PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR 1_RA.14.

12362
> > >>DESIGN APPROACHES<< < <
2017.09.06
-FX Teddy B. Samodra, Ph.D.-
 1. THE INTUITIVE MODEL/THE BLACK BOX APPROACH

2. THE RATIONAL MODEL/GLASS BOX APPROACH

> > >> 3. THE PARTICIPATORY MODEL/THE COMMUNITY

DESIGN/ACTION RESEARCH APPROACH/HUMAN
DIALOGUE APPROACH
REFERENSI:
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M. (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Constructions. Oxford University
Press: New York.
Al-Kodmany, K. (2014). Green Towers and Iconic Design. International Journal of Architectural Research. 8,1: 11-28.
Broadbent, G. (1973). Design in Architecture. Architecture and the Human Sciences. John Wiley and Sons ltd: London.
Corkill, PA. & Guenter, RF. (1969). A Systematic Approach to Design. Journal of Architectural Education. 23,1: 3-5.
Davis, H. (1983). Individual Houses in Groups: The Pattern Language in a Teaching Studio. Journal of Architectural Education.
36,3: 14-19.
Francis, M. (1983). Community Design. Journal of Architectural Education. 37, 1: 14-19.
Lee. Y. (2008). Design Participation Tactics: The Challenges and New Roles for Designers in The Co-design Process. CoDesign:
International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 4,1: 31-50.
Mahmoodi, ASM. (2001). The Design Process in Architecture: A Pedagogic Approach Using Interactive Thinking. The University
of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering, United Kingdom.
Salama, AM. (2015). Spatial Design Education : New Directions for Pedagogy in Architecture and Beyond. Ashgate Publishing
Limited: Surrey.
Stevens, G. (1990). The Reasoning Architects; Mathematics and Science in Design. Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company:
Singapore.
1. THE INTUITIVE MODEL, OR THE BLACK BOX APPROACH
o The act of design is completely out of the control
o Out of the reach of logic and reason

> PRAGMATIC

> ICONIC

> ANALOGIC

> CANONIC
1.1. PRAGMATIC

o A practical, utilitarian design

o Certain forms in nature without modifying their form
o Functional objects and buildings
o Many three-dimensional forms developed from trial-and-error method
1.2. ICONIC/TYPOLOGIC

o Fixed images of what an object/place/space

o The availability of local building materials and cultural resources
o Bound up an object form with the way of life of a society
GREEN TOWERS AND ICONIC DESIGN (Al-Kodmany, 2014)
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND FAR EAST MIDDLE EAST

Shanghai Tower Menara Mesiniaga Bahrain World Trade Center Green Dubai Tower
EUROPE NORTH AMERICA

The Swiss Re Tower Strata Tower London COR Tower Miami New York Times Tower
1.3. ANALOGIC

o Philosophical and literary term

o Refers to a comparison or reference point
o Other successful buildings and structures as rich sources of inspiration and reference
o Drawing is the analogic tool
o Simulated pragmatic trial and error experiments before actually working with real construction materials
o Prelude activity to the construction and realisation of the designed object

> PERSONAL ANALOGY

> DIRECT ANALOGY
> SYMBOLIC /INDIRECT ANALOGY
1.3.1. ANALOGI PERSONAL (PERSONAL ANALOGY)

o Arsitek membayangkan dirinya sendiri sebagai bagian dari permasalahan dalam desain arsitektur

Eiffel Tower Ronchamp Chapel

1.3.2. ANALOGI LANGSUNG (DIRECT ANALOGY)

o Analogi yang paling mudah dipahami oleh orang lain

o Arsitek menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam desain dengan fakta-fakta dari berbagai cabang ilmu lain yang sudah
diketahui umum

John Wax Building

Bird Nest Stadium

1.3.3. ANALOGI SIMBOLIK (SYMBOLIC /INDIRECT ANALOGY)

o Arsitek menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam desain dengan memasukkan makna tertentu secara tersirat
o Unsur-unsur yang dimasukkan dapat berupa perlambangan terhadap sesuatu, mitologi lokal, atau simbol lainnya

Menara Montjuic

Rumah tradisional Bali

1.4. CANONIC/SYNTACTIC

o The postscript to analogic design

o An accepted body of principles and norms that uses specific criteria for making judgments
o Drawing: Concerns for order and regularity acquire particular respect from the designer
o Using proportional systems, such as the modular and the golden section
2.THE RATIONAL MODEL, OR GLASS BOX APPROACH
o The process of finding an acceptable solution for the design problem
o Explicable, even though designers may not be able to offer convincing reasons for all the decisions they make
o Anticipatory; it defines in advance, the objectives, variables, and criteria before solutions

> SYSTEMATIC DESIGN

> PATTERN LANGUAGE

2.1. SYSTEMATIC DESIGN

o Goal: Reduction the amount of design errors

o Important role: In the training, nurturing and making of accomplished imaginative and sophisticated design
solutions
o Sequence: Analysis, synthesis, and evaluation
o Activity: Programming, data collection, analysis, synthesis, development, and communication
o Analysis: Listing and reducing all design requirements to a complete set of logically related performance
specifications
o Synthesis: Finding possible solutions and developing complete designs
o Evaluation: The accuracy within which alternative designs fulfil performance requirements
 (1)

Corkill & Guenter (1969)

(2)
 Dormitory Facility at the New School of Architecture and Design in
San Diego

Michael Schumacher Tower / LAVA, Abu Dhabi, UAE,

2.2. PATTERN LANGUAGE

o A coherent system to comprehend the actual physical geometry and organisation of existing buildings
o Formulation on a core solution and recognition and understanding of similar patterns
o Identification on individual buildings, neighbourhoods, and towns
o Repetitive and typical systems of interconnectedness
o A set of procedures, functional and the formal order, emerges from individual building rules and collective actions
o There are three main important stages involved in this operation:
> To formulate a pattern language and provide a set of relationships that represent the building rules
> To define design intentions in order to begin the design process
> To involve developing the design solution according to prescribed and newly introduced rules
Davis (1983)
3. THE PARTICIPATORY MODEL, VARIOUSLY DEFINED AS THE
COMMUNITY DESIGN, ACTION RESEARCH APPROACH, OR
HUMAN DIALOGUE APPROACH
o An inclusive and collaborative
o Three phases: A definition of the problem, An elaboration of the solution, and An evaluation of the result
o The designer: Represent and implement the desires of the special interest group
o A face-to-face interaction of the individuals: Share common goals and values important to all
o A matter of control over decision-making
o Requires the presence of the users throughout the whole course of the design process
o Consistently confirmed in practice and in the literature
o Some significant points:
> No best solution to design problems
> Not necessarily expert decisions better than lay decisions
> A transparent design task
> Ongoing and ever-changing design process (since the product must be continually re-evaluated, adapted, and
adopted to support changing needs and desires)
Three modes of participation

Design participation typology

Hong Kong public housing
 STUDIO WORKSHOP

> > >>KESIMPULAN<< < <

Identified and elaborated main perspective and models upon in the literature of design
BLACK BOX vs GLASS BOX vs HUMAN DIALOGUE APPROACH
BLACK BOX APPROACH
GLASS BOX APPROACH
COMMUNITY VS TRADITIONAL

(Francis, 1983)
TOP-DOWN vs BOTTOM-UP DESIGN THINKING
 STUDIO WORKSHOP

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