6/17/2013

Th trng
Chng 2 Phn loi th trng:
Theo i tng hng ha c trao i mua bn:
CUNG, CU V C CH HOT Th trng go, th trng t, th trng dch v bo him...
Theo phm vi a l:
NG CA TH TRNG Th trng H Ni, th trng Vit Nam, th trng ng
Nam ...
Theo mc cnh tranh trn th trng:
TS.GVC. PHAN TH CNG Cnh tranh Cnh tranh c quyn c quyn
D: 0966653999 hon ho c quyn nhm thun ty
Email: congpt@vcu.edu.vn

1 Th trng 4

Ni dung chng 2 Cu (Demand)

Th trng Khi nim cu
Cu v hng ha v dch v Cu (D) l s lng hng ha hoc dch v m ngi
mua mun mua v c kh nng mua ti cc mc gi
Cung v hng ha v dch v khc nhau trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, cc
C ch hot ng ca th trng yu t khc khng i.
Thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut
co dn ca cung v cu
S can thip ca Chnh ph vo th trng

2 Cu v hng ha v dch v 5
GVC: PHAN TH CNG

Th trng Cu (Demand)
Lu :
Khi nim:
Cu ch hnh thnh khi hi t hai iu kin
Th trng l mt c ch trong ngi mua v ngi Mong mun
bn tng tc vi nhau xc nh gi c v sn lng C kh nng (thanh ton)
ca hng ha hay dch v
Phn bit Cu v Lng cu
Lng cu (QD) l lng c th ca hng ha hay dch v m
ngi mua mong mun v c kh nng mua ti mt mc gi
xc nh trong mt giai on nht nh v gi nh rng tt c
cc yu t khc khng i.
Cu c th hin thng qua tp hp cc lng cu cc mc
gi khc nhau.

Th trng 3 Cu v hng ha v dch v 6

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Lut cu th ng cu
Ni dung quy lut:
Gi nh tt c cc yu t khc khng i, nu gi ca
hng ha hay dch v tng ln s lm cho lng cu v
hng ha hay dch v gim i v ngc li
Gia gi v lng cu: mi quan h nghch
P QD
P QD
Gii thch: P
dc ng cu = Q

Cu v hng ha v dch v 7 Cu v hng ha v dch v 10

Lut cu Gi s hm cu c dng P = m - nQD

Khi lng cu l Q1 P1 = m - nQ1 dc ng cu

V d: Khi lng cu l Q2 P2 = m - nQ2

C biu s liu phn nh cu v nc ng chai trn th trng X
trong 1 thng nh bng di y: P1 P2 = (m nQ1) (m nQ2) =n(Q Q )
1 2
P =nQ
Gi P 8 10 12 14 16 P =n
(nghn /chai)
Q
Lng cu QD 600 500 400 300 200
(chai)
Hm cu c dng QD = a - bP
P = a/b - 1/bQD
-1/b = dc ng cu

Cu v hng ha v dch v 8 11
GVC: PHAN TH CNG

Hm cu Cu hi

Dng hm cu tuyn tnh: Xc nh hm cu t biu s liu v d?

QD = a - bP (a 0; b 0) Hm cu tng qut c dng: QD = a - bP
T biu s liu xy dng c h hai phng trnh vi
Hoc hai n l a v b
Gii h ta c a = 1000; b = 50
P = a/b (1/b)QD (a 0; b 0) Phng trnh hm cu l: QD = 1000 - 50P

Cu v hng ha v dch v 9 12
GVC: PHAN TH CNG

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Cu c nhn v cu th trng Cc yu t tc ng n cu
P QA QB QTT
Cu th trng l tng cu S lng ngi mua
ca cc c nhn 2 7 3 10
S lng ngi mua () cu ()
V d: 4 6 2 8
Do cu th trng l tng cu ca cc c nhn
Th hin trn th: 6 5 1 6
Thu nhp
ng cu th trng l s 8 4 0 4
cng theo chiu ngang i vi hng ha thng thng v cao cp:
ng cu ca cc c nhn 10 3 0 3 Thu nhp () cu v hng ha ()
12 2 0 2 i vi hng ha th cp:
14 1 0 1 Thu nhp () cu v hng ha ()
16 0 0 0

Cu v hng ha v dch v 13 Cu v hng ha v dch v 16

Cu c nhn v cu th trng Cc yu t tc ng n cu
Gi ca hng ha c lin quan trong tiu dng
Hng ha thay th: Hng ha b sung:
V d: V d:
Xe p v xe my Xng v xe my
+ = Pepsi v CocaCola My vi tnh v phn mm
A v B l hai hng ha thay M v N l hai hng ha b
th trong tiu dng sung trong tiu dng
D
PA Cu v B ? PM Cu v N
?
v v
PA Cu v B PM Cu v N

Cu v hng ha v dch v 14 Cu v hng ha v dch v 17

Cc yu t tc ng n cu Cc yu t tc ng n cu
Cu thay i: Cc chnh sch ca Chnh ph: nh thu, tr cp
Cu tng: Lng cu tng K vng v thu nhp
ln ti mi mc gi
K vng thu nhp trong tng lai tng Cu hin ti tng
Cu gim: Lng cu gim
i ti mi mc gi K vng thu nhp trong tng lai gim Cu hin ti gim
Th hiu, s thch, phong tc, tp qun,
K vng v gi c:
K vng gi tng Cu hin ti tng
K vng gi gim Cu hin ti gim
Cc yu t khc: thi tit, qung co...
Cu v hng ha v dch v 15 Cu v hng ha v dch v 18

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S di chuyn trn ng cu v s dch Cung (Supply)

chuyn ng cu Khi nim:
S di chuyn (trt dc) trn ng cu: Cung (S) l s lng hng ha hay dch v m ngi bn
S thay i v tr cc im khc nhau trn cng mt mong mun v c kh nng bn ti cc mc gi khc nhau
ng cu trong mt giai on nht nh (gi nh rng tt c cc yu
t khc khng i)
Do gi ca bn thn hng ha ang xt thay i
Phn bit cung v lng cung:
S dch chuyn ng cu:
Lng cung (QS) l lng c th ca hng ha hay dch v
ng cu thay i sang mt v tr mi (sang phi m ngi bn mong mun v c kh nng bn ti mt mc
hoc sang tri) gi xc nh trong mt giai on nht nh (gi nh rng
Do cc yu t ngoi gi ca bn thn hng ha ang tt c cc yu t khc khng i)
xt thay i Cung c th hin thng qua tp hp cc lng cung cc
mc gi khc nhau
Cu v hng ha v dch v 19 Cung v hng ha v dch v 22

S di chuyn trn ng cu v s dch Lut cung

chuyn ng cu
Ni dung quy lut:
Gi nh tt c cc yu t khc khng i, nu gi ca
hng ha hay dch v tng ln s lm cho lng cung
v hng ha hay dch v cng tng ln v ngc li
Gia gi v lng cung: mi quan h thun (ng bin)
P QS
P QS

Gii thch:

Cu v hng ha v dch v 20 23
GVC: PHAN TH CNG

Cu hi: Lut cung

Cu v hng ha B s b tc ng nh th no V d:
nu? C biu s liu phn nh cung v nc ng chai trn th trng
X trong 1 thng nh bng di y:
Hng ha B tr nn hp mt hn
Hng ha C l hng ha thay th cho B tr nn r hn Gi P 8 10 12 14 16
Thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng gim v B l hng ha (nghn /chai)

th cp Lng cung QS 200 300 400 500 600

(chai)
Ngi tiu dng d on rng gi hng ha B s gim
trong tng lai

21 GVC: PHAN TH CNG

24

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Hm cung Cung ca hng v cung th trng

Dng hm cung tuyn tnh: Cung th trng l tng P QA QB QTT
cung ca cc hng trn th
QS = c + dP (d 0) 1 2 0 2
trng
2 4 0 4
V d:
Hoc
Th hin trn th: 3 6 0 6
P = (-c/d) + (1/d)QS (n 0) ng cung th trng l s 4 8 1 9
cng theo chiu ngang 5 10 2 12
ng cung ca cc hng
trn th trng 6 12 3 15

25 GVC: PHAN TH CNG

28

th ng cung Cung ca hng v cung th trng

+ =

P
dc ng cung = Q
26 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
29

Gi s hm cung c dng P = m + nQS Cc yu t tc ng n cung

Khi lng cung l Q1 P1 = m + nQ1 dc ng cung

Khi lng cung l Q2 P2 = m + nQ2

Cung thay i:
Cung gim: Lng cung
P1 P2 = (m + nQ1) (m + nQ2) = n(Q Q ) gim i ti mi mc gi.
1 2
P = nQ Cung tng: Lng cung
tng ln ti mi mc gi
P = n
Q
Hm cung c dng QS = a + bP
P = -a/b + 1/bQS
1/b = dc ng cung

27 30

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Cc yu t tc ng n cung S di chuyn trn ng cung v s dch

chuyn ng cung
S lng ngi bn
S lng ngi bn () cung ()
Tin b v cng ngh
C ci tin v cng ngh chi ph sn xut gim
li nhun tng cung tng
Gi ca cc yu t u vo
Gi ca yu t u vo chi ph sn xut
li nhun cung

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

31 34

Cc yu t tc ng n cung Cu hi
Chnh sch ca Chnh ph: nh thu, tr cp Cc cu pht biu sau ng hay sai? Gii thch.
Gi ca hng ha c lin quan trong sn xut Khi thu nhp ca dn chng tng ln th cu v mi
loi hng ha trn th trng u tng.
K vng v gi c
Gi ca cc yu t dng sn xut ra hng ha X tng
Li sut ln s gy ra s trt dc trn ng cung ca hng
Yu t khc: thin tai, dch bnh, chnh tr,... ha X t v tr thp ln v tr cao hn (gi nh tt c
cc yu t khc khng i)
Mi trng kinh doanh

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

32 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
35

S di chuyn trn ng cung v s dch C ch hot ng ca th trng

chuyn ng cung
S di chuyn (trt dc) trn ng cung: Trng thi cn bng cung cu
S thay i v tr cc im khc nhau trn cng mt Trng thi d tha v thiu ht
ng cung
S thay i trng thi cn bng cung cu
Do gi ca bn thn hng ha ang xt thay i
S dch chuyn ng cung:
ng cung thay i sang mt v tr mi (sang phi
hoc sang tri)
Do cc yu t ngoi gi ca bn thn hng ha ang
xt thay i

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

33 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
36

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Trng thi cn bng cung cu S thay i trng thi cn bng cung cu

Ti E: Nguyn nhn t pha cu (cung khng i)

QS = Q 0
QS = Q D
QD = Q 0
Cn bng cung cu l
trng thi ca th trng
m ti lng cung
bng vi lng cu
L trng thi l tng ca
th trng
Cu tng: Cu gim:
- Gi CB tng - Gi CB gim
- Lng CB tng - Lng CB gim

37 40

Trng thi d tha S thay i trng thi cn bng

Gi s P1 > P0 Nguyn nhn t pha cung (cu khng i)
Xt ti mc gi P1
QS = Q2 > Q0
QD = Q1 < Q0
QS > QD
Th trng d tha
Lng d tha ti P1
Qd tha = QS - QD
= Q2 - Q1 = AB
C sc p lm gim gi
xung quay tr v trng Cung tng: Cung gim:
thi cn bng - Gi CB gim - Gi CB tng
- Lng CB tng - Lng CB gim

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

38 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
41

Trng thi thiu ht

Gi s P2 < P0
Xt ti mc gi P2
QS = Q3 < Q0
QD = Q4 > Q0
QS < QD
14
Th trng thiu ht
Lng thiu ht ti P2 13,5
Qthiu ht = QS QD
= Q Q = MN
2 1
C sc p lm tng gi
quay tr v trng thi cn 13 13,5
bng

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

39 42

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Chng 2

S thay i trng thi cn bng S thay i ca c cung v cu

(V d: khi cu tng v cung tng, gi cn bng gim, lng
Do c cung v cu cn bng tng ln)
4 trng hp: P
Cung tng - Cu tng S0
Cung gim - Cu gim
Cung gim - Cu tng
Cung tng - Cu gim E0 S3
P0
P3 E3

D1
D0
0 Q3
Q0 Q

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

43 46
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

Chng 2

S thay i ca c cung v cu (V d: khi cu tng v cung

tng: lng v gi cn bng s tng???)

P
S0
S1

P1 E0
P0 Cu tng nhiu Cu tng t hn Cu tng bng
hn cung tng cung tng cung tng
Gi CB tng Gi CB gim Gi CB khng i
D1 Lng CB tng Lng CB tng Lng CB tng
D0 Kt lun: Khi cu cu v cung u tng th lng cn bng trn th trng chc
0 chn tng ln cn gi cn bng thay i ty thuc vo s thay i tng i gia
Q0 Q1 Q cung v cu

44
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

Chng 2

S thay i ca c cung v cu (V d: khi cu tng v cung Thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut
tng: lng cn bng s tng, cn gi cn bng c th khng
i) Thng d tiu dng:
Gi tr m ngi tiu dng thu
P li t vic tham gia trao i
S0 hng ha dch v trn th
trng.
c o bng s chnh lch CS
S2 gia mc gi cao nht m
E0
ngi mua chp nhn mua vi
P0
gi bn trn th trng.
V d:
D1 Tng thng d tiu dng:
D0 Din tch di ng cu v
0 trn ng gi
Q0 Q2 Q
45 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
48
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

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Thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut co dn ca cu theo gi E PD

Thng d sn xut:
Gi tr m ngi sn xut
thu li t vic tham gia trao
Khi nim:
i hng ha dch v trn L h s gia phn trm thay i trong lng cu ca
th trng. mt mt hng vi phn trm thay i trong gi ca mt
c o bng s chnh hng (gi nh tt c cc yu t khc khng i).
lch gia mc gi thp nht
m ngi bn chp nhn
N o lng phn ng ca lng cu trc s bin
PS ng v gi c.
bn vi gi bn trn th
trng. N cho bit khi gi ca hng ha tng 1% th lng cu
V d: ca hng ha gim bao nhiu % v ngc li.
Tng thng d sn xut: V d: EPD = 2
din tch di ng gi v
trn ng cung
49 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
52

co dn ca cung v cu co dn ca cu theo gi E PD
Cng thc tnh
Khi nim co dn: Cng thc tng qut:
L ch s o lng s bin ng tnh bng % ca mt %QD QD P QD P
EPD = = : =
bin s kinh t khi bin s kinh t khc c lin quan %P QD P P QD
thay i (gi nh tt c cc yu t khc khng i). co dn im:
o lng phn ng ca bin s ny trc s bin ng P 1 P
ca bin s khc. EPD = QD '( P ) =
QD dc ng cu QD
V d: Cho hm cu QD = 1000 - 50P. Tnh co dn
ca cu theo gi khi P = 12?
co dn khng c n v tnh v lun l mt s
khng dng
GVC: PHAN TH CNG
50 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
53

co dn ca cu co dn ca cu theo gi E PD
Cng thc tnh
co dn ca cu theo gi co dn khong
co dn ca cu theo thu nhp
% QD QD P
EPD = = :
co dn ca cu theo gi cho % P QD P
P1 + P2
Q1 Q2
= 2
P1 P2 Q1 + Q2
2

51 GVC: PHAN TH CNG

54

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co dn ca cu theo gi E PD co gin ca cu theo gi v tng doanh thu

Tng doanh thu (TR)
Cc trng hp co dn:
L tng s tin m hng nhn c t vic bn hng
EPD > 1 khi % QD > %P Cu co dn ha hay dch v
EPD < 1 khi % QD < % P Cu km co dn Cng thc tnh: TR = PQ

EPD = 1 khi % QD = %P Cu co dn n v

EPD = 0 Cu khng co dn
EPD = Cu hon ton co dn

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

55 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
58

co dn ca cu theo gi E PD co gin ca cu theo gi v tng doanh thu

Phn bit co dn ca cu theo gi v dc Khi hng kinh doanh mt hng c cu co dn EPD > 1
ng cu (trng hp ng cu tuyn tnh): Gi s ban u gi l PA
TR1 = PA QA = S0 P AQ
dc khng i ti A A

mi im trn ng cu EPD = Gim gi t PA PB

co dn khc nhau ti EPD > 1 TR2 = PB QB = S0 PB BQB A

mi im trn ng cu So snh TR1 v TR2

EPD = 1 So snh S2 v S3
Xt hm cu c dng
EPD < 1 S3 = Q PB v S 2 = P QA
QD = a - bP
S3 Q PB Q PB
= > >1
S 2 P QA P QB
S3 > S2 TR2 > TR1
EPD = 0

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

56 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
59

co dn ca cu theo gi E PD co gin ca cu theo gi v tng doanh thu

Khi hng kinh doanh mt hng c cu km co dn EPD < 1
D Gi s ban u gi l PA
Hai trng hp c bit ca E P
TR1 = PA QA = S0 P AQ
A A
Gim gi t PA PB
TR2 = PB QB = S
0 PB BQB
So snh TR1 v TR2
So snh S2 v S3
S3 = Q PB v S 2 = P QA
S3 Q PB Q PA
= < <1
S 2 P QA P QA
S3 < S2 TR2 < TR1

57 GVC: PHAN TH CNG

60

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trmax Cc nhn t tc ng n E PD
Q = a bP P = a/b (1/b)Q S sn c ca hng ha thay th:
TR = (a/b)Q (1/b)Q2 Nu mt hng ha cng c nhiu hng ha thay th,
cu hng ha cng co dn.

a 2 T l thu nhp chi tiu cho hng ha:

TRmax MR = TR(' Q ) = Q=0 T l cng cao, cu hng ha cng co dn.
b b Hng ha thit yu hay hng ha thng thng
a
P0 = 2b P a / 2b
Hng ha thit yu cu km co dn hn
EPD = Q(' P ) . 0 = ( b). Khong thi gian khi gi thay i:
Q = a Q0 a/2 Khong thi gian k t khi gi thay i cng di, h s
0 2 co dn ca cu theo gi cng ln.

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

61 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
64

co gin ca cu theo gi v tng doanh thu co dn ca cu theo thu nhp

Kt lun:
Khi kinh doanh mt hng c cu co dn, mun tng
doanh thu hng nn gim gi bn.
Khi kinh doanh mt hng c cu km co dn, mun
tng doanh thu, nn nn tng gi.
Khi hng mun doanh thu t gi tr ln nht th hng
phi kinh doanh ti mc gi lm cho cu co dn n v
Khi nim:
T l gia phn trm thay i trong lng cu vi
phn trm thay i trong thu nhp (gi nh cc yu
t khc khng i)
N cho bit khi thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng thay
i 1% th lng cu v hng ha hay dch v thay
i bao nhiu %.

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

62 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
65

Xt hm cu QD = a - bP co dn ca cu theo thu nhp

Cng thc tnh:

%Q Q I I
EID = = . = Q(' I ) .
%I I Q Q
A TRmax

GVC: PHAN TH CNG GVC: PHAN TH CNG

66

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co dn ca cu theo thu nhp co dn ca cung theo gi

Cc trng hp co dn ca cu theo thu nhp:
ED
Nu I > 1, th hng ha ang xt c th l hng ha xa x, hng
ha cao cp
Nu 0 < EDI < 1, th hng ha ang xt c th l hng ha thng
thng.
Nu EDI < 0 th hng ha ang xt c th l hng ha th cp
Nu EDI = 0 th thu nhp thay i khng nh hng g n cu
Khi nim:
L t l gia phn trm thay i trong lng cung
ca mt mt hng vi phn trm thay i trong gi
ca mt hng (gi nh cc yu t khc khng
i)
N cho bit khi gi c ca hng ha thay i 1% th
lng cung ca hng ha thay i bao nhiu %

67 GVC: PHAN TH CNG

70

co dn ca cu theo gi cho co dn ca cung theo gi E PS

Cng thc tnh
Khi nim: Cng thc tng qut:
L h s gia phn trm thay i trong lng cu ca %QS QS P QS P
EPS = = : =
hng ha ny vi phn trm thay i trong gi c ca %P QS P P QS
hng ha kia (gi nh cc yu t khc khng i). co dn im:
N cho bit khi gi c ca hng ha kia thay i 1% th P 1 P
lng cu ca hng ha ny thay i bao nhiu % EPS = QS '( P ) =
QS dc ng cung QS
co dn khng c n v tnh v lun l mt s
khng m

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

68 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
71

co dn ca cu theo gi cho co dn ca cung theo gi E PS

Cng thc tnh: Cng thc tnh:
%QX QX PY P co dn khong
EPDY X = = . = Q(' PY ) . Y
%PY PY QX QX %QS QS P
EPS = = :
%P QS P
Cc trng hp co dn ca cu theo gi cho:
P1 + P2
Khi EPDY X > 0 X v Y l hai hng ha thay th Q1 Q2
= 2
Khi EPDY X < 0 X v Y l hai hng ha b sung P1 P2 Q1 + Q2
Khi E DX
=0 X v Y l hai hng ha c lp 2
PY

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

69 GVC: PHAN TH CNG
72

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co dn ca cung theo gi E PS Can thip bng cng c gi

Cc trng hp co dn: Gi sn
Mc gi thp nht khng
Khi E >1
S
P Cung co dn
c php thp hn do
Khi 0 < EPS < 1 Cung km co dn Chnh ph quy nh
Khi EPS = 1 Cung co dn n v
Nhm bo v li ch E
ngi sn xut
Khi E =0
S
P Cung khng co dn
Psn > Pcn bng
Khi EPS = Cung hon ton co dn Gy ra tnh trng d tha
trn th trng

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

73 76

S can thip ca Chnh ph vo th trng Can thip bng cng c thu

Thu nh vo nh sn xut t/sn phm
Pt = m + nQS+ t
Can thip bng cng c gi i vi ngi mua
Can thip bng cng c thu Mc gi P1 > P0
Can thip bng cng c tr cp Lng mua Q1 < Q0 P = m + nQS
Cc cng c khc
i vi ngi bn
Gi bn P1 > P0
Gi nhn c P1 - t = P2<P0
Lng bn Q1 < Q0

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

74 77

Can thip bng cng c gi Chnh ph

Thu thu T = tQ1 =SP E
1 1 AP2
Gi trn:
Gi trn l mc gi cao Ngi bn
nht khng c php
vt qua do Chnh ph Thu/sn phm = P0 - P2
quy nh E
Gnh nng thu = SP0 BAP2
Nhm bo v li ch
ngi tiu dng. Ngi mua
Ptrn < Pcn bng Thu/sn phm = P1 - P0
Gnh nng thu = SP1 E1 BP0
Gy ra tnh trng thiu
ht trn th trng

GVC: PHAN TH CNG

75 78

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Chng 2

Tc ng ca thu nh vo nha sn xut Can thip bng cng c thu

(S1)

P m ngi TD Tng s tin thu So snh hai trng hp

phi tr sau khi CP thu c t /sp
c thu P (S0)

Khon thu ngi

TD chu/SP P1

t /SP
Khon thu ngi P0
SX chu/SP
P2

P m ngi SX (D0)
nhn sau khi c
thu
Q1 Q0 Q
82

Chng 2

Can thip bng cng c thu (D)

(S1)
P P
Thu nh vo ngi tiu dng t/sn phm
(S1)
i vi ngi bn (S0) (S0)
Mc gi P1 < P0 P1
Lng bn Q1 < Q0 P0
P0 (D)

i vi ngi mua
P = a - bQD
Gi mua P1
Q0 Q Q1 Q0 Q
Gi thc tr P1 + t = P2 > P0 Pt = a - bQD - t

Lng mua Q1 < Q0

80 83
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

Chng 2
(S1)
P (S1) P (S0)
Chnh ph
Thu thu T = tQ1 =SP E
1 1 AP2 P1
P1 (S0)
Ngi mua P0
Thu/sn phm = P2 - P0 P0 t /SP t /SP (D0)
P2
Gnh nng thu = SP0 BAP2 P2
(D0)
Ngi bn
Q1 Q1 Q Q1 Q0 Q
Thu/sn phm = P0 - P1
Gnh nng thu = SP1 E1 BP0
Ngi tiu dng hay ngi sn xut chu thu nhiu
hn ph thuc vo h s co gin ca cung- cu theo gi
81 84
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

14
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Chng 2 Chng 2

Tc ng ca tr cp Bi 1: Cho hm cung v hm cu trn th trng ca 1 loi

P (S0) hng ha X nh sau:
Gi m nh SX QD = 90 - 2P ; QS = 10 + 2P
nhn sau khi c Tng s tin tr cp
s /sp
CP phi chi a. Xc nh gi v lng cn bng trn th trng ca hng ha X v v th
tr cp
(S1) minh ha.
P2 b. Tnh lng d tha v thiu ht ti cc mc gi P = 10; P = 15; P = 20.
Khon tr cp
Tnh co dn ca cu theo gi ti cc mc gi ny v cho nhn xt
nh SX nhn/SP s /sp
c. Gi s chnh ph nh mt mc thu t = 2 trn mi n v sn phm bn ra,
Khon tr cp P0 khi gi v lng cn bng trn th trng l bao nhiu? V thi minh
ha.
ngi TD P1 d. Gi s chnh ph nh mt mc thu t = 2 trn mi n v sn phm tiu
nhn/SP dng, khi gi v lng cn bng trn th trng l bao nhiu? V thi
minh ha.
e. Gi s chnh ph tr cp mt mc s = 2 trn mi n v sn phm bn ra,
khi gi v lng cn bng trn th trng l bao nhiu, ve thi minh
Gi m ngi ha.?
(D0) f. Gia s cung tng 10 sn phm trn mi mc gia, hy tnh gia va lng cn
TD phi tr sau bng mi, ve thi minh ha.
khi c tr cp
Q0 Q1 Q 88
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

Can thip bng cng c thu

So snh hai trng hp
Ch tiu nh thu nh SX nh thu ngi TD a. Xc nh gi v lng cn bng trn th trng ca hng
ha X v v th minh ha.
CP thu thu SP1 E1 E2 P2 SP1 E1 E2 P2
Gi bn P1 P2 Q0 = QD = QS Q D = 90 2P=Q 0 Q0 = 50

Gi thc bn P1 -t=P2 P2 P0 = PD = PS QS = 10 + 2P=Q 0 P0 = 20
Gnh nng thu ca
ngi SX
SP0 ME2 P2 SP0 ME2 P2
Gi mua P1 P2
Gi thc mua P1 P2 +t=P1
Gnh nng thu ngi
TD
SP1 E1 MP0 SP1 E1 MP0
86 89

Can thip bng cng c khc

Tr cp:
Hn ngch:

87 90

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CU a:

QS = c + dP
Nu P = 20; QS = 20 20 = c + 20d
Nu P = 22; QS = 30 30 = c + 22d
10 = 2d d = 5; c = - 80

Qs = - 80 + 5P

91 94

Chng 2
Bi 2: Trn th trng ca mt loi hng ha X, c lng cung v lng
cu c cho bi bng s liu sau: P

P 20 22 24 26 28
40
QD 40 36 32 28 24 S

QS 20 30 40 50 60
a. Vit phng trnh v v th ng cung, ng cu ca hng ha X. E
b. Xc nh gi v lng cn bng ca hng ha X trn th trng, tnh co dn ca cung
v cu theo gi ti mc gi cn bng ri cho nhn xt. V th minh ha.
c. Tnh lng d tha v thiu ht trn th trng ti mc gi P = 20; P = 25; P = 30. Tnh
co dn ca cu theo gi ti cc mc gi trn.
d. Gi s chnh ph nh mt mc thu t = 4 trn mi n v sn phm bn ra, khi gi v D
lng cn bng trn th trng l bao nhiu? V th minh ha.
e. Gi s chnh ph nh mt mc thu t = 4 trn mi n v sn phm tiu dng, khi gi
v lng cn bng trn th trng l bao nhiu? V th minh ha. 0 Q
f. Gi s chnh ph tr cp mt mc s = 4 trn mi n v sn phm bn ra cho nh sn
xut, khi gi v lng cn bng trn th trng l bao nhiu? V th minh ha.
g. Gi s lng cu tng thm 4 n v tng ng vi mi mc gi, khi gi v lng cn
bng trn th trng l bao nhiu? V th minh ha.

92 95
B MN KINH T HC VI M - I HC THNG MI

CU a:

QD = a bP
Nu P = 20; QD = 40 40 = a 20b QD = 80 2 P 560 320 240

Nu P = 22; QD = 36 36 = a 22b Q = 80 + 5P Q0 = =
S 7 7

4 = 2b b = 2; a = 80 Q = Q = Q 160
0 D S P0 =
QD = 80 2P P = P0 7

93 96

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P0 160 4
E DP = Q(' P ) . = 2. =
Q0 240 3

97

HT CHNG 2

98

17