Solucionario Parte 4 Matematicas Avanzadas para Ingenieria 2da Edicion Glyn James PDF

4
Fourier series
Exercises 4.2.9
1(a)
0
1
a0 = dt + tdt
0

1 0
t 2
1 2 2
= (t) + = + =
2 0 2 2
0
1
an = cos ntdt + t cos ntdt
0

1 0 t 1
= sin nt + sin nt + 2 cos nt
n n n 0

1 2
= (cos n 1) = 2 , n odd
n2 n
0, n even
0
1
bn = sin ntdt + t sin ntdt
0

1 0 t 1
= cos nt + cos nt + 2 sin nt
n n n 0

,
3
n odd
1
= (1 2 cos n) = n 1
n
, n even
n
Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is
2 3 1
f (t) = + 2 cos nt + sin nt sin nt
4 n n n even
n
n odd n odd

2 cos(2n 1)t sin(2n 1)t sin 2nt
i.e. f (t) = 2
+3
4 n=1 (2 1) n=1
(2n 1) n=1
2n

c Pearson Education Limited 2004
192 Glyn James: Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Third edition
1(b)
0 0
1 1 t2
a0 = (t + )dt = + t =
2 2
0 0
1 1 sin nt cos nt
an = (t + ) cos ntdt = (t + ) +
n n2

1 0, n even
= (1 cos n) = 2
n2 , n odd
n2
0
1 0 1 cos nt sin nt 1
bn = (t + ) sin ntdt = (t + ) + =
n n2 n
2
1
f (t) = + 2
cos nt sin nt
4 n n=1
n
n odd

2 cos(2n 1)t sin nt
i.e. f (t) = +
4 n=1 (2n 1)2 n=1
n
1(c) From its graph we see that f (t) is an odd function so it has Fourier
expansion

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with
2 2 t
bn = f (t) sin nt = 1 sin ntdt
0 0

2 1 t 1 2
= 1 cos nt 2
sin nt =
n n 0 n

2 sin nt
f (t) =
n=1 n

Glyn James: Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Third edition 193
1(d) From its graph f (t) is seen to be an even function so its Fourier
expansion is

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with
/2
2 2 2 /2 4
a0 = f (t)dt = 2 cos tdt = [2 sin t]0 =
0 0
/2
2 2
an = f (t) cos ntdt = 2 cos t cos ntdt
0 0
/2
2
= [cos(n + 1)t + cos(n 1)t]dt
0
/2
2 sin(n + 1)t sin(n 1)t
= +
(n + 1) (n 1) 0

2 1 1
= sin(n + 1) + sin(n 1)
(n + 1) 2 (n 1) 2

0, n odd

4 1
, n = 4, 8, 12, . . .
= (n2 1)

4 1
, n = 2, 6, 10, . . .
2
(n 1)

2 4 (1)n+1 cos 2nt
f (t) = +
n=1 4n2 1
1(e)

1 t 1 t 4
a0 = cos dt = 2 sin =
2 2

1 t 1 1 1
an = cos cos ntdt = cos(n + )t + cos(n )t dt
2 2 2 2

2 2 1 2 1
= sin(n + ) + sin(n )
2 (2n + 1) 2 (2n 1) 2
4

, n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
(4n2 1)
=

4
, n = 2, 4, 6, . . .
(4n2 1)
bn = 0


2 4 (1)n+1 cos nt
f (t) = +
n=1 (4n2 1)
1(f ) Since f (t) is an even function it has Fourier expansion

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with
2 2
a0 = | t | dt = tdt =
0 0

2 2 t 1
an = t cos ntdt = sin nt + 2 cos nt
0 n n 0

2 0, n even
= (cos n 1) = 4
n2 2 , n odd
n
4 1
f (t) = cos nt
2 n2
n odd

4 cos(2n 1)t
i.e. f (t) =
2 n=1 (2n 1)2
1(g)

1 1 2
a0 = (2t )dt = t t 0 = 0
0

1 1 (2t ) 2
an = (2t ) cos ntdt = sin nt + 2 cos nt
0 n n 0

2 4
= (cos n 1) = n2 , n odd
n2 0, n even

1 1 (2t ) 2
bn = (2t ) sin ntdt = cos nt + 2 sin nt
0 n n 0

1 0, n odd
= (cos n + 1) = 2
n , n even
n

4 2
f (t) = 2
cos nt + sin nt
n n even
n
odd
n

4 cos(2n 1)t sin 2nt
i.e. f (t) =
n=1 (2n 1)2 n=1
n
1(h)
0
1 t t
a0 = (t + e )dt + (t + e )dt
0

1 t2 0 t2
= +e t
+ +e t
2 2 0
1 2 2
= + (e e ) = + sinh

0
1 t t
an = (t + e ) cos ntdt + (t + e ) cos ntdt
0

1 t 1 0 1 t 0
= sin nt + 2 cos nt + 2 ne sin nt + et cos nt
n n (n + 1)

t 1 1 t t

+ sin nt + 2 cos nt + 2 ne sin nt + e cos nt 0
n n 0 (n + 1)
2 2 cos n e e
= (1 + cos n) +
n2 (n2 + 1) 2

2 (cos 1) cos n
= 2
+ 2 sinh , cos n = (1)n
n (n + 1)
0
1 t t
bn = (t + e ) sin ntdt + (t + e ) sin ntdt
0

1 t 1 0 t 1
= cos nt 2 sin nt + cos nt + 2 sin nt
n n n n 0
t
n 2
e cos nt e sin nt
t
+ 2 +
+1 n n2
n 2n
= 2
cos n(e e ) = cos n sinh , cos n = (1)n
(n + 1) (n2 + 1)


1 2 (1)n 1 (1)n sinh
f (t) = + sinh + + cos nt
2 n=1 n2 n2 + 1

2 n(1)n
sinh sin nt
n=1 n2 + 1
2 Since the periodic function f (t) is an even function its Fourier expansion is

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with

2 2 2 1 3 2
a0 = ( t) dt = ( t) = 2
0 3 0 3

2 2 2 ( t)2 2( t) 2
an = ( t) cos ntdt = sin nt cos nt 3 sin nt
0 n n2 n 0
4
= 2
n

2 1
f (t) = +4 cos nt
3 n=1
n2
Taking t = gives

2 1
0= +4 2
(1)n
3 n=1
n
so that

1 2 (1)n+1
=
12 n=1
n2

3 Since q(t) is an even function its Fourier expansion is

a0
q(t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with
2 Qt
a0 = dt = Q
0

2 Qt 2Q t 1
an = cos ntdt = 2 sin nt + 2 cos nt
0 n n 0

2Q 0, n even
= 2 2 (cos n 1) = 4Q
n 2 2 , n odd
n
Thus the Fourier expansion of q(t) is

1 4 cos(2n 1)t
q(t) = Q 2
2 n=1 (2n 1)2
4
1 1 10
a0 = 5 sin tdt = [5 cos t]0 =
0

5 5
an = sin t cos ntdt = [sin(n + 1)t sin(n 1)t]dt
0 2 0

5 cos(n + 1)t cos(n 1)t
= + , n = 1
2 (n + 1) (n 1) 0

5 cos n cos n 1 1
= +
2 n+1 (n 1) n+1 n1

0, n odd, n = 1
5
= (cos n + 1) =
10
(n2 1) (n2 1)
, n even
Note that in this case we need to evaluate a1 separately as

1 5
a1 = 5 sin t cos tdt = sin 2tdt = 0
0 2 0

5 5
bn = sin t sin ntdt = [cos(n + 1)t cos(n 1)t]dt
0 2 0

5 sin(n + 1)t sin(n 1)t
= , n = 1
2 (n + 1) (n 1) 0
= 0 , n = 1

Evaluating b1 separately

5 5
b1 = sin t sin tdt = (1 cos 2t)dt
0 2 0
5 1 5
= t sin 2t =
2 2 0 2

5 5 10 cos 2nt
f (t) = + sin t
2 n=1 4n2 1
5
0
1 2 2
a0 = dt + (t ) dt
0

1 2 0 1 3
4
= t + (t ) = 2
3 0 3
0
1 2 2
an = cos ntdt + (t ) cos ntdt
0

1 2 0 (t )2 2(t ) 2
= sin nt + sin nt + cos nt 3 sin nt
n n n2 n 0
2
=
n2
0
1 2 2
bn = sin ntdt + (t ) sin ntdt
0

1 2 0 (t )2 (t ) 2
= cos nt + cos nt + 2 sin nt + 3 cos nt
n n n2 n 0

1 2
2
= + (1)n
n n
2
= (1)n [1 (1)n ]
n n3


2 2 2 (1)n 4 sin(2n 1)t
f (t) = + cos nt + sin nt
3 n=1
n2 n n=1 (2n 1)3
5(a) Taking t = 0 gives

2 + 2 2 2
= 2 +
2 3 n=1
n2
and hence the required result

1 1
2
= 2
n=1
n 6
5(b) Taking t = gives

2 + 0 2 2
= 2 + 2
(1)n
2 3 n=1
n
and hence the required result

(1)n+1 1 2
2
=
n=1
n 12
6(a)

6(b)
The Fourier expansion of the even function (a) is given by

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with
/2
2
a0 = tdt + ( t)dt
0 /2

2 1 2 /2 1
= t + ( t)2 =
2 0 2 /2 2
/2
2
an = t cos ntdt + ( t) cos ntdt
0 /2

2 t 1 /2 t 1
= sin nt + 2 cos nt + sin nt 2 cos nt
n n 0 n n /2

2 2 n 1
= 2
cos 2 (1 + (1)n )
n 2 n

0, n odd
8
= 2 , n = 2, 6, 10, . . .

n
0, n = 4, 8, 12, . . .

2 cos(4n 2)t
f (t) =
4 n=1 (2n 1)2
Taking t = 0 where f (t) = 0 gives the required result.

2
1 t
a0 = (2 )dt + t/dt
0

1 t2

t2 2
= 2t + =3
2 0 2
2
1 t t
an = (2 ) cos ntdt + cos ntdt
0

1 2 t 1 t 1 2
= sin nt sin nt cos nt + sin nt + cos nt
n n n2 0 n n2
2
= 2 2 [1 (1)n ]
n

0, n even
= 4
, n odd
2 n2
2
1 t t
bn = (2 ) sin ntdt + sin ntdt
0

1 2 t 1 t 1 2
= cos nt + cos nt sin nt + cos nt + sin nt
n n n2 0 n n2
=0

3 4 cos(2n 1)t
f (t) = + 2
2 n=1 (2n 1)2
Replacing t by t 12 gives

1 3 4 cos(2n 1)(t )
f (t ) = + 2
2 2 n=1 (2n 1)2

Since
1
cos(2n 1)(t ) = cos(2n 1)t cos(2n 1) + sin(2n 1)t sin(2n 1)
2 2 2
= (1) n+1
sin(2n 1)t

1 3 4 (1)n+1 sin(2n 1)t
f (t ) = 2
2 2 n=1 (2n 1)2
The corresponding odd function is readily recognised from the graph of f (t) .
Exercises 4.2.11
8 Since f (t) is an odd function the Fourier expansion is

nt
f (t) = bn sin
n=1

with

2
nt 2 t nt 2 nt
bn = t sin dt = cos + sin
0 n n 0
2
= cos n
n

2 (1)n+1 nt
f (t) = sin
n=1 n
9 Since f (t) is an odd function (readily seen from a sketch of its graph) its
Fourier expansion is

nt
f (t) = bn sin
n=1

with
2 K nt
bn = ( t) sin tdt
0

2 K nt Kt nt K nt
= cos + cos sin
n n (n)2 0
2K
=
n


2K 1 nt
f (t) = sin
n=1 n
10 5
1
a0 = 3dt = 3
5 0
5 5
1 nt 1 15 nt
an = 3 cos dt = sin =0
5 0 5 5 n 5 0
5
1 5 nt 1 15 nt
bn = 3 sin dt = cos
5 0 5 5 n 5 0

3 6
= [1 (1)n ] = n , n odd
n 0, n even

3 6 1 (2n 1)
f (t) = + sin t
2 n=1 (2n 1) 5
11
/ /
2 A 2A
a0 = A sin tdt = cos t =
2 0 0
/ /
A A
an = sin t cos ntdt = [sin(n + 1)t sin(n 1)t]dt
0 2 0
/
A cos(n + 1)t cos(n 1)t
= + , n = 1
2 (n + 1) (n 1) 0

A 2(1)n+1 2 A
= 2
2 = 2
[(1)n+1 1]
2 n 1 n 1 (n 1)

0, n odd , n = 1
= 2A
, n even
(n2 1)
Evaluating a1 separately
/ /
A A
a1 = sin t cos tdt = sin 2tdt = 0
0 2 0

/ /
A A
bn = sin t sin ntdt = [cos(n + 1)t cos(n 1)t]dt
0 2 0
/
A sin(n + 1)t sin(n 1)t
= , n = 1
2 (n + 1) (n 1) 0
= 0, n = 1

A / 2 A / A
b1 = sin tdt = (1 cos 2t)dt =
0 2 0 2

A cos 2nt
f (t) = 1 + sin t 2
2 n=1
4n2 1
12 Since f (t) is an even function its Fourier expansion is

a0 nt
f (t) = + an cos
2 n=1
T
with
T T
2 2 2 1 3 2
a0 = t dt = t = T2
T 0 T 3 0 3
2 T
2 T
2 nt 2 Tt nt 2tT 2 nt 2T 3 nt
an = t cos dt = sin + cos sin
T 0 T T n T (n)2 T (n)3 T 0
2
4T
= (1)n
(n)2
Thus the Fourier series expansion of f (t) is

T2 4T 2 (1)n nt
f (t) = + 2 cos
3 n=1 n2 T

13 T
T
2 E 2E 1 2
a0 = tdt = 2 t =E
T 0 T T 2 0
T
2 E 2nt
an = t cos dt
T 0 T T
T
2E tT 2nt T 2 2nt
= 2 sin + cos =0
T 2n T 2n T 0

2E T 2nt
bn = 2 t sin dt
T 0 T
T
2E tT 2nt T 2 2nt E
= 2 cos + sin =
T 2n T 2n T 0 n
Thus the Fourier expansion of e(t) is

E E1 2nt
e(t) = sin
2 n=1 n T
Exercises 4.3.3
14 Half range Fourier sine series expansion is given by

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with
2 2 1
bn = 1 sin ntdt = cos nt
0 n 0
2
= [(1)n 1]
n

0, n even
= 4
, n odd
n
Thus the half range Fourier sine series expansion of f (t) is

4 sin(2n 1)t
f (t) =
n=1 (2n 1)
Plotting the graphs should cause no problems.

15 Half range Fourier cosine series expansion is given by

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with
1
2
a0 = (2t 1)dt = 0
1 0
1
an = 2 (2t 1) cos ntdt
0
1
(2t 1) 2
=2 sin nt + cos nt
n (n)2 0
4
= [(1)n 1]
(n)2

0, n even
= 8
, n odd
(n)2
Thus the half range Fourier cosine series expansion of f (t) is

8 1
f (t) = 2 cos(2n 1)t
n=1 (2n 1)2
Again plotting the graph should cause no problems.
16(a)
1 1 1 4
a0 = 2 (1 t2 )dt = 2 t t3 =
0 3 0 3
1
an = 2 (1 t2 ) cos 2ntdt
0
1
(1 t2 ) 2t 2
=2 sin 2nt cos 2nt + sin 2nt
2n (2n)2 (2n)3 0
1
=
(n)2

1
bn = 2 (1 t2 ) sin 2ntdt
0
1
(1 t2 ) 2t 2
=2 cos 2nt sin 2nt cos 2nt
2n (2n)2 (2n)3 0
1
=
n
Thus the full-range Fourier series expansion for f (t) is

2 1 1 11
f (t) = f1 (t) = 2 cos 2nt + sin 2nt
3 n=1 n2 n=1 n
16(b) Half range sine series expansion is

f2 (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with 1
bn = 2 (1 t2 ) sin ntdt
0
1
(1 t2 ) 2t 2
=2 cos nt sin nt cos nt
n (n)2 (n)3 0

2 1 2
=2 3
(1)n + +
(n) n (n)3

2
, n even
= n 1 4

2 + , n odd
n (n)3
Thus half range sine series expansion is

11 2 1 4
f2 (t) = sin 2nt + + sin(2n 1)t
n=1 n n=1 (2n 1) 2 (2n 1)3
16(c) Half range cosine series expansion is

a0
f3 (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1

with
1
4
a0 = 2 (1 t2 )dt =
0 3
1
an = 2 (1 t2 ) cos ntdt
0
1
(1 t2 ) 2t 2
=2 sin nt cos nt + sin nt
n (n)2 (n)3 0
4(1)n
=
(n)2
Thus half range cosine series expansion is

2 4 (1)n+1
f3 (t) = + 2 cos nt
3 n=1 n2
Graphs of the functions f1 (t), f2 (t), f3 (t) for 4 < t < 4 are as follows
17 Fourier cosine series expansion is

a0
f1 (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1

with
2 1
a0 = (t t2 )dt = 2
0 3

2
an = (t t2 ) cos ntdt
0

2 (t t2 ) ( 2t) 2
= sin nt + cos nt + 3 sin nt
n n2 n 0
2
= 2 [1 + (1)n ]

n
0, n odd
= 4
2 , n even
n
Thus the Fourier cosine series expansion is

1 2 1
f1 (t) = 2
cos 2nt
6 n=1
n
Fourier sine series expansion is

f2 (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with
2
bn = (t t2 ) sin ntdt
0

2 (t t2 ) ( 2t) 2
= cos nt + sin nt 3 cos nt
n n2 n 0
4
= 3
[1 (1)n ]
n

0, n even
= 8
, n odd
n3
Thus the Fourier sine series expansion is

8 1
f2 (t) = sin(2n 1)t
n=1 (2n 1)3

Graphs of the functions f1 (t) and f2 (t) for 2 < t < 2 are:
18
2a
f (x) = x, 0<x<
2
2a
f (x) = ( x) , <x<
2

nx
f (x) = bn sin
n=1

with /2
2a 2 nx nx
bn = x sin dx + ( x) sin dx
0 /2
/2
4a x nx 2 nx
= 2 cos + sin
n (n)2 0

nx 2 nx
+ ( x) cos sin
n (n)2 /2

4a 22 n 8a n
= 2 2
sin = 2
sin
(n) 2 (n) 2

0, n even

8a
, n = 1, 5, 9, . . .
= (n)2

8a
, n = 3, 7, . . .
(n)2

Thus the required Fourier sine series expansion is

8a (1)n+1 (2n 1)x
f (x) = 2 2
sin
n=1 (2n 1)
19

x, 0<x<

4
3
f (x) = x, <x<

2 4 4

3
x , <x<
4

nx
f (x) = bn sin
n=1

with
3/4
2 /4
nx nx
nx
bn = x sin dx + x sin dx + (x ) sin dx
0 /4 2 3/4

2 x nx
/4
nx 2
= cos + sin
n (n)2 0
3/4
nx 2 nx
+ x cos sin
n 2 (n)2 /4

nx 2 nx
+ (x ) cos + sin
n (n)2 3/4

n 3n
= sin sin
4 4
8 n n
= 2
cos sin
(n) 2 4

0, n odd

0, n = 4, 8, 12, . . .
8
= , n = 2, 10, 18, . . .

(n)2

8 , n = 6, 14, 22, . . .
(n)2

Thus the required Fourier sine series expansion is

2 (1)n+1 x
f (x) = 2 2
sin 2(2n 1)
n=1 (2n 1)
20 Fourier sine series expansion is

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with /2
2
bn = sin t sin ntdt
0
/2
1
= [cos(n + 1)t cos(n 1)t]dt
0
/2
1 1 1
= sin(n + 1)t sin(n 1)t , n = 1
(n + 1) (n 1) 0

1 1 1
= sin(n + 1) sin(n 1)
(n + 1) 2 (n 1) 2
Using the trigonometric expansions for sin(A + B) and sin(A B) gives
2n n
bn = 2
cos , n = 1
(n 1) 2

0, n odd

2n
, n = 2, 6, . . .
= (n2 1)

2n
, n = 4, 8, 10, . . .
(n2 1)
In the case n = 1
/2 /2
2 2 1 1
b1 = sin tdt = (1 cos 2t)dt =
0 0 2
Thus, the required Fourier sine series expansion is

1 4 n sin 2nt
f (t) = sin t + (1)n+1 2
2 n=1 4n 1
The corresponding plot presents no problem.

21 Since f (x) is an even function the Fourier series expansion is

a0 nx
f (x) = + an cos
2 n=1

with

2 A
a0 = (x )dx, since | x |= x for x 0
0
2A 1 2
= x x = A
2 2 0

2 A nx
an = (x ) cos dx
0

2A nx 2 nx
= (x ) sin + cos
2 n (n)2 0

0, n even
2A
= (cos n 1) = 4A
(n)2 (n)2
, n odd
Thus the Fourier series expansion is

A 4A 1 (2n 1)x
f (t) = 2 cos
2 n=1 (2n 1)2
The graph represented by the series for 3 x 3 is as follows
22 Fourier sine series expansion is

nx
T (x) = bn sin
n=1
L

with

2 L nx
bn = Kx(L x) sin dx
L 0 L

2K Lx(L x) nx L2 nx
= cos + 2
(L 2x) sin
L n L (n) L

2L3
L
nx
3
cos
(n) L 0

4KL2 0, n even
2
= (1 cos n) = 8KL
(n)3 , n odd
(n)3
Thus the Fourier sine series expansion is

8KL2 1 (2n 1)x
T (x) = 3 3
sin
n=1
(2n 1) L
23
0 1 1
2 1
a0 = 1dt + cos tdt = [t]01 + sin t =1
2 1 0 0
0 1
an = cos ntdt + cos t cos ntdt
1 0
0
1 1 1
= sin nt + cos(n + 1)t + cos(n 1)tdt
n 1 2 0
1
1 1 1
= sin(n + 1)t + sin(n 1)t , n = 1
2 (n + 1) (n 1) 0
=0
1
1 2 1 1 1
a1 = 2 cos tdt = (1 + cos 2t)dt =
2 0 2 0 2
0 1
bn = sin ntdt + cos t sin ntdt
1 0
0
1 1 1
= cos nt + sin(n + 1)t + sin(n 1)tdt
n 1 2 0
1
1 1 1 1
= [(1) 1] +
n
cos(n + 1)t cos(n 1)t
n 2 (n + 1) (n 1) 0


1 1 2n
= [(1) 1] +
n
[1 + cos n]
n 2 (n2 1)

2
, n odd
= n
2n
, n even
(n2 1)
Thus the Fourier series expansion is

1 1 2 1 4 n
f (t) = + cos t sin(2n 1)t + 2
sin 2nt
2 2 n=1 (2n 1) n=1 4n 1
Exercises 4.4.4
24 Since f (t) is an odd function its Fourier expansion is of the form

n
f (t) = bn sin t
n=1
T
with T
2 n
bn = t sin t
T 0 T
T
2 Tt n T2 n
= cos t + 2 2 sin t
T n T n T 0

2 T2 2T
= cos n = (1)n
T n n
Thus the Fourier expansion is

2T 1 n
f (t) = t = (1)n+1 sin t
n=1 n T
Integrating term by term gives

t2 2T 2 1 n
= 2 2
(1)n+1 cos t + const.
2 n=1 n T
Taking mean value over a period

T
1 T
t2 2T 2 (1)n+1 T n 1
dt = 2 cos tdt + (const.)dt
2T T 2 n=1 n2 T T 2T T

so that
T2
= 0 + const.
6
giving (const.) = T 2 /6
Thus
T2 4T 2 (1)n+1 n
g(t) = t2 = 2 2
cos t
3 n T
2 2 (1)n+1
25 2 t2 = h(t) = + 4 n=1 cos nt
3 n2
Since h(t) is continuous within and at the end points of the interval t
we may apply theorem 4.4 to obtain the Fourier series of
f (t) = t, < t < ; f (t + 2) = f (t)
Dierentiating gives

(1)n+1
2t = 4 sin nt
n=1
n
So that the Fourier series of f (t) is

(1)n+1
f (t) = t = 2 sin nt
n=1
n
which conrms the series of Exercise 24 when T = .
26(b) Derived series is
n
4
(1)n+1
sin nt 2(1)n cos nt
n=1
n n=1
This is not a Fourier expansion of g(t) since f (t) is discontinuous at the end points
of t .
26(c) Using the results of (a)
1 1
A0 = [f ( ) f (+ )] = 2 = 2

n2
An = (1)n A0 + nbn = (1)n 2 (1)n = 2(1)n 2(1)n = 0
n
4
Bn = nan = (1)n+1
n

Thus the Fourier expansion g(t) is

A0
g(t) = + An cos nt + Bn sin nt
2 n=1 n=1

(1)n+1
=1+4 sin nt
n=1
n
Using Eulers formulae

1 1
A0 = (2t + 1)dt = [t2 + t] = 2

1
An = (2t + 1) cos nt dt

1 (2t + 1) 2
= sin nt + 2 cos nt =0
n n

1
Bn = (2t + 1) sin nt dt

1 (2t + 1) 2
= cos nt + 2 sin nt
n n
1
= (2 + 1)(1)n + (2 + 1)(1)n
n
4
= (1)n+1
n
thus conrming the values obtained using (a).
27(a)
p1 (t) =1 p2 (t) =1
d1 =2 d2 =2
(1) (1)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =0
(1) (1)
d1 =0 d2 =0
t1 = 0, t2 = and since = 1 using (4.39) gives
2 2
1 1 (1)
an = ds sin nts d cos nts
n s=1
n s=1 s
1
= 2 sin 0 + 2 sin n = 0
n

2 2
1 1 (1)
bn = ds cos nts d sin nts
n s=1 n s=1 s

1 2 0, n even
= 2 cos 0 2 cos = 1 (1)n = 4
n n , n odd
n
0
1
a0 = (1)dt + 1dt = 0
0
Thus, Fourier series is

4 1
f (t) = sin(2n 1)t
n=1 (2n 1)
conrming (4.21).
27(b)
p1 (t) =t , d1 =2
(1) (1)
p1 (t) =1 , d1 =0
t1 = 0 , t2 =, =1
Thus from (4.39)

1 1
an = d1 sin nt1 = 2 sin 0 = 0
n n
1 1 2
bn = d1 cos nt1 = 2 cos 0 =
n n n
2
1
a0 = t at = 2
0
Thus Fourier series is

1
f (t) = 2 sin nt
n=1
n
conrming the result obtained in Example 4.1.
27(c)
p1 (t) =t p2 (t) = 12 p3 (t) = 12 t
d1 =0 d2 =0 d3 =0
(1) (1) (1)
p1 (t) =1 p2 (t) =0 p3 (t) = 12
(1) (1) (1)
d1 =1 d2 = 12 d3 = 32

t1 = 2, t2 = , t3 = 2, = 1

Thus from (4.39)
3 3
1 1 (1)
an = ds sin nts d cos nts
n s=1
n s=1 s

1 (1) (1) (1)
= 2 d1 cos n + d2 cos n + d3 cos 2n since ds = 0, s = 1, 2, 3
n 2

1 n 1 3
= 2 1 cos cos n + cos 2n
n 2 2 2

1 n 1 3
= 2 cos (1)n +
n 2 2 2
3 3
1 1 (1)
n s=1 n s=1 s

1 n 1 3
= 2 1 sin sin n + sin 2n
n 2 2 2
1 n
= 2 sin
n 2
/2 2
1 1 5
a0 = t dt + dt + ( t)dt =
0 /2 2 2 8
which agree with the Fourier coecients of Example 4.3.
28(a) Graph of f (t) for < t < as follows and is readily extended to
4 < t < 4

28(b)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) = + 2t p3 (t) = 2t p4 (t) =0

d1 =0 d2 =0 d3 =0 d4 =0
(1) (1) (1) (1)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =2 p3 (t) =2 p4 (t) =0
(1) (1) (1) (1)
d1 =2 d2 =4 d3 =2 d4 =0
(2) (2) (2) (2)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =0 p3 (t) =0 p4 (t) =0
(2) (2) (2) (2)
d1 =0 d2 =0 d3 =0 d4 =0

t1 = , t2 = 0, t3 = , t4 = , = 1
2 2
Thus from (4.39)
4 4 4
1 1 (1) 1 (2)
an = ds sin nts d cos nts + 2 d sin ts
n s=1
n s=1 s n s=1 s

1 n n
= 2 2 cos 4 cos 0 + 2 cos
n 2 2

4 n
= 2 cos 1
n 2
4 4 4
1 1 (1) 1 (2)
bn = ds cos nts d sin nts 2 d cos nts
n s=1 n s=1 s n s=1 s

1 n n
= 2 2 sin 4 sin 0 + 2 sin =0
n 2 2
/2 0 /2
1
a0 = 0dt + ( + 2t)dt + ( 2t)dt + 0dt
/2 0 /2

=
2
Thus Fourier series is

4 1 n
f (t) = 2
cos 1 cos nt
4 n=1 n 2

29(a)
p1 (t) =1 p2 (t) =t2
d1 =0 d2 = 2
(1) (1)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =2t
(1) (1)
d1 =0 d2 =2
(2) (2)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =2
(2) (2)
d1 =2 d2 =2
(3) (3)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =0
(3) (3)
d1 =0 d2 =0
t1 = 0, t2 = , = 1
Thus from (4.39)
2 2
1 1 (1)
an = ds sin nts ds cos nts
n s=1
n s=1
2
1 (2)
+ 2 d sin nts
n s=1 s

1 2
= 2 sin n + cos n
n n

2 2
2 sin n + 2 sin 0
n n
2
= 2 (1)n

1 2
bn = 2 cos n + sin n
n n

2 2
2 cos 0 + 2 cos n
n n

1 2 2 2
= (1) 3 + 3 (1)
n n
n n n
2
1
a0 = t2 dt =
0 3
From which the Fourier series may be readily written down.

29(b)
p1 (t) =2 p2 (t) =t3 p3 (t) =2
3 3
d1 =(2 + 8 ) d2 =(2 + 8 ) d3 =4
(1) (1) (1)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =3t2 p3 (t) =0
(1) 2 (1) 2 (1)
d1 = 34 d2 = 34 d3 =0
(2) (2) (2)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =6t p3 (t) =0
(2) (2) (2)
d1 =3 d2 =3 d3 =0
(3) (3) (3)
p1 (t) =0 p2 =6 p3 (t) =0
(3) (3) (3)
d1 =6 d2 =6 d3 =0
(4) (4) (4)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =0 p3 (t) =0
(4) (4) (4)
d1 =0 d2 =0 d3 =0

t1 = , t2 = , t3 = , = 1
2 2
Thus from (4.39)

1 3 n 3 n 3 2 n
an = (2 + ) sin + (2 + ) sin 4 sin n cos
n 8 2 8 2 4n 2

3 2 n 3 n 3 n 6 n 6 n
+ cos + 2 sin 2 sin + 3 cos 3 cos
4n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
=0 (which is readily conrmed since odd function)

1 3 n 3 n 3 2 n
bn = (2 + ) cos (2 + ) cos + 4 cos n + sin
n 8 2 8 2 4n 2

3 2 n 3 n 3 n 6 n 6 n
+ sin + 2 cos + 2 cos 3 sin 3 cos
4n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
2
4 n 3 n n
= (cos n cos )+2 2
sin cos
n 2 4n 2 8n 2

3 n 6 n
+ 3 cos sin
n 2 n4 2

1
a0 = f (t)dt = 0 since f (t) is even function

Thus Fourier series may be written down.

29(c)
p1 (t) =t p2 (t) =1 t
d1 =1 d2 =2
(1) (1)
p1 (t) =1 p2 (t) =1
(1) (1)
d1 =2 d2 =2
(2) (2)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =0
(2) (2)
d1 =0 d2 =0
t1 = 1, t2 = 2, =
Thus from (4.39)
2 2
1 1 (1)
an = ds sin nts ds cos nts
n s=1
n s=1

1 1
= 1 sin n 2 sin 2n (2 cos n + 2 cos 2n)
n n

2 0, n even
= 2 2 [(1) 1] =
n 4
n , n odd
n2 2
2 2
1 1 (1)
n s=1 n s=1 s

1
= cos n + cos 2n 0
n

1 0, n even
= 1 (1) = n 2
n , n odd
n
2
2 2 1
a0 = f (t)dt = tdt + (1 t)dt = 0
2 0 0 1
The Fourier series is

4 cos(2n 1)t 2 sin(2n 1)t
f (t) = 2 +
n=1 (2n 1)2 n=1 (2n 1)

29(d)
1 1
p1 (t) = + t p2 (t) = t
2 2
d1 =0 d2 =0
(1) (1)
p1 (t) =1 p2 (t) =1
(1) (1)
d1 =2 d2 =2
(2) (2)
p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) =0
(2) (0)
d1 =0 d2 =0
t1 = 0, t2 = 12 , = 2
Thus from (4.39)

2 2
1 1 (1)
an = ds sin 2nts ds cos 2nts
n s=1
2n s=1

1 1
= [2 cos 0 + 2 cos n]
n 2n

0, n even
1 2
= (cos n 1) = , n odd
(n)2 (n)2
2 2
1 1 (1)
bn = ds cos 2nts d sin 2nts = 0
n s=1 2n s=1 s
0 1
1 2 1 1
a0 = 2 ( + t)dt + ( t)dt =
1 2 2 2
2 0
Thus Fourier expansion is

1 2 1
f (t) = + 2 cos 2(2n 1)t
4 n=1 (2n 1)2
Exercises 4.5.2
30 Fourier expansion to the voltage e(t) is

a0
e(t) = + an cos nt + bn sin nt, = 100
2 n=1 n=1

where
1
100
a0 = 100 dt = 10
0
1 1
100 100 sin 100nt 100
an = 100 10 cos 100ntdt = 100 =0
0 100n 0
1 1
100 cos 100nt 100
bn = 100 10 sin 100ntdt = 100 10
0 100n 0

10 0, n even
= [1 (1)n ] = 20
n , n odd
n

20 1
e(t) = 5 + sin(2n 1)100t
n=1 (2n 1)

20
=5+ un (t), where un (t) = sin(2n 1)100t
n=1
(2n 1)
By Kirchhos second law charge on the capacitor is given by
d2 q dq
0.02 2
+ 300 + 250000q = e(t)
dt dt
1
System transfer function is G(s) = 0.02s2 +300s+250000
1
giving | G(j) | =
(250000 0.02 2 )2 + (300)2

1 300
argG(j) = tan
250000 0.02 2
From (4.42) the steady state response to the n th harmonic un (t) is
20
qssn (t) = | G(j(2n 1)100) | sin[(2n 1)100t + argG(j(2n 1)100)]
(2n 1)
So steady state current response issn (t) to n th harmonic is
issn (t) = 2000 | G(j(2n 1)100) | cos[(2n 1)100t + argG(j(2n 1)100)]

Note that the d.c. term in e(t) gives no contribution to current steady state
response, which becomes

iss = issn (t)
n=1
Evaluating the rst few terms gives
iss 0.008 cos(100t 1.96) + 0.005 cos(300t 0.33)
31 Since the applied force represents an odd function its Fourier expansion is

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
where 1
1
4 1
bn = 100 sin ntdt = 200 cos nt
2 0 n 0

200 0, n even
= (1 (1)n ) = 400
n , n odd
n

400 1
f (t) = sin(2n 1)t = un (t)
n=1 (2n 1) n=1
400 sin(2n 1)t

where un (t) =
(2n 1)
From Newtons law, the displacement x(t) of the mass is given by
d2 x dx
10 2
+ 0.5 + 1000 = f (t)
dt dt
1
The transfer function is G(s) =
10s2 + 0.5s + 1000
1 1000 10 2 0.5
so that G(j) = = j
10 2 + 0.5j + 1000 D D
1 1
giving | G(j) |= =
D (1000 10 2 )2 + 0.25 2
0.5
argG(j) = tan1 2
1000 10

Thus from (4.42) the steady state response to the n th harmonic un (t) is
400
xssn = | G(j(2n 1)) | sin[(2n 1)t + argG(j(2n 1))]
(2n 1)

and steady state response to f (t) is xss (t) = n=1 xssn (t)
xss (t) 0.14 sin(t 0.1) + 0.379 sin(3t 2.415)

+ 0.017 sin(5t 2.83)
32 Since the applied force represents an odd function its Fourier expansion is

f (t) = bn sin nt, = 2
n=1
where
1
4 2
bn = 100t sin 2ntdt
1 0
1
t 1 2
= 400 cos 2nt + sin 2nt
2n (2n)2 0
100 100
= cos n = (1)n+1
n n

100 (1)n+1
f (t) = sin 2nt = un
n=1 n n=1
100(1)n
where un (t) = sin 2nt
n
From Newtons law the displacement x(t) of the mass is given by
d2 x dx
20 2
+ 0.02 + 80x = f (t)
dt dt
1
Transfer function is G(s) =
20s2 + 0.02s + 80

giving

1 1 0.02
| G(j) |= , argG(j) = tan
(80 20 2 )2 + (0.02)2 80 20 2
Then from (4.42) the steady state response to the n th harmonic un (t) is
100(1)n
xssn (t) = | G(j2n) | sin[2nt + argG(jn)]
n
and the steady state response to f (t) is

xss (t) = xssn (t)
n=1
xss (t) 0.044 sin(2t 3.13) 0.0052 sin(4t 3.14)
33 Taking A = 100 and = 50 in Exercise 11 gives the Fourier expansion of

the applied voltage e(t) as

100 200 cos 100nt
e(t) = + 50 sin 50t
n=1 4n2 1

= u0 + us un (t)
n=1
By Kirchhos second law the charge q(t) on the capacitor is given by
d2 q dq
0.4 + 100 + 105 q = e(t)
dt2 dt
1
System transfer function is G(s) = giving
0.4s2 + 100s + 105
1 100
| G(j) |= , argG(j) = tan1
[(105 0.4 2 )2 + (100)2 ] 105 0.4 2
From (4.42) the steady state response to us = 50 sin 50t is
qsss (t) = 50 | G(j50) | sin(50t + argG(j50))

= 0.005 sin(50t 0.17)

200 100nt
and the steady state response to un = cos 2 is
4n 1
200 1
qssn (t) = 2
| G(j100n) | cos[100nt + argG(j100n)]
4n 1
Since the d.c. term u0 does not contribute to the steady state current this is given
by

2 104 n
iss = 0.785 cos(50t0.17) 21
| G(j100n) | sin[100nt+argG(j100n)]
n=1
4n
or
iss 0.785 cos(50t 0.17) 0.1 sin(100t 0.48)
Exercises 4.6.5
34 Since T = 2 complex form of the Fourier series is

f (t) = cn ejnt
n=
with
1 jnt 1
cn = f (t)e dt = t2 ejnt dt
2 2
2
1 t jnt 2t jnt 2 jnt
= e e e , n = 0
2 jn (jn)2 (jn)3

1 j 2 jn 2 jn 2j jn
= ( e + 2e 3e )
2 n n n

j 2 jn 2 jn 2j jn
( e 2e 3e )
n n n
Since ejn = ejn = cos n
2 2
cn = 2 cos n = 2 (1)n , n = 0
n n
1
2 2
When n = 0, c0 = 2
t dt =
3
Thus complex form of the Fourier series is

2 2
f (t) = + 2
(1)n ejnt
3 n=
n
n=0

Using (4.56)
2 2
a0 = 2c0 =
3
4 4
an jbn = 2 (1)n , an + jbn = 2 (1)n
n n
4 n
giving bn = 0 and an = n2 (1)
thus conrming the series obtained in Example 4.5.
35 Since T = 4 the complex form of the Fourier series is

jn
f (t) = cn e 2 t
n=
with
2 jn 2 jn
1 1
cn = f (t)e 2 t dt = e 2 t dt
4 2 4 0
2
1 2 jn t
= e 2 , n = 0
4 jn 0
j
= [(1)n 1], n = 0
2n

1 2 1
c0 = 1dt =
4 0 2
Thus the complex form of the Fourier series is

1 j jn
f (t) = + [(1)n 1]e 2 t
2 n= 2n
n=0
Using (4.56)
a0 =2c0 = 1
j
anj bn = [(1)n 1]
n
j
anj + bn = [1 (1)n ]
n
0, n even
1
giving an = 0 , bn = n [1 (1) ] = n 2
, n odd
n
thus agreeing with series obtained in Example 4.9.

36(a)
0
1 jnt jnt
cn = e dt + te dt
2 0

1 jnt 0 t jnt 1 jnt
= e + e e
2 jn jn (jn)2 0

1 j 1
= 2 (1 + (1)n ) , n = 0
2 n n
0
1 3
c0 = dt + tdt =
2 0 4
Thus complex form of Fourier series is

3 1 j 1
f (t) = + 2 [1 + (1) ] ejnt
n
4 n=
2 n n
n=0
36(b)
T T /2
1 jnt a 2
cn = f (t)e dt = sin tejnt dt, T =
T 0 T 0
T /2
a
= (ejt ejt )ejnt dt
2jT 0
j(n1)t T /2
a e ej(n+1)t
= +
2jT j(n 1) j(n + 1) 0
T /2
a ejnt ejt ejnt ejt
=
4 n1 n+1 0
jn j
a e e ejn
ej 1 1
=
4 n1 n+1 n1 n+1
Since ej = ej = 1, ejn = (1)n

a 1 1 2
cn = (1) 2
n
4 n1 n+1 n 1
a
= [1 + (1)n ], n = 1
2(n2 1)

a T /2
c1 = sin t(cos t j sin t)dt
T 0
T /2
a 1 j sin 2t
= cos 2t (t ) = ja/2
T 2 2 2 0


a a
f (t) = sin t 2 1)
[1 + (1)n ]ejnt
2 n=
2(n
n=1
36(c)
0
1 jnt jnt
cn = 2e dt + 1e dt
2 0

1 2 jnt 0 1 jnt
= e + e
2 jn jn 0

1
= 2 2ejn + ejn 1
2jn
j
= [1 (1)n ], n = 0
2n
0
1
c0 = 2dt + 1dt = 3/2
2 0

3 j
f (t) = + [1 (1)n ]ejnt
2 n= 2n
n=0
36(d)
0
1 jnt jnt
cn = sin te dt + sin te dt
2 0
0
1 jt jnt jt jnt
= (e e
jt
)e dt + (e e
jt
)e dt
4nj 0
0
1 j(n1)t j(n1)t
= e + ej(n+1)t dt + e ej(n+1)t dt
4j 0
0
1 ej(n1)t ej(n+1)t ej(n1)t ej(n+1)t
= + +
4j j(n 1) j(n + 1) j(n 1) j(n + 1) 0

1 4 (1)n (1)n (1)n (1)n
= 2 + +
4 n 1 n1 n+1 n1 n+1
1
= 2
[1 + (1)n ], n = 1
(n 1)

By direct calculation c1 = 0 . Thus complex form of Fourier series is

1
f (t) = 2
[1 + (1)n ]ejnt
n=
(1 n )
n=1

2
= 2)
e2jnt
n=
(1 4n
By noting that | sin t | is periodic with period we could have obtained the series
from

f (t) = cn ej2nt
n=
with

1
cn = sin tej2nt dt
0

1
= ej(2n1)t ej(2n+1)t dt
2j 0

1 ej2nt ejt ej2nt ejt
=
2 2n 1 2n + 1 0
2
=
(4n2 1)
2
1
Giving f (t) = 2
ej2nt
n= (1 4n )
37

1
a0 = dt = 1
0

1 11
an = cos ntdt = sin nt = 0
0 0

1 1 1
bn = sin ntdt = cos nt
0 n 0

1 0, n even
= (1 cos n) = 2
n , n odd
n

Thus, by Parsevals theorem

1
2 1 2 1 2
1 dt = a0 + b
2 0 4 2 n=1 n

1 1 1 4
or = +
2 4 2 n=1 (2n 1)2
2

1 1 2
giving 2
=
n=1 (2n 1) 8
38(a) Fourier expansion is

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt + bn sin nt
2 n=1 n=1
2
with = = 100 and
T
T 1
2 50
a0 = f (1)dt = 100 500tdt = 10
T 0 0
T 1
2 50
an = f (t) cos 100ntdt = 100 500t cos 100ntdt
T 0 0
1
1 1 50
= 100.500 t sin 100nt + cos 100nt =0
100n (100n)2 0
1
50
bn = 100 500t sin 100ntdt
0
1
t 1 50
= 100.500 cos 100nt + sin 100nt
100n (100n)2 0
10 10
= cos 2n =
n n
Thus Fourier series expansion is

1
f (t) = 5 10 sin 100nt
n=1
n

38(b) From (4.66) RMS value given by
1
2 1 T 2
50
fRM S = [f (t)] dt = 50 (500t)2 dt
T 0 0
100 2
= 328.987
3
fRM S = 18.14

1 T
2 1 2 1 2
Using [f (t)] dt = a0 + (a + b2n )
T 0 4 2 n=1 n
estimates using
1 2 1 2
(i) First four terms : a + (b + b22 + b23 ) 314.79
4 0 2 1
Thus fRM S 17.74
1 2 1 2
(ii) First eight terms : a + (b + b22 + b23 + b24 + b25 + b26 + b27 ) 322.32
4 0 2 1
Thus fRM S 17.95
38(c) True RMS value given by
1
2 1 T 2
50
fRM S = [f (t)] dt = 50 (500t)2 dt
T 0 0
100 2
= 328.987
3
fRM S = 18.14
Actual - Estimate
% Error = 100
Actual
giving the estimated percentage error in estimates (i) and (ii) as 2.20 % and
1.05 % respectively.
39(a)
5/4
1 2n
cn = 60ej 5 t dt
5 0
5 j 2n t 5/4
= 12 e 5
j2n 0
30 jn
= [1 e 2 ], n = 0
jn
1 5
c0 = 60 = 15
5 4

First ve non-zero terms are :

30 30
c0 =15 c1 = (1 + j) = (1 j)
j
30 30 10 10
c2 = = j c3 = (1 j) = (1 j)
j j
6 6
c4 =0 c5 = (1 + j) = (1 j)
j
39(b) Power associated with the ve non-zero terms are
152
P0 = = 15W
15
1 2
P1 = [2 | c1 |2 ] = (13.50)2 = 24.30W
15 15
1 2
P2 = [2 | c2 |2 ] = (9.55)2 = 12.16W
15 15
1 2
P3 = [2 | c3 |2 ] = (4.50)2 = 2.70W
15 15
P4 =0
1 2
P5 = [2 | c5 |2 ] = (2.70)2 = 0.97W
15 15
Total power delivered by the rst ve terms is
P = P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + P5 = 55.13W
39(c) Total power delivered by 15 resistor is

5/4
1 1 1 1 5
P = 602 dt = 602 = 60W
15 5 0 15 5 4
39(d) % of total power delivered by the rst ve non-zero terms is
55.13
100 = 91.9%
60

Exercises 4.7.4
40

1 2
M SE = [f (t)] dt b2n
2 n=1
Based on one term

1 4 2
(M SE)1 = 2 ( ) = 0.19
2
Based on two terms

1 4 2 4 2
(M SE)2 = 2 ( ) ( ) = 0.10
2 3
Based on three terms

1 4 2 4 2 4 2
(M SE)3 = 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0.0675
2 3 5
41(a) From given formula
P0 (t) = 1
1 d 2
P1 (t) = (t 1) = t
2 dt
1 d2 2 1
P2 (t) = 2
(t 1)2 = (3t2 1)
8 dt 2
or from given recurrence relationship
2P2 (t) = 3tP1 (t) P0 (t) = 3t2 1
Also from the relationship

5t 2
3P3 (t) = 5tP2 (t) 2P1 (t) = (3t 1) 2t
2
1 3
giving P3 (t) = (5t 3t)
2
41(b)
1 1
1 d
Pm (t)Pn (t)dt = m+n Dm (t2 1)m Dn (t2 1)n dt, D
1 2 m!n! 1 dt
1
= m+n Im,n
2 m!n!

Integrating by parts m times

1
Im,n = (1) Dm1 (t2 1)m Dn+1 (t2 1)n dt
1
..
.
1
= (1) m
D0 (t2 1)m Dn+m (t2 1)n dt
1
If m = n suppose m > n then m + n > 2n which implies that
Dn+m (t2 1)n = 0
so that Im,n = 0
If m = n then
1
Im,n = In,n = (1) n
(t2 1)n D2n (t2 1)n dt
1
1
= (2n)!(1) n
(t2 1)n dt
1
1
= 2(2n)! (1 t2 )n dt
0
Making the substitution t = sin then gives

/2
2 2
In,n = 2(2n)! cos2n+1 d = 2(2n)! ...
0 2n + 1 3
22n+1
= (n!)2
2n + 1
and the result follows.
41(c) f (t) = c0 P0 (t) + c1 P1 (t) + c2 P2 (t) + . . .

Multiplying by P0 (t)
1 1
f (t)P0 (t)dt = c0 P02 (t)dt = 2c0
1 1
giving
1 1
(1)1dt + (1)1dt = 0 = 2c0 so that c0 = 0
1 0

Multiplying by P1 (t)
1 1
2
f (t)P1 (t)dt = c1 P12 (t)dt = a1
1 1 3
giving
0 1
2 3
(1)tdt + (1)tdt = 1 = c1 so that c1 =
1 0 3 2
Likewise
1 1
2
f (t)P2 (t)dt = c2 P22 (t)dt = c2
1 1 5
giving
0 0
1 2 1 2
(1)(3t 1)dt + (1)(3t2 1)dt = 0 = c2 so that c2 = 0
2 1 2 1 5
and
1 1
2
f (t)P3 (t)dt = c3 P32 (t)dt = c3
1 1 7
giving
0 1
1 3 1 1 2 7
(1)(5t 3t)dt + (1)(5t3 3t)dt = = c3 so that c3 =
2 1 2 0 4 7 8
42 Taking
f (x) = c0 P0 (x) + c1 P1 (x) + c2 P2 (x) + c3 P3 (x) + . . .
and adopting same approach as in 41(c) gives

1 1
f (x)P0 (x)dx = c0 P02 (x)dx = 2c0
1 1
giving
1
1 1
= 2c0 so that c0 =
xdx =
0 2 4
1 1
2
f (x)P1 (x)dx = c1 P12 (x)dx = c1
1 1 3

giving
1
1 2 1
x2 dx =
= c1 so that c1 =
0 3 3 2
1 1
2
f (x)P2 (x)dx = c2 P22 (x)dx = c2
1 1 5
giving
1
1 1 2 5
x(3x2 1)dx =
= c2 so that c2 =
2 0 8 5 16
1 1
2
f (x)P3 (x)dx = c3 P32 (x)dx = c3
1 1 7
giving
1
1 2
x(5x3 3x)dx = 0 = c3 so that c3 = 0
2 0 7
43(a)
L0 (t) = et (t0 et ) = 1
L1 (t) = et (tet + et ) = 1 t
Using the recurrence relation
L2 (t) = (3 t)L1 (t) L0 (t) = t2 4t + 2
L3 (t) = (5 t)L2 (t) 4L1 (t)

= (5 t)(t2 4t + 2) 4(1 t)
= 6 18t + 9t2 t3

43(b) This involves evaluating the integral 0
et Lm (t)Ln (t)dt for the 10
combinations of m and n .

43(c) If f (t) = cr Lr (t) to determine cn multiply throughout by et Ln (t)
r=0
and integrate over (0, )

t
e Ln (t)f (t)dt = cr et Lr (t)Ln (t)dt
0 0 r=0

Using the orthogonality property then gives

t
e Ln (t)f (t)dt = cn et Ln (t)Ln (t)dt
0 0
= cn (n!)2

1
giving cn = et Ln (t)f (t)dt, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(n!)2 0
44(a) By direct use of formula

2
/2 t2 /2
H0 (t) = (1)0 et e =1
2 d 2
H1 (t) = (1)et /2 et /2 = t
dt
Using recurrence relation
Hn (t) = tHn1 (t) (n 1)Hn2 (t)
H2 (t) = t.t 1.1 = t2 1

H3 (t) = t(t2 1) 2(t) = t3 3t
H4 (t) = t(t3 3t) 3(t2 1) = t4 6t2 + 3
2
44(b) This involves evaluating the integral
et /2
Hn (t)Hm (t)dt for the 10
combinations of n and m .

2
44(c) If f (t) = cr Hr (t) to determine cn multiply throughout by et /2
Hn (t)
r=0
and integrate over (, ) giving

t2 /2 2
e Hn (t)f (t)dt = cr et /2
Hn (t)Hr (t)dt
r=0

2
= cn et /2
Hn (t)Hn (t)dt

= cn (2)n!

so that
1 2
cn = et /2
f (t)Hn (t)dt
n! (2)
45(a) Directly from the formula
T0 (t) = cos 0 = 1
T1 (t) = cos(cos1 t) = t
then from the recurrence relationship
T2 (t) = 2t(t) 1 = 2t2 1

T3 (t) = 2t(2t2 1) t = 4t3 3t
T4 (t) = 2t(4t3 3t) (2t2 1) = 8t4 8t2 + 1
T5 (t) = 2t(8t4 8t2 + 1) (4t3 3t) = 16t5 20t3 + 5t
1 Tn (t)Tm (t)
45(b) Evaluate the integral 1
dt for the 10 combinations of n
(1 t2 )
and m .

45(c) If f (t) = cr Tr (t) to obtain cn multiply throughout by
r=0
cn Tn (t)/ (1 t2 ) and integrate over (1, 1) giving
1 1
T (t)f (t) cr Tn (t)Tr (t)
n dt = dt
1 (1 t2 ) 1 r=0 (1 t)2
1
Tn (t)Tn (t)
= cn dt Tn = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
1 (1 t2 )

c0 , n=0
= cn 2 , n = 0
Hence the required results.

46(a)
T
To show they are orthonormal on (0, T ) evaluate the integral 0
Wn (t)Wm (t)dt
for the ten combinations of n and m . For example
T T
1
W0 (t)W0 (t)dt = at = 1
0 0 T
T
and it is readily seen that this extends to 0
Wn2 (t)dt = 1
T T /4 T /2 3T /4 T
1 (1) 1 (1)
W1 (t)W2 (t)dt = dt + dt + dt + dt = 0
0 0 T T /4 T T /2 T 3T /4 T

46(b) f (t) = c0 W0 (t) + c1 W1 (t) + c2 W2 (t) + . . . where f (t) is the square wave
of Exercise 40. In this case T = 2 . Multiplying throughout by the appropriate
Walsh function and integrating over (0, 2) gives
2 2
1
W0 (t)f (t)dt = c0 W02 (t)dt = c0 , W0 (t) =
0 0 2
giving
2 2
1 1
c0 = 1f (t)dt = dt dt = 0
2 0 2 0
2 2

1
, 0<t<
W1 (t)f (t)dt = c1 W12 (t)dt = c1 , W1 (t) = 2
1 , < t < 2
0 0 2
giving
2
1
c1 = dt + (1)(1)dt = 2
2 0
2

1
,
2
0 < t < 2 , 32 < t < 2
W2 (t)f (t)dt = c2 , W2 (t) =
0 12 , 2 < t < 32
giving
3 2
1 /2 2
c2 = (1)(1)dt + (1)(1)dt + (1)(1)dt + (1)(1)dt = 0
2 0 3
2 2
Mean square error based on three terms is
3
1 2 2 2
1 2
[f (t)] dt cn = dt ( 2)2 = 0
2 0 n=0
2 0
This is zero in this case simply because the series based on three terms is exact as
W2 (t) exactly matches the given square wave f (t) .

Review Exercises 4.9
1

1
21 1 3 2
a0 = t dt = t =
0 3 0 3
2
1 2 1 t 2t 2
an = t cos ntdt = sin nt + 2 cos nt 3 sin nt
0 n n n 0
2
= 2 cos n = 2
n
2
1 2 1 t 2t 2
bn = t sin ntdt = cos nt + 2 sin nt + 3 cos nt
0 n n n 0
2

1 2
= 3
[(1)n 1] (1)n
n n

, n even

n
=
1 4 2
3+ , n odd
n n
Thus, Fourier series expansion is

2 2 4
f (t) = + 2
n
(1) cos nt + 3
sin(2n 1)t
6 n=1
n n=1
2n 1 (2n 1)

sin 2nt
n=1
2n
Taking t = when the series converges to 2 /2 gives

2 2 2 n n
2
= + (1) (1) =
2 6 n=1
n2 n=1
n2

1 2
i.e. =
n=1
n2 6

2
/3
2 2 1
a0 = tdt + ( t)dt
0 3 3 /3
/3
2 1 2 1 1 2 2
= t + ( t) =
3 0 3 2 /3 9
/3
2 2 1
an = t cos ntdt + ( t) cos ntdt
0 3 3 /3
/3
2 2t 2 1 ( t) 1
3n 3n 0 3 n n /3

2 1 n 1
= 2
cos 2 [2 + cos n]
n 3 3n
Thus the Fourier expansion of the even function is

2 1 n 1
f (t) = + cos (2 + (1) ) cos nt
n
9 n=1 n2 3 3
At t = 13 the series converges to 2

9.
3 Sketches of odd function f1 (t) and even function f2 (t), having period T and
equal to f (t), a t 12 T , are plotted for T t T below:

3(a) Half range Fourier sine series is

2nt
f (t) = bn sin
n=1
T
with
4 /4
2nt 1 /2 2nt
bn = t sin dt + T t sin dt
T 0 T /4 2 T
t/4
4 Tt 2nt T2 2nt
= cos + sin
T 2n T (2n)2 T 0
T /2
T 1 2nt T2 2nt
+ T t cos sin
2n 2 T (2n)2 T T /4

0, n even

2T
8T n , n = 1, 5, 9, . . .
= sin = n2 2
(2n) 2 2

2T , n = 3, 7, 11, . . .
n2 2
Thus Fourier sine series expansion is

2T (1)n+1 2(2n 1)t
f (t) = 2 2
sin
n=1 (2n 1) T
3(b) From the sketch of f1 (t) the series converges to T /4 at t = 14 T .
3(c) Taking t = 14 T then sin 2(2n1)

T t = (1)n+1 giving

1 2T 1
T = 2
4 n=1 (2n 1)3

1 2
so that the sum of the series (2n1)3 is 8 .
n=1
4
g(x)[c + f (x)] = cg(x) + g(x)f (x)
= cg(x) cg(x)f (x) from the given information
= g(x)[c + f (x)]

Thus the product is an odd function.

Since y = is an odd function and y = 2 is an even function it follows from the
above that F () is an odd function. Thus it has a Fourier series of the form

F () = bn sin n
n=1
with

2 1
bn = ( 2 2 ) sin nd
0 12

1 2
1
= cos n + 2 sin n
6 n n 0

3
3 2
6 6
cos n + 2 sin n 3 cos n + 4 sin n
n n n n 0

1 6 1
= 3 cos n = 3 (1)n+1
6 n n
Thus the Fourier expansion is

(1)n+1
F () = 3
sin n
n=1
n

Clearly f (t) is an odd function so it has a Fourier expansion of the form

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with
/2
2
bn = t sin ntdt + (t ) sin ntdt
0 /2
/2
2 t 1 (t ) 1
= cos nt 2 sin nt + cos nt + 2 sin nt
n n 0 n n /2

2 2 n
= 2 sin
n 2

4 (1)n
f (t) = sin(2n 1)t
n=1 (2n 1)2
f(x)
1/2
1 0 1 x
Since f (x) is an even function, over the interval 1 x 1 , it may be represented

within this range by the Fourier cosine expansion

a0
f (x) = + an cos nx
2 n=1

with

2 1 1
a0 = dx = 2 x =1
1 0 2 2 0

2 1 1
an = cos nxdx = sin nx
2 0 n 0
1
= sin n
n

1 sin n
f (x) = + cos nx
2 n=1 n
valid in the interval 1 x 1
7 Half range Fourier sine expansion is

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with

2 t 2
bn = 1 sin ntdt
0

2 1 t 2 2 t 2
= 1 cos nt 2 1 sin nt + 3 2 cos nt
n n n 0
2 4
= + [(1)n 1]
n n3 3

2 2
f (t) = 1 2 2 [1 (1) ] sin nt
n
n=1
n n
8 Half range Fourier sine expansion is

f (x) = bn sin nxdx
n=1

with
/2
2
bn = x sin nxdx + ( x) sin nxdx
0 /2
/2
2 x 1 ( x) 1
= cos nx + 2 sin nx + cos nx 2 sin nx
n n 0 n n /2
4 n
= 2
sin
n 2
Thus half range Fourier sine expansion is

4 (1)n+1
f (x) = sin(2n 1)x
n=1 (2n 1)2
Half range Fourier cosine expansion is

a0
f (x) = + an cos nx
2 n=1
with
/2
2
a0 = xdx + ( x)dx =
0 /2 2
/2
2
an = x cos nxdx + ( x) cos nxdx
0 /2
/2
2 x 1 x 1
= sin nx + 2 cos nx + sin nx 2 cos nx
n n 0 n n /2

2 2 n 2 2
= 2
cos 2 2 cos n
n 2 n n

0, n odd
= 4
(1)n/2 1 , n even
n2
Thus Fourier cosine expansion is

2 cos 2(2n 1)x
f (x) =
4 n=1 (2n 1)2

Sketches of the functions represented by the two Fourier series are:

1 1 2
a0 = [e ] = sinh
ex dx =

1 n2 1 1 x 1 x
an = x
e cos nxdx = 2 e sin nx + 2 e cos nx
n +1 n n
(1)n 2(1)n
= [e
e ] = sinh
(n2 + 1) (n2 + 1)
x
1 x n2 e ex
bn = e sin nxdx = cos nx + 2 sin nx
(n2 + 1) n n
n(1)n
= sinh
(n2 + 1)


1 2 (1)n 2 (1)n
f (x) = sinh + sinh cos nx sinh cos nx
n=1 n2 + 1 n=1 n2 + 1

2 1 (1)n
= 2 sinh + (cos nx n sin x)
2 n=1 n2 + 1
10(a) Half range Fourier sine expansion is

f (t) = bn sin nt
n=1
with
2
bn = ( t) sin ntdt
0

2 ( t) 1 2
= cos nt 2 sin nt =
n n 0 n
Thus Fourier sine expansion is

2
f (t) = sin nt
n=1
n
10(b) Half range Fourier cosine expansion is

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
with
2
a0 = ( t)dt =
0

2 2 ( t) 1
an = ( t) cos ntdt = sin nt 2 cos nt
0 n n 0

2 0, n even
= [1 (1)n ] = 4
n2 , n odd
n2

Thus Fourier cosine expansion is

1 4 1
f (t) = + cos(2n 1)t
2 n=1 (2n 1)2
Graphs of the functions represented by the two series are:
(a)
(b)
11 Since f (t) is an even function it has a Fourier series expansion

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1

where
0
1 1
a0 = f (t)dt = tdt + tdt =
0
0
1
an = t cos ntdt + t cos ntdt
0

1 t cos nt 0 t 1
= sin nt + sin nt + 2 cos nt
n n2 n n 0

2 0, n even
= 2
(cos n 1) = 4 , n odd
n n2

4 1
f (t) = cos(2n 1)t
2 n=1 (2n 1)2
dx
Since + x = f (t) is linear, response is sum individual responses.
dt

Steady state response corresponds to the Particular Integral. For f0 (t) = steady
2

state response is x0 (t) = .
2
When f (t) = cos t then steady state response is of the form x = A cos t +
B sin t . Substituting back and comparing coecients of sin t and cos t gives
1
A= , B=
1 + 2 1 + 2
Taking = (2n 1) then required steady state response is

1 4 1 cos(2n 1)t + (2n 1) sin(2n 1)t
x=
2 n=1 (2n 1)2 1 + (2n 1)2
12 Since f (t) is an even function Fourier series expansion is

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1

where
2 2
1 1 t (2 t)
a0 = f (t)dt = dt + dt
0 0

1 1 2 1 2 2
= t + 2t t =1
2 2 0 2
2
1
an = t cos ntdt + (2 t) cos ntdt
2 0

1 t 1 (2 t) 1 2
2 n n 0 n n

2 4
= (cos n 1) = 2 2 , n odd
2 n2 n
0, n even
Thus Fourier series expansion is

1 4 cos(2n + 1)t
f (t) = 2
2 n=0 (2n + 1)2
It can be shown by direct substitution that this satises the given dierential
equation. Alternatively we solve the dierential equation

d2 y 2 1
+ y = n cos n t, not integer
dt2 2 n=0
Solving the unforced system gives the complementary function as
y1 = A cos t + B sin t
The particular integral is the sum of the PIs for the individual terms in f (t) .
1
In the case of the 2 on the RHS response is
1
y2 =
2 2
For the term n cos n t the PI is of the form
yn = C cos n t + D sin n t

d2 y
Substituting in 2
+ 2 y = n cos n t and comparing coecients gives
dt
C = n /( 2 n2 ), D = 0 so that
n
yn = cos n t
2 n2
Thus, the solution of the dierential equation is
n
1
y = A cos t + B sin t + cos n t
2 2 n=0 2 n2
From the given initial condition y = dy/dt = 0 at t = 0 so that
n
1
B = 0 and A = 2 +
2 n=0
2 n2
giving on taking n = 4/[ 2 (2n + 1)2 ], n = (2n + 1)

1 4 cos(2n + 1)t cos t
y= (1 cos t) 2
2 2 n=0 (2n + 1)2 [ 2 (2n + 1)2 ]
13(a) Since f (t) is an even function Fourier expansion is

a0
f (t) = + an cos nt
2 n=1
where 0
1 1
a0 = f (t)dt = tdt + tdt =
0
0
1
an = t cos ntdt + t cos ntdt
0

1 t cos nt 0 t cos nt
= sin nt + sin nt +
n n2 n n2 0

2 0, n even
= (cos n 1) = 4
n2 2 , n odd
n
Thus Fourier expansion f (t) is

4 1
f (t) = cos(2n 1)t
2 n=1 (2n 1)2

Since bn = 0 Parsevals theorem gives

1
1 2 1 2
[f (t)]2 dt = a0 + a
2 4 2 n=1 n

2 2 1 16 1
i.e. = + 2
3 4 2 n=1 (2n 1)4

1 4
or, rearranging, =
n=1
(2n 1)4 96
13(b) Dierentiating formally term by term we obtain the Fourier expansion of

the square wave at

4 1
g(t) = sin(2n 1)t
n=1 (2n 1)
Check . Since g(t) is an odd function it has Fourier expansion

g(t) = bn sin nt
n=1
where
1 0
bn = sin ntdt + sin ntdt
0

1 1 0 1
= cos nt + cos nt
n n 0

2 4
= [1 cos n] = n , n odd
n 0, n even
conrming the Fourier expansion as

4 1
g(t) = sin(2n 1)t
n=1 (2n 1)
14 Complex form of the Fourier series is

f (t) = cn ejnt
n=

where
1 t
cn = sin ejnt dt
2 2

1 1 jt 1
= e 2 e 2 jt ejnt dt
4j

1 j(n 1 )t 1
= e 2 ej(n+ 2 )t dt
4j
1 1
1 ej(n 2 )t ej(n+ 2 )t
=
4j j(n 12 ) j(n + 12 )
Using the results ejn = cos n + j sin n = (1)n = ejn

1
e 2 j = cos + j sin = j, ej 2 = j
2 2
gives
1 j j j j
cn = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 (1)n
4 (n 2 ) (n + 2 ) (n 2 ) (n + 2 )

j(1)n 4n
=
4n2 1
Thus, the complex form of the Fourier series is

4nj(1)n jnt
f (t) = 2 1)
e
n=
(4n
15(a) Following the same procedure as in Exercise 11 gives
20
a0 =

0, n odd, n = 1
an = 20
, n even
(n2 1)
a1 = 0
bn = 0, n = 1
b1 = 5
so that the Fourier representation is

10 20 cos 2n0 t 2
v(t) = + 5 sin 0 t 2
, 0 =
n=1 4n 1 T

15(b)
T /2
1
Total power = 100. sin2 0 tdt
T 0
T /2
50
= (1 cos 20 t)dt = 25
T 0
Thus total average power delivered to 10 resistor is
25
Pav = = 2.5W
10
20
Coecient second harmonic in series expansion v(t) is a2 =
3
When applied to 10 resistor power associated with this harmonic is
1 20 2 1 20
= W
2 3 10 9 2
Thus % of the total power carried by the second harmonic is
100 20 800
2 = 9.01
Pav 9 9 2
16(a) A sketch of g(t) is
16(b) Over the period < t < g(t) is dened by
g(t) = 1, <t<0
g(t) = 1, 0 < t <
Since g(t) is an odd function it has a Fourier series expansion of the form

g(t) = bn sin nt
n=1


2
with bn = 1. sin ntdt
0

2 1 2 0, n even
= cos nt = [1 (1)n ] = 4
n 0 n , n odd
n
Thus the Fourier expansion of g(t) is

4 sin(2n 1)t
g(t) =
n=1 (2n 1)
giving the Fourier expansion of f (t) = 1 + g(t) as

4 sin(2n 1)t
f (t) = 1 +
n=1 (2n 1)
17 Complex form of Fourier expansion is

f (t) = cn ejnt
n=
2 2
1 jnt 1
where cn = f (t)e dt = tejnt dt
2 0 2 0
2
1 t jnt 1 jnt
= e + 2e
2 jn n 0
Using the results ej2n = cos 2n j sin 2n = 1, eo = 1 or have
1 2 1 j
cn = = = , n = 0
2 jn jn n
1 2
When n = 0, c0 = tdt =
2 0
Hence complex Fourier series is

j jnt
f (t) = + e
n=
n
n=0

18(a) Since v(t) is an odd function its Fourier expansion is of the form

2nt
v(t) = bn sin
n=1
T
T /2
4 2nt
with bn = dt
1. sin
T 0 T
T /2
4 T 2nt 2
= cos = [1 cos n]
T 2n T 0 n

0, n even
i.e. bn = 4
, n odd
n

4 1 2(2n 1)t
v(t) = sin
n=1 (2n 1) T
18(b) Response i (t) of the circuit is given by
di (t)
+ i (t) = v (t) = sin t
dt
Taking Laplace transforms with i (0) = 1 gives

I (s) =
(s + 1)(s2 + 2 )
1 s 1 2
= 2 2 2 2
+ 2 2
+ 1 (s + 1) + 1 s + + 1 s + 2
which on taking inverse transforms gives the response as
1
i (t) = et 2 cos t + 2 sin t
2 +1 +1 +1
Since the rst term decays to zero the steady state response is
1
iss = (sin t cos t)
2 +1

As the system is linear steady state response is (t) to the square wave v(t) is

is (t) = in (t)
n=1
where in (t) is the steady state response to vn (t) with
n = 2(2n 1)/T
Thus

4 1 1
is (t) = (sin n t n cos n t)
n=1 (2n 1) n2 + 1
19(a)
1 j n
cosn = (e + ej )
2
1 nj n (n2)j
= n e + e + . . . + enj
2 1

1 nj nj n
= n (e +e )+ (e(n2)j + e(n2)j ) + . . .
2 1
Hence

2 1 2 2 2
cos = 2 2 cos 2 + 2 cos(2 2) + . . . + 2 cos 2 +
2 1 1
Putting cos = t

2 1
2 2 1 2
t = 21 T2 (t) + T22 (t) + . . . + T2 (t) + T0 (t)
1 1 2

1 2 + 1 2 + 1
t21 = T2+1 (t) + T21 (t) + . . . + T1 (t)
2 1
Note that T0 (t) may be omitted.

19(b) cos n + cos(n 2) = 2 cos(n 1) cos Hence putting = cos1 t
Tn (t) + Tn2 (t) = 2tTn1 (t)
19(c)
T0 (t) = cos(0. cos1 t) = cos 0 = 1
T1 (t) = cos(1. cos1 t) = cos(cos1 t) = t
T2 (t) = 2tT1 (t) T0 (t) = 2t2 1
T3 (t) = 2t(2t2 1) t = 4t3 3t
19(d)
1
t5 5t4 + 7t3 + 6t 8 = (T5 (t) + 5T3 (t) + 10T1 (t))
24
5 7
3 (T4 (t) + 4T2 (t) + 3) + 2 (T3 (t) + 3T1 (t))
2 2
+ 6T1 (t) 8
1 5 33
= T5 (t) T4 (t) + T3 (t)
16 8 16
5 95 79
T2 (t) + T1 (t) T0 (t)
2 8 8
19(e) The required cubic polynomial is obtained by omitting the rst two terms.
It is therefore
33 3 5 95 79
(4t 3t) (2t2 1) + t
16 2 8 8
33 3 91 59
or t 5t2 + t
4 16 8
1
Since | Tn (t) | 1 over (1, 1) the error can nowhere exceed 16 + 85 = 16
11
in
absolute value. An error of this magnitude occurs at t = 1 , since Tn (1) =
cos n = (1)n .

20
If the input is x(t) = Xi sin t then the input and output y(t) waveforms to the
nonlinear element are shown in the gure. Clearly the output waveform is an odd
function of period / and over the interval 0 < t < /

0, 0 < t < t1
y(t) = M, t1 < t < t1

0, t1 < t <
The amplitude of the fundamental harmonic is

/
2
b1 = y(t) sin tdt
/ 0

2 /t1
= M sin tdt
t1
2M
= [cos( t1 ) cos t1 ]

4M
= cos t1

2

Since sin t1 = 2Xi we obtain cos t1 = 1 2X i

Thus the required describing function is
1
4M 2 2
N (Xi ) = 1
Xi 2Xi
1
Limit cycle will occur if N (Xi )
KG(j)
dN
N (Xi ) will have a maximum value when dX i
= 0 ; that is, when X i = / 2.
4M
Maximum value is N (Xi )max = . Since this is real we are only interested in
real values of 1/(KG(j)) .
In this case
1 1
= j(T1 j + 1)(T2 j + 1)
KG(j) K
1
= [T1 T2 j 3 (T1 + T2 ) 2 + j]
K
and for this to be real
T1 T2 3 + = 0 giving 2 = 1/(T1 T2 )
At this frequency
1 T1 + T2 2 (T1 + T2 )
magnitude = =
KG(j) K KT1 T2
and the required result follows, namely that limit cycles will not occur if
4M K T1 T2
>
T1 + T2


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4

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

1(f ) Since f (t) is an even function it has Fourier expansion

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

3 Since q(t) is an even function its Fourier expansion is

Note that in this case we need to evaluate a1 separately as

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

5(a) Taking t = 0 gives

and hence the required result

5(b) Taking t = gives

and hence the required result

The Fourier expansion of the even function (a) is given by

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Taking t = 0 where f (t) = 0 gives the required result.

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

Thus the Fourier expansion of f (t) is

12 Since f (t) is an even function its Fourier expansion is

Thus the Fourier series expansion of f (t) is

Plotting the graphs should cause no problems.

15 Half range Fourier cosine series expansion is given by

Thus the half range Fourier cosine series expansion of f (t) is

Again plotting the graph should cause no problems.

16(b) Half range sine series expansion is

16(c) Half range cosine series expansion is

17 Fourier cosine series expansion is

Fourier sine series expansion is

Thus the required Fourier sine series expansion is

Thus the required Fourier sine series expansion is

20 Fourier sine series expansion is

Thus, the required Fourier sine series expansion is

The corresponding plot presents no problem.

21 Since f (x) is an even function the Fourier series expansion is

Thus the Fourier series expansion is

The graph represented by the series for 3 x 3 is as follows

22 Fourier sine series expansion is

Thus the Fourier sine series expansion is

Integrating term by term gives

Taking mean value over a period

f (t) = t, < t < ; f (t + 2) = f (t)

So that the Fourier series of f (t) is

which conrms the series of Exercise 24 when T = .

26(b) Derived series is

26(c) Using the results of (a)

Thus the Fourier expansion g(t) is

Using Eulers formulae

t1 = 0, t2 = and since = 1 using (4.39) gives

Thus, Fourier series is

Thus from (4.39)

Thus from (4.39)

which agree with the Fourier coecients of Example 4.3.

p1 (t) =0 p2 (t) = + 2t p3 (t) = 2t p4 (t) =0

Thus from (4.39)

Thus Fourier series is

Thus from (4.39)

From which the Fourier series may be readily written down.

Thus from (4.39)

iss 0.008 cos(100t 1.96) + 0.005 cos(300t 0.33)

xss (t) 0.14 sin(t 0.1) + 0.379 sin(3t 2.415)

xss (t) 0.044 sin(2t 3.13) 0.0052 sin(4t 3.14)