Guidelinesofslopemaintenence PDF

CERUN 1 Guidelines on Slope Maintenance in Malaysia
GUIDELINESON
SLOPEMAINTENANCE
INMALAYSIA
August2006
Preparedby:
SlopeEngineeringBranch
PublicWorksDepartmentMalaysia
JalanSultanSalahuddin
50582KualaLumpur
Malaysia
i
ii
FOREWORD

These guidelines on slope maintenance in Malaysia are prepared by adopting and
modifying Geoguide 5: Guide to Slope Maintenance, produced by the Geotechnical
EngineeringOffice,CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartment,HongKong.
Thisguidepresentsarecommendedstandardofgoodpracticeforthemaintenanceofman
madeslopesandretainingstructures,disturbedterrainfeaturesandnaturalterrainhazard
mitigationmeasures.Itisaimedprimarilyattheengineeringprofession,butwillbeofuse
tootherpartiesconcernedwithslopesandretainingstructuresmaintenance.Itallowsslope
ownerstoaccordmaintenanceeffortstoslopesandretainingstructureswithrespecttotheir
consequences. It also addresses other issues, including maintenance requirements for
disturbed terrain features and measures implemented for the mitigation of natural terrain
hazard.
ThepreparationofthisguideisundertheoveralldirectionofaTechnicalCommittee.The
membership of the Technical Committee, given on the next page, includes representatives
from PWD Slope Engineering Branch and various government agencies with slope
maintenanceresponsibility.Consultationamongprofessionalbodies,consultingengineers,
contractors, academics and other government departments was made. Many individuals
and organisations made very useful comments, which have been adopted to produce this
guide.Theircontributionsaregratefullyacknowledged.
As with other guides produced by PWD Slope Engineering Branch, this document gives
guidance on good engineering practices, and its recommendations are not intended to be
mandatory.PractitionersareencouragedtoprovidecommentstoPWDSlopeEngineering
Branch at any time on the contents of this guide, so that improvements can be made to
futureeditions.
DatoIrDrAshaariMohamad
SlopeEngineeringBranch
PublicWorksDepartment
August2006
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TECHNICALCOMMITTEE:
SlopeEngineeringBranch,PublicWorksDepartment
Y.Bhg.DatoIrDrAshaariMohamad
Ir.ShabriShaharom
Ir.KamarKassim
Ir.HjAbdHamidHjMdDaud
Tn.HjAbuHarithShamsuddin
En.Mohd.NazanAwang
En.Mohd.AnuarMohd.Yusof
En.RoslanIsmail
En.AbdRahmanPandi
En.MohamadSanusiARahman
En.SharifudinMdArif
En.KamalBahrinJaafar
En.SuhaimiJamaludin
CikRosminahAhmad
CikLeeSheauFeng
En.AzmiMamat
RoadBranch,PublicWorksDepartment
En.AbdulMutalifAbdulHamed
MalaysianHighwayAuthority
PuanSitiAtikaaHanomHadie
PuanZarinaZahari
En.AhmadIskandarAbdulKadir
AmpangJayaMunicipalCouncil
En.HasrolnizamShaari
DrainageandIrrigationDepartment
Dr.MdNasirMdNoh
LocalGovernmentDepartment
Ir.TanOnChin
DepartmentofDirectorGeneralofLandsandMines
En.MuhammadFaridGirip
MacroworksSdnBhd(Secretariat)
Y.BhgDatoIrDrRamliMohamad
En.JimjaliAhmed
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CONTENTS
Page
No.
TITLEPAGE...i
FOREWORD...iii
TECHNICALCOMMITTEE.....iv
CONTENTS......v
LISTOFTABLES.....viii
LISTOFFIGURES..ix
LISTOFPLATES.x
1. INTRODUCTION...1
1.1 PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFTHISGUIDE..1
1.2 MAINTENANCERESPONSIBILITY...2
2. MAINTENANCEMANAGEMENT4
2.1 MAINTENANCEMANAGEMENTACTIONS.4
2.2 MAINTENANCEMANUALS..9
2.3 COORDINATEDAPPROACHTOSLOPEMAINTENANCE.12
2.4 MAINTENANCERECORDS..12
3. MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSFORMANMADESLOPESAND
RETAININGSTRUCTURES.....13
3.1 ROUTINEMAINTENANCE..........13
3.2 ENGINEERINSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCE.......19
3.3 REGULARCHECKSOFBURIEDWATERCARRYINGSERVICES....22

3.4 ACCESSANDSAFETYPRECAUTIONS..23
3.5 REGULARMONITORINGOFSPECIALMEASURES...........23
4. TECHNICALASPECTSOFMAINTENANCEFORMANMADESLOPES
ANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES...27
4.1 GENERAL..27
4.2 SURFACEPROTECTIVECOVERONSOILSLOPES.28
v
4.3 SURFACEDRAINAGE29
4.4 GROUNDWATERSEEPAGE.30
4.5 ROCKSLOPES..30
4.6 TREES.31
4.7 BOULDERS....32
4.8 RETAININGSTRUCTURES...32
4.9 WATERCARRYINGSERVICES33
4.10 SLOPEFURNITURE.34
4.11 CLASSIFICATIONOFOVERALLSTATEOFSLOPEMAINTENANCE...34
4.12 REASSESSMENTOFCONSEQUENCETOLIFECATEGORY35
4.13 CHECKINGANDCOMMENTSFORSLOPEANDRETAINING
STRUCTURES36
4.14 UNAUTHORISEDCULVATION...36
4.15 PRIORITISINGMAINTENANCEACTIONS..36
4.16 INDEPENDENTAUDITOFENGINEERINSPECTIONFOR
MAINTENANCEREPORTS...37
5. PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKS..38
5.1 GUIDELINESONPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKS..38
6. MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSFORDISTURBEDTERRAINFEATURES...40
6.1 GENERAL..40
6.2 PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS40
6.3 FREQUENCYOFMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS..40
6.4 MAINTENANCEWORKS..41
7. MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSFORNATURALTERRAINHAZARD
MITIGATIONMEASURES....43
7.1 GENERAL..43
7.2 MAINTENANCEMANUALFORNATURALTERRAINHAZARD
MITIGATIONMEASURES.43
7.3 ROUTINEMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONSFORMITIGATION
MEASURES44
vi
7.4 FREQUENCYOFROUTINEMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS..45
7.5 ENGINEERINSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCEOFMITIGATION
MEASURES45
7.6 OTHERMEASURES.45
8. SOURCESOFINFORMATION............47
8.1 INFORMATIONPROVIDERS....47
8.2 DOCUMENTS...48
REFERENCES.49
APPENDIXAINDICATIVEFORMATFORMAINTENANCEMANUALFOR
MANMADESLOPESANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES.51
APPENDIXBINDICATIVERECORDSHEETSFORROUTINEMAINTENANCE
INSPECTIONANDWORKS.61
APPENDIXCEXAMPLEOFTERMOFREFERENCEFORENGINEER
INSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCEFORPRIVATESLOPES..69
APPENDIXDSCOPEOFSERVICESFORENGINEERINSPECTIONFOR
MAINTENANCEFORGOVERNMENTSLOPES77
APPENDIXEEXAMPLEOFTERMOFREFERENCEFORSTABILITY
ASSESSMENTSFORPRIVATESLOPESORRETAINING
STRUCTURES...83
APPENDIXFINDICATIVERECORDSHEETSFORENGINEERINSPECTIONS
FORMAINTENANCE..89
APPENDIXGINDICATIVEFORMATFORMAINTENANCEMANUALFOR
NATURALTERRAINHAZARDMITIGATIONMEASURES....101
APPENDIXHSAMPLECHECKLISTFORINFORMATIONSEARCHWHEN
CONDUCTINGENGINEERINSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCE...107
APPENDIXICONSEQUENCETOLIFECATEGORY111
GLOSSARYOFTERMS.115
vii
LISTOFTABLES
Table Page
No. No.
TABLE3.1 RECOMMENDEDFREQUENCYOFROUTINEMAINTENANCE
INSPECTIONS...15
TABLE3.2 TYPICALROUTINEMAINTENANCEWORKSFORSLOPESAND
RETAININGSTRUCTURES...17
TABLE3.3 RECOMMENDEDFREQUENCYOFENGINEERINSPECTIONSFOR
MAINTENANCE..20
TABLE4.1 CLASSIFICATIONOFDEFECTSONINDIVIDUALMANMADE
ITEMS.35
TABLE4.2 CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMFOROVERALLSTATEOFMAINTENANCE
OFSLOPESANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES...35
TABLE6.1 RECOMMENDEDFREQUENCYOFMAINTENANCE
INSPECTIONS...40
TABLE6.2 REQUIREMENTSFORUNDERTAKINGMAINTENANCE
WORKS...41
viii
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure Page
No. No.
FIGURE2.1 TYPICALPLANOFSLOPES/RETAININGSTRUCTURESTOBE
MAINTAINED..10
FIGURE3.1 TYPICALMANMADEITEMSONSLOPESANDRETAINING
STRUCTURESTHATREQUIREMAINTENANCE....14
FIGURE5.1 TYPICALPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKSFORSOIL
SLOPES...............39
FIGURE5.2 TYPICALPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKSFORROCK
SLOPES...39
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LISTOFPLATES
Plate Page
No. No.
PLATE2.1 WELLMAINTAINEDSLOPESURFACECOVER...5
PLATE2.2 POORLYMAINTAINEDSLOPESURFACECOVER..6
PLATE2.3 WELLMAINTAINEDSURFACEDRAINAGEMEASURES......7
PLATE2.4 POORLYMAINTAINEDSURFACEDRAINAGEMEASURES.....8
PLATE3.1 ABNORMALFEATURES....18
PLATE3.2 EXAMPLEOFACCESSFORSLOPEINSPECTIONAND
MAINTENANCE..25
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFTHISGUIDE
Regularmaintenanceisessentialforallmanmadeslopesandretainingstructures,disturbed
terrainfeaturesandnaturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasurestoavoiddeteriorationorto
upkeeptheirfunctions.
The purpose of this guide (Cerun 1) is to recommend a standard of good practice for the
maintenance of manmade slopes and retaining structures, disturbed terrain features and
hazard mitigation measures provided to natural terrain (e.g. boulder fences and check
dams).Thedocumentisaimedatprofessionalgeotechnical/civilengineers,althoughitwill
also be useful to the general public, many of whom carry responsibility for slope
maintenanceasownersofproperty.Thegeneralpublicmayrefertoanabridgedversionof
the guide: Laymans Guidelines to Slope Maintenance (Cerun 2), produced by Cawangan
KejuruteraanCerunJKRforsimplifiedguidanceonmattersrelatedtoslopemaintenance.
This guide deals basically with the maintenance inspections and maintenance works
necessary to keep in good condition welldesigned and properly constructed slopes and
retaining structures and manmade mitigation measures provided to natural terrain. The
maintenanceinspectionsandworksrecommendedhereincanalsoreducetheprobabilityof
instabilityofslopesandretainingstructuresanddisturbedterrainfeatureswhicharenotup
tothecurrentgeotechnicalstandardsfordesignandconstruction.
Maintenanceinspectionsaresubdividedintofourcategories:
(a) RoutineMaintenanceInspections,whichcanbecarriedoutbyanyresponsibleperson
withnoprofessionalgeotechnical/civilknowledge,

(b) Engineer Inspections for Maintenance, which should be carried out by a
professionallyqualifiedgeotechnical/civilengineer,

(c) RegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices,whichshouldbe carriedoutbya
specialistleakagedetectioncontractor,and

(d) Regular Monitoring of Special Measures, which should be carried out by experts in
theparticulartypeofmonitoringservicerequired.Suchmonitoringisonlynecessary
where the long term stability of the slope or retaining structure relies on specific
measureswhichareliabletobecomelesseffectivewiththepassageoftime.

Chapter2describestherecommendedapproachtomaintenancemanagementandprovides
guidanceonthenecessaryactiontobetakenforslopesandretainingstructures,disturbed
terrainfeaturesandnaturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasures.Inaddition,theimportance
ofaMaintenanceManualandmaintenancerecordsishighlighted.
1
Chapter 3 provides guidance on the scope of maintenance requirements for manmade

slopes and retaining structures, including the purpose and scope of Routine Maintenance
InspectionsandEngineerInspectionsforMaintenance.Itdescribestherequirementsforthe
frequencyandpersonnelfortheseinspections.Inaddition,theneedtoundertakeRegular
ChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServicesispresented.Italsooutlinestheneedfor,andthe
typesof,RegularMonitoringofSpecialMeasures.
Chapter 4 describes technical aspects of maintenance inspections pertinent to the well

keeping of manmade slopes and retaining structures, and Chapter 5prescribes the use of
preventivemaintenanceworkstoimprovemanmadeslopesandretainingstructures.
Chapter6givesguidelinesonthemaintenanceofdisturbedterrainfeatures.
Chapter 7 provides guidance on the maintenance of hazard mitigation measures that are
provided to natural terrain. The mitigation measures include stabilization measures to
prevent failure and defence measures to protect developments from landslide debris
originatingfromnaturalterrain.
It is important to remember that maintenance inspections and works as specified in this

guidewillonlyservetomaintaintheexistinglevelofstability(i.e.existingmarginofsafety
againstfailure),ortobringaboutmarginalimprovement.Thatistosay,slopemaintenance
alone may not be adequate in ensuring that a slope or retaining structure meets current
geotechnical standards (e.g. Geotechnical Manual for Slopes (GCO, 1984)). To determine
whethertheslopeorretainingstructuremeetstherequiredstandard,theownerortheparty
requiredtomaintainthelandmayhavetoarrangeforaStabilityAssessmenttobecarried
out by a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil engineer. Upgrading works will be
requiredincasetheslopeorretainingstructuredoesnotsatisfythecurrentsafetystandards.
1.2 MAINTENANCERESPONSIBILITY
In Malaysia, the responsibility for maintenance of land, including slopes and retaining
structures, rests with the owner, as defined in the Land Ordinance, or the party assigned
such a responsibility. Ownership is conferred by a lease document issued by the Lands
Department, such as a government lease or conditions of grant, conditions of sale, and
conditionsofexchange.Thepubliccanhaveaccesstotheseleasedocumentsandrecordsof
ownersattheLandRegistry.
Occasionally, the lease document issued by the Department of Lands and Mines may
includeaclauserelatingtomaintenanceresponsibilityforanareaoutsidethelotboundary,
as shown on a site plan attached to the lease document. Owners may also be liable for
maintenanceoflandadjoiningtheirlot,withoutsuchresponsibilitybeingstatedinthelease
document, when theyhave given themselvesresponsibility by their actions. For example,
they may have cut into adjoining land, an action which could render them responsible for
theslopemaintenanceundercommonlaw.
2
Private owners, including owners of individual flats in a multistorey building, have

opportunitiestoexaminetheleasedocumentsonpurchase.Theyshouldcarefullyexamine
theleasedocumentstoascertaintheextentofthelandtheyarerequiredtomaintain.Where
appropriate,professionaladvicemayneedtobesoughtfromlawyersorestatesurveyorson
theinterpretationoftheleasedocumentsinrespectofmaintenanceresponsibilities.
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR will maintain a Catalogue of Slopes that registers
sizeable manmade slopes on roads and retaining structures on any Government project
withinMalaysia.
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2. MAINTENANCEMANAGEMENT
2.1 MAINTENANCEMANAGEMENTACTIONS
A slope or retaining structure that is not properly maintained will deteriorate and may
becomesounstablethatitmaycollapseandcauseinjurytopersonsordamagetoproperty.
Ifthishappens,greatexpensemaybeincurredintheremedialworks.Retainingstructures,
except masonry walls, demand less maintenance on the wall structure but routine
maintenanceofthedrainageprovisiontothewallisessential.Examplesofwellmaintained
and poorly maintained slopes and retaining structures are shown in Plates 2.1 to 2.4.
Similarly,maintenanceofnaturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasuresisnecessarytoensure
theircontinuedfunctioning.
Owners or parties required to maintain land should undertake regular maintenance

inspectionsand works. They cando this themselves or through an agent. For slopes and
retaining structures maintained by a single owner, arranging maintenance action is fairly
straightforward.Forownersofindividualflatsinamultistoreybuilding,itisnecessaryin
practiceforanOwnersCorporationtodischargethemaintenanceresponsibilityonbehalfof
the individual owners, usually through a property management company. The Building
ManagementOrdinancerequirestheOwnersCorporationtomaintainthecommonpartsof
a building, which include slopes and retaining structures, in a state of good repair. The
Deed of Mutual Covenant, which is registered in the Land Registry, defines the rights,
interestsandobligationsofownersamongthemselves.Inthisdocument,theobligationsof
the owners, property managers and other parties, as appropriate, towards maintenance of
slopesorretainingstructuresshouldbedefined.
Forgovernmentslopes,individualdepartmentssetuptheirownsystemsasappropriateto
managetheirmaintenanceactions.
Ifaslopeorretainingstructurehasnotbeenproperlymaintainedbefore,theownerorparty
requiredtomaintainlandshouldtakethefollowingactions:
(a) Start Routine Maintenance Inspections and then carry out the maintenance works
needed.
(b) CommissionthefirstEngineerInspectionsforMaintenance (Section 3.2) as

soon as possible, particularly for slopes and retaining structures with no
MaintenanceManual.
Thereafter,maintenanceinspectionsandnecessarymaintenanceworksshouldbecarriedout
regularlyandasrecommendedintheMaintenance.
4
(a) VegetatedSurface

(b) GunitingSurface (c) StonepitchedSurface
Plate2.1WellmaintainedSlopeSurfaceCover
5

(a) VegetatedSurface

(b) GunitingSurface (c) StonePitchedSurface
Plate2.2PoorlymaintainedSlopeSurfaceCover
6

(a) VdrainalongToeofSlope (b) VdrainalongBermofSlope
(c) DrainandSump (d) CascadeDrain
Plate2.3WellmaintainedSurfaceDrainageMeasures
7
(a) UdrainatToeofSlope (b)VdrainalongBermofSlope
(c)CulvertatToeofSlope (d)SumpattoeofSlope
Plate2.4PoorlymaintainedSurfaceDrainageMeasures
8
2.2 MAINTENANCEMANUALS
In order to assist the owners or parties required to maintain land to appreciate the
maintenance requirements, the engineer who designs a slope or retaining structure or
naturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasureshouldprepareaMaintenanceManualaspartof
hisdesignservicesorrefertoarelatedstandardmanual,ifavailable.
A Maintenance Manual constitutes a key part of maintenance management. For existing

slopes,retainingstructuresordisturbedterrainfeaturesforwhichaMaintenanceManualis
not available, the engineer commissioned for Engineer Inspection for Maintenance or
responsibleforanyupgradingworksshouldpreparethisdocument.WhereaMaintenance
Manual is available, it needs to be updated by the engineer, where necessary, in each
EngineerInspectionforMaintenance.
A Maintenance Manual for manmade slopes and retaining structures should include the
followinginformation:
(a) a plan of the site showing the slopes and retaining structures to be maintained
(Figure2.1),
(b) recordsheetscontaininggeneralinformationontheslopesandretainingstructures,
(AppendixB)
(c) asbuilt plans and typical crosssections of all slopes and retaining structures,
including details of surface cover, surface drainage, subsurface drainage, access
pointsandstabilizationmeasuressuchassoilnails,
(d) layout plans of watercarrying services on or adjacent to the slopes or retaining

structures, and proper documentation of any special features (e.g. ducting system)
relatedtotheservices,
(e) asbuiltrecordphotographsoftheslopesandretainingstructures,
(f) alistofmanmadeitemsrequiringroutinemaintenance,
(g) recommendations on the frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

InspectionsforMaintenance,andRegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices
(including ducting systems) on or adjacent to the slopes and retaining alls, as
appropriate,
(h) maintenance requirements for protection of reinforcement components in a

reinforcedfillslopeorreinforcedfillstructure,ifapplicable,
9
Figure2.1TypicalPlanofSlopes/RetainingStructurestobeMaintained
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(i) maintenancerequirementsforlandscapeitemsontheslopesandretainingstructures
andtherationalefortheirselections,
(j) outlineofthebasisofdesignand/orfindingsofStabilityAssessments,includingthe
consequencetolifecategoryofeachslopeandretainingstructure,
(k) a monitoring schedule detailing requirements for Regular Monitoring of Special

Measureswherethelongtermmonitoringofspecificmeasuresincludedintheslope
or retaining structure is a design requirement (e.g. ground anchors and designed
horizontal drains are required by the Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR to have
longtermmonitoring),and
(l) a list of other available documentary information pertaining to the slopes and
retainingwalls,e.g.geotechnicalreport.
(m) geological records on or adjacent to the manmade slopes such as distribution of

geologic materials, and where applicable, information on existing geological
structures,weatheringprofileandhydrologicalregimeetc.and,
(n) aerialphotographsorsatelliteimages toshowtheland use and otherdevelopment

activitiessurroundingthelocationoftheslope/retainingstructurewhichmaypose
a threat to the integrity of the slope / retaining structure. The photographs and
imagescanbepurchasedfromMalaysianCentreforRemoteSensing(MACRES).
An indicative format for the Maintenance Manual for manmade slopes and retaining
structuresisgiveninAppendixA.TheformatisalsoapplicableforpreparingMaintenance
Manualfor disturbedterrainfeatures.KeyaspectsoftheMaintenanceManualfornatural
terrainhazardmitigationmeasuresaregiveninChapter7.
In order to assist the Routine Maintenance Inspection personnel, the Maintenance Manual
should also include some guidelines on when an immediate Engineer Inspection for
Maintenance should be arranged, e.g. where signs of leakage or suspected leakage, or
groundsubsidenceareobserved.
Constructiondrawingsanddetailsofdesignareseldomheldbyprivateowners.Forslopes
and retaining structures which have been processed by the statutory checking system, the
engineer undertaking the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance may approach the local
council. For slopes and retaining structures which were constructed by the Government,
informationontheslopeorretainingstructuredesignisusuallyavailableinJKR.
Engineers should always review previous Stability Assessments or designs of upgrading

workstoensurethatthefactualinformationgiventhereinisnotoutofdateandthefindings
arestillrelevant,priortoincorporationintotheMaintenanceManual.Supersededrecords
or drawings that could provide useful information for understanding the history of the
slopesandretainingstructuresshouldbeappendedintheMaintenanceManual.
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2.3 COORDINATEDAPPROACHTOSLOPEMAINTENANCE
Sometimes maintenance actions such as Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

Inspections for Maintenance, Regular Monitoring of Special Measures and Regular Checks
of Buried Watercarrying Services are carried out by different maintenance parties at
differenttimes.Insuchcircumstances,thepersonorpartyresponsibleforoverseeingslope
maintenance,suchasthepropertymanagementagent(inthecaseofprivateslopes)orthe
projectengineer(inthecaseofgovernmentslopes)shouldarrangeareviewofallrecordsof
maintenanceinspectionsandworks.Thepurposeofthisintegratedreviewistoexamineall
relevant records together to provide insightful information for making a decision on
whetheradditionalmaintenanceworksorotheractionsarerequiredtobecarriedout.
2.4 MAINTENANCERECORDS
Maintenance Manuals and all records of maintenance inspections and maintenance works
shouldbekeptbytheowner,thepartyrequiredtomaintainthelandortheappointedagent.
In practice, it is advisable to keep duplicate copies of all records and to store them in
separate locations. Comprehensive and accurate record keeping is important for good
maintenancemanagement.Inaddition,wheretheownerorthepartyrequiredtomaintain
the land is responsible for the maintenance of a large number of slopes and retaining
structures, considerations should be given to keeping the Maintenance Manuals and
maintenancerecordsinelectronicformatforeffectiverecordmanagement.
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3. MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSFORMANMADESLOPES
ANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES
3.1 ROUTINEMAINTENANCE
3.1.1 PurposeandScopeofRoutineMaintenanceInspections
Typical manmade items on slopes and retaining structures that require maintenance are
illustrated in Figure 3.1. As a minimum, it is recommended that Routine Maintenance
Inspections are carried out to ascertain the need for maintenance of manmade items,
including:
(a) clearanceofaccumulateddebrisfromdrainagechannelsandslopesurface,
(b) repairofcrackedordamageddrainagechannelsorpavement,
(c) repairorreplacementofcrackedordamagedslopesurfacecover,
(d) unblockingofweepholesandoutletdrainpipes,
(e) removalofanyvegetationthathascausedseverecrackingofslopesurfacecoverand
drainagechannels,
(f) returfingofbaresoilslopesurfaceareas,
(g) repairofmissingordeterioratedmortarjointinmasonrywalls,
(h) removaloflooserockdebrisandundesirablevegetationfromrockslopesoraround
boulders,
(i) repairofleakingexposedwatercarryingservices,
(j) repairorreplacementofrustedsteelslopefurniture,and
(k) maintenanceoflandscapeitemsontheslope.
Inaddition,aRegularCheckofBuriedWatercarryingServicesonoradjacenttosoilslopes
orretainingstructuresshouldbeundertaken(Section3.3).
Whereleakageissuspectedfromburiedwatercarryingservicessuchaswaterpipes,water
supplymains,sewers,stormwaterdrainsortheirductingsystems,promptactionshouldbe
takentoinvestigateandrepairtheservices.Examplesofsuspectedleakageareasignificant
increase in moisture on the surface or an increase in seepage from weepholes in slopes or
retainingstructuresorfromjointsbetweenmasonryblocks.
13
Figure3.1TypicalManmadeItemsonSlopesandRetainingStructuresthatRequireMaintenance
14
Abnormalfeaturesonslopesorretainingstructuresshouldalsobenotedandanimmediate
EngineerInspectionforMaintenanceshouldbecarriedoutifnecessary(Section3.1.5).
Where repeated maintenance works are required for a particular aspect of a slope or
retainingstructure,suchasrepairofcrackeddrainagechannelsorsurfacecover,clearanceof
severely siltedup drainage channels, or reinstatement of areas of serious erosion, the
problemsshouldbeinvestigated.
3.1.2 FrequencyandTimingofRoutineMaintenanceInspections
Ingeneral,RoutineMaintenanceInspectionsshouldbecarriedoutinaccordancewithTable
3.1.
Table3.1RecommendedFrequencyofRoutineMaintenanceInspections
ConsequencetolifeCategoryofSlopesandFrequency
Retainingstructure(ReferAppendixI)(minimumrequirement)
Category1and2Onceeveryyear
Category3Onceeverytwoyears
DesignersorengineersundertakingEngineerInspectionsforMaintenancemayspecifymore
frequent Routine Maintenance Inspections than those given in Table 3.1 if considered
appropriate(e.g.whereahighindirectconsequenceisanticipatedintheeventoffailureof
theslopeorretainingstructure).Conversely,lessfrequentmaintenanceinspectionsmaybe
adopted for a slope or retaining structure taking into account its size, the stabilisation
measures adopted, and the costbenefit of the maintenance inspections. For example, less
frequent Routine Maintenance Inspections may be adopted for small slopes and retaining
structureswithheightnotexceeding5m.
IfRoutineMaintenanceInspectionsarecarriedoutnotmorethanonceayear,theyshould
preferablybecarriedoutduringthedryseasonandanyrequiredmaintenanceworksshould
becompletedpriortotheonsetofthewetseason.
In addition, it is necessary to inspect the drainage channels and clear any blockage after a
heavyrainstorm.
3.1.3 PersonnelforRoutineMaintenanceInspections
Since the primary purpose of Routine Maintenance Inspections is to establish the need for
basic maintenance of manmade items, such inspections do not demand professional
geotechnical knowledge and can be carried out by any responsible person, including
propertymanagementstafformaintenancestaff.
Depending on the availability of manpower, owners or parties required to maintain land

may decide to employ technicallyqualified staff for the inspections. For example,
government departments generally deploy staff at the rank of Technical Assistant or
TechniciantoundertakeRoutineMaintenanceInspections.
15
3.1.4 RoutineMaintenanceWorks
AsaresultofRoutineMaintenanceInspections,typicalroutinemaintenanceworksthatmay
beneededaregiveninTable3.2.
Most of the routine maintenance works can be carried out by general building or civil
engineering maintenance contractors. The Government holds a list of Registered
Contractorswhohaveindicatedtheirwillingnessincarryingoutslopemaintenanceworks.
ThislistisavailableforpublicreferenceatCawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR.
ForminorsurfaceerosiononslopesofconsequencetolifeCategory3,littleornoworksare
needed if the erosion has been assessed by a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil
engineer as not requiring treatment, taking due account of factors including cost
effectivenessoftherepairworks,directandindirectconsequenceoffailure,visualimpactof
the eroded surface, and whether the erosion is a precursor to a large failure or further
deteriorationoftheerodedsurfacewouldbedetrimentaltothestabilityoftheslope.
Soft landscape treatment of slopes and retaining structures, in form of vegetation, is

normallydesignedtobeecologicallysustainableandselfsupportingoncefullyestablished.
Routine maintenance should be carried out to prevent the vegetation from adversely
affectingthefunctionsofdrainagechannelsandslopeaccess.Thisincludesclearingoflitter
and local trimming of overgrown vegetation near drainage channels or slope access. For
specific maintenance works related to planted and natural vegetation including existing
trees,advicefromhorticulturistsorspecialistcontractorsshouldbesoughtwherenecessary.
3.1.5 NeedforImmediateEngineerInspectionsforMaintenance
During Routine Maintenance Inspections, particular note should be taken of anything

consideredtobeunusualorabnormal,suchassignsofleakage,wideningofcracks,settling
ground,bulgingordistortionofmasonrywalls,orsettlementofthecrestplatforms.Some
examplesofsuchdefectscanbeseeninPlate3.1.Thesedefectsorobservationshavetobe
reportedpromptlytotheownerorthepartyrequiredtomaintaintheland,whoshouldthen
appointaprofessionallyqualifiedgeotechnical/civilengineerwithoutdelaytoundertakean
immediateEngineerInspectionforMaintenance,andtorecommendanynecessaryactions.
Whereachangeinthelanduseinthevicinityofaslopeorretainingstructureisnotedina
Routine Maintenance Inspection,the inspection personnel should report it to the owner or
thepartyrequiredtomaintaintheland.Theresponsiblepartyshouldthenreviewwhether
thiswouldresultinanychangeintheconsequencetolifecategoryoftheslopeorretaining
structureandtherequiredfrequencyofmaintenanceinspections.Adviceshouldbesought
fromaprofessionallyqualifiedgeotechnical/civilengineerwhenneeded.
16
Table3.2TypicalRoutineMaintenanceWorksforSlopesandRetainingstructures
ManmadeItem TypicalMaintenanceWorksRequired Guidance
Surface (a) Cleardebris,undesirablevegetation (a) Works may be required outside site
Drainage andotherobstructions. boundaries to prevent debris from
Channels, (b) Repairminorcrackswithcement blockingthedrainagesystem.
Sumpsand mortarorflexiblesealingcompound. (b) Where large tree roots have damaged
SiltTraps (c) Rebuildseverelycrackedchannels. drainage channels, appropriate portions
(d) Replacemissingordeterioratedjoint of the roots should be removed, taking
fillersandsealant. care not to jeopardise the stability of the
tree. Alternatively, the channels may be
realigned

Weepholesand (a) Clearobstructions(e.g.weedsand (a) Pipes/ Horizontal Drains are prone to
Horizontal debris)inweepholesandpipeends. being blocked. Where pipes have been
Drains (b) Probe with rods for deeper used on slopes and are leaky or severely
obstructions. blocked,theyshouldbereplaced.

Impermeable (a) Remove undesirable vegetation (a) Cracked impermeable surface cover
SurfaceCover growth. should be repaired by cutting a chase
(e.g. guniting (b) Repaircracksorspalling. alongthelineofthecrack,whichistobe
andshotcrete) (c) Regradeandrepairerodedareas. filled with a similar slope cover material
(d) Replace surface cover that has oraflexiblesealant.
separatedfromunderlyingsoil. (b) Wherelargetreerootshavedamagedthe
(e) Replacemissingordeterioratedjoint surface cover, the cover should be
fillersandsealant. replaced and tree rings should be
(f) Remove dead, decaying or unstable provided.
trees. (c) Specialist advice may be sought in
treating trees. Tree felling application
should be obtained from relevant
authoritywherenecessary.

Vegetated (a) Regrade eroded areas with (a) Where erosion is shallow and does not
Surface compacted soil followed by re affecttheperformanceofexistingsurface
Cover planting. drainage channels, the eroded area may
(b) Replant vegetation in areas where beregradedbytrimming,andmakegood
thevegetatedsurfacinghasdied. tonormalcondition.
(c) Trimvegetationifovergrown. (b) Surface erosion may indicate an
(d) Remove dead, decaying or unstable inadequate drainage system. Possible
trees. sources of concentrated flow should be
identifiedandrectified.
(c) Specialistadvicemaybesoughtontypes
ofcoverorspeciesinareaswherethereis
insufficient sunlight to support
vegetationgrowth.

Rock Slopes (a) Repair cracked or spalled concrete (a) Treesgivingrisetoprisingactioninrock
and surfaceandsupport. joints should be removed. The entire
Boulders (b) Removelooserockdebris. stumpofthetreeshouldberemoved.
(c) Removeundesirablevegetation.

Facing (a) Repairdeterioratedmortarjointson (a) Continualdistress(e.g.wideningcracks)
masonryface. ofawallshouldbereportedtotheowner
(b) Repaircrackedorspalledconcrete ofthepartyrequiredtomaintainthe
surfaceandreplacemissingor land.
deterioratedjointfillersandsealant
Note: Safeandefficientaccessisimportantformaintenanceworks.
17
(a) TensionCrackonSlope (b) CrackinRetainingStructure
(c) CrackedSurfacingonRubbleWall (d) SurfaceCrackonSlopeDrain

Plate3.1AbnormalFeatures
18
3.1.6 RecordsofRoutineMaintenance
Indicative record sheets for Routine Maintenance Inspections and works are shown in
AppendixB.Therecordsheetsshouldbecompletedintwostages,namely,oncompletion
ofaRoutineMaintenanceInspectionandoncompletionofmaintenanceworks.
3.2 ENGINEERINSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCE
3.2.1 ScopeoftheInspections
ThepurposesofanEngineerInspectionforMaintenanceare:
(a) to determine if Stability Assessment have previously been carried out and if so, to
review previous Stability Assessment reports to check whether the engineering
approach used, the assumptions and the conclusions made in these reports are
reasonableinlightofcurrentpracticeandsafetystandards,
(b) to identify all visible changes and signs of distress, including landslides that have
taken place at or in the vicinity of the slope or retaining structure, in particular
changessincethepreviousStabilityAssessmentifthishasbeencarriedout,andany
discrepanciesbetweenrecordsandsiteconditions,whichcouldhaveimplicationsfor
stability of the slope or retaining structure, and to judge whether these might be
significant,
(c) toreassesstheconsequencetolifecategoryoftheslopeorretainingstructure,
(d) to check that Routine Maintenance Inspections have been carried out and
documentedsatisfactorily,
(e) to assess the adequacy of routine maintenance works and supplement the list of
manmadeitemsrequiringroutinemaintenance,asnecessary,
(f) to reassess the required frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

InspectionsforMaintenanceandRegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices,
(g) tolookforandconsidertheimplicationsofproblemsthatarenotexplicitlyincluded
in the list of manmade items requiring routine maintenance, and bring to the
attention of the owner or party required to maintain the land any immediate and
obviousdangernotedand,ifnecessary,recommendemergencymeasures(e.g.repair
worksordetailedinvestigations),
(h) to identify the presence of exposed and buried watercarrying services on or in the
vicinity of the slope or retaining structure (including relevant areas outside the lot
boundary), check for signs of leakage of the services and recommend immediate
detailed leakage checks, regular checks, repair or rerouting of the services, as
necessary,
19
(i) todeterminewhethertheRegular ChecksofBuried WatercarryingServicesand/or

Regular Monitoring of Special Measures (if required) have been carried out and
documentedsatisfactorily,
(j) to advise whether a Stability Assessment of the slope or retaining structure is

necessary,
(k) torecommendthenecessarypreventivemaintenanceworks(Chapter5),and
(l) to prepare or update the Maintenance Manual to include all relevant information
extracted from the previous Stability Assessment and the desk study and site
inspection(s)fromthisEngineerInspectionforMaintenance.
(m) to assess if there is any deterioration of the geologic materials, geological structure
andgroundwatercondition.
An example of term of reference for an Engineer Inspection for Maintenance is given in

AppendixC.Thisistofacilitateprivateownersinprocuringsuchaservice.
For government slopes, some additional tasks in relation to the management of the slope
inventory held by the respective maintenance departments should be carried out in
Engineer Inspections for Maintenance. The detailed scope of such tasks is given in
AppendixD.
3.2.2 FrequencyoftheInspections
The frequency of Engineer Inspections for Maintenance should normally be recommended by

the designer in the Maintenance Manual, or as considered appropriate by the engineer
commissioned to carry out the inspection. An Engineer Inspection for Maintenance may also
be requested by those who carry out the Routine Maintenance Inspection. In general, the
frequency of maintenance inspections should be once every five years for slopes and
retaining structures in consequence-to-life Categories 1 and 2 and once every ten years for
those in Category 3 (Table 3.3).
Table 3.3 Recommended Frequency of Engineer Inspections for Maintenance

ConsequencetolifeCategoryofSlopes

and
Frequency
Retainingstructures(ReferAppendixI)
Category1and2 Onceeveryfiveyears
Category3 Onceeverytenyears
MorefrequentEngineerInspectionsforMaintenancethanthosegiveninTable3.3shouldbe
recommended if considered appropriate (e.g. where a high indirect consequence is
anticipatedintheeventoffailureoftheslopeorretainingstructure).Ontheotherhand,less
frequentinspectionsmaybeadoptedfortheslopeorretainingstructuretakingintoaccount
its size, the stabilisation measures adopted, and the costbenefit of the maintenance
inspections.Forslopesorretainingstructuresstabilisedwithrobustmeasuressuchassoil
nail support, and where a postconstruction performance review has confirmed the
satisfactory performance of the works, the frequency of Engineer Inspections for
Maintenancemaybecurtailed.
20
3.2.3 PersonnelfortheInspections
AnEngineerInspectionforMaintenanceshouldbecarriedoutbyaprofessionallyqualified
geotechnical/civilengineer.Wherenecessarytheengineershouldgetgeologicalinputfrom
anengineeringgeologist.
Where considered necessary, the inspecting engineer should advise the owner or party
requiredtomaintainthelandtoconsultaprofessionallyqualifiedstructuralengineer,e.g.a
Registered Professional Engineer (Structural), for any suspected structural problems
identifiedduringtheinspection.
3.2.4 RecommendationsoftheInspections
The engineer undertaking the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance should recommend
preventivemaintenanceworks(seeSection5)orothermaintenanceactions,suchasRegular
ChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServicesorRegularMonitoringofSpecialMeasures,where
considerednecessary.
If an immediate and obvious danger is noted, the engineer should inform promptly in
writing, together with a recommended course of action to the owner or party required to
maintaintheland.Atthesametime,acopyofthisnotificationshouldbesenttoCawangan
Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR for government slopes and retaining structures, and to the local
authoritiesforprivateslopesandretainingstructures.Therecommendedcourseofaction,
suchasevacuationorrepairworks,willdependonspecificcircumstances.Ifthedangercan
bereducedoreliminatedbysimpleemergencyrepairworks,theseshouldbeimplemented
withoutdelay.Inmorecomplexsituations,itisnecessarytoinitiateadetailedinvestigation
toestablishthecauseoftheproblemandtofacilitatethedesignofupgradingworks.The
owner or party required to maintain the land should commission such an investigation
withoutdelay.Inaddition,interimprecautionarymeasures(e.g.sealingoffthedangerous
areas)shouldbeconsidered.
A Stability Assessment may be recommended if there is doubt on whether the slope or

retaining structure is adequately safe, or if significant modifications have occurred to the
slope, or retaining structure or to the adjacent area, or if there is reason to believe that
significant deterioration of the slope, or retaining structure has occurred since the last
Stability Assessment or slope upgrading works were undertaken. The urgency, likely
outcome and costeffectiveness of conducting the assessment should be considered in
makingsucharecommendation.
A Stability Assessment should include an investigation of the slope or retaining structure

withconsiderationofgeology,hydrogeologicalconditionsandmechanicalpropertiesofthe
ground materials. Information from existing records (e.g. slope monitoring records,
previousinstabilityreports)ontheslopeorretainingstructureandtheadjacentareashould
also be reviewed. An example of termof reference for a stabilityassessmentofa slope or
retainingstructureisgiveninAppendixE.
Itissometimesmorecosteffectivetocarryoutpreventivemaintenanceworksorupgrading
works than to undertaking a stability assessment involving ground investigation field
works. Where it can be foreseen that upgrading works will be required anyway upon
21
completion of a stability assessment, such an assessment need not be recommended. For

instance, a slope with a history of failure does not require a stability assessment to prove
thatitdoesnotmeetcurrentsafetystandards.Insuchcases,theownersorpartiesrequired
to maintain land should be recommended to carry out preventive maintenance works or
upgradingworksfortheseslopesandretainingstructures.
3.2.5 RecordsoftheInspections
IndicativerecordsheetsforEngineerInspectionsforMaintenancearegiveninAppendixF.
3.3 REGULARCHECKSOFBURIEDWATERCARRYINGSERVICES
3.3.1 General
Leakage from buried watercarrying services, e.g. water supply mains and stormwater
drains,maynotproducevisiblesignsonthesurfaceofasoilorretainingstructureandyet
mayadverselyaffectitsstability.Therefore,ownersorpartiesresponsibleformaintaining
watercarrying services that may affect slopes and retaining structures should arrange for
RegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices,regardlessofwhethersignsofsuspected
leakagehavebeenobserved.Ifaductingsystemhasbeenprovidedtotheservices,regular
checks of the ducting system should also be carried out to detect any water flow in and
leakagefromit.
Occasionally,watercarryingservicesownedormaintainedbyotherpartiesmaytraversea
privatelot.Theowneroftheprivatelotshouldgrantaccesstotheservicesownerstocarry
outRegularChecksoftheWatercarryingServices.
3.3.2 FrequencyforRegularChecksofWaterCarryingServices
Forthoseburiedwatercarryingservicesbelongingtotheslopeownerorthepartyrequired
to maintainthe land, the Maintenance Manual should specify the frequency of the regular
checks. Otherwise, the engineer appointed for the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance
shouldrecommendthefrequencyoftheregularchecks.
The frequency and extent of the examination of the services should take account of the
nature of the material and construction of the pipes (e.g. rigid or flexible system),
performancehistoryinrespectofleakage,thepossiblepresenceofloosefill,andlikelyeffect
onthestabilityoftheslopeorretainingstructureshouldleakageoccur.
3.3.3 MethodsforCheckingBuriedWaterCarryingServices
Checkingofburieddrains,sewers,waterpipes,watermainsandductingsystemsshouldbe
carried out by qualified water contractors. Guidelines on methods for checking buried
watercarryingservicesshouldbereferredtotherelevantwaterauthority.
22
3.3.4 RepairsofServices
Any buried watercarrying services that are found to be damaged or leaking should be
repairedwithoutdelay.Careshouldbetakentoensurethatanyrepairworksdonotimpair
thehydraulicperformanceofthepipes.
3.3.5 RecordsoftheChecks
Forms and records for Regular Checks of Buried Watercarrying Services should be
designed by the engineer who recommends the regular checks, or by the qualified water
contractorwhoconductstheregularchecks.
3.4 ACCESSANDSAFETYPRECAUTIONS
Many slopes and retaining structures are high and steep, and care has to be taken for
personalsafetywheninspectionsarecarriedout.Densevegetationmayposedifficultiesin
access.
Safe access is essential for maintenance inspections. Guidance on the provision and
arrangementofaccessforslopemaintenancethatissafeformaintenancepersonnel,visually
pleasing and where necessary, secure against trespassers, is given in GEO Report No. 136
entitled Guidelines on Safe Access for Slope Maintenance (Lam et al, 2003). Some
examples of typical access arrangements for the inspection and maintenance of slopes and
retainingstructuresaregiveninPlate3.2.
For the personal safety of the inspecting personnel, it is advisable for the maintenance
inspectionstobecarriedoutbyatleasttwopersons.
3.5 REGULARMONITORINGOFSPECIALMEASURES
3.5.1 NeedfortheMonitoring
Regular Monitoring of Special Measures is only necessary in fairly rare circumstances,

wherethedesignreliesonsupportordrainagemeasuresthatarecriticalforthecontinued
stabilityoftheslopeorretainingstructureandwillbecomelesseffectivewiththepassageof
time.Forexample,CawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKRrequiresprestressedgroundanchors
anddesignedhorizontaldrainstoberegularlymonitored.
Requirements for Regular Monitoring of Special Measures are normally established by the
designer.Thedesignengineershoulddiscusswiththeclientontheuseofspecialmeasures
andtheassociatedobligations.Theengineershouldensurethattheownerorpartyrequired
tomaintainthelandisawareoftheobligations.TheengineershouldprepareaMonitoring
Schedule,forinclusionintheMaintenanceManual(Section2.2),toprovidedetailsincluding
the recommended frequency of monitoring, guidance on qualifications and experience of
23
monitoring personnel, protection of monitoring instruments, and alert levels for

monitoringresultsandthecontingencyactionsiftheselevelsareexceeded.
IftherearespecialmeasuresbutthereisnosuchMonitoringScheduleintheMaintenance
Manual, then the owner or party required to maintain the land should commission the
engineerundertakingtheEngineerInspectionforMaintenancetoprepareone.
Themonitoringshouldbeconductedattherecommendedfrequency,ormorefrequentlyas
required. Wheretheresultsofmonitoring exceed the alert levels given inthe Monitoring
Schedule,theownerorthepartyrequiredtomaintainthelandshouldpromptlyappointa
professionallyqualifiedgeotechnical/civilengineertoimplementthestipulatedcontingency
actionsandtodeterminewhetherupgradingworksarerequired.Sucheventsshouldalso
be brought to the attention of engineers undertaking subsequent Engineer Inspections for
Maintenance.
24

(a) ConcealedAccesstoStairway (b)LadderswithSafetyLoops

(c)FencingRecessedintotheVegetatedLand (d)CombinedSteppedChannelandStairway
Plate3.2ExampleofAccessforSlopeInspectionandMaintenance
25
3.5.2 TypesofMonitoring
RegularMonitoringofSpecialMeasureswillgenerallybenecessaryfor:
(a) permanentprestressedgroundanchors,
(b) purposely designedhorizontal drains which are not used in a prescriptive manner,
and
(c) performance monitoring of other special measures which has been specified by the
localauthorityorbyCawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR
Horizontal drains installed as a prescriptive measure are not considered as Special

Measures. Regular monitoring is not mandatory. However, regular inspections and
routinemaintenanceofallhorizontaldrainsshouldbecarriedouttoensuretheircontinued
performance.
3.5.3 RecordsoftheMonitoring
TheformsandrecordsforRegularMonitoring ofSpecialMeasuresshouldbedesignedby
thedesignerorthespecialistfirmthatconductstheinspection.
26
4. TECHNICALASPECTSOFMAINTENANCEFORMAN
MADESLOPESANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES
4.1 GENERAL
Most landslides in Malaysia are shallow and smallscale failures caused by surface
infiltrationorerosionduringheavyrainfall.Suchlandslidesareoftenrelatedtodeficientor
poorlymaintained slope surface covers and drainage provisions. Therefore, visual
inspections and subsequent maintenance recommendations should be directed principally
towards measures that minimise the infiltration of surface water and scouring by surface
waterflow.Theprovisionofeffectivesurfaceprotectivecoverandadequatedrainage,along
with proper maintenance, is essential for the continued stability of manmade slopes and
retainingstructures.
Slopesundergoingprogressivemovementareliabletodeteriorateanddeformwithoutfull
detachment during severe rainstorms, but could suddenly fail in a subsequent less severe
rainstorm.Prolongedmovementofaslopeisreflectedbyopentensioncracksinfilledwith
foreign material, displacement of infilled discontinuities, etc. Care is needed to look for
signsofdistressandslopedeformationduringtheEngineerInspectionforMaintenanceby
detailedexaminationoftheslopeandthenearbyareas,includinganysteepnaturalhillside
beyond the crest of the cut slope. Where situation warrants, the surface cover should be
removedlocallytocheckforanysignsofdistress.
DuringanEngineerInspectionforMaintenance,apartfromsignsofdistress,particularnote
shouldalsobetakenofchangesthatcanaffectstability,withdueregardtotheassumptions
made in the design of the slope or retaining structure. Examples of adverse changes are
additional surcharge imposed by new developments, diversion of a watercourse towards
theslopeorretainingstructure,oranincreaseinheightorgradientoftheslopeorretaining
structure.
Prior to undertaking a site inspection, the engineer should search and review all
documentaryinformationpertainingtotheslopeorretainingstructure,togetherwiththatof
the nearby areas which may provide clues on possible problems at the slope or retaining
structureunderconsideration.Theextentofthestudyofexistinginformationdependson
specific circumstances, such as the availability of a Maintenance Manual, previous design
and construction records, and the likely consequences should the slope or retaining
structure collapse. Useful information on the past performance of the slope or retaining
structuremayalsobeobtainedthroughtalkingtothemaintenancepersonnelandtheowner
or party required to maintain the land. For documentary information provided by the
owner or party required to maintain the land, the engineer should verify with the
appropriateauthoritiesorpersonsthattheinformationiscorrectanduptodate.
The information reviewed by the geotechnical/civil engineer should be fully documented

and listed in the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance Report so that the work will not be
duplicated unnecessarily during each Engineer Inspection for Maintenance, and effort
should be focused on the new information that has become available since the last
inspection.Thisalsofacilitatesindependentauditofthereports(seeSection4.16)
27
4.2 SURFACEPROTECTIVECOVERONSOILSLOPES
Many slopes are protected by impermeable surface covers that could be rigid or flexible.
Rigidsurfacecovers, suchasguniting, shotcrete and rubblepitched facing, are susceptible
to cracking. Bitumastic covers, though more flexible, may also crack. Details of cracking
shouldbeincludedintheinspectionrecords,andrecommendationsforthenecessaryrepair
works should be made. Inspections should also be made for displaced, cracked or
weatheredstonesonrubblepitchedfacings.
Rigidsurfacecoversonsoilslopesshouldbecheckedtoseeiftheyareincontactwiththe
soilunderneath.Thiscanbedonebytappingthecovergentlywithalighthammer.While
doing so, care should be taken to avoid damaging the cover. A dull thud rather than a
ringingsoundmayindicatethatthecoverhaslostcontactwiththeunderlyingsoil,usually
asaresultofgroundsubsidenceorerosion.Theaffectedsurfacecovershouldbereplaced,
andthecausesshouldbeinvestigated.Whentheimpermeablesurfacecoverisremovedfor
maintenanceworks,opportunityshouldbetakentoinspectandcheckwhetherthereareany
hiddentensioncracksorsignsofmovementintheslopebeneaththeprotectivesurface.
The durability and effectiveness of the various forms of surface cover depend on the
thickness of the cover as well as the type of material and quality of workmanship during
construction.Properlydesignedandsuitablyspacedmovementjointsshouldbeprovided
forrigidsurfacecovers.Wherearigidsurfacecoverhasbeenrepairedlocally,itisusefulto
checkthatnoshrinkagecracksdevelopbetweentheoriginalsurfaceandthenewsurface.
An impermeable surface cover surrounding or adjacent to trees should be examined for

signsofdistresscausedbypossiblejackingactionoftreeroots.Generalandindiscriminate
removalofvegetationandtreerootsisnotappropriate.Theprovisionoftreeringsshould
beconsidered.Inseverecases,thetreesmayneedtobefelled.Considerationmayalsobe
giventoreplacingthetreespecieswithonethatdoesnothaveanextensiveandstrongroot
system.Ifthevegetationobstructstheflowofwaterfromweepholes,itshouldbesuitably
trimmedtoensureproperfunctioningoftheweepholes.Wherenecessary,specialistadvice
shouldbesoughtontheappropriatetreatmentfortrees.
In inspecting vegetated slopes, details of any erosion scars should be noted, and
recommendations should be made for repair works. An erosion control mat helps reduce
thelikelihoodofsurfaceerosiononavegetatedslopesurface.Whereanerosioncontrolmat
has been used, the anchorage system should be checked to ensure that it is sufficiently
robustandsecuredtosupporttheweightofthemat,thesoilcontainedinsidethematand
the subsequent vegetation growth. A wire mesh is sometimes used to secure the erosion
control mat on a slope surface. Any rusted or damaged wire mesh should be repaired or
replaced. The maintenance of proprietary surface protection products should follow any
specificrequirementsinthemanufacturersspecifications.
Surface erosion may indicate inadequacy of the drainage system or blockage of surface
channels,culvertsorsumps.Possiblesourcesofconcentratedflowshouldbeidentifiedand
any deficiency in the drainage system should be rectified to prevent recurrence of the
erosion(seealsoSection4.3).
Erosion is particularly critical for reinforced fill slopes. The minimum soil cover specified
forgeosyntheticreinforcingelementsshouldbemaintained,andmeasuresincorporatedfor
28
theprotectionofthereinforcingelementsandconnectionsshouldbecheckedtoensurethat
theireffectivenessisnotreducedbypostconstructionactivitiesinthevicinityoftheslope,
e.g.layingofutilityservices.
4.3 SURFACEDRAINAGE
The surface channels at the crest or on the berms of soil slopes or at the tops of retaining
structuresshouldbecheckedforthepresenceofgapsinthegroundalongsidethechannels,
becausesuchgapspermitsurfacewatertoinfiltrateintotheground.
The potential for water ponding near the crest of a slope or retaining structure should be
assessed,andifnecessary,improvementworksshouldberecommended.
It may be necessary to inspect the area beyond the boundary of a slope or retaining
structure.Forexample,wherethereareculvertsornaturaldrainagelinesthatmayaffectthe
slope or retaining structure, these should be inspected for signs of cracking, blockage or
insufficientcapacity.
Environmental factors, including topographic features and human activities such as

stockpilingandlittering,maypromoteconvergentsurfacewaterflowtowardstheslopeor
retainingstructure,leadingtowashoutfailuresorlandslidesifthesurfacewatercanfinda
pathseepingintotheground.Suchfactorsusuallyarisefromtheenvironmentoutsidethe
confines of the site and should be carefully considered, and where necessary, works to
preventorprotectagainsttheactionofsuchrunningsurfacewatershouldberecommended.
Itisimportantthatallconceivablewaterflowpathwaysthatmightaffectaslopeorretaining
structureareconsidered.
Repeatederosionoftheslopeorthegrounddownslopemayalsoreflectproblemswiththe
surfacedrainagesystemsuchasinadequatelysizedchannelsandpoorlayout.Drainswith
sharp bends or convergence of several channels to a single sump often cause spillage of
surface runoff. Preventive maintenance works should be carried out to increase the
drainage capacity by enlarging the size of channels, modifying the alignment of sharp
bends, constructing buffer walls, etc., where necessary. For a large catchments area, the
layout of the drainage channels should be suitably planned so that the catchments area is
partitioned into smaller sections and surface runoff is evenly diverted to several safe
dischargepoints.Thishelpsavoidtheneedforconstructingoverlylargeanddeepdrainage
channels.
It is easier to identify drainage problems by inspections during heavy rainfall. Inspection

personnelshouldarrangeforsuchinspectionsiftheadequacyofthedrainagesystemisin
doubt. They should also remindthe owner, orthe partyrequiredto maintain theland,to
record substantial surface water flow outside the drainage system, e.g. by taking
photographs or videos. Detailed inspections should be carried out immediately after the
heavyrainfall.
29
4.4 GROUNDWATERSEEPAGE
Seepage traces on and adjacent to slopes or retaining structures should be recorded in

photographs or detailedhandsketcheddrawings.Flow from seepage sources, weepholes,
cutoffdrains,jointsbetweenmasonryblocks,horizontaldrains,etc.shouldberecordedand
examined for signs of migration of solid material to check whether internal erosion of the
ground is taking place. Account should be taken of those seepage traces that indicate the
highestseepagelevel.
Where there are signs of abnormal seepage from, or moisture on, the surface of a slope or
masonrywall,orsignsthattheseepagehasincreasedsubstantiallyandsuddenly,thecauses
shouldbeinvestigated.
Arrangementsshouldbemadeforclearingweepholeswhereblockagesaresuspected.
Where there are traces of seepage from a slope or retaining structure in an area where
weepholes, horizontal drains or proprietary drainage mats have not been provided, the
source of seepage should be determined and consideration should be given to
recommendingadequatedrainagetobeinstalled.
4.5 ROCKSLOPES
Manyfailuresinrockslopesinvolveminorrockfalls.Rockslopesshouldbeexaminedfor
thepresenceoflooseblocks,andtheseshouldberemovedorstabilisediffound.
Smallrockblocksarecommonatlocationswithweaker,moreweatheredorcloselyspaced
joints. Rock mass with such local features is especially vulnerable to deterioration and, if
exposedonarockface,islikelytobearecurringsourceofrockblocks.
Where adversely orientated rock blocks are at risk of being dislodged by tree roots,
considerationshouldbegiventoremovingtherockblocksorthetrees.Notallunplanned
(e.g.natural)vegetationisdetrimentaltorockslopestabilityandfactorssuchasthetypeof
vegetation, and condition and orientation of rock joints need to be considered in deciding
the removal of the vegetation. Indiscriminate removal of all unplanned vegetation should
beavoided.
Observation should be made for the presence of open joints, and these might require
treatmenttopreventtheingressofsurfacewater.
Wheretheriskofminorrockfallishigh,measuressuchasinstallationofrockmeshnetting
and provision of a rock trap ditch or buffer zone (where space permits) could be more
effective in mitigating the hazards. In particular, the provision of rock mesh netting is
stronglyrecommendedforprotectionagainstminorrockfallforunprotectedsteeprockfaces
of consequencetolife Category 1 slopes, unless the rock mass is massive and very tightly
andfavorablejointedsuchthatthereisnocredibleminorrockfallpotential.
30
Guidanceonthesemeasuresforimprovingthestabilityandpreventingthedeteriorationof
rockslopesisgiveninGeoReportNo161:GuidelinesontheUseofPrescriptiveMeasures
forRockCutSlopes.
The condition of existing stabilisation measures should be assessed. Anchorage points for
rockmeshnettingshouldbeexaminedtoensurethattheyremainintactandarefirmlyfixed
to the rock slope rather than loosened rock blocks. Severely corroded anchorage points
should be replaced. Engineers undertaking Engineer Inspections for Maintenance should
alsonotethepresenceofanydislodgedblocksortrappedlooserockfragmentsbehindthe
mesh.Damagedmeshshouldbereplaced.
For rock bolts protected with a concrete cover, the cover should be examined for signs of
crackingandanydefectssofoundshouldberepaired.Extensivecrackingmayindicatethat
significantmovementhastakenplaceintherockmassanditscausesshouldbeinvestigated.
Where monitoring of rock bolts is considered necessary, the monitoring requirements,
including frequency of monitoring, testing procedure and the required lockup torque,
shouldbespecifiedintheMaintenanceManual.
Detailedexaminationofrockslopesissometimesdifficultduetolackofproperaccess.In
the case of a steep and high rock slope where an immediate access is not available for
inspection,anassessmentshouldbemadebyobservingtheconditionoftherockslopefrom
a vantage point, possibly with a pair of binoculars. This should be followed by detailed
inspection using access, if considered necessary, e.g. by means of scaffolding and an
elevatedplatform.Wherearockfaceiscoveredwithvegetationtotheextentthataproper
inspectionoftherockfacecannotbemade,judgmentshouldbeexercisedinassessinghow
muchvegetationclearanceorthinningisneeded.
Scaling ofloose blocks should be carried out with care so asnot to adverselyaffecting the
stabilityoftheremainderoftherockface.Removalofatreeshouldbecompletewiththe
removal of the stump and sterilising of the roots to prevent it from reestablishing.
Appropriate means of effective tree removal should be sought from specialists. Where
sealing of an open joint is needed, the works should be detailed to avoid blockage of
drainagepaththatmayleadtoabuildupofcleftwaterpressureinthejoint.
It is advisable to carry out a followup inspection of a rock slope after the completion of
scalingandsealingworkstoreviewtheadequacyoftheworksandtoensurethatnoother
looseblocksareexposedfollowingscalingandthatthesealingofopenjointshasbeendone
properly.Thesameappliestoremovaloftreesorothervegetation.
Locationofworksonslopesarecommonlyrecordedonplans.Forsteepslopesandwhere
the works are local, marking on plans is not effective. For rock slopes, works
recommendationsarebettermarkedonfrontelevationsketchesorphotographs.
4.6 TREES
Treesprovidesignificantbenefitsinenhancingthequalityoftheenvironmentandareoften
usedinthesoftlandscapetreatmentofslopesandretainingstructures.Unhealthytreesmay
fall down and result in casualties and loss in property. The health of a tree is affected by
manyfactorssuchaschangeinsoilconditionsordamagetotherootsystembyconstruction
31
works. During inspection, signs which are indicative of poor health of a tree, such as
discoloration of foliage, presence of dead branches and cavities on tree trunks, should be
noted. Serious leaning of isolated trees suggests potential instability of the trees. Under
such circumstances, considerations should be given to seeking specialist advice from
horticulturistsonassessingthegeneralhealthandnecessarytreatmentoftrees.
Itisusefulifphotographicrecordsoftreesaretakenduringinspectionsothatcomparison
canbemadetodeterminetheconditionoftreesinfuture.
4.7 BOULDERS
Checks should be made for the location and extent of erosion around isolated boulders or
outcropsofrock,theexistenceofbasalandbackreleasejoints,andthepresenceofwateror
evidence of past water flow. Due regard should be given to the presence of unstable
upslope boulders which could impact on the boulder under consideration, particularly for
thosethatarealreadyoverhangingorrestingonotherboulderswherethecontactisopenor
soilfilledordippingoutoftheslope.Unstableupslopebouldersoutsidethemaintenance
boundaryoftheslopeorretainingstructureshouldbereportedtoCawanganKejuruteraan
CerunJKRiftheyareongovernmentlandandtotheLocalAuthoritiesotherwise.
4.8 RETAININGSTRUCTURES
Inspectionsandrepairshouldbemadeformissingordeterioratedjointfillersandsealant,
minorcrackingorspallingofconcretesurfaces,anddeterioratedmortarjointsonmasonry
walls.Ifseverecorrosionofthereinforcementorsulphateattackonconcreteissuspected,
advicefromaprofessionallyqualifiedstructuralengineershouldbesought.
Outlets of drainpipes provided to drainage layers behind retaining structures should be

probedforblockageandclearedifnecessary.
Duringinspectionsofretainingstructures,signsofdistress,suchassettlementandtension
cracks in the ground in close proximity to the retaining structure, severe cracking,
deformation, tilting and bulging of the retaining structure, and dislocation of masonry
blocks,shouldbenoted,andrecommendationshouldbemadeforfurtherinvestigation1.
For reinforced fill structures, the gaps between the facing panels should be free from any
undesirable vegetation growth2. The measures incorporated for the protection of the
reinforcingelementsandconnectionsshouldbecheckedtoensurethattheireffectivenessis
not reduced by postconstruction activities in the vicinity of the structure, e.g. laying of
utilityservices.
Notes (1) MoreguidanceonthemaintenancerequirementsofretainingstructurecanbereferredtoGuideto

RetainingstructureDesign(Geoguide1:GEO,1993).
(2) Further advice regarding maintenance of reinforced fill structures can be referred to Guide to
ReinforcedFillStructureandSlopeDesign(Geoguide6:GEO,2002b).

32
4.9 WATERCARRYINGSERVICES
4.9.1 General
Leakage from watercarrying services, including water pipes, monsoon drains, sewerage
pipes, catchwater channels and water tunnels, may adversely affect the stability of soil
slopes, retaining structures, and rock slopes with unfavourable joint conditions. Ducting
systems housing watercarrying services, as well as conduits such as telephone ducts,
electriccable ducts ordisused pipes, can transmitan appreciable amount of water. Water
retaining structures, such as swimming pools and service reservoirs, may also leak. Their
potential effects on the stability of the slope or retaining structure should likewise be
considered.
Thefirststepintheassessmentofpotentialeffectsofwaterleakageonthestabilityofaslope
or retaining structure is to identify the presence of buried watercarrying services in its
vicinity. If this information is not already in the Maintenance Manual, the inspecting
engineershouldenquireownersofutilityservices.Theinspectingengineershouldalsolook
forunauthorizedburiedservicesandotherdiscrepanciesfromtherecordplans.
All services in the vicinity of the slope or retaining structure, together with manholes to
whichsuchservicesconnect,shouldbeexaminedforsignsofleakage.Injudgingwhatthe
vicinityofaslopeorretainingstructureis,theinspectingengineershouldnotethatleakage
from services may travel long distances via subsurface seepage paths through permeable
materialsorpreferentialflowchannels,particularlyinloosefillandcolluvialdeposits.
4.9.2 ActionsonBuriedWaterCarryingServices
Whetherleakingornot,considerationshouldbegiventothepossibilityofdivertingexisting
servicesawayfromaslopeorretainingstructure.Opportunitiestodivertexistingservices
may arise when existing slopes within or adjacent to a lot are being upgraded or when
existing services are being relaid or repaired. The diversion can also be carried out as
preventive maintenance works. In case diversion cannot be carried out, alternative
measures,suchasductingtheexistingburiedservicesorraisingthemabovegroundshould
beconsidered. However, diversionor ducting of existingservices may be very costly and
mayevenbeimpracticableduetositeconstraints.Theinspectingengineershouldestablish
thatdiversionorductingisfeasiblebeforemakingsucharecommendation.
Ifdiversionandductingoftheservicesisnotfeasible,theinspectingengineershouldgive
recommendationsforregularchecksoftheservicestoverifytheircondition,togetherwith
therequiredfrequencyandextentofthechecks.
Sometimes,buriedwatercarryingservicesownedbyotherprivatepartiesarefoundwithin
orinthevicinityofthemaintenanceboundaryoftheslopesandretainingstructures.Where
nosignsofleakageareobservedontheslopesorretainingstructures,butleakagefromsuch
services is likely to affect the stability of the slopes or retaining structures, the inspecting
engineershoulddrawtheattentionoftherelevantservicesownerstotheneedtocarryout
regularinspectionsandmaintenanceoftheirburiedwatercarryingservices.
33
TheGovernmentcarriesoutregularinspectionsandrepairstoitswatercarryingservices.If
there are discrepancies between the layout of the services and the corresponding available
utilityplan,theinspectingengineershouldinformtherelevantgovernmentdepartment.
4.9.3 UrgentActionsonBuriedWaterCarryingServiceswithSignsofLeakage
Whereleakageissuspectedfromburiedwatercarryingservicesforwhichtheownerorthe
party required to maintain the land is also responsible, the inspecting engineer should
recommend an immediate detailed leakage check of the services by a qualified specialist
contractor.
Where leakage is suspected from buried watercarrying services on land beyond the
jurisdictionoftheownerorthepartyrequiredtomaintaintheslopeorretainingstructure,
whosestabilitycouldbedeterioratedbytheleakage,theinspectingengineershouldidentify
the source of leakage, if any, and advise the services owners to investigate and repair the
leakordamagewithoutdelay.Theinspectingengineershouldalsorecommendtotheslope
ownerotherlandslideriskmitigationmeasuresifconsiderednecessary.
Ifthesuspectedleakageisfromservicesownedbyprivateparties,thecaseshouldalsobe
referred to Water Authorities or Concession Companies, Local Authorities or the
DepartmentofLandandMines
4.10 SLOPEFURNITURE
Furnituremadeofsteel,suchasboundaryfences,handrailsinstaircasesandsignageposts,
issusceptibletocorrosion.Ifseverelycorroded,wholeorpartoftheseelementsmayfalloff
theslopeorretainingstructure.Athoroughinspectionisessentialandanydust,earthand
scaleshouldbescrapedawayinorderthattheextentofthecorrosioncanbeexaminedand
the appropriate repair works determined. Attention should be paid to hinges and bolts,
whichareparticularlysusceptibletowear.Allrustshouldberemovedpriortoapplication
ofsuitablesurfaceprotection.Ifanewsurfaceprotectionisapplied,considerationshouldbe
given to using a colour scheme most sympathetic to the surroundings and whether the
repairworksshouldbeappliedtopartorwholeofthefurnituresoastominimisethevisual
impact.Incaseofseverecorrosion,considerationshouldbegiventoreplacingthefurniture.
The footings and supportstothefurnitureitems shouldbeexaminedfor signsofcracking
andinstability.
4.11 CLASSIFICATIONOFOVERALLSTATEOFSLOPEMAINTENANCE
The engineer undertaking an Engineer Inspection for Maintenance should assess the
condition of individual manmade items, as listed in Table 4.1, which could affect the
performance of the slope or retaining structure. The principal factor to consider is the
continuing function of the individual manmade items. Based on whether Major or
Minor defects are observed, the overall state of slope maintenance is assessed in
accordancewiththecriteriagiveninTable4.2.Theassessmentoftheoverallstateofslope
maintenance provides a rational basis for the engineer to review the adequacy of
maintenanceandtotakenecessaryactionsasappropriate.
34
Regardless of the assessed overall state of slope maintenance for a slope or retaining
structure, maintenance works should be carried out in accordance with the
recommendations arising from Routine Maintenance Inspections and Engineer Inspections
for Maintenance. This is to prevent the slope or retaining structure from deteriorating to
such an extent that its stability would be adversely affected. Priority should be given to
maintenance works for slopes and retaining structures whose overall state of slope
maintenanceisassessedasClass2,asinTable4.2.
Table4.1ClassificationofDefectsonIndividualManmadeItems
DefectsAffectingtheFunctionof
ManmadeItem ParticularManmadeItemsManmadeItems
Minor Major
1 Surfaceprotection(e.g.vegetationorrigid Themaintenance Themaintenance
cover) conditionoftheitem conditionoftheitemhas
wouldstillallowitto severelyhamperedits
continuetoserveits adequatefunctioning.
intendedfunction
satisfactorily.
2 Surfacedrainagesystem(includingsurface
channels,sumpsandsilttraps)

3 Subsurfacedrainagesystem(including
weepholesandsubsurfacedrains)
4 Watercarryingservices
5 Specialmeasures(suchasdesignedhorizontal
drainsorprestressedgroundanchors)
Note: Assessment of defects is normally by visual inspection, such as checking for signs of unusual surface
seepage,blockageofoutletdrainsandsignsofsurfaceerosion.Theinspectingengineershouldalsouseother
measurestodeterminethedefects,suchasprobingordyecolourtestoranyotheravailabletest,asnecessary.
Table4.2ClassificationSystemforOverallStateofMaintenanceofSlopesandRetaining
structures
OverallStateof Criteria
SlopeMaintenance
Noneoronlyminordefectsareidentified.Theoverallstateof
Class1 maintenanceoftheslopeorretainingstructureisconsideredtobe
satisfactorilyingeneral.

Class2 Major defects affecting the function of one or more manmade items
are identified. There is a need for significant improvement in the
maintenanceactionsimplementedfortheslopeorretainingstructure.

4.12 REASSESSMENTOFCONSEQUENCETOLIFECATEGORY
When reassessing the consequencetolife category of a slope or retaining structure, the

engineershouldtakeintoconsiderationfactors,suchas:
(a) possiblefailuremechanisms
(b) siteconditions,
35
(c) thescaleoffailure,
(d) proximityofbuildingsandfacilitiestotheslopeorretainingstructure,
(e) thelikelydensityofoccupationandfrequencyofusageoftheaffectedbuildingsand
facilitiesintheeventoffailure,
(f) thelikelytraveldistanceoflandslidedebris,
(g) theresistanceofbuildingsandfacilitiestodebrisimpact,
(h) vulnerabilitiesofoccupantsandusers.
Guidance on the assessment of the consequencetolife category of a slope or retaining

structureisgiveninAppendixI.
4.13 CHECKINGANDCOMMENTSFORSLOPEANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES
Forgovernmentslopes andretaining structures where itsdesignsorStability Assessments

have been done, the designs and assessments should be sent to Cawangan Kejuruteraan
Cerunforcheckingandcomments.
If the engineer undertaking the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance considers that the
engineering approach, the assumptions and the conclusions made in previous Stability
Assessment reports of a slope or retaining structure are reasonable in light of current
practice and safety standards and that no further investigation and upgrading works are
recommended,therelevantauthoritiesshouldsubmittherelevantdocumentstoCawangan
KejuruteraanCerunJKRforcomments.
4.14 UNAUTHORISEDCULTIVATION
Infiltrationthroughunauthorisedcultivationareasonoraboveaslopeorretainingstructure
isdetrimentaltothestabilityoftheslopeorretainingstructure.Inaddition,unauthorised
cultivation may change the landform and affect the effective drainage of surface water
during heavy rainfall. The engineer undertaking the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance
should identify and assess the possible effect of any such unauthorised cultivation areas.
Where unauthorised cultivation areas are found, the relevant government authorities (e.g.
theLandOfficeortheLocalAuthorities)shouldbenotifiedforfollowupactions.
4.15 PRIORITISINGMAINTENANCEACTIONS
Where an Engineer Inspection for Maintenance or otherwise identifies that a slope or

retaining structure is in need of preventive maintenance works or upgrading works, these
should be arranged and carried out at the earliest possible opportunity. If a maintenance
party has a large number of slopes and retaining structures that require action, the slopes
and retaining structures could be prioritised for action, according to the consequence of
failures and the condition of the slopes and retaining structures. For those slopes and
36
retainingstructureswherepreventivemaintenanceworksorupgradingworksareawaiting
action, appropriate precautionary measures (e.g. inspection of the slopes and retaining
structures at regular intervals) should be carried out to ensure that the condition of the
slopes and retaining structures do not deteriorate to a state that warrants more urgent
action. Advice on prioritisation and precautionary measures should be sought from a
professionallyqualifiedgeotechnical/civilengineerwhereneeded.
4.16 INDEPENDENTAUDITOFENGINEERINSPECTIONFORMAINTENANCE
REPORTS
It is good practice to carry out an independent audit of the Engineer Inspection for
Maintenance Reports, particularly for an assignment that covers the inspection of a large
number of slopes and retaining structures. Generally, about 0.5 to 1% of the inspection
reports are taken at random for quality assessment by an independent professionally
qualified geotechnical/civil engineer. Where possible, the independent audit should be
carriedoutinphasessuchthattheearlyphasesofauditwouldhelpbenchmarkthestandard
oftheinspections.Workingtotherequiredstandardatthestartismuchmoreeffectivethan
havingtotakecorrectiveactionsatalatestage.Theauditingarrangementshouldbemade
known to the engineer undertaking the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance prior to
implementation or be included in the scope of services of the Engineer Inspection for
Maintenancewhereconsideredappropriate.
37
5. PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKS
5.1 GUIDELINESONPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKS
TheslopesurfaceprotectivecoversanddrainageprovisionsatmanyoldslopesinMalaysia
maynotbeadequate.Whereexistingprovisionsaredeficient(seeChapter4forexamples),
Routine Maintenance Works which entail only upkeep of the existing surface protective
coversanddrainageinasoundconditionisnotsufficienttopreventongoingdeterioration
of the slope. In such cases, recommendations on the necessary preventive maintenance
works, which are works of preventive nature to reduce the rate of deterioration of slopes,
shouldbemadebytheengineerundertakingtheEngineerInspectionforMaintenance.
Wherepreventivemaintenanceworksareplanned,considerationshouldbegiventoinclude
provision of nominal support and regrading where appropriate. In certain cases, it is
sufficient to meet the required existing geotechnical standards such as the Geotechnical
Manual for Slopes (GCO, 1984). Such measures, without the need for detailed ground
investigations and design analyses, are prescriptive measures1 as denoted in the second
edition of Guide to Retaining structure Design (Geoguide 1: GEO, 1993). These can be
readily incorporated in conventional slope maintenance works and can be carried out by
qualifiedspecialistcontractors.
Typical preventive maintenance works for soil cut and rock cut slopes are illustrated in
Figure5.1andFigure5.2respectively.
Itispreferablethattheengineerdesigningandrecommendingthepreventivemaintenance
worksbeassignedthetasktoreviewthecompletedworks.
Note: (1) Recommendedstandardsofgoodpracticefortheapplicationofprescriptivemeasuresto

improvement works on cut slopes and retaining structures can be referred to GEO
Report No. 56 (Wong et al, 1999), Technical Guidance Note No. 13 (GEO, 2003b) and
TechnicalGuidanceNoteNo.17(GEO,2004).
38

Figure5.1TypicalPreventiveMaintenanceWorksforSoilSlopes

Figure5.2TypicalPreventiveMaintenanceWorksforRockSlopes
39
6. MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSFORDISTURBED
TERRAINFEATURES
6.1 GENERAL
Disturbedterrainfeaturesaretractsofhillsidemodifiedbyhumanactivitiesorlandslidesto
theextentthatitsstabilitybehaviourwouldbedifferentfromtheoriginalground.Thereare
twomaintypes:
(a) Repairedlandslidescars.
(b) Terraced slopes resulting from illegal hill clearing, logging and agricultural activities.
Otherexamplesaresitesofsquatteractivitiesandabandonedquarries/mines.
6.2 PURPOSEANDSCOPEOFMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS
Disturbedterrainfeaturesmaycontainmanmadeitemssuchassurfacedrainsandsurface
protection measures. Routine Maintenance Inspections and Engineer Inspections for
Maintenanceshouldbecarriedouttoensureadequatefunctioningofthemanmadeitems.
The recommendationsgiven in Chapter3formanmadeslopes andretainingstructures in
respect of scope and timing of maintenance inspections, personnel requirements,
maintenance manuals and records of inspections are also applicable to the maintenance of
disturbedterrainfeatures.
6.3 FREQUENCYOFMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS
In general, the recommended frequency of maintenance inspections for disturbed terrain

featuresisgiveninTable6.1.
Table6.1RecommendedFrequencyofMaintenanceInspections
ConsequencetolifeCategoryof FrequencyofRoutine MaintenanceInspections
DisturbedTerrainFeatures MaintenanceInspections FrequencyofEngineer
(ReferAppendixI)
Category1and2 Onceeveryyear Onceeveryfiveyears

Category3 Onceeveryfiveyears Onceeverytenyears

Category3 Reacttoknownhazard(2) Reacttoknownhazard(2)
locatedinaremotearea(1)

Notes: (1) A disturbed terrain feature is in a remote area if it is surrounded by natural terrain
such that a failure would bring no significant direct or indirect consequences (e.g.
abandonedagriculturalterracesinthecountryside).
(2) Examplesofknownhazardareobservedsignsofdistressandfailures.
The designer or the engineer undertaking the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance may
specify more frequent maintenance inspections than those given in Table 6.1 if considered
appropriate(e.g.whereahighindirectconsequenceisanticipatedintheeventoffailureof
40
the feature). Conversely, less frequent Routine Maintenance Inspections may be adopted,
takingintoaccounttheconsequenceoffailureandwhethermanmadeitemsarepresent.
Notwithstanding the above, where it is confirmed in an Engineer Inspection for

Maintenancethatadisturbedterrainfeaturedoesnotcontainanymanmadeitems,itisnot
necessary to carry out Routine Maintenance Inspections for it, irrespective of its
consequencetolife category. However, Engineer Inspections for Maintenance should still
becarriedout.
ACategory3disturbedterrainfeatureinaremoteareaisonethatissurroundedbynatural
terrain such that a failure would bring no significant direct or indirect consequences, e.g.
abandoned agricultural terraces in the countryside. Routine Maintenance Inspections and
Engineer Inspections for Maintenance are generally not necessary for it. An example of
significantindirectconsequenceisifdebrisfromthedisturbedterrainfeaturecouldtravelto
affectawatercourse.
6.4 MAINTENANCEWORKS
Maintenanceworksneededfordisturbedterrainfeatureswithmanmadeitemsaresimilar
to those for manmade slopes and retaining structures, as described in Chapter 3. They
generally include clearance and minor repairs to manmade items, such as surface drains,
rubble walls and the surface covers of small cut and fill slopes, to ensure their continued
functioning.
Assessment of the need for maintenance works for disturbed terrain features should take
intoaccounttheconsequenceoffailuresandthecostbenefitofthemaintenanceworks.In
general,RoutineMaintenanceWorksshouldbecarriedouttomaintainthemanmadeitems
foundondisturbedterrainfeatures.
Preventive maintenance works should be carried out for disturbed terrain features of
consequencetolifeCategories1and2asneeded.Forthosefeaturesofconsequencetolife
Category3,preventivemaintenanceworksaregenerallynotworthcarryingout.Table6.2
summarisestherequirementsforundertakingthemaintenanceworks.
Table6.2RequirementsforUndertakingMaintenanceWorks
ConsequencetolifeCategoryof PreventiveMaintenance
DisturbedTerrainFeatures RoutineMaintenanceWorks Works
(ReferAppendixI)
Category1and2 AsrecommendedinRoutine AsrecommendedinRoutine
MaintenanceInspectionsand MaintenanceInspectionsand
EngineerInspectionsfor EngineerInspectionsfor
Maintenance Maintenance
Category3 AsrecommendedinRoutine Reacttoknownhazard(2)
MaintenanceInspectionsand
EngineerInspectionsfor
Maintenance
Category3 Reacttoknownhazard(2) Reacttoknownhazard(2)
locatedinaremotearea(1)
Notes: (1) A disturbed terrain feature is in a remote area if it is surrounded by natural terrain
such that a failure would bring no significant direct or indirect consequences (e.g.
abandonedagriculturalterracesinthecountryside).
41
(2) Examplesofknownhazardareobservedsignsofdistressandfailures.
Where conditions warrant, studies of appropriate nature, with a view to undertaking any
necessary stabilisation works, or defense and mitigation measures should be carried out
takingintoconsiderationtheconsequence,usageandsiteconditionsofthedisturbedterrain
features. For example, for disturbed terrain features belonging to consequencetolife
Category1,studiesshouldbecarriedoutifthereareillegaldevelopmentonthemorifthe
overallgroundgradientisgreaterthan25.
42
7. MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSFORNATURALTERRAIN
HAZARDMITIGATIONMEASURES
7.1 GENERAL
Naturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasurescanbebroadlyclassifiedintotwocategories:
(a) Stabilisation Measures constructed on natural hillsides to prevent failure, e.g. rock
buttresses,soilnails,horizontaldrainsandretainingstructures.
(b) ProtectionMeasurestocontainlandslidedebrisorrock/boulderfallfromthehillside
above,e.g.checkdams,earthbundsandrockfences.
Natural hillsides do not require maintenance, and hazard mitigation measures do not
normally result in substantial modification to the geometry and condition of the natural
hillsides. The purpose of maintenance for hazard mitigation measures is confined to
ensuring their physical integrity and satisfactory performance. The owner/occupier or the
partyrequiredtomaintainthemitigationmeasuresisnotrequiredtomaintainthenatural
hillsidesorreviewtheadequacyofthemeasuresprovided.
Ifahillsideissubstantiallymodifiedbythestabilisation(e.g.majorregrading)orProtection
Measures,thenitshouldberegardedasamanmadeslopeorretainingstructureandshould
be maintained in accordance with the guidelines given in Chapter 3 for manmade slopes
andretainingstructures.
7.2 MAINTENANCEMANUALFORNATURALTERRAINHAZARDMITIGATION
MEASURES
A Maintenance Manual should be prepared to assist the owner/occupier or the party

required to maintain the mitigation measures to appreciate the maintenance requirements.
TheMaintenanceManualshouldincludekeyaspectsofthemitigationmeasuressuchas:
(a) a plan of the site showing the location of the natural terrain hazard mitigation
measures,
(b) recordsheetscontainingbasicinformationonthenaturalterrainhazardmitigation
measures,
(c) alistofmaintenanceactions,

(d) recommendations for the frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, and for
requesting Engineer Inspections for Maintenance when anomalies are observed
duringRoutineMaintenanceInspections,
(e) asbuilt plans and typical crosssections of the natural terrain hazard mitigation
measures,
43
(f) thepurposeofthehazardmitigationmeasuresandthedevelopmentsorfacilitiesto
beprotected,
(g) asbuiltrecordphotographsofthenaturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasures,
(h) geologicalrecordsonoradjacenttothenaturalterrainslopessuchasdistributionof
geologic materials, weathering profiles, geological structures and hydrogeological
regime,and
(i) aerial photographs or satellite images showing the status of land use and land
developmentactivitiessurroundingthenaturalterrainhazardmitigationmeasures.
The photographs and images can be purchased from Malaysian Centre for Remote
Sensing(MACRES).
An indicative format for Maintenance Manual for natural terrain hazard mitigation
measuresisgiveninAppendixG.
7.3 ROUTINEMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONSFORMITIGATIONMEASURES
RoutineMaintenanceInspectionsshouldbecarriedouttoidentifyanymaintenanceworks
required to ensure the integrity and physical condition of the hazard mitigation measures
and continued satisfactory performance of the measures. The general principles given for
the maintenance of manmade slopes and retaining structures in Chapter 3, and the
recommended good practice given in respect of the maintenance management, personnel
requirements,attentiontosafeaccessandprecautions,areapplicabletothemaintenanceof
natural terrain hazard mitigation measures. When it is decided to provide a permanent
access to the hazard mitigation measure, it is necessary to consider the environmental
impactandavoidavisuallyintrusiveaccessasfaraspossible.
Routine Maintenance Inspections should cover the measures, the area containing the
measures and the surrounding area. In general, the inspection should assess the need for
carryingoutmaintenanceworksofmanmadeitemssuchas:
(a) clearingdebrisfromstormwaterfacilities,e.g.drains,sumps,trapfacilitiesandtrash
screen,

(b) repairingorreplacingdamagedsections,

(c) clearingweepholesanddrainageoutlet,

(d) removing any vegetation that has caused severe cracking of channels or hard
surfaces,

(e) repairing or reinstating the ground adjoining the measures if affected by severe
erosion,

(f) other routine maintenance works to upkeep the integrity and function of the
measures,and
44
(g) removalofloosebouldersorrockblocksonthenaturalslopesorrockslopes.
7.4 FREQUENCYOFROUTINEMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS
Routine Maintenance Inspections should be carried out at least once every year. If the
inspection is to be carried out annually, it should preferably be completed well before the
onset of the wet season1. This will allow sufficient time for carrying out the necessary
routinemaintenanceworks.Inaddition,itisgoodpracticetoinspectProtectionMeasures
andclearanysignificantvolumeofdebrisaccumulatedafteraheavyrainstorm.
The designer or a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil engineer may specify less

frequent Routine Maintenance Inspections taking into consideration the consequence of
failure in the natural terrain, e.g. where facilities on the land protected by the mitigation
measureshavebeenclearedorchanged.
Note1:WetseasoninMalaysiavaryfromstatetostateaccordingtorespectivemonsoonperiod.For
example,inEastCoastofPeninsularMalaysia,thewetseasonnormallystartsinOctoberandinthe
WestCoastofPeninsularthewetseasonnormallystartsinJuly.
7.5 ENGINEERINSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCEOFMITIGATION
MEASURES
The maintenance works required for Stabilisation Measures and Protection Measures are
relatively simple, and do not normally require input from a professionallyqualified
geotechnical/civil engineer. Engineer Inspections for Maintenance are not required unless
specifiedotherwisebythedesignerortheauthority.Incaseswhereunusualconditionsor
problemsareobserved,e.g.acheckdamfilledupwithalargeamountoflandslidedebrisor
significant movement observed at rock/boulders supported by buttresses, the
owner/occupier or the party required to maintain the mitigation measures should seek
advicefromaprofessionallyqualifiedgeotechnical/civilengineer.
7.6 OTHERMEASURES
Insomecircumstances,dealingwithnaturalterrainlandslidehazardsinvolvesuseofother
measuressuchas:
(a) provision of a buffer zone (e.g. an open space) between the hillside and
developmentsorfacilities,and

(b) incorporation of sediment basins, silt/sand traps, etc. as part of the drainage
facilities.
Unlessspecifiedotherwisebythedesigner,therearenomaintenancerequirementsforsuch
measuresfromthegeotechnicalpointofview,apartfromregularclearanceofdebris.
45
Revegetation may be carried out in a prescriptive manner to repair hillsides that are
affected by landslides, hill fires, etc. The vegetation species to be adopted in such
circumstancesshouldbemaintenancefree.Ifspecialbioengineeringmeasuresareadopted
for the mitigation of natural terrain hazards, the designer should specify maintenance
requirements.
46
8. SOURCESOFINFORMATION
8.1 INFORMATIONPROVIDERS
Useful information relating to the maintenance of slopes and retaining structures can be
obtainedfromanumberofagencies.
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR provides advice to the general public on matters
relatingtomaintenanceofslopesandretainingstructures,andsuggestsappropriatesources
formorespecificinformation.
CawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKRmanagesaSlopeInformationSystemthatcontainsup
todate information on registered manmade slopes and retaining structures within
Malaysia.
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR also keeps records of previous ground investigations
and landslides, and reports on Stability Assessments and upgrading works carried out by
JKRunderitsMaintenanceProgrammed.Inaddition,otherrecordsofexistingslopesand
retainingstructuresaremadeavailableuponrequest.
Engineer Inspection for Maintenance Reports and Maintenance Manuals for government
manmade slopes and retaining structures are held by various departments in JKR
responsiblefortheirmaintenance.
For slopes along the highways, information should be sought through the Malaysian
Highway Authority while for slope along other roadways, JKRs Road Branch should be
able to assist. Relevant local authorities should be referred to, for other manmade slopes
thatdonotfallunderthegovernmentsjurisdiction.
Board of Engineers Malaysia and the Institution of Engineers Malaysia hold a list of
RegisteredProfessionalEngineers(GeotechnicalandCivil).
Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR keeps a list of Registered Contractors who have
indicated their willingness to carry out maintenance works for slopes and retaining
structures.
The Department of Lands and Mines is responsible for land administration. Information
about land records, land boundaries and lease conditions can be sought from the
DepartmentofLandsandMines.Recordsofpropertyowners,leasedocumentsandDeeds
ofMutualCovenantarekeptattheDepartmentofLandsandMines,wherethepubliccan
makeasearchoftheserecords.
Largescale plans and topographic maps can be purchased from the Department of
SurveyingandMapping.SatelliteimagescanalsobepurchasedfromMalaysianCentrefor
RemoteSensing(MACRES).
Geological information may be obtainable from the Minerals and Geosciences Department
(eg.GeologicalTerrainMapsonascaleof1:10,000).
47
The Water Supplies Authorities or Concession Companies provides information on the

locationofwatersupplymainsuponrequest.
The Department of Irrigation and Drainage maintains asbuilt records of public monsoon
drains.
Informationon gas,electricity,telephone andsimilar services, including boththelocations

anddetailsofexistingfacilitiesandtheprovisionoffutureservices,areavailablefromthe
companiessupplyingtheservices.
Further information regarding the services provided by the relevant government

departmentsandtheircontactdetailscanbefoundatthewebsitewww.gov.my.
8.2 DOCUMENTS
Anabridgedversionofthisguideline:LaymansGuidetoSlopeMaintenance(Cerun2),has
been produced by Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR giving simplified guidance on
mattersrelatedtoslopemaintenanceforthegeneralpublic.LaymansGuideonLandscape
TreatmentofSlopesandRetainingstructures(GEO,2002a)producedbytheGeotechnical
Engineering Office, Hong Kong provides guidelines to land owners/occupiers and
encourage them to adopt landscape treatment to slopes and retaining structures when
planningforthemaintenanceandupgradingworks.
48
REFERENCES
CKC (2006). Laymans Guide to Slope Maintenance. (First edition). Cawangan Kejuruteraan
CerunJKR,Malaysia,36p.
GCO (1984). Geotechnical Manual for Slopes. (Second edition). Geotechnical Control Office,
HongKong,295p.
GCO (1989). Model Specification for Prestressed Ground Anchors (Geospec 1). Geotechnical
ControlOffice,HongKong,168p.
GEO (1993). Guide to Retaining structure Design (Geoguide 1). (Second edition). Geotechnical
EngineeringOffice,HongKong,258p.
GEO (2000a). Technical Guidelines on Landscape Treatment and BioEngineering for Manmade
SlopesandRetainingstructures(GEOPublicationNo.1/2000).GeotechnicalEngineering
Office,HongKong,146p.
GEO (2002a). Laymans Guide to Landscape Treatment of Slopes and Retaining structures.
GeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,HongKong,24p.
GEO (2002b). Guide to Reinforced Fill Structure and Slope Design (Geoguide 6). Geotechnical
EngineeringOffice,HongKong,236p.
GEO (2003b). Guidelines on the Use of Prescriptive Measures for Rock Cut Slopes (Technical
GuidanceNoteNo.13).GeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,HongKong,2p.
GEO (2004). Prescriptive Soil Nail Design for Concrete and Masonry Retaining structures.
(Technical Guidance Note No. 17). Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 1 p.
(underpreparation).
Lam,J.S.,Siu,C.K.&Chan,Y.C.(2003).GuidelinesonSafeAccessforSlopeMaintenance(GEO
ReportNo.136).GeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,HongKong,58p.
Wong, H.N., Pang, L.S., Wong, A.C.W., Pun, W.K. & Yu, Y.F. (1999). Application of
Prescriptive Measures to Slopes and Retaining structures (GEO Report No. 56). (Second
edition).GeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,HongKong,73p.
Works Bureau (2001). GEO Checking Certificate for Slopes and Retaining structures (Works
BureauTechnicalCircularNo.16/2001).WorksBureau,GovernmentoftheHongKong
SpecialAdministrativeRegion,7p.
Yu,Y.F.,Siu,C.K.,Pun,W.K.(2005).GuidelinesontheUseofPrescriptiveMeasuresforRockCut
Slopes.(GEOReport161).GeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,HongKong,31p.
49
50
APPENDIXAINDICATIVEFORMATFORMAINTENANCEMANUALFOR
MANMADESLOPESANDRETAININGSTRUCTURES
51
52
MAINTENANCEMANUALSHEET1OF8
BukuPanduanPenyenggaraan
PARTIBASICSLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTUREINFORMATION
BahagianIMaklumatAsasCerun/StrukturPenahan
SLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTUREREFERENCENO.
NoRujukanCerun/StrukturPenahan
LocationofSlope/RetainingStructure(address)
LokasiCerun/StrukturPenahan(alamat)
Easting
ToeElevation(m)
MapCoordinates Timur
ArasTinggiKakiCerun(m)
KoordinatPeta Northing

Utara
MaximumHeightofSlope/RetainingStructure(m)
TinggiMaksimaCerun/StrukturPenahan(m)
OverallSlopeAngleofSlope/RetainingStructure(o)
SudutkeseluruhanCerun/StrukturPenahan(o)
TECHNICALINFORMATION(continueonseparatesheetsifnecessary)
MaklumatTeknikal(sambungdenganmukasuratyanglainsekiranyaperlu)
SlopePortion RetainingstructurePortion
BahagianCerun BahagianStrukturPenahan
MaterialDescription TypeofWall
PerihalanBahan JenisTembok
SlopeSurfaceCover LocationofWall
Penutuppermukaancerun LokasiTembok
MaximumHeight(m) MaximumHeight(m)
TinggiMaksimum(m) TinggiMaksima(m)
Length(m) Length(m)
Panjang(m) Panjang(m)
AverageSlopeAngle() FaceAngle()
SudutPurataCerun SudutPermukaan(o)

Min.Width(m) Min.Width(m)
Berm No. Berm No.
LebarMin.(m) LebarMin.(m)
Lereng Lereng

Drainage Size Jarak Drainage Size Spacing
Saliran Saiz Spacing Saliran Saiz Jarak
(mm) (m) (mm) (m)
Weepholes Weepholes
LubangLeleh LubangLeleh
Atcrest
Dipuncak AtCrest
Onberm Dipuncak
Channels Channels
Dilereng
Saluran Saluran
Attoe

Dikaki Attoe
Onslope Dikaki
Dicerun
DownPipes DownPipes
PaipTurun PaipTurun
StructuralMeasures StructuralMeasures
(e.g.soilnail,anchor) (e.g.soilnail,anchor)
TindakanStruktur TindakanStruktur
(spt.pakutanah,penambat) (spt.pakutanah,penambat)
TYPEANDSIZEOFSERVICES(seedrawing)
JenisDanSaizPerkhidmatan(rujuklakaran)
OnSlope
DiatasCerun
AtCrest
Dipuncak
53
PARTIBASICSLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTUREINFORMATION
BahagianIMaklumatAsasCerun/StrukturPenahan
INFORMATIONONCONSEQUENCETOLIFECATEGORY
MaklumatBerkenaanKategoriAkibatKepadaNyawa
Whatfacilitieswillbeaffectedifthisslopeorretainingstructurecollapses(e.g.school,market,playground,highwayand
countrypark)?
(Apakah kemudahan awam yang terlibat sekiranya cerun atau Struktur Penahan ini runtuh (contoh; sekolah, pasar, taman
permainan,lebuhrayadantamanrekreasi?)

AtCreast (a) Type(s)offacility
DiPuncak JenisKemudahah

(b) Distance
Jarak

AtToe (a) Type(s)offacility
DiKaki JenisKemudahan

(b) Distance
Jarak
Consequencetolifecategoryoftheslopeorretainingstructure:
Kategoriakibatkepadanyawabagicerunataustrukturpenahan:
STUDY/UPGRADING/IMPROVEMENTWORKS
Kajian/KerjaKerjaPeningkatan/Pembaikan
Typesofupgradingorimprovementworks,dateofconstruction,outlineofbasisofmostuptodatedesignorfindings
ofStabilityAssessment
(Jenisjeniskerjakerjapeningkatanataupembaikan,tarikhpembinaan,rumusanterkinirekabentukataupertemuan
pertemuandaripadaTaksiranKestabilan)
54
PARTIIMAINTENANCESCHEDULEOFSLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTURE
BahagianIIJadualPenyenggaraanCerun/StrukturPenahan
LISTOFITEMSREQUIRINGROUTINEMAINTENANCE
SenaraiBaranganYangMemerlukanPenyenggaraanRutin
(includingrequirementsonmanmadeitems,landscapeitem,etc)
(termasukkeperluankeatasbaranganbuatanmanusia,baranganlanskap,danlainlain)
MONITORINGSCHEDULEFORREGULARMONITORINGOFSPECIALMEASURES
(JadualPemantauanUntukPemantauanLazimBagiTindakanTindakanKhas)
TypeandSpacingofSpecialMeasures:Anchors/HorizontalDrains(seedrawingfordetails)
(JenisdanJarakdiantaraTindakanKhas:Saliranmengufuk(rujuklakaranuntukperincian)
DetailsofMonitoring:(e.g,frequencyofmonitoring,typesoftestsandacceptancecriteria
(PerincianPemantauan:(contoh;kekerapanpemantauan,jenisjenisujiandankriteriapenerimaan)
55
PARTIIMAINTENANCESCHEDULEOFSLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTURE
BahagianIIJadualPenyenggaraanCerun/StrukturPenahan
FREQUENCYOFMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONS
KekerapanPemeriksaanPenyenggaraan

(a) FrequencyofRoutineMaintenanceInspection:
KekerapanbagiPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanrutin:

(b) FrequencyofEngineerInspectionforMaintenance:
KekerapanbagiPemeriksaanJuruteraPenyenggaraan:

(c) FrequencyofRegularCheckofWaterCarryingservices(includingburiedservices,ductingsystems):
KekerapanbagiPemeriksaanLazimkeatasPerkhidmatanSaluranAir(termasukperkhidmatanbawahtanahdan
sistemsaluran)

GuidelinesonwhenprofessionaladviceoranimmediateEngineerInspectionforMaintenanceisrequired:
(e.g. landslide, signs of distress, new or significant increase of seepage, or change of facility in the vicinity of slope or
retainingstructure.)
GarispanduanbilamananasihatprofessionalataupemeriksaanjuruterauntukPenyenggaraanperludibuatsertamerta:
(contoh:tanahruntuh,tandatandakegagalan,resapanyangbaruataubanyak,ataupunpergerakankemudahanberdekatan
cerunataustrukturpenahan)
OTHERINFORMATION
MaklumatLain
Relevantrecords:(e.ggroundinvestigationreport,geotechnicalreport,landslideincidentreportandlandscapedesign
report.)
Rekodberkaitan:(contoh;penyiasatantapak,laporangeoteknik,laporantanahruntuhdanlaporanrekabentuklandskap)
INFORMATIONPROVIDER
PemberiMaklumat

Preparedby: Firm:
Disediakanoleh Firma

Signature:. Date:....
Tandatangan Tarikh
56
PARTIIIDRAWINGSANDPHOTOGRAPHICRECORDS
BahagianIIILukisanLukisanDanRekodRekodFotograf
LOCATIONPLANANDSITEPLAN(withscale)
PelanLokasiDanPelanTapak(denganskala)
57
PLAN/SECTIONSOFSLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTURETOBEMAINTAINED
(Planandsectionsbasedonasbuiltconditions.Includedateoftheplan,detailsofsurfacecover,surfacedrainage,
subsurfacedrainage,accesspoints,andstabilizationmeasures)
Pelan/KeratanKeratanRentasCerun/StrukturPenahan
(Pelandankeratankeratanrentasberdasarkankeadaansebenar.Masukkantarikhpelan,perincianmengenaitutupan
permukaan,saliranpermukaan,saliranbawahtanah,jalanmasukdantindakantindakanpenstabilan)
Note:Alldimensionareinmillimetersandalllevelsareinmeters
Nota:Semuadimensidalammilimeterdansemuaarasdalammeter
58
LAYOUTPLANOFWATERCARRYINGSERVICESONORADJACENTTOSLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTURE(with
date)
PelanSusunAturSaluranPerkhidmatanAirdiatasatauBerdekatanCerun/StrukturPenahan(dengantarikh)
Note:Alldimensionareinmillimetersandalllevelsareinmeters
Nota:Semuadimensidalammillimeterdansemuaarasdalammeter.
59
RECORDPHOTOGRAPHS(withobservationsanddate;andwiththevantagepointsindicatedontheplans)
RekodFotograffotograf(denganpemerhatiandantarikh;dandengantempatfotograffotografdiambilditunjukkandiatas
pelan)
Note:Addadditionalrecordsheetsforphotographsasnecessary
Nota:Lampirkanhelaiantambahanbagifotograffotografsekiranyaperlu
60
APPENDIXBINDICATIVERECORDSHEETSFORROUTINE
MAINTENANCEINSPECTIONSANDWORKS
61
62
RECORDOFROUTINEMAINTENANCEINSPECTIONSHEET1OF4
RekodPemeriksaanRutinUntukPenyenggaraanCerun
No.RujukanCerun/StrukturPenahan
DateofInspection:
Tarikhpemeriksaan:
DateofLastEngineerInspectionforMaintenance:
TarikhpemeriksaanterakhirolehJurutera:
DueDateofNextEngineerInspectionforMaintenance:
TarikhkerjaPenyenggaraanseterusnyaolehJurutera:
WeatherConditionatTimeofInspection:
Keadaancuacasemasapemeriksaan:
MapCoordinates: DateofConstruction:
KoordinatesPeta: TarikhPembinaan:
Easting: Northing:
Timur: Utara:
ActionRequired Works
Location Tindakanyang Completion
MaintenanceActionItem Reference Diperlukan Date
PerkarauntukTindakanPenyenggaraan RujukanLokasi TarikhKerja
No Yes
Disiapkan
Tidak Ya
Cleardrainagechannelsofaccumulateddebris
Membersihkansaluranperparitandarisampahsarapyangterkumpul

Repaircracked/damageddrainagechannelsorpavementsalongcrestandtoe
ofslopeorretainingstructure

Membaikisaluranperparitanataupenutupjalandisepanjangpuncakdankaki
cerunatautombokpenahanyangmengalamiretakan/rosak
Repairorreplacecrackedordamagedimpermeableslopesurfacecover
Membaikiataumenggantikantutupanceruntidaktelapairyangtelahmerekah

ataurosak
Remove surface debris and vegetation that has caused severe cracking of
slopesurfacecoveranddrainagechannels

Membuangsampahpermukaandantumbuhanyangtelahmenyebabkan
rekahanseriuspadapemukaancerundanperparitan
Removelooserockdebrisandundesirablevegetationfromrockslopesor
boulders

Membuangbatuanlonggardantumbuhanyangtidakperludaripadacerun
batuataubatutongkol
Revegetatebaresoilslopesurface
Penanamansemulatumbuhanpadapermukaanceruntanahyanggundul

Repairmortarjointsinmasonrywalls
Membaikidindingbatuyangdiikatdenganmortarjikaikatannyamengalami

kerosakan
Unblockweepholesandoutletdrainpipes
Memastikanlubanglelehdanalurkeluarpaipsalirantidaktersumbat

Repairleakyexposedwatercarryingservices
Membaikipaipairataupembentungyangbocordipermukaancerun

Repairorreplacerustedslopefurniture(e.g.steelgates,boundaryfencesand
stairs

Membaikiataumenggantikanperabutcerunyangtelahberkarat(cth.pagar
besi,pagarsempadandantetangga)
Removedebrisfromscreen
Membuangpuingdaripadapenapissampah
Others
Lainlain(silanyatakankerjayangtelahdilakukan)

RecommendedDateforCompletionofAboveWorks
TarikhDijangkaKerjakerjadiatasakanDiselesaikan

63
RekodPemeriksaanRutinUntukPenyenggaraanCerun
No.RujukanCerun/StrukturPenahan.
SITEPLAN(Referencenumbersshouldbeassignedtolocationsofmanmadeitemsforwhichmaintenance
worksarerequired.Thecorrespondingreferencenumbersshouldbequotedinthephotographicrecords.)
Pelan Tapak (Nombor rujukan hendaklah dinyatakan pada lokasi di mana kerjakerja penyenggaraan
diperlukan.Nomborrujukanyangsesuaihendaklahdinyatakandidalamfotograffotografyangtelahdiambil)
Note:Addadditionalrecordsheetsforsiteplanasnecessary
Nota:Tambahhelaianrekodtambahanuntukpelantapakjikaperlu.
64
RekodPemeriksaanRutinUntukPenyeggaraanCerun
ImmediateEngineerInspectionforMaintenanceneeded?Yes/No
AdakahpemeriksaanuntukpenyenggaraanperludilakukanolehJuruteradengansegera?Ya/Tidak
Immediatearrangementforinvestigationandrepairofburiedwatercarryingservicesneeded?Yes/No
AdakahpenyiasatandanpembaikansegeraperludilakukanpadapaipairatauPembentungyangtertimbus?Ya/Tidak
OTHEROBSERVATIONS(continueonseparatesheetsifnecessary)
(e.g.conditionsoftreesforwhichspecialistadviceisneeded)
LAINLAINPEMERHATIAN(silagunakankertasberasinganjikaperlu)
(contoh.keadaanpokokdimananasihatpakardiperlukan)

Inspectedby:
Diperiksaoleh:

From:
Daripada:

Signature: Date:
Tandatangan: Tarikh
Duetoofnextinspection:
Tarikhuntukpemeriksaan
berikutnya
:
Receivedby:
Diterimaoleh:
From:
Daripada:
Signature: Date:
Tandatangan: Tarikh

Note:Defectsoranomalies,suchassignsofleakage,wideningofcracks,settlingground,bulgingordistortionofamasonry
wallorsettlementofthecrestplatform,shouldbereportedtotheCawanganKejuteraanCerun,JKR
Nota:Kecacatanataukeadaanluarbiasasepertitandatandakebocoran,penambahansaizrekahan,enapantanah,perubahan
bentukpadastrukturpenahanatauenapanpadapuncakcerunhendaklahdilaporkankepadaCawanganKejuruteraanCerun,
JKR
65
SLOPERETAININGSTRUCTUREREFERENCENO.
RECORDPHOTOGRAPHS(withdescription,date,andreferencenumbersasgivenonthesiteplan)
RekodFotograffotograf(disertakandenganperihalan,tarikhdanno.Rujukansepertiyangditunjukkandidalampelantapak)
Note:Addadditionalrecordsheetsforphotographsasnecessary.Recordphotographsshouldshowindetailareaswhere
maintenance works are required and signs of distress observed (e.g. tension cracks, bulging of wall) and be
annotatedwithdescriptions.
Nota:Silagunakanhelaianrekodtambahanjikaperlu.Rekodfotograffotografhendaklahmenunjukkankawasandimana
kerjapenyenggaraandiperlukan,tandatandakegagalanyangdilihat(cth.retaktegangan,pembonjolantembok),dan
hendaklahdicatatkandenganperihalan
66

Maintenanceworksarrangedby:
KerjaPenyenggaraan
diuruskanoleh:
From:
Daripada:

Signature: Date:
Tandatangan: Tarikh:
Maintenanceworkscarriedoutby:
Kerjapenyenggaraandilakukanoleh:
From:
Daripada:
Signature: Date:
Maintenanceworkscarriedouton:
KerjaPenyenggaraandilakukanpada
RECORDPHOTOGRAPHS(withdescriptions,date,andreferencenumbersasgivenonthesiteplan)
REKODFOTOGRAFFOTOGRAF(disertakandengandeskripsi,tarikhandno.rujukansepertiyangditunjukkandidalampelan
tapak)
Note:
Nota
1 Addadditionalrecordsheetsforphotographsasnecessary.
Silagunakanhelaianrekodtambahanuntukfotograffotografjikaperlu.
2 Forremovaloflooserocksfromrockfaceorclearingdebrisfromdefencemeasures,e.g.checkdam,theestimatedcolumeofdebris
removedshouldberecorded.
Jikalaubatuanlonggarperludibersihkandaripadapermukaanbatuatausampahperludibersihkandaripadastrukturpenahanan,
isipadabatuanatausampahyangdibersihkanperludirekodkan.
3 Recordphotographsshouldshowindetailareaswheremaintenanceworksarerequiredandsignsofdistressobserved.
Fotograffotografhendaklahmenunjukkankawasandimanakerjapenyenggaraandiperlukandantandatandakegagalan
diperhatikan.
4 Recordphotographsbeforeandaftertheexecutionofmaintenanceworksshouldbetakenfromthesamevantagepoints.
Fotograffotografsebelumdanselepaskerjapenyenggaraandilakukanhendaklahdiambildaripadasudutpandanganyangsama.

67
68
APPENDIXCEXAMPLEOFTERMOFREFERENCEFORENGINEER
INSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCEFORPRIVATESLOPES

69
70
EXAMPLEOFTERMOFREFERENCEFORENGINEERINSPECTIONSFOR
MAINTENANCE
1. ObjectiveoftheAssignment
The objective of this Assignment is to carry out an Engineer Inspection for Maintenance,
including the preparation of an Engineer Inspection Report and the preparation/updating*
of a Maintenance Manual, and, if required, the design, management and supervision of
works, for slope/retaining structure* number _______________, the location and extent of
whichareshownontheattachedplan.
2. DescriptionoftheAssignment

TheAssignmentshallconsistofthefollowingitemsofwork:

(a) toassessthestateofmaintenanceandconditionoftheslope/retainingstructure*,

(b) to establish if Stability Assessments of the slope/retaining structure* have
previously been carried out and, if so, to carry out a review of these previous
StabilityAssessments,

(c) to determine whether a Stability Assessment and/or preventive maintenance or
urgentrepairworksoraccessprovisionarenecessary,

(d) to recommend, arrange, supervise and certify the satisfactory completion of any
necessaryworks*,and

(e) toprepare/update*themaintenancedocumentationandrecommendimprovement
forthemaintenanceprocess.
ThereviewofpreviousStabilityAssessmentsrequiredin(b)aboveisnotintendedtocertify
or endorse any part or the whole of the previous Stability Assessments. It only aims to
identify whether the previous Stability Assessments contains any obvious deficiencies in
engineeringapproachorassumptionsinthelightofcurrentlocalgeotechnicalengineering
practice and safety standards, any monitoring records indicating deficiency in the design
assumptions, and to judge whether the stability of the slope/retaining structure would be
affectedbyanyvisiblechangesinconditionsidentifiedduringthesiteinspection.
3. Deliverables
TheEngineershallsubmit_____________copiesoftheEngineerInspectionReportcovering
the tasks listed in Section 4 below and enclosing the Records of Engineer Inspection for
Maintenance/and___________copiesoftheMaintenanceManualtotheEmployer.
71
4. ServicestobeProvidedbytheEngineer
This Assignment shall be carried out by a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil

engineer in Malaysia. Where necessary geological input shall be obtained from a qualified
geologist registered with Institute Geology Malaysia. As the inspecting engineer, the
geotechnical/civil engineer shall prepare and sign the Records of Engineer Inspection for
Maintenance. The geotechnical/civil engineer shall also prepare and sign the Engineer
InspectionReport.
Part1InformationCollection
(a) StartingfromthesamplechecklistinAppendixHofCerun1,prepareachecklistforthe
agreementoftheEmployerindicatingthetypesofdocumentstobecollectedunderthis
Assignment.
(b) Collectavailabledocumentaryinformationpertainingtotheslope/retainingstructure*
andthenearbyareaswhichcouldhaveimplicationsonitsstability.
Part2SiteInspection
(a) Carry out an inspection of the slope/retaining structure* and the nearby areas and
prepare Records of Engineer Inspection for Maintenance according to the Indicative
RecordSheetsgiveninAppendixFofCerun1.Inparticular,

(i) evaluate the adequacy of access to the slope/retaining structure for maintenance
inspectionstakingintoaccounttherequirementsofsafetyregulationsandprovide
recommendationsinaccordancewithPart4(b)below,

(ii) identify visually any discrepancies between the records of previous engineer
inspections for maintenance, maintenance manuals, the works as constructed,
actual site conditions and the plans in the Stability Assessment Reports, design
reports,drawingsorasbuiltrecords,

(iii) identify all visible changes including landslides, unauthorised constructions,
formationofunauthorisedcultivationareas,appearanceoftensioncracks,orother
signs of distress, thathave taken place at or in the vicinity of the slope/retaining
structure*, in particular any changes since the last Stability Assessment and
Engineer Inspection, which could have implications on its stability, and to judge
whetherthesemightbesignificant,

(iv) identify the presence of buried and exposed watercarrying services (including
anyductingsystemshousingtheservices)andunauthorisedservices,onorinthe
vicinity of the slope/retaining structure* (including relevant areas outside the lot
boundary),bothvisuallyandwithreferencetotherecordplansfortheservices,

(v) check for signs of leakage of any exposed and buried watercarrying services
(including any ducting systems housing the services) and identify the source of
any leaky watercarrying services where possible and provide recommendations
inaccordancewithpart4(c)below,

72
(vi) lookforandconsidertheimplicationsofproblemsthatarenotexplicitlyincluded
in the list of maintenance for manmade items, and bring to the attention of the
Employer any immediate and obvious danger noted and provide
recommendationsinaccordancewithPart4(d)below,and
(vii) reassessment of geology, geological structure and ground water at site where
applicable.

Part3Assessment

BasedonthetasksofParts1and2above,carryoutthefollowingtasks:

(a) Evaluate the relevance and completeness of all information collected with
reference to the checklist agreed by the Employer (see Part 1(a)). Determine
whether Stability Assessments covering parts or the entirety of the
slope/retainingstructure*havepreviouslybeencarriedout.Ifso,reviewthe
previous Stability Assessment reports to check whether the engineering
approach used, the assumptions and the conclusions made in these reports
arereasonableinthelightofcurrentpracticeandsafetystandards.

(b) Reassess the consequencetolife category, as in Appendix 1A, of the
slope/retaining structure*, as set out in the standards and guidance
documentspromulgatedbyCawanganKejuruteraanCerun,JKR.

(c) Check that Routine Maintenance Inspections and the recommendations for
routine maintenance works have been carried out and documented
satisfactorily.

(d) CheckthatRegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices(includingany
ducting systems housing the services) and/or Regular Monitoring of Special
Measures (if required) and the recommendations arising from the checks
havebeencarriedoutanddocumentedsatisfactorily.

(e) Assesstheadequacyofroutinemaintenanceworksandsupplementthelistof
basicmaintenanceworksitems,asnecessary.

(f) Reassess the required frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections,
EngineerInspectionsforMaintenance,andRegularChecksofBuriedWater
carryingServices(includinganyductingsystemshousingtheservices).
Part4Recommendations

(a) Recommendanynecessarypreventivemaintenanceworks.

(b) Based on the task of Part 2(a)(i), recommend any necessary access to be
providedformaintenanceinspectionsandworks.

(c) Based on the task of Part 2(a)(v), recommend any necessary immediate
detailed leakage check, regular checks, repair and rerouting of the services.
Whereleakingwatercarryingservicesarefound,advisetheservicesowners
73
and appropriate authorities for actions. Update the Maintenance Manual to

include a provision to initiate an additional Engineer Inspection for
Maintenancewheneveranomaliesduetoleakingservicesareobserved.

(d) Based on the work of Part 2(a)(iii) & (vi), recommend any necessary
emergency measures (e.g. cordoning off works), urgent repair or
investigations.

(e) Advise whether a Stability Assessment of the slope/retaining structure* is
neededtakingintoconsiderationtheresultsofthetasksinParts2and3and
theresultsofthepreviousStabilityAssessment(s),ifany.
Part5Reporting

(a) Prepare an Engineer Inspection Report covering the above tasks and
enclosingtheRecordsofEngineerInspectionforMaintenanceforsubmission
totheEmployer.

(b) ExplainthefindingsandrecommendationsoftheEngineerInspectiontothe
Employer, in particular whether Stability Assessment or works are required
to be carried out, with justifications and cost estimates including any site
supervisioncosts,andansweringanyqueries.
Part6Preparation/Updating*oftheMaintenanceManual

(a) Prepare/update*theMaintenanceManualtoincludeallrelevantinformation
extracted from the previous Stability Assessment(s), and the desk study,
recordsanddetailsofanypreviouslandslidesandsubsequentrepairworks,
and site inspection(s) under this Assignment, with traceability to all source
documentsused.

(b) Prepare/update*theMaintenanceManualtoincludeastatementoflandscape
designhighlightingtherationaleforthechoiceofthelandscapeitemsforthe
slope/retainingstructure.
Part7Design,ManagementandSupervisionofWorks(OptionalItems)

(a) Prepare specifications and plans for the necessary routine and preventive
maintenanceworks,urgentrepair,andaccessprovisionbasedonthetasksof
Part4(a),(b)&(d)above.

(b) Recommendtherequirementsofaconstructiondesignreviewfortheworks
inPart7(a)above.

(c) Obtain or arrange to obtain all statutory approvals (e.g. from Local
Authorities) and agreements from any parties, as appropriate, required for
theexecutionofthenecessaryremedialworks.

(d) Seek approval/agreement from the relevant authorities (e.g. Public Works
Department,Police,andDistrictLandsOffices)andanyaffectedparties(e.g.
74
utilitycompanies),ifnecessary,fortheexecutionoftheitemsofworksonthe
slopes/retainingstructures.

(e) Prepare the table tender document, call tender, and provide
recommendationsfortheEmployertoappointthemostsuitableContractorto
undertaketheworks.

(f) Undertakesupervisionoftheitemsofworksandallcontractadministration.
Checkwhethertheworkshavebeencarriedoutinaccordancewiththeworks
contract requirements and if so certify payment for works that are
satisfactorilycompleted.

(g) Carry out any necessary construction design reviews and liaise with the
ContractorandtheEmployerasnecessary.

(h) Prepare and certify the asbuilt drawing and/or construction records,
including any design reviews carried out, and update the Maintenance
Manual to document the works done, based on site inspections and the as
builtrecordsoftheworks.Submitrelevantdocumentstostatutoryauthorities
certifyingthecompletionofworks.
5. ProgrammedofImplementation
TheduedateforthecommencementoftheAssignmentshallbe_____________.
Theduedate(s)forthecompletionofParts1to6ofSection4oftheAssignment,including
the submission of Record of Engineer Inspection for Maintenance and any relevant
documentsandreports,shallbe_____________.
6. StandardsandSpecifications
The Engineer shall adopt such technical and design standards and specifications as are
applicable to and in current use by CawanganKejuruteraan Cerun JKR or, if nonexistent,
internationalCodesofPracticeandSpecifications.
7. InformationProvidedbytheEmployer
All available information held by the Employer and relevant to the Assignment will be
providedtotheEngineer.
Notes:
(1) Deletedifnotapplicable.
(2) TheagreementshouldbepricedonthebasisofallthetasksincludedinParts1to6ofSection4only.Thefeeforthe
tasksinPart7ofSection4,iffoundnecessary,shouldbenegotiatedseparately.
(3) TheprogrammedforthetasksinPart7ofSection4shouldbeagreedaftercompletionofthetasksinParts1to6of
Section4.
75
76
APPENDIXDSCOPEOFSERVICESFORENGINEERINSPECTIONSFOR
MAINTENANCEFORGOVERNMENTSLOPES
77
78
1. General
The following section outlines the scope of works to be carried out in the Engineer
Inspections for Maintenance and other provisions for procuring additional information for
theeffectivemanagementofslopemaintenanceprogrammed.
2. ServicestobeProvidedbytheEngineerundertakingEngineerInspectionsfor
MaintenanceforGovernmentSlopes
Part1InformationCollection
(a) Information on a particular slope can be obtained from relevant agencies, such as
JKRheadquarters,localauthoritiesandwaterrelatedagencies.
Part2SiteInspection
(a) Carryoutaninspectionoftheslopesandretainingstructuresandthenearbyareas,
and prepare Records of Engineer Inspections for Maintenance based on the
IndicativeRecordSheetsgiveninAppendixFofCerun1.Inparticular,

(i) evaluate the adequacy of access to the slopes and retaining structures for
maintenance inspections taking into account the requirements of safety
regulationsandproviderecommendationsinaccordancewithPart4(b)below,

(ii) identify visually any discrepancies between the records of previous Engineer
InspectionsforMaintenance,maintenancemanuals,theasconstructedworks,
actualsiteconditionsandtheplansinthestabilityassessmentreports,design
reports,drawingsorasbuiltrecords,ifany,

(iii) identify all visible changes including landslides, unauthorised constructions,
formation of unauthorised cultivation areas, appearance of tension cracks, or
othersignsofdistress,thathavetakenplaceatorinthevicinityofaslopeor
retainingstructure,inparticularanychangessincethelaststabilityassessment
andEngineerInspection,whichcouldhaveimplicationsonitsstability,andto
judgewhetherthesemightbesignificant,

(iv) identify the presence of buried and exposed watercarrying services,
(including any ducting systems housing the services) and unauthorised
services,onorinthevicinityoftheslopesandretainingstructures(including
relevant areas outside the lot boundary), both visually and with reference to
therecordplansfortheservices,

(v) checkforsignsofleakage of any exposedand buriedwatercarrying services
(includinganyductingsystemshousingtheservices)andidentifythesourceof
any leaking watercarrying services where possible and provide
recommendationsinaccordancewithPart4(c)below,and
(vi) look for and consider the implications of problems that are not explicitly
included in the list of maintenance for manmade items, and bring to the
79
attention of the relevant authority any immediate and obvious danger noted
andproviderecommendationsinaccordancewithPart4(d)below.
(b) Where directed by the relevant authority, make arrangements for gaining access to
any part of a slope or retaining structure and the nearby areas to be inspected
including liaison with all relevant parties and authorities, the application of any
necessary permits, general vegetation clearance for access and the provision of the
necessaryequipmentandconsumableforinspectingtheslopesafely.
(c) Collectorupdaterelevantdatausedtodeterminethepriorityrankingoffollowup
actions for slopes and retaining structures, including stability assessments,
preventivemaintenanceworksorupgradingworks.
(d) Collectdataforregistrationforanyunregisteredslopesorretainingstructuresfound
withintheproject/allocationboundary,andforwhichtherelevantauthorityhasthe
obligation to maintain. In the event of an unregistered slope or retaining structure
locatinginthevicinityoftheproject/allocationboundaryorthevenueofinspection
andwhosemaintenanceresponsibilityisnotclear,collectthebasicinformationofthe
unregistered slope or retaining structure including its location, the height and
gradientoftheslopeorretainingstructureandrecordphotographs.
Part3Assessment
Based on the tasks of Parts 1 and 2 above, carry out the following tasks for each slope or
retainingstructure:
(a) Evaluatetherelevanceandcompletenessofallinformationcollectedwithreference
to the checklist agreed by the relevant authority (see Part 1). Determine whether
stability assessments covering parts or the entire slope or retaining structure have
previouslybeencarriedout.Ifso,reviewthepreviousstabilityassessmentreportsto
checkwhethertheengineeringapproachused,theassumptionsandtheconclusions
made in these reports are reasonable in the light of current practice and safety
standards.
(b) Reassess the consequencetolife category of the slope or retaining structure, as in

Appendix1A.
(c) Check that Routine Maintenance Inspections and the recommendations for routine
maintenanceworkshavebeencarriedoutanddocumentedsatisfactorily.
(d) CheckthatRegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices(includinganyducting
systems housing the services) and/or Regular Monitoring of Special Measures (if
required) and the recommendations arising from the checks have been carried out
anddocumentedsatisfactorily.
(e) Assesstheadequacyofroutinemaintenanceworksandsupplementthelistofbasic
maintenanceworksitems,asnecessary.
80
(f) Reassess the required frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

InspectionsforMaintenance,andRegularChecksofBuriedWatercarryingServices
(includinganyductingsystemshousingtheservices).
(g) Provide to Cawangan Kejuruteraan Cerun JKR any updated details including any
changesintheslopeorretainingstructureboundaryanddata.
Part4Recommendations
(a) Recommendanynecessarypreventivemaintenanceworks.
(b) BasedonthetaskofPart2(a)(i),recommendanynecessaryaccesstobeprovidedfor
maintenanceinspectionsandworks.
(c) Based on the task of Part 2(a)(v), recommend any necessary immediate detailed
leakage check, regular checks, repair and rerouting of the services. Where leaking
watercarrying services are found, advise the services owner and appropriate
authorities for actions. Update the maintenance manual to include a provision to
initiate any additional Engineer Inspection for Maintenance necessary due to the
leakingservices.
(d) Based on the work of Part 2(a)(iii) & (vi), recommend any necessary emergency
measures(e.g.cordoningoffworks),urgentrepairorinvestigations.
(e) Advise whether a stability assessment of a slope or retaining structure is needed

takingintoconsiderationtheresultsofthetasksinParts2and3andtheresultsofthe
previousstabilityassessments,ifany.
(f) If a stability assessment of a slope or retaining structure is considered necessary in

Part 4(e), advise the relevant authority to take necessary measures to reduce the
potentialconsequenceoffailureinsteadofcarryingoutastabilityassessment.
(g) Based on the data collected in Part 2(c), advise the relevant authoritya ranking list
for carrying out stability assessment, preventive maintenance works or upgrading
worksfortheslopesandretainingstructures,basedonasuitableprioritisingscheme
approvedbyCawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR.Therankinglistshouldtakeinto
account the consequencetolife category of the slopes and retaining structures and
anypossibleactionundertheJKRpreventivemeasuresprogrammed.
(h) Based on data collected in Part 2(d) above, register any unregistered slopes or
retaining structures identified within the project/allocation boundary, which the
Employer is responsible for their maintenance according to the guidelines and
standardsproducedbyCawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR.Incasetheunregistered
slopeorretainingstructurelies in thevicinity of theproject/allocation boundary or
the venue of inspection or where its maintenance responsibility is not certain,
providethebasicinformationtofacilitatetheregistrationbyCawanganKejuruteraan
CerunJKR.
Part5Reporting
(a) Prepare an Engineer Inspection Report covering the above tasks and enclosing the
Records of Engineer Inspection for Maintenance for submission to the relevant
authority.
81
(b) ExplainthefindingsandrecommendationsoftheEngineerInspectiontotherelevant
authority, in particular whether stability assessment or works are required to be
carried out, with justifications and cost estimates including any site supervision
costs,andansweranyqueries.
(c) Prepare the records of Engineer Inspection for Maintenance and Maintenance
Manual in electronic format conforming to the database specification produced by
CawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR.
Part6PreparationorUpdatingofMaintenanceManuals
(a) Prepare or update the maintenance manual for each slope or retaining structure to
include all relevant information extracted from the previous stability assessments,
and the desk study, records and details of any previous landslides and subsequent
repairworks,andactionstatusandpriorityoftheslopeorretainingstructureinJKR
preventive measures programmed and site inspection(s) under this Assignment,
withtraceabilitytoallsourceofdocumentsused.
(b) Prepare or update the maintenance manual for each slope or retaining structure to
includeastatementoflandscapedesign,highlightingtherationaleforthechoiceof
thelandscapeitemstotheslopeorretainingstructure.
Part7DesignofWorks(OptionalItems)
(a) Compilealistofslopes/retainingstructurestogetherwiththenecessaryroutineand
preventive maintenance works, urgent repair and access provision based on all the
tasks of Parts 4(a), (b) and (d) above. Where directed by the relevant authority,
prepare specifications and plans for the items of works on the slopes/retaining
structures selected from the list by the relevant authority to a standard that can be
useddirectlyintherelevantauthoritysworkscontract.
(b) Recommend the requirements of construction design review for the works in Part
7(a)above.
82
APPENDIXEEXAMPLEOFTERMOFREFERENCEFORSTABILITY
ASSESSMENTSFORPRIVATESLOPESORRETAININGSTRUCTURES
83
84
EXAMPLETERMOFREFERENCEFORSTABILITYASSESSMENTS
1. ObjectivesoftheAssignment

TheobjectivesoftheAssignmentare:

(a) to determine whether the geotechnical standard of the slope/retaining
structure*meetstherequirementsstipulatedinthecurrentstandardsusedby
PublicWorksDepartmentorGeotechnicalManualforSlope(1984)produced
byGEOHongKong,whicheverisapplicable,and

(b) torecommend/andarrange,superviseandcertifysatisfactorycompletionof*
anynecessarygroundinvestigationandupgradingworks.
2. Deliverables
The Engineer shall submit _____________ copies of the Stability Assessment Report and
_____________copiesoftheMaintenanceManualtotheEmployer.
3. ServicestobeProvidedbytheEngineer
This Assignment shall be carried out by a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil

engineer in Malaysia Where necessary geological input shall be obtained from a qualified
geologist registered with Institute Geology Malaysia. The Engineer shall carry out the
followingtasksforslope/retainingstructure*number_____________,thelocationandextent
ofwhichareshownintheattachedplan.
Part1BasicItems

(a) Review the Engineer Inspection for Maintenance reports pertaining to the
slope/retaining structure* and the nearby areas which could have
implicationsonitsstability.

(b) Where considered necessary, recommend, arrange and supervise ground
investigation, monitoring and identification of buried services that could
affectthestabilityoftheslope/retainingstructure*.

(c) Assess the geotechnical standard of the slope/retaining structure* with
respect to the requirements stipulated in the current standard used by the
PublicWorksDepartmentorGeotechnicalManualforSlopes(1984).

(d) Providerecommendationsonanynecessaryupgradingworks.

(e) Prepare/update*theMaintenanceManual.
Part2Design,ManagementandSupervisionofWorks(OptionalItems)

(a) Preparespecificationsandplansforthenecessaryupgradingworksbasedon
thetasksofPart1above.

85
(b) Recommendtherequirementsofaconstructiondesignreviewfortheworks
inPart2(a)above.

(c) Obtain or arrange to obtain all statutory approval (e.g. from Local
Authorities)andagreementfromanyparties,asappropriate,requiredforthe
executionofthenecessaryremedialworks.

(d) Seekapprovaloragreementfromtherelevantauthorities(e.g.PublicWorks
Department,Police,andDistrictLandsOffices)andanyaffectedparties(e.g.
utilitycompanies),ifnecessary,fortheexecutionoftheitemsofworksonthe
slope/retainingstructure*.

(e) Prepare the table tender document, invite tenders, and make
recommendationsfortheEmployertoappointthemostsuitableContractorto
undertaketheworks.

(f) Undertakesupervisionoftheitemsofworksandallcontractadministration.
Checkwhethertheworkshavebeencarriedoutinaccordancewiththeworks
contract requirements and if so certify payment for the works that are
satisfactorilycompleted.

(g) Carry out any necessary construction design reviews and liaise with the
ContractorandtheEmployerasnecessary.

(h) Prepare and certify the asbuilt drawing and/or construction records,
including any design reviews carried out, and update the Maintenance
Manualtodocumenttheworksdone,basedonasiteinspectionandtheas
builtrecordsoftheworks.Submitrelevantdocumentstostatutoryauthorities
certifyingthecompletionofworks.
4. ProgrammedofImplementation
TheduedateforthecommencementoftheAssignmentshallbe_____________.
Theduedate(s)forthecompletionofPart1oftheAssignment,includingthesubmissionof
Stability Assessment Report and any relevant documents and reports, shall be
_____________,workingtoaprogrammedagreedwiththeEmployerwithin_____________
weeksofthecommencementoftheAssignment.
5. StandardsandSpecifications
The Engineer shall adopt such technical and design standards and specifications as are
applicabletoandincurrentusebyCawanganKejuruteraanCerun,JKR,or,ifnonexistent,
internationalCodesofPracticeandSpecifications.
6. InformationProvidedbytheEmployer
AllavailableinformationheldbytheEmployerandrelevanttotheAssignmentwillbe
providedtotheEngineer.
Notes:
(1) *denotesitemtobedeletedifnotapplicable.
86
(2) TheagreementshouldbepricedonthebasisofallthetasksincludedinPart1ofSection3only.Thefee
forthetasksinPart2ofSection3,iffoundnecessary,shouldbenegotiatedseparately.
(3) TheprogrammedforthetasksinPart2ofSection3shouldbeagreedaftercompletionofthetasksinPart
1.
87
88
APPENDIXFINDICATIVERECORDSHEETSFORENGINEER
INSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCE
89
90
SLOPE/STRUCTUREWALLREFERENCENO.
DateofInspection:
Tarikhpemeriksaan:
DateofLastEngineerInspectionforMaintenance:
TarikhpemeriksaanterakhirolehJurutera:
DueDateofNextEngineerInspectionforMaintenance:
TarikhkerjaPenyenggaraanseterusnyaolehJurutera:
WeatherConditionatTimeofInspection:
Keadaancuacasemasapemeriksaan:
MapCoordinates: DateofConstruction:
KoordinatesPeta: TarikhPembinaan:
Easting: Northing:
Timur: Utara:
REVIEWOFROUTINEMAINTENANCE
(UlasanPenyenggaraanRutin)

Haveroutinemaintenanceworksbeensatisfactorycarriedout?Yes/Partially/No
(GivedetailsifanswerisPartially)
Adakahkerjakerjapenyenggaraanrutintelehdijalankandenganmemuaskan?Ya/Sebahagian/Tidak
(Jelaskanjikasebahagian)
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Arethemaintenancerecordsheetsusedadequate?Yes/No
Adakahborangrekodpenyenggaraanmencukupi?Ya/Tidak
Haveadequatemaintenancerecordsbeenkept?Yes/No
Adakahrekodpenyenggaraanyangdikumpulkanmencukupi?Ya/Tidak
IsthereadequateaccesstotheslopeorretainingstructureforMaintenanceInspection?Yes/No
Adakahlaluankecerun/tembokpanahansesuaiuntukPemeriksaanPenyenggaraan?Ya/Tidak
Hasthefullextentoftheslopeorretainingstructuretobeinspectedandmaintainedbeenestablished?Yes/No
(i.e.checkagainstleasedocumentissuedbytheLandsDepartment?)
Adakahluaskawasancerun/strukturpenahantelahdiperiksadandisenggarasepenuhnya?Ya/Tidak
(iaitu,semakdokumenpajakanyangdikeluarkanolehpihakPejabatTanah?)
Hasthedocumentationfortheinspectionandmaintenanceofslopesandretainingstructuresbeenvalidated?Yes/No
Adakah keseluruhan cerun atau struktur penahan yang akan diperiksa dan disenggara telah dikenalpasti dari segi kesahihan
dokumennya?Ya/Tidak

OTHEROBSERVATIONS
PemerhatianPemerhatianLain

91
RECORDOFENGINEERINSPECTIONFORMAINTENANCESHEET2OF10
RekodPemeriksaanJuruteraUntukPenyenggaraan
CONDITIONOFSOIL
KeadaanCerunTanah
Itemstobechecked Condition WorksNeeded
Perkarayangperludisemak Keadaan KerjaDiperlukan
ImpermeablesurfacecoverYes/No Good/Fair/Poor
(Penutupanpermukaantaktelapair)Ya/Tidak Baik/Sederhana/TidakBaik
WeepholesYes/No Clear/Partlyblocked/Blocked
LubangLelehYa/Tidak Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
VegetatedsurfaceYes/No Good/Fair/Poor
PemukaanbertumbuhanYa/Tidak Bersih/Sederana/TidakBaik
Clear/Partlyblocked/Blocked
DrainagechannelsYes/No Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
SaluranPerparitanYa/Tidak
No/Moderate/SevereCracking
Tidak/Sederhana/RetakanTeruk
SumpsandsilttrapsYes/No Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
TakungandanperangkapkelodakYa/Tidak
Associatedculverts&naturaldrainagelinesYes/No
Pembetungdanjajaranparitsemulajadiyangberkaitan
(Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Sumbat)
Ya/Tidak
StabilisationMeasuresYes/No Good/Fair/Poor
TindakanKestabilanYa/Tidak (Baik/Sederhana/TidakBaik)
Others(Specify)
Lainlain(Jelaskan)
Questionstobeasked Remarks WorksNeeded
Soalanyangperludipertimbangkan Catatan KerjaDiperlukan
Anyrecentslopefailure?Yes/No
Adakahsebarangkegagalancerunterkini?Ya/Tidak
Recordanyoftheseanomaliessince
Anyrecenterosion?Yes/No
thelastinspectionandnoteany
Adakahsebaranghakisanterkini?Ya/Tidak recurrenceofthesameproblem.Ifyes
Anyrecentmovements?Yes/No toanyofthesequestions,givedetails
Adakahsebarangpergerakanterkini?Ya/Tidak oftheobservationsandimplicationsof
theproblems(continueonseparate
Anytensioncracksatthecrest?Yes/No
sheetsifnecessary.
Adakahsebarangretaktegangandipuncak?Ya/Tidak

AnyrecentseepageYes/No
Rekodkansebarangperubahansejak
Adakahsebarangresapanairtanahterkini?Ya/Tidak permeriksaanterakhirdancatatkan
Anyothersignsofdistress?Yes/No jikalaumasalahyangsamaberulang.
(Pleasespecify) Jukalauya,silanyatakanbutirankepada
AdakahsebarangtandakegagalanterkiniYa/Tidak permerhatiandanakibatnya
(Silanyatakan)

COMMENTS(continueonseparatesheetsifneeded)
Ulasan(Sambungdikertasberasinganjikaperlu)
92
SLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTUREREFERENCENO
CONDITIONOFRETAININGSTRUCTURE
KeadaanStrukturPenahan
(Perkarayangperludisemak) (Keadaan) (KerjaDiperlukan)
WeepholeYes/No Clear/Partlyblocked/Blocked
Mortarjoints/pointing(Yes/No) Good/Fair/Poor
Sambungan/PepenjurumortarYa/Tidak Baik/Sederhana/TidakBaik
DrainagechannelsYes/No Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Sumbat
SaluranParitYa/Tidak

OutletsofdrainpipesYes/No Clear/Partlyblocked/Blocked
AlurkeluarsaliranpaipYa/Tidak Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
ConcreteFacing)Yes/No Good/Fair/Poor
PermukaankonkritYa/Tidak Baik/Sederhana/TidakBaik
OthersSpecify
LainlainJelaskan
Questionstobeasked Catatan WorksNeeded

(Soalanyangperluditanya) (Remarks) (KerjaDiperlukan)
Anyrecentwallsettlement?Yes/No
(Adakahsebarangenapanterkinipadatembok?)
Ya/Tidak
Anyrecentwallcracking?Yes/No Record any of these anomalies since the
(Adakahsebarangrekahanterkinipadatembok) last inspection and note any recurrence of
Ya/Tidak the same problem. If yes to any of these
Anyrecentwalltilting?Yes/No questions,give details oftheobservations
(Adakahsebarangkecondonganterkinipada and implications of the problems
tembok?)Ya/Tidak (continueonseparatesheetsifnecessary)
Anyrecentwallbulging?Yes/No
(Adakahsebarangpenggelembunganterkini Rekodkan sebarang perubahan sejak
padatembok?)Ya/Tidak permeriksaan terakhir dan catatkan jikalau
Anyrecentseepage?Yes/No masalahyangsamaberulang.
(Adakahsebarangresapanairtanahterkini?) Jikalau ya, sila nyatakan butiran kepada
Ya/Tidak pemerhatian dan akibatnya (sambung di
helainyanglainsekiranyaperlu)
Anyothersignsofdistress?Yes/No
(Pleasespecify)
Adakahsebarangtandatandakegagalanterkini?
(Silanyatakan)Ya/Tidak
COMMENTS(continueonseparatesheetsifneeded
Ulasan(sambungdikertasberasinganjikaperlu)
93
CONDITIONOFROCKSLOPE
KeadaanCerunBatu
Perkaranyangperludisemak Keadaan KerjaDiperlukan
ImpermeablesurfacecoverYes/No Good/Fair/Poor
PenutupanpermukaantaktelapairYa/Tidak Baik/Sederhana/TidakBaik
WeepholeYes/No Clear/Partlyblocked/Blocked
DrainagechannelsYes/No Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
SaluranParitYa/Tidak
SumpsandsilttrapsYes/No

Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
Lubangperangkapdanperangkappasir No/Moderate/SevereCracking
Ya/Tidak Tidak/Sederhana/RetakanTeruk
Associatedculverts&naturaldrainagelines
Yes/No Clear/Partlyblocked/Blocked
Pembetungdanjajaranparitsemulajadiyang Bersih/Sebahagiantersumbat/Tersumbat
Ya/Tidak
Stabilizationmeasures&protectionYes/No
Good/Fair/Poor
(Pleasespecify)
Baik/Sederhana/TidakBaik
TindakanKestabilandanPenahanYa/Tidak

(Silanyatakan)
Others(Specify)
Lainlain(Jelaskan)
Questionstobeasked Remarks WorksNeeded

Soalanyangperludipertimbangkan Catatan KerjaDiperlukan
Anyrecentrockfall?Yes/No
Adakahsebarangruntuhanbatuterkini?
Ya/Tidak Record any of these anomalies since the
Anylooseblocksonslope?)Yes/No last inspection and note any recurrence of
Adakahsebarangbloklonggarpadacerun? the same problem. If yes to any of these
Ya/Tidak questions,give details oftheobservations
Anyloosewedgesonslope?Yes/No and implications of the problems
Adakahsebarangbajilonggarpadacerun? (continueonseparatesheetsifnecessary).
Ya/Tidak
Anybadlyfracturedzone?Yes/No Rekodkan sebarang perubahan sejak
Adakahsebarangzonretakanyangketara? permeriksaan terakhir dan catatkan jikalau
Ya/Tidak masalah yang sama berulang. Jikalau ya,
Anyopenjointsatthecrest?Yes/No sila nyatakan butiran kepada pemerhatian
Adakahsebarangsambunganterbukadipuncak? dan akibatnya (gunakan helaian lain
Ya/Tidak sekiranyaperlu).
Anyrecentseepage?Yes/No
(Adakahsebarangresapanairtanahterkini?)
Ya/Tidak
Anyothersignsofdisability?Yes/No
(Pleasespecify)
Adakahsebarangtandatidakstabil?Ya/Tidak
(Silanyatakan)
COMMENT(continueonseparatesheetsifneeded)
Komen(sambungdikertasberasinganjikaperlu)
94
BURRIEDWATERCARRYINGSERVICES(includingductingsystemsandconduits)
PerkhidmatanSaluranPembawaAirDibawahTanah(Termasuksystemsalurandankonduit)

Yes/No
WillServiceadverselyaffecttheslopeorretainingstructureineventofleakage?
(Ya/Tidak)
AdakahpaipperkhidmatanyanglemahakanmengakibatkankerosakankepadacerunatauStrukturPenahanjikaberlaku

kebocoran?
Yes/No
HastherebeenanychangetoservicesincelastEngineerInspectionforMaintenance?
(Ya/Tidak)
AdakahpenggantiandibuatpadaperalatansejakPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanyangterakhirolehJurutera?
Yes/No
Aretheresignsofwaterleakagefromservices?
(Ya/Tidak)
Adakahtandakebocoranairdaripadapaipperkhidmatan?
Yes/No
Doanyservicesneedimmediateleakagetesting?
(Ya/Tidak)
Adakahpaipperkhidmatanmemerlukanujianpembocoranyangsertamerta?
Yes/No
Isreroutingofservicesnecessaryandpracticable?
(Ya/Tidak)
Adakahperludanpraktikaljikapaipperkhidmatandiubahkelaluanlain?
Yes/No
Doanyservicesrequireregularchecks?(Ifyes,recommendfrequency)
(Ya/Tidak)
Adakahsebarangpaipperkhidmatanmemerlukanpermeriksaanyanglebihkerap?Sekiranyaya,cadangkankekerapan

IfYesinanyoftheaboveitems,givedetailsofobservationsand/orrecommendations
JikaadadiantaraperkaraperkaradiatasadalahYa,berikanpermerhatianyangterperincidancadangancadangan;
Others
Lainlain

GENERALCOMMENTS
KomenKomenUmum

HasStabilityAssessment/upgradeworks*beencarriedout? Yes/No
AdakahPenilaianKestabilan/Kerjakerjamenaiktaraf*telahdijalankan? (Ya/Tidak)
Hasthestabilityoftheslope/retainingstructure*previouslybeenassessedtobeadequate Yes/No
AdakahPenilaianKestabilanbagicerun/StrukturPenahanlepastelahmemadai? (Ya/Tidak)
Aretheengineeringapproachused,theassumptionsandconclusionsmadeinthepreviousStabilityAssessment Yes/No
reportreasonableinlightofthecurrentpracticeandsafetystandards?(IfNo,Givedetails)
Adakahpendekatankejuruteraanyangdigunakan,anggapandankesimpulanyangtelahdibuatdidalamlaporanPenilaian (Ya/Tidak)
Kestabilanmunasabahdarisegipraktisterkinidanpiawaiankeselamatan?(jikatidak,jelaskan)
Isthereanychangethathastakenplace,whichcouldhavereducedthestabilityoftheslope/retainingstructuresincethe Yes/No
lastStabilityAssessment/upgradingworks*?(Ifyes,givedetailsofobservations)
Adakahsebarangperubahanyangberlaku,akanmelemahkankestabilancerun/strukturpenahansemenjakPenilaian (Ya/Tidak)
Kestabilan/Kerjakerjamenaiktaraf*yanglalu?(Jikaya,jelaskanpemerhatian)
Hastheconsequencetolifecategoryoftheslope/retainingstructurechanged? Yes/No
(Ifyes,from____________to______________andupdatesloperecordforfacilitiestypeaffected)
Adakahkategoriakibatkeatasnyawacerun/StrukturPenahanberubah? (Ya/Tidak)
(Jikaada,dari__________ke_____________dankemaskinikanrekodcerunbagikemudahanyangterlibat)
IsthefrequencyofRoutineMaintenanceInspectionsatisfactory?Ifno,recommendnewfrequency Yes/No
AdakahkekerapanbagiPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanRutinmemuaskan?(Jikatidak,cadangkankekrapanbaru) (Ya/Tidak)
IsthefrequencyofEngineerInspectionforMaintenancesatisfactory?(Ifno,recommendnewfrequency) Yes/No
AdakahfrekuensibagiPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanolehJuruteramemuaskan?(Jikatidak,cadangkanfrekuensibaru) (Ya/Tidak)
HasRegularCcheckofBurriedWatercarryingServicesbeencarriedout? Yes/No
AdakahpemeriksaankerapbagiPerkhidmatanSaluranAirdanPembentungdiBawahTanahtelahdijalankan? (Ya/Tidak)
HasRegularMonitoringofSpecialMeasures(ifrequired)beencarriedout? Yes/No
AdakahPemantauanyangkerapbagiTindakanKhusus(jikaada)telahdijalankandenganmemuaskan? (Ya/Tidak)
HaverecommendationsfrompastEngineerInspectionbeencarriedout? Yes/No
AdakahcadangancadangandaripadaPemeriksaanJuruterayanglepastelahdibuat? (Ya/Tidak)
Aresurfacedrainsadequateinsizeandproperinlayout?(Ifno,considerrecommendingPreventiveMaintenance Yes/No
Works)
Adakahsaizpermukaanparitmemadaidanjajarannyasempurna?(Jikatidak,pertimbangkancadanganKerjakerja (Ya/Tidak)
PenyenggaraanPencegahan)

Others
Lainlain
*deletewhereappropriate.
*potongmanamanayangtidakberkenaan.
95
RECOMMENDATIONOFROUTINEMAINTENANCEWORKS
(Showlocationandnatureofproposedworksonaplan)
CadanganKerjaKerjaPenyenggaraanRutin
(Tunjukkanlokasidancadangankerjakerjadiataspelan)
RECOMMENDATIONOFPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEWORKS
(Showlocationandnatureofproposedworksonaplan)
CadanganKerjaKerjaPenyenggaraanPencegahan
(Tunjuklokasidancadangankerjakerjadiataspelan)
OVERALLSTATEOFSLOPEMAINTENANCE:
(PenjelasanKeselurushanPenyenggaraanCerun:)

Anymajordefectsinsurfaceprotection? Yes/No
Adakahterdapatkerosakanyangseriouspadapermukaanperlindungan? (Ya/Tidak)
Anymajordefectsinsurfacedrainagesystem? Yes/No
Adakahterdapatkerosakanyangseriuspadasistemperparitanpermukaan? (Ya/Tidak)
Anymajordefectsinsubsurfacedrainagesystem? Yes/No
Adakahterdapatkerosakanyangseriuspadasystemperparitansubpermukaan? (Ya/Tidak)
Anymajorleakageofwatercarryingservices? Yes/No
Adakahterdapatkebocoranperkhidmatansaluranairdanpembentung? (Ya/Tidak)
Anymajordefectsinspecialmeasures? Yes/No
Adakahterdapatkerosakanyangseriusdalamtindakantindakankhusus? (Ya/Tidak)

Others
(Lainlain)

96
SLOPE/RETAININGSTRUCTUREREFERENCENo
OTHERRECOMMENDATIONS
(e.g.wherethereisconcernonthehealthofthetreesandpresenceofdecayingordyingtrees,advicefromspecialistsuch
ashorticulturistmayberecommended)
LainLainCadangan
(cth:manamanayangberkaitdengankesihatanpokokpokokdanterdapatpokokpokokyangtelahreput,nasihatdaripada
pakaradalahdiperlukan)
FreguencyofRoutinemaintenanceInspections:
KekerapanPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanRutin:
FrequencyofEngineerInspectionforMaintenance:
KekerapanPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanolehJurutera:
FreguencyofRegularChecksofBuriedWaterCarryingService:
KekerapanPemeriksaanLazimpadaPerkhidmatanSaluranAirBawahTanah:

NameofInspectingEngineer:
NamaJuruterayangMemeriksa
of(organization)
daripada(organisasi)

QualificationofInspectingEngineer(e.g.PE)
KelayakanJuruteraPemeriksa(contohP.E.):

Signature Date
Tandatangan Tarikh

Receivedby(NameofClient)
Diterimaoleh(NamaPelanggan):

of(organization)
daripada(organisasi)

Signature Date
Tandatangan Tarikh

97
RECORDSOFINFORMATIONSEARCH(Alistofthedocumentsidentifiedandreviewed,withcommentsonthecontents
dateandplaceseachisobtained)
RekodMaklumat(Satusenaraidokumenyangtelahdikenalpastidandiulasbersamadengankomenkomenberkenaanisiisi
kandungan,tarikhdantempatiadiperolehi)
Note
Addadditionalrecordsheetsforphotographsasnecessary
Nota:
Silagunakanhelainrekodtambahanuntukfotografjikaperlu
98
SITEPLAN(Referencenumbersshouldbeassignedtolocationofmanmadeitemsforwhichmaintenance
worksarerequired.Thecorrespondingreferencenumbersshouldbequotedinthephotographicrecord.)
PelanTapak(Nomborrujukanpadalokasistrukturbuatanmanuasiayangmemerlukankerjapenyenggaraan
hendaklahdiberikan.Nomborrujukanyangsamaharusdigunakanbagirekodbergambar.)
Note:
Nota:
Silagunakanhelaiantambahanuntukfotografjikaperlu
99
PHOTOGRAPHSRECORD(Withdescriptions,dateandreferencenumberasgivenonthesiteplan)
RekodFotograf(disertakandenganperihalan,tarikhdannorujukansepertiyangditunjukkandiataspelantapak)
Note:
(Recordphotographsshouldbetakenfromthesamevantagepointsasthelastinspection)
Nota:
Silagunakanhelaintambahanuntukfotografjikaperlu
(Rekodfotografperludiambilpadasudutyangsamasepertipemeriksaanyangsebelumnya)
100
APPENDIXGINDICATIVEFORMATFORMAINTENANCEMANUALFOR
NATURALTERRAINHAZARDMITIGATIONMEASURES
101
102
MAINTENANCEMANUALFORNATURALTERRAINSHEET1OF4
BukuPanduanPenyenggaraanBagiLerengSemulajadi
TindakanTindakanPenguranganBahaya
MITIGATIONMEASURESREFERENCENO
No.RujukanTindakanPengurangan
LOCATIONOFMITIGATIONMEASURES
LokasiTindakanPengurangan
MAPCOORDINATES DateofConstruction
KoordinatPeta TarikhPembinaan:
Easting Northing:
Timur Utara
PurposeofMitigationMeasures(e.g.hazardsbeingmitigatedagainst,hazardlocationsanddesignvolumes,andfacilities
tobeprotected)TujuanTindakanPengurangan(Contoh:bahayayangdikurangkan,lokasibahayadanisipadurekabentukdankemudahan
yangingindilindungi)
TECHNICALINFORMATION(continueonseparatesheetsifnecessary)
MaklumatTeknikal(Sambungdenganhelaianyanglainsekiranyaperlu)
StabilisationMeasures(1)TindakanTindakanPenstabilan(1)

BoulderButtresses
SagangBatutongkol
TotalNo.ofButtresses

JumlahSagang

SoilNail TotalNo.ofSoilNail
PakuTanah JumlahPakuTanah

MaximumLengthofSoilNails(m)
PanjangMaksimumPakuTanah(m)

HarizontalDrains TotalNo.ofHorizontalDrains
Saliranmengufuk JumlahSaliranMengufuks

MaximumLengthofHarizontalDrains(m)
PanjangMaksimumSaliranMengufuk(m)

Others:
Lainlain

ProtectiveMeasures(1)TindakanTindakanPerlindungan(1)
TypesofMeasures:CheckDam/EarthBund/BoulderFence/Others
JenisTindakan:EmpanganPenyekat/Diatastanah/PagarBatuTongkol
TypicalDimension: (e.g.lengthmaximumheight)
DimensidimensiTipikal: (contoh:panjang,ketinggianmaksimum)
Others:
Lainlain:
MAINTENANCEREQUIREMENTSKeperluanPenyenggaraan
FrequencyofRoutineMaintenanceInspection:
KekerapanPemeriksaanPenyenggaraanRutin:
ManmadeitemsforMaintenance:
Baranganbuatanmanusiayangperludiselanggara:
GuidelinesonseekinggeotechnicalCivil/Engineersadvice:
GarisPanduanuntukmendapatkhidmatnasihatjurutera
Geoteknik/Civil:

INFORMATIONPROVIDERPemberiMaklumat

Recordspreparedby: Firm:
Rekoddisediakanoleh: Firma:

Signature: Date:
Note(1)UseaseparateSheet1foreachtypeofprotectivemeasure.Differenttypesofstabilizationmeasures(e.g.butteressesandsoil
nails)inthesamelocationcanbeconsideredasagroupforrecordpurpose.(Gunakanborangyanglainbagisetiaptindakan
perlindungan.Jenistindakanpenstabilanyangberlainan(seperti;sagangdanpakutanah)dilokasiyangsamabolehdianggap
sebagaisatukumpulanuntuktujuanrekod.)
103
TindakanTindakanMengurangkanBahaya
MITIGATIONMEASURESREFERENCENO.
LOCATIONPLANANDSITEPLAN(withscaleandindicationonaccess)
PelanLokasiDanPelanTapak(denganskaladanmenunjukkanlaluanmasuk)
104
TindakanMengurangkanBahaya
MITIGATIONMEASURESREFERENCENO.
PLAN/SECTIONSOFTHEMITIGATIONMEASURESTOBEMAINTAINED
Pelan/KeratanKeratanRentasBagiTindakanTindakanPenguranganYangPerluDiselenggarakan
Notes:Alldimensionsareinmillimetersandalllevelsareinmeters
Nota:Semuadimensidalammillimeterdansemuaareadalammeter
105
TindakanMengurangkanBahaya
MITIGATIONMEASURESREFERENCENO.)
RECORDPHOTOGRAPHS(withdescriptionsanddate;andwiththevantagepointsindicatedontheplans)
FotograffotografRekod(denganperihalandantarikh;dansudutsudutfotografdiambilditunjukkandiataspelan)
Notes:Addadditionalrecordsheetsforphotographsasnecessary
Nota:Tambahhelaianrekoduntukfotografsekiranyaperlu
106
APPENDIXHSAMPLECHECKLISTFORINFORMATIONSEARCHWHEN
CONDUCTINGENGINEERINSPECTIONSFORMAINTENANCE
107
108
SAMPLECHECKLISTFORINFORMATIONSEARCH
General
RelevantinformationheldbytheEmployerandthemaintenancepersonnel
TechnicalBackground
CawanganKejuruteraanCerun,JKRorLocalAuthorities
SlopeInformationSystem(e.g.sloperecords,landslideincidents)
LandslidePreventiveMeasuresInformationSystem
Reportsofdetailedstudyofslopes/retainingstructures
Landslideincidentreports
Projectfiles
Slopefiles
RelevantCheckingFiles
LocalAuthorities
Privatedevelopmentfiles

BuriedandExposedServices
PublicWorksDepartment
WaterSuppliesDepartment
DrainageandIrrigationDepartment(JPS)
MalaysianHighwayAuthority(LLM)
HousingDepartment
SewerageServicesDepartment(JPP)
Relevantutilitiesdepartments
109
110
APPENDIXICONSEQUENCETOLIFECATEGORY
111
112
TypicalExamplesofFacilitiesAffectedbyLandslidesinEachConsequenceto
LifeCategory

Consequence
Facilities Tolife
Category
HeavilyUsedbuildings
E.g. residential building, commercial office, store and shop, hotel,
factory, school, power station, ambulance depot, market, hospital,
polyclinic,clinic,welfarecentre
OtherInfrastructures 1
E.g.cottage,licensedandsquatterarea,busshelter,railwayplatformand
other sheltered public waiting area, dangerous good storage site (e.g.
petrolstations),
roadwithveryheavyvehicularorpedestriantrafficdensity
LightlyUsedBuildings
E.g. indoor car park, building within barracks, abattoir, incinerator,
indoorgamessporthall,sewagetreatmentplant,refusetransferstation,
church,temple,monastery,civiccentre,mannedsubstation.
OtherInfrastructures
E.g. major infrastructure facility (e.g. railway, LRT, flyover, subway,
tunnel portal, service reservoir), construction site (if future use not
certain),roadwithheavyvehicularofpedestriantrafficdensity
Heavilyusedopenspaceandpublicwaitingarea 2
E.g. heavily used playground, open car park, heavily used sitting out
area, horticulture garden, road with moderate vehicular or pedestrian
trafficdensity
Lightlyusedopenairrecreationarea
E.g.e.g.districtopenspace,lightlyusedplayground,cemetery,
columbarium,
nondangerousgoodsstoragesite,roadwithlowvehicularorpedestrian
trafficdensity
Remotearea 3
E.g.countrypark,undevelopedgreenbelt,abandonedquarry,roadwith
verylowvehicularorpedestriantrafficdensity
Note: The consequencetolife category refers to situation where the facilities are located
withintheexpectedtraveldistanceoflandslidedebris.Anyindirectconsequencesshould
also be taken into consideration, e.g. debris falling into a watercourse can travel long
distanceandaffectotherfacilities.
113
114

GLOSSARYOFTERMS
115
116
GLOSSARYOFTERMS
CatalogueofSlopes
TheCatalogueofSlopescontainsinformationonallsizeablemanmadeslopesandretaining
structures on any Government Project within Malaysia. The Catalogue is maintained by
CawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR.
ConsequencetolifeCategory
AsystemthatisusedbyCawanganKejuruteraanCerunJKR(adoptedfromHongKong)to
classifyaslopeorretainingstructureintooneofseveralcategoriesaccordingtotheseverity
ofconsequenceintermsoflossoflifeshouldtheslopeorretainingstructurefail.(Referto
AppendixI)
DisturbedTerrainFeature
Disturbed terrain features contain repairs to landslide scars or comprise a series of
compositecutandfillslopeswherethegroundsurfacehasbeendisturbed,thenaturalslope
gradient is greater than 15 and although the individual slopes do not meet the height
criteria for registration, the total height does meet the criteria for registration in the
Catalogue of Slopes. They generally cover situations where extensive modifications have
been made to the ground surface, such as repairs to landslide scars, cemeteries, cleared
squatterlandandagriculturalterraces(existingornowabandoned).
EngineerInspectionforMaintenance
Maintenance inspection by a professionally qualified geotechnical/civil engineer to assess
thestateofmaintenanceandconditionofaslopeorretainingstructuretoascertaintheneed
fordetailedinvestigation,StabilityAssessmentandimprovementworks.
ImprovementWorks
Acollectivetermtomeanpreventivemaintenanceworksandupgradingworks.
MaintenanceManual
A document containing details of maintenance requirements of a slope or retaining
structure.
MaintenanceWorks
Workscarriedouttomaintainslopesorretainingstructuresingoodcondition,andtoavoid
deterioration.
MonitoringSchedule
A document providing detailed requirements of Regular Monitoring of Special Measures,
including frequency of monitoring, requirement of personnel, alert levels for monitoring
results,contingencyplans,etc.
PrescriptiveMeasures
Predetermined,experiencebasedandsuitablyconservativemodulesofworksprescribedto
a slope or retaining structure to improve its stability or reduce the risk of failure, without
detailed ground investigation and design analysis. These generally involve conventional
and conservative details in design,and attention tospecifications and control of materials,
workmanship,protectionandmaintenanceprocedures.
117
PreventiveMaintenance
Works.Worksofpreventivenaturetoreducetherateofdeteriorationofaslopeorretaining
structure, comprising the provision of simple, standardised and suitably conservative
modulesofworks.
RegularMonitoringofSpecialMeasures
Monitoring of special measures (e.g. prestressed ground anchors, designed horizontal
drains)whicharecriticaltothecontinuedstabilityoftheslopeorretainingstructure.
RoutineMaintenanceInspection
Maintenance inspection of slopes or retaining structures that is carried out by any
responsibleperson,includingpropertymanagementstafformaintenancestaff,toestablish
theneedofbasicmaintenanceworksformanmadeitems.
RoutineMaintenanceWorks
Basicmaintenanceworks,suchasclearanceofaccumulateddebrisfromdrainagechannels,
repair of cracked slope surface cover, etc, carried out routinely to slopes and retaining
structures.
StabilityAssessment
Aninvestigationorastudythatiscarriedoutforthepurposeofassessingthestabilityofa
slopeorretainingstructuretodeterminewhetheritmeetsthecurrentgeotechnicalstandard.
UpgradingWorks
Works carried out to upgrade substandard slopes or retaining structures to the
requirementstothecurrentgeotechnicalstandardspromulgatedbyCawanganKejuruteraan
CerunJKR,agoodexampleisgivenintheGeotechnicalManualforSlopes(GCO,1984).
118

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CERUN 1 Guidelines on Slope Maintenance in Malaysia

Chapter 3 provides guidance on the scope of maintenance requirements for manmade

Chapter 4 describes technical aspects of maintenance inspections pertinent to the well

It is important to remember that maintenance inspections and works as specified in this

Private owners, including owners of individual flats in a multistorey building, have

Owners or parties required to maintain land should undertake regular maintenance

(b) CommissionthefirstEngineerInspectionsforMaintenance (Section 3.2) as

(c) DrainandSump (d) CascadeDrain

(a) UdrainatToeofSlope (b)VdrainalongBermofSlope

A Maintenance Manual constitutes a key part of maintenance management. For existing

(d) layout plans of watercarrying services on or adjacent to the slopes or retaining

(g) recommendations on the frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

(h) maintenance requirements for protection of reinforcement components in a

(k) a monitoring schedule detailing requirements for Regular Monitoring of Special

(m) geological records on or adjacent to the manmade slopes such as distribution of

(n) aerialphotographsorsatelliteimages toshowtheland use and otherdevelopment

Engineers should always review previous Stability Assessments or designs of upgrading

Sometimes maintenance actions such as Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

Depending on the availability of manpower, owners or parties required to maintain land

Soft landscape treatment of slopes and retaining structures, in form of vegetation, is

During Routine Maintenance Inspections, particular note should be taken of anything

(a) TensionCrackonSlope (b) CrackinRetainingStructure

(c) CrackedSurfacingonRubbleWall (d) SurfaceCrackonSlopeDrain

(f) to reassess the required frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

(i) todeterminewhethertheRegular ChecksofBuried WatercarryingServicesand/or

(j) to advise whether a Stability Assessment of the slope or retaining structure is

An example of term of reference for an Engineer Inspection for Maintenance is given in

The frequency of Engineer Inspections for Maintenance should normally be recommended by

Table 3.3 Recommended Frequency of Engineer Inspections for Maintenance

A Stability Assessment may be recommended if there is doubt on whether the slope or

A Stability Assessment should include an investigation of the slope or retaining structure

completion of a stability assessment, such an assessment need not be recommended. For

Regular Monitoring of Special Measures is only necessary in fairly rare circumstances,

monitoring personnel, protection of monitoring instruments, and alert levels for

Horizontal drains installed as a prescriptive measure are not considered as Special

The information reviewed by the geotechnical/civil engineer should be fully documented

An impermeable surface cover surrounding or adjacent to trees should be examined for

Environmental factors, including topographic features and human activities such as

It is easier to identify drainage problems by inspections during heavy rainfall. Inspection

Seepage traces on and adjacent to slopes or retaining structures should be recorded in

Outlets of drainpipes provided to drainage layers behind retaining structures should be

Notes (1) MoreguidanceonthemaintenancerequirementsofretainingstructurecanbereferredtoGuideto

When reassessing the consequencetolife category of a slope or retaining structure, the

Guidance on the assessment of the consequencetolife category of a slope or retaining

Forgovernmentslopes andretaining structures where itsdesignsorStability Assessments

Where an Engineer Inspection for Maintenance or otherwise identifies that a slope or

Note: (1) Recommendedstandardsofgoodpracticefortheapplicationofprescriptivemeasuresto

In general, the recommended frequency of maintenance inspections for disturbed terrain

Notwithstanding the above, where it is confirmed in an Engineer Inspection for

A Maintenance Manual should be prepared to assist the owner/occupier or the party

The designer or a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil engineer may specify less

The Water Supplies Authorities or Concession Companies provides information on the

Informationon gas,electricity,telephone andsimilar services, including boththelocations

Further information regarding the services provided by the relevant government

This Assignment shall be carried out by a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil

and appropriate authorities for actions. Update the Maintenance Manual to

(b) Reassess the consequencetolife category of the slope or retaining structure, as in

(f) Reassess the required frequency of Routine Maintenance Inspections, Engineer

(e) Advise whether a stability assessment of a slope or retaining structure is needed

(f) If a stability assessment of a slope or retaining structure is considered necessary in

This Assignment shall be carried out by a professionallyqualified geotechnical/civil

Questionstobeasked Catatan WorksNeeded

Questionstobeasked Remarks WorksNeeded