sean Sen nent cach ptt en etc eet sada fone Seca tatataaeen' a eda asa oe usualy ned degroes of numberof ‘Mine Th epresstone spy = ARTO peottiont (21) 2e0sT0 ecanguler we: = STON. pevottions 2) ee 207M os Degrees earees N= Naoto © = Noung Modulus ‘Stet =30,00000 Benobine 8.000000 any t ue gen poo eater Stele in Bp. E's Nomograr due tone Re rot 8 asi whch mey mene rts 2 emir for hose wh fig Enon Unforunatiy awe dered eth ay eg ae eva ‘The instructions ‘ae’ shown inthe Seaonintctan tutta let the same srng San dows uy {tal dogendng on hw yousam Sede ick pig uy Snape former ter. This simply the product ade the sine, Noe nan NOT The uns of wort = nc for re award” wits ae owe Spann ona sig ut ok Senden mechan towhehine example ‘ra ssing i rquiredodewlon ‘orgue of Seti ser 3 tne 9 ho ‘maar when ameter Find 'theworting secs a goa faq From Eq 9 naa ive 2 Se 2000 Tetaguberooto he a= 205 a the number of et, nvr Ea n= Deo! 230000000 x o0sai 10183 0878 (0=n wo stlow forte Bie od orem N= 568 20757 itt conrec ie) ort fon ais on Aon sate of ia ara in jain tough rots recie hone. pustas the Nometram: in 13, by th wa ‘rez maybe alte concenate)Oppo Fig 5 Dateton athe! springsintosion apeast ‘wih anisA: connect the twisting mement withthe thcknose oF wire and note TTTt UBB Ciinwmrosonimisintrsecran wit conectnesngiee ne |B rertorercote eevorptsnowstnaresquare restate! hovings modes rly of. 0 meanrng on ae wound ig ‘faatnan Note The chart dows nt incudethecomecion ctor refered ‘nou fe ‘Use Ean (8 romemring ht for ameter — 10. ea nating of he T= Pxe=Px 07) Hiereal tatiana oS nor wee eqnnsto ‘serene Spartans ee erate aa eens mm Galati bey tonetese the wie caret oy 0% in ite deacton— the numberof tne or ‘Sores of twat provige tore ‘ngs ate vba fren ‘riese we U's fay gor sna Yo aaw bom or otange in boning sees an Forroundwi, = tollongen of wie eerie aa wea should be used, with Ein sain. Secs cesta ee Upton, Newark, Nets ‘ron Hel oie area te bar ot fot caring power cept that he ” we ree 8) wed = 2 Tater or 4 ETE eres 8 UC fenath of stein or mm. & 2 Selbtiosain oto For hollow shat fiterna ameter (26) ana ae bacon 7 2 Hota 2s) a, (2a) Tabet opened [Meteial Gita. G Newton! 5 toooloo Sem Sooo Soluble worang near sere or auch eo Seo Hestesas Siherstest 63. 000¥empueato Bones 22,000 Beira Stes foots x 23000) DS a2okincee FeedFrom an 26invenaa 04 160 aon one & = mesincnes sersonete ee robin ta cnet Sara ca ne Eormarurenees Riainemteieeee Ces 3 “Gxt = aon 30050 ena = 034 0.008508 ‘0 = one + 005588 ons p= 0.85 (We should not be working to cater neary 22 sng, Check for yours the Seon We noe asd in. ‘0d bar ie 2 times, Rewer More withstands fegue’ conditions, much ‘eter than gti ber wor goinothe ‘nso for tse oan thet he ait We can vse the holm spring mojo th avold onto esate ‘steembiy men more compar. TheConcantic Torsion ar oe fg 26 er have 9 std pi fl inside» holo one, socvey unt et Fass sea tmple bush or tenuid be need need be only hal tht we found, 534m. ‘bemadeup.asonassombiy and inated “Beever thee tors bat Searing ate rT cr oad ‘Sofponsion® (a 889 Vana 0") had ‘ing o htype thou the im pracies, to atacent at “A Spies erat ey good enough ana {he jot shoul be wesc or bred, ‘hs! may' meen sing unheat ested gh a ae {ENae te on cuarpe) the use of AG2 {Fear Re ar ring oor wit ‘oul baer be ighty eared at ‘tamer and gouge ken could be sd rte ie Fay tare Fee (and nde Before going on, tothe next section, {hore nt 9 ta "patal cee” hh ‘opty to springs in Sending cand {he seasonal une! eanirmation tthch mey be found ig. 9 shows to {Sema of iat or athe sping hers theberhes been oporadtnertano the estan i evan ofthe ght a) or curved (0) The {hlkness, ty ie dtormines cary he ‘Shear lone such tarot = Wi For ‘Sng termed her stl {othadenditounsesscy etter omnated spring with but one leat = feethe oxampe appa Eoee and U5 pag se decom wi ond fhe “comvensona method, ae ho "Seu s tperod one. the analysis eine ‘camo, bat rnzonble anu Where = max bending areas Stal ona ateprine (Cugatng 69 — Youngs Modulus FroshCHAPTER 10 I.C. Engine Valve Springs= 1010 116 convnint, but even lrg ou began of moc amine Fara ey opel te ca lowe tb the aul rrp a you an ea {her athough the Em has foto’ ony ‘Bruah he athe le scaly troremortedita fos ower wed at Fh secon ry pei in ibn kg isso ee te 2 me nevodof pling he it etm cn Sorta or Sei Sa ee has aon roeasured” at avery 8 38 tough ‘oy nwh we show mathe loeuratenecent often henry lovato Ser ‘aro Fae, Naa arvertag 0 “ume' ot ogetog ih {nectar aa ouraoee nga ‘gine makes a0o‘pm the com ratee Sr 908 ea oe 80 Soars finde. Tet ovina inmitgconde (01 sae) and ithe ‘cours be setup ae maximum Spon etchibcom noe Teving plted this cure a8 at Fa 2k we now conver Gapicamant 1 ‘ay. Wort ot tne alocy in ete, Srmetone ats age tit war vwioey is mie wa Hab is Oar ee, ‘orl be 00a From "ote" te Stasiionlita'tso%memean sony Sor apart ibe. Ana soon, son ‘hovwnoiscurve usuaty mates {he igus and hen patter on carve {B) Gort frost nat eiethe morsaein I Serwoen tw pois wee. tiie nd, noe ota 3 ch ote. The mun wleey one tame tng Bonn sur ——— (a-bandcogan batoncune ete Ltheleath of tna /00 see ran Sinpv mut by 100. an plot ‘rll of sceoetn oo ound om ure G"soanatnemi'pomte Thesestons Ait bom tones eae’ od ‘Srge“ocany iooonees aro hoe a og rou wl “u""now neve 9 graph of the ‘cclsraion ove the whol of te fariod ofthe cam, and eau using ts, ‘keane the forces sitar Fotos = is Signe” (Wise and force satan cts Scns ma sna fo Se ionta he Ecc mea toe Sameer Scicotececeante force a well ox of secoertion es cameo rece ow ane of FORCE ees Fg 63 Graphical etemination fab ltteteraton rom he licuve. ‘ot’ Thea corer relative oy thdarenotto cans aynteract the forts Wo can use this ‘ieaty "to determine ‘ho ony the Imovimum sping lnc nes, but ‘omograms | Rave’ oesdy shown 10 Seatgthespring “he dota ine on Fig. 64 shows the fat spprnimatos tothe epg foe reséedTunualy ow sbout 8 morepom of ‘rerspeed before valve bounce occurs Sra ot enure, i wokebounde BOES {th page thi ay heb Nop that eel on sh most be igure Rescind Rese ces Secs os Sat eiiiser ae nent EES earn Sek eames iieeitaremeaioars Soomacmenewes Shoiecnlymoebans Fest Determination of Seringrte Soot ‘erorecodue su one tn Some sevimeinanents mee nn tering up. te” eve spring ut ‘educing tha itl force, a sown Dy the na et prone the condiion brevous procure, woking tom the Piaseatelaton fore vnen-hoad ‘Ti dasndtnena dan above te {Reproduce with permission om ‘Disel Engine Deign by £0. Heshow, pbtahedby Goo Newnes 150) {eorestcurve (the fl ine shows the ‘Stang or Sas te ent doned ine recat to. 22 but ave Zo cr vt donee date ie design “developed he high inl Som hie) at ded vid elminned simply te pv ante Eton ie ae th fpacicabe masta bemadel) Yas Gone Mass {end the frees you ned o know he wlohe ase tbe secure of Me ‘Bectectimoalngestnaticata te wig, weve, Problem with rokye Homma taunt i se it ace, er ay Bosh th Sree ‘Spring Viraon Fi, 66The verti of any & Reirson atcha F = 2204 oydennec nay Sern on = Paneer att Sree saya Be ieaeaese cet Sete aes Senter ctr, oe Afertnt the procedreisoacty he ati sel tar eae Beer tows the meters! 2 (0 Tangent Flank, agra) orf = fowin ( ie2tnt0 ) = (Curved Pans Dig) tow [ omos Semestasnte ne ean s (i Com Nowe Oigramto anda) i= sates in cearees X= ean ottteune f.6 Acelertionsquations fortwo types ofcam, Note tht equation i lating {ene am nose sth sare or bth types. Raprodvet. with permission fm ‘lee Engine Design by TD Halonen publhed ty Geo. Newnes i, 780) =‘gonctUsioN te toolnning,Toleranees on Sls, tink looked a most ofthe meter and oeennneas ‘Setomatone sping a 1b eo. say ren, ot ‘tate yu tpt tps ih theft spe woot =e Pri, pr, tbl You war wi able ro ay | ' \ meme 7 i “Ses : | 3 ‘OTHER 00KS BY THE SAME AUTHOR ine & Binge eam Engine “May” 1 an Busing ne Oven Engine Gaosna" i ad Eiting Seve Woe! Star Eines a Maren Tonpcng an Het Tester (ee : Sine wenshop Orvees 4) ean ene ‘2 : ‘ertnop Oring tapers = methe pressure’s on MODEL ENGINEER || won’t let you down we 1 cr CITY LieRARIES 004 683 436 E 2035087"