30/10/2017 S hu rung t Chm theo a b ca triu Nguyn nm 1836

S hu rung t Chm theo a b ca triu Nguyn nm 1836

Written by Thnh Danh ng
Saturday, 08 November 2014 01:28

Nm 1836, vua Minh Mng ra lnh o t v thng k li ton b s rung t trong c nc Ti a ht tnh Bnh Thun (tc l cc tnh
Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun v mt phn khu vc min cao Lm ng ngy nay), trong cc lng xm ca ngi Chm, chnh quyn cng tin
hnh cc hot ng thng k v o t rung t ghi chp vo a b ca nh Nguyn[1].

Ch s hu rung t ca ngi Chm.

Do l mt cng ng dn tc thiu s nc i Nam vo thi im by gi, ch phn phi v s hu rung t ca ngi Chm c
mt s im khu bit so vi quy ch s hu rung t ca ngi Kinh. C th, di thi k ny, ch s hu rung t trong c nc
c chia ra lm quan in, cng in v t in. Nhng ring ti Bnh Thun, ni tp trung ng ng bo Chm, s hu c phn
chia lm bn loi chnh l: dn in, phiu liu in, tr nng in, dng in[2].

Dn in: theo chng ti c th l mt loi rung ca cc h gia nh ngi Chm

Tr nng in: Thnh ng ny c th pht xut t hai cm t ting Hn, l Tr c ngha l rung thu hoch mi nm mt ln vo ma h, cn gi l Tr Chim, trong khi Nng c
ngha rung g, theo nc rt kh[3].

Phiu liu in: Pht xut t hai cm t ting Hn, l Phiu, c ngha l khng nht qun, bt thng, trong khi Liu m ch cho xa xi, hoang gi[4].

Dng in: C th pht xut t cm t Dng m ch cho ch ngp nc, hay rung ngp nc[5].

Trong tc phm Vng Quc Champa. Lch s 33 nm cui cng (1802-1835), Ts. Po Dharma vit rng b sung cho chnh sch Vit Nam ha, vua Minh Mnh ra lnh vo nm 1832:

(...) trng dng tt c vn kin tc h ngi Chm lin quan n ti sn ca tng gia nh vi mc ch iu tra nhng ai phi ng thu thn v k khai nhng rung t qui nh thu in
th ...[6].

Da vo yu t va nu ra, chng ti ngh rng Dn in, Tr nng in, Phiu liu in, Dng in m ch cho th loi rung t tt ma hay tht ma m triu nh Hu da vo thu
thu. Nhng y ch l gi thuyt, v chng ti cha thy gc t ting Hn ca nhng cm t: Phiu Liu, Tr Nng, Dng.

Cng nh s hu rung t ca ngi Kinh, rung t ca ngi Chm khng ch tp trung trong cc lng xm ngi Chm, m cn c mt s rung ln cc lng khc, k c cc lng ca
ngi Kinh gn a phn. Do khng l g khi trong a b, mt s lng ca ngi Kinh li c xut hin bn loi rung trn, l nhng rung do ngi Chm phn canh. Chng hn ti x Trinh
Tng (tng c Thng, huyn Tuy nh, ph Hm Thun) ngi thn Ma Lm (tng Nng Tang, huyn Tuy nh, ph Hm Thun) c s hu mt phn rung thuc loi tr nng in (7.0.10.8
mu). Khi phn tch a b x V Bn (tng Ngha Lp, huyn Tuy Phong, ph Ninh Thun) chng ti thy mt s c dn trong x c rung t ti cc lng x, thn khc nh h V-Na-Thn-Kha-
Na s hu khong 10.7.2.6 mu, tr nng in ti Phin Thnh thn (cng tng)V rt nhiu trng hp khc trong a b.

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Trong a b vo nm Minh Mng th 16 (1836), chng ti thy ngi Chm mang h Vit nh Chu, Lng, Hn, Dng, Ph, Nguyn...[7], trong khi , trong tc phm Mu H Chm ca
Nguyn Khc Ng (1967), tc gi cho rng ngi Chm bt u c t tn theo h ngi Kinh vo nm Minh Mng th 17 (1837)[8]. Mt khc, da vo 3 s liu ca nh Nguyn[9], Ts. Po
Dharma ghi nhn rng sau khi xo b vng quc Champa trn bn vo nm 1832, vua Minh Mng ra lnh cho ng Tun Ph (tnh trng) n trn Thun Thnh (Panduranga Champa) c
trch nhim:

...Phn chia t ai Champa theo m hnh hnh chnh ca Vit Nam v trng dng dinh ca quc vng Po Phaok The lm c s hnh chnh. Tun Ph bt u t chc h thng hnh chnh
mi v trin khai cng tc kim sot vng cao nguyn pha ty, ni c a bn dn c ca ngi Churu, Raglai, Kaho. Bn cnh , Tun Ph ra lnh k khai tt c nhng ni th phng
thn linh ca ngi Chm, v ng nghi ng rng dn tc ny vn tip tc th cng v t l, mc d triu nh Hu ra lnh cm on. Sau Tun Ph buc ngi Chm phi ly tn h theo
ngi Hoa nh Qung, Ha, ng, Lm, Chu, Thnh, v.v. nhng cm ngi Chm ly tn h ca ngi Kinh nh Trn, L, Nguyn, v.v. Tun ph ny cn xa b tt c nhng chc v quan li
do chnh quyn Champa thi trc phong cho ngi Chm, Churu v Raglai thay vo nhng chc v m h thng hnh chnh Vit Nam qui hoch nh chnh tng, l trng, trm, bin,
ho mc,...[10].

Chng ti cho rng ghi nhn ca Ts. Po Dharma l xc ng hn c, v rng kt lun ca ng a ra t vic s dng ba ngun s liu ca triu Nguyn. Nh vy, vn ngi Chm mang
tn h ngi Kinh h gc Hn khng pht xut vo nm 1836 nh a b ghi nhn v cng khng phi vo nm 1837 nh Nguyn Khc Ng a ra m l vo nm 1832 c ghi li trong Minh
Mnh Chnh Yu, i Nam Nht Thng Ch v Quc Triu Chnh Bin m Ts. Po Dharma trch dn trn.

Cng cn ni thm, ngoi cch phn chia rung t theo a b, rung ca ng bo Chm c chia thnh 3 loi, trc nm 1975[11]:

Hamu Bhum (hng ho in), tc l rung t nhn

Hamu Janng (cng in), tc l rung cng ca thn lng dng phn pht cho nhng ngi c chc v trong thn xm nh thn trng, bin, trm, mt s chc sc tn ngng (Acar,
Basaih, v.v.) hay cho mt s n ng phc dch cho thn xm trong mt thi gian c nh sau phi nhng cho ngi khc.

Hamu Yang (K in), tc l rung cng thuc v 2 qun An Phc v Phan L Chm dng vo vic cng t n thp, thnh ng, mng p hay t l thn nng, v.v. m chnh quyn Vit
Nam thi gi l k in. Vo nm 1972, ngi ta c bit ring tnh Ninh Thun c 114 mu rung k in thuc v s hu ca ngi Chm dng vo vic cng t cng cng[12].

Tnh hnh s hu rung t ca ngi Chm

Theo thng k t a b, din tch in thc canh ton tnh Bnh Thun l 40264.5.4.0 (40264 mu, 5 so, 4 thc, 0 tt)[13], trong din tch in nguyn gc ca cc h ngi Chm l
16615.4.9.0 mu, chim n 41, 27% din tch thc canh ton tnh. y l mt con s cho thy tm quan trng ca ngi Chm trong vic s hu rung t ton tnh thi by gi. Din tch thc
canh ca ngi Chm ton tnh li c chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c 10146.3.10.3 mu, phiu liu in c 1630.1.9.4 mu, tr nng in c 4038.6.0.8 mu, dng in c
800.3.3.5 mu[14].

Tnh Bnh Thun thi chia ra lm hai ph Ninh Thun v Hm Thun. Trong ph Ninh Thun gm hai huyn An Phc (trong rung ca ngi Chm tp trung cc tng c Ln,
Lng Tri, Vn Phc) v Tuy Phong (trong rung ca ngi Chm tp trung cc tng Bnh An, Ngha Lp, Ph Qy, Tuy Tnh). Ph Hm Thun gm hai huyn Ha a (trong rung ca
ngi Chm tp trung cc tng Ninh H, Tun Gio) v Tuy nh (trong rung ca ngi Chm tp trung cc tng c Thng, Hoa An, Nng Tang).

Di y, chng ti xin lt xt tnh hnh s hu rung t ca ngi Chm di cc cp ph, huyn tng v x, thn[15]:

a). Ph Ninh Thun:

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C tng din tch in (khng th) thc canh ton ph l 16089.3.11.8 mu, trong din tch in (khng th) nguyn gc Chm l 7478.7.4.0 mu. Chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c
4126.4.12.6 mu; phiu liu in c 510.8.12.2 mu, tr nng in c 2522.8.14.8 mu, dng in c 381.7.10.6 mu.

Huyn An Phc: tng din tch in (khng th) thc canh ton huyn l 8070.5.14.2 mu, trong cc lng Chm c 2702.4.4.0 mu. Chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c 1316.1.13.0
mu, phiu liu in c 476.6.11.2 mu, tr nng in c 590.8.14.9 mu, dng in c 318.8.12.1 mu.
Tng c Ln:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu Tr nng in Dng in

in in
X, thn
Cht Thng - 68.4.0.0 89.4.10.4 234.0.11.3
X
Chnh c 78.4.4.7 19.2.5.3 - -
thn
nh Nghip 73.0.12.5 - - 35.5.5.5
thn
c Ln x 313.6.7.0 25.1..1.6 94.1.3.5 28.6.10.8
Hu Sanh x 77.8.1.2 50.5.3.1 - -
Hiu L thn 255.1.0.1 43.3.13.5 123.0.14.5 16.7.7.0
Minh Ch thn 6.9.2.1 - 75.2.0.8 -
Nh Ngc x 144.0.12.2 57.3.4.1 108.3.11.3 -
Pht Th thn 33.6.5.5 49.5.10.0 9.7.5.8 -
Ph Nhn thn 70.3.0.2 - 7.1.1.6 -
Ph Nhun 89.6.6.0 53.1.11.2 35.7.12 3.8.7.5
thn
Phc ng 106.6.3.3 49.3.9.9 46.6.2.8 -
thn
Qu Qu thn 5.7.11.4 20.8.7.5 1.4.8.0 -
Ton Hu x 61.1.6.8 39.7.5.0 - -
Ton Tng 1309.2.10.9 476.6.11.2 515.6.14.1 318.8.12.1

Tng Vn Phc:

Loi in Dn Tr nng in
X, thn in

La Ch thn 6.9.2.1 75.2.0.8

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Ton Tng 6.9..2.1 75.2.0.8

Huyn Tuy Phong: tng din tch in (khng th) thc canh ton huyn l 8018.7.12.6 mu, trong cc lng Chm c 4839.2.4.3 mu. Chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c 2810.2.14.6
mu, phiu liu in c 34.2.1.0 mu, tr nng in c 1931.9.14.9 mu, dng in c 62.8.13.5 mu.
Tng Bnh An:

Loi in Dn Tr nng in Dng in

X, thn in

Dng Sn thn 646.5.10.2 104.6.7.6 42.7.5.9

i Ha thn 281.9.9.5 240.4.7.5 -
Ph in thn 484.3.1.2 336.6.6.6 4.9.7.5
Ton Tng 1413.0.13.1 681.6.0.7 47.6.13.4

Tng Ngha Lp:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu in Tr nng in

X, thn in

nh C thn 24.9.10.1 18.0.5.7 -

Hiu Thin x 67.9.9.4 - 43.7.11.5
M Nghip x 216.5.14.8 - 24.0.10.5
Phin Thnh 48.7.3.7 - 29.0.1.3
thn
Vn Lm x 98.8.14.7 16.1.10.3 69.6.7.0
V Bn x 43.4.8.0 - 23.5.0.3
Ton Tng 500.5.10.7 34.2.1.0 190.0.2.7

Tng Ph Qy:

Loi in Dn in Tr nng in Dng in

X, thn
Ph Qy thn 86.0.2.6 88.4.13.1 2.2.7.5
Ton Tng 86.0.2.6 88.4.13.1 2.2.7.5

Tng Tuy Tnh:

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Loi in Dn Tr nng in Dng in

X, thn in
Cao Hu x 448.5.6.1 493.6.10.2 6.3.3.3
Ph Nhiu thn 134.3.4.7 77.2.11 -
Thnh V thn 227.7.7.4 401.0.2.1 6.6.4.3
Ton Tng 810.6.3.2 971.8.13.4 12.9.7.6

b). Ph Hm Thun:
C tng din tch in (khng th) thc canh ton ph l 24175.1.7.2 mu, trong din tch in (khng th) nguyn gc Chm l 9073. 3.14.0 mu. Chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c
6019.8.12.7 mu; phiu liu in c 1119.2.12.2 mu, tr nng in c 1515.7.1.0 mu, dng in c 418.5.7.9 mu.

Huyn Ha a: tng din tch in (khng th) thc canh ton huyn l 11496.9.6.5 mu, trong cc lng Chm c 7514.5.9.2 mu. Chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c 5191,5.8.5 mu,
phiu liu in c 977.4.12.7 mu, tr nng in c 927.0.3.5 mu, dng in c 418.5.7.9 mu.
Tng Ninh H:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu Dng in Tr nng

in in in
X, thn
An Giang x 98.5.4.9 11.0.10.8 63.5.11.3
Cao Lng thn 50.9.10.6 105.1.9.3 - -
Chng Thin 207.6.0.0 52.5.2.5 24.1.8.7
thn
D Phong thn 398.5.0.1 103.2.12.0 40.9.6.3 -
o Hip x 182.4.4.7 - 7.8.14.1 36.9.13.2
nh Thy thn 408.0.8.8 36.4.2.3 54.0.6.5 32.6.9.1
Hu Khoch x 77.1.2.7 51.7.1.8 - 3.1.5.1
Hu An x 123.8.6.3 - 5.0.5.9 34.4.9.0
L Nghi thn 631.1.6.5 68.6.7.5 115.0.7.1 61.6.12.0
Minh My x 380.7.5.1 - 1.7.0.0 30.9.6.3
Ninh H x 219.4.7.6 59.7.9.0 6.2.0.0 93.7.3.0
Tn Thnh thn 322.5.2.2 6.4.0.2 21.0.10.0 171.6.0.3
Tng Loan x 173.3.0.1 3.1.5.7 30.8.2.9 181.3.8.6
Xun Hoa thn 152.1.9.2 133.1.8.9 - 70.0.4.1
La x 540.3.0.8 4.3.5.4 - 27.5.1.4

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Ton Tng ? 635.6.0.4 282.7.7.8 831.8.2.1

Tng Tun gio:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu in Tr nng in Dng in

X, thn in

Giai Cnh thn 262.2.6.2 13.8.2.5 31.3.1.8 12.1.13.1

Hng B thn 197.8.5.0 11.1.7.6 - -
Tn Mc thn 66.8.8.0 15.5.0.0 - 19.1.11.0
Thanh Hiu x 63.1.2.0 - 48.3.0.2 17.9.0.9
T L thn 18.6.7.8 69.5.10.1 - -
Tr Ha thn 82.7.8.3 - 14.7.13.7 -
Tr Thi thn 2.7.14.0 - - 46.1.9.1
Tr c x - 14.9.7.5 - 12.1.4.7
Trinh Sn x 448.1.0.4 216.8.14.6 - 28.2.6.3
Tun Gio x 82.5.7.2 - 0.8.0.7 -
Ton Tng 1224.8.13.9 341.8.12.3 95.2.1.4 135.8.0.1

Huyn Tuy nh: tng din tch in (khng th) thc canh ton huyn l 12678.2.0.7 mu, trong cc lng Chm c 1558.7.7.0 mu. Chia ra lm bn loi, trong dn in c 828.3.4.2 mu,
phiu liu in c 141.7.14.5 mu, tr nng in c 588.6.12.5 mu, khng c dng in.
Tng c Thng:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu in Tr nng in

X, thn in
Phc Thng thn - - 13.0.7.5
Tn Qy phng 12.3.8.1 7.6.5.8 -
Ton Tng 12.3.8.1 7.6.5.8 48.1.12.4

Tng Hoa An:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu in Tr nng in

X, thn in

An Ph thn 128.4.3.9 79.4.5.7 53.1.1.0

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Dng Xun thn 17.2.7.5 - 38.2.14.2
Hoa An x - - 59.4.0.0
Ph Long thn - - 7.0.11.6
Ph Trng thn 18.213.1 - 38.1.0.1
Tm Hng thn 12.8.8.5 37.4.15.0 112.8.3.8
Tn Xun x - - 11.7.11.2
Ton Ha x 509.5.10.0 17.2.9.7 80.8.9.0
Ton Long thn - - 53.5.13.2
Ty Ha x 14.1.10.0 - -
Vnh Ha x 29.8.3.6 - 31.9.5.0
Ton Tng 717.4.3.0 134.18.7 526.1.3.5

Tng Nng Tang:

Loi in Dn Phiu liu in Tr nng in

X, thn in
Giang Mu thn - 8.6.10.2 -
Hip Ngha thn 12.3.8.1 7.6.5.8 -
Ma Lm thn 44.5.7.6 - -
Ph Tr thn 54.0.0.5 - 14.3.11.6
Ton Tng 98.5.8.1 x 14.3.11.6

Kt Lun

trn, chng ti va tin hnh kho xt v thng k mt cch s lc v quy ch v tnh hnh s hu rung t ca ngi Chm khu vc tnh Bnh Thun nhng nm cui thp nin 30 ca
th k XIX, thi k nh Nguyn. y ch l nhng kho xt v thng k ban u, bi vit ny cha cung cp hon chnh v tnh hnh rung t ca ngi Chm thi k ny. Hy vng s tip tc
c nhiu bi vit, bi nghin cu lin quan v m rng hn na nhng tng ca chng ti v ch ny.

Ti liu tham kho:

Nguyn nh u (1996): Nghin Cu a B Triu Nguyn: Bnh Thun, Nxb TP HCM.

Nguyn Khc Ng (1967): Mu h Chm, Nxb Tnh by, Si Gn.
Quc s qun triu Nguyn (1993): Khm nh i Nam hi in s l, tp 4 (bn dch ca Vin s hc), Nxb Thun Ha, Hu.
Quc s qun triu Nguyn (2001): i Nam Thc Lc chnh bin, nh k (bn dch ca Vin s hc), Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H Ni.

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Quc s qun triu Nguyn (1974): Minh Mng Chnh Yu (5 tp), Ph Quc v khanh c trch vn ha, Si Gn.
Shine Toshihiko: Mt h tc ch t mt h Hn Vit: mt gi thuyt v ch h khu mi qun l t ai cc lng Chm mu h thi k Minh Mng, K yu Hi tho quc t Vit Nam
hc ln th ba.
Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia I (2006): Mc lc a b Triu Nguyn.
E. Gouin, Dictionnaire vietnamien-chinois-franais, Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2002.
Po Dharma, Vng Quc Champa. Lch s 33 nm cui cng (1802-1835), International Office of Champa, San Jose, California, USA, 2013.
Qung i Ch, Rung t ca ng bo Chm c lin quan n phong tc v tp qun, Ni San Panrang, s 2, thng 11 nm 1972.
Cng tc HCST, Ni San Panrang, s 2, thng 11 nm 1972,

[1] Nguyn nh u (1996): Nghin Cu a B Triu Nguyn: Bnh Thun, Nxb TP HCM, tr. 56. Cng cn nhc li, trong thi gian ny, vng quc Panduranga Champa khng cn tn ti.
Thay vo , ngi Chm tnh Bnh Thun sng tp trung trong cc lng xm ring, ri rc quanh cc lng xm ngi Vit, theo mt quy ch t tr c bit.
[2] Nh trn, tr. 95.
[3] E. Gouin, Dictionnaire vietnamien-chinois-franais, Les Indes Savantes, Paris, 2002, tr. 879, 1424.
[4] E. Gouin, Sd, tr. 732, 1040.
[5] Nh trn, tr. 365.
[6] Po Dharma, Vng Quc Champa. Lch s 33 nm cui cng (1802-1835), International Office of Champa, San Jose, California, USA, 2013, tr. 128.
[7] Nguyn nh u (1996): sd, tr83. Xem thm Shine Toshihiko: Mt h tc ch t mt h Hn Vit: mt gi thuyt v ch h khu mi qun l t ai cc lng Chm mu h thi
k Minh Mng, K yu Hi tho quc t Vit Nam hc ln th ba, tr 114 115.
[8] Nguyn Khc Ng (1967): Mu h Chm, Nxb Trnh by, Si Gn, tr 125.
[9] Minh Mnh Chnh Yu (MMCY), Tp VI. Bn dch sang quc ng bi Hong Vn He, Nguyn Quang T v xut bn bi B Vn Ha Gio Dc v Thanh Nin, Saigon, 1974, tr. 143-144; i
Nam Nht Thng Ch (DNNTC), Quyn XII: Tnh Ninh Thun, ph o Phanrang. Bn dch sang quc ng bi Vn Ha Tng Th, xut bn bi B Quc Gia Gio Dc, Saigon 1965. Bn dch
sang quc ng bi Vin S Hc, H Ni, 1971, tr. 8; Quc Triu Chnh Bin (QTCB), Nhm nghin cu s a, Saigon 1971, tr. 154.
[10] Po Dharma, sd, tr. 127-128.
[11] Qung i Ch, Rung t ca ng bo Chm c lin quan n phong tc v tp qun, Ni San Panrang, s 2, thng 11 nm 1972, tr. 23-25.
[12] Cng tc HCST, Ni San Panrang, s 2, thng 11 nm 1972, tr. 27.
[13] Trong , din tch in v th thc canh hai ph ca tnh: ph Ninh Thun: 19263.4.14.0 mu (43,05%); ph Hm Thun: 25488.7.4.0 mu (56,95%).
[14] Theo a b, rung t c chia ra lm hai loi chnh l Sn in v Tho in. Ring rung t ca ngi Chm c bn loi l dn in, tr nng in, phiu liu in v dng in,
trong bi ny chng ti ch thng k s in thc canh phn chia theo bn loi ny, ch khng phn theo sn in v tho in.
[15] Lu : T cp tng xung x, thn chng ti thng k bng bng. Cng trong thng k ny s liu tng x, thn c th khng khp vi thng k ton tng (?).

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