OBSERVATIONS

Speed Input VL IL TON (s) Duty Ratio() Calculated VL(V)= VDC

0 7 0.3 120 0.025531915 3.54893617

1 7 0.3 120 0.025531915 3.54893617
2 8 0.4 200 0.042553191 5.914893617
3 14 0.7 440 0.093617021 13.01276596
4 21 0.9 640 0.136170213 18.92765957
5 24 1.1 860 0.182978723 25.43404255
6 36 1.5 1180 0.25106383 34.89787234
7 43 1.8 1300 0.276595745 38.44680851
8 52 2.1 1800 0.382978723 53.23404255
9 60 2.4 2000 0.425531915 59.14893617
10 60 2.4 2000 0.425531915 59.14893617

Time period Ts= 4.7ms

Chopper input DC voltage Vdc= 139 V
 Figure 1 shows waveforms of armature voltage [upper graph] and the armature
current [lower graph]

Figure 2 shows waveforms of field voltage [upper graph] and the field current [lower
graph]
Figure 3 shows waveforms of pulse generator output, gate waveform of TH2, saw tooth
waveform and comparator control input respectively

Figure 4 shows waveforms of comparator output [upper most graph] and gate of
TH1 [lower graphs]
DISCUSSION

1. There is a voltage at the load even when the speed-input potentiometer is at minimum

Here we are using PWM switching circuit with fixed switching frequency.
When the input voltage is changing, gate input is also changing with that.
Theoretically in the beginning speed input potentiometer should be zero, but it is very
unlike to happen, because there may be small steps exits even in the little time. The
reason for that would be the time difference between thyristor 1 and thyristor 2. So
because of such practical limitations, voltage wont be zero even the potentiometer is
at minimum.

2. Why the speed input potentiometer, in the first few steps didnt respond to the motor;
how the problems can possibly be eliminated?

Practical is done under no load condition at the start, which means (load torque
=friction torque at shaft bearings). At low speed friction torque is also low. So
friction torque will not be increasing, unless speed is increasing.

So the motor generating balancing torque wont change considerably, at low

speed. Then the converter supplies voltage to get the motor to required speed.
Therefore in the beginning motor will not accelerate significantly. When friction
torque increases with the speed, it will go up to value such that, giving balance torque
with significant change in speed.

To eliminate this problem, practical should be done, under loaded condition,

where load is significantly large, so friction torque can be neglected.

3. Why the field current waveform contain less ripple compared with the field voltage
waveform

Field current is proportional to the integration of field voltage for a given field
inductance. So even there voltage waveform consists with high number of ripples, in
filed current there are less ripple compared with it. Mathematically it is clear that,
when there are lots of ripple in voltage wave form, according to the relationship of
(if Vf ) there will be less ripples in current waveform. (Since the Vf means the
cumulative summation of voltage)
 If it is explained in some other way, if we imagine the system is a spring mass
system and mass represents the inductance. Since mass has inertia, even there is a
high kinetic energy, it doesnt like to change the velocity suddenly. Similarly in here
even there are ripples (sudden changes) in the voltage waveform, current will have
lesser ripples.

4. Comment on the shape of the armature voltage and current waveform of part(c)?

Figure 1

Here dotted line represents the current waveform when the load torque is reduced by
half of its original value.

Armature voltage waveform

According to the figure 5 it can be clearly seen that TON and TOFF time of the
PWM waveform can be clearly identified. Normally Waveform is given like a
square waveform as given above.
current waveform
Because of the armature voltage variation, we can see some ripples in the
current waveform. From the figure 5 it can be clearly seen that, there are two
impulses, because of the dropping and rising edges in PWM.
5. Comment on the control circuit waveform in part (d)?

This consists with several waveforms, and those are explained below
1) Pulse generator output-square wave generate by the pulse generator, with a
constant frequency
2) Trace gate wave form of TH2- waveform is generated , by detecting the dropping
edge of square waveform (this is inverted before it goes to the TH2)
3) Saw tooth waveform- this is obtained from the integration of the square form, with
same frequency. This is used to generate control signal to TH1. Shape of the
waveform is shown in the figure 6.
4) Comparator control input waveform-when the switching control signal to TH1 is
generated this is considered as the reference waveform. Some variation can be
observed in this waveform, because of the feedback getting from armature voltage
and current.

5) Comparator output- A square waveform generated using saw tooth waveform and
comparator control input
6) Gate waveform of TH1- this is generated, by detecting dropping edge of square
waveform at comparator output. (this is inverted before it goes to the TH1)

Sawtooth
Control voltage
waveform

Figure 2

Upper graph-sawtooth waveform and control voltage (VC)

Lower graph-Drive of the switch Vg