Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole

CHNG II

Mach logic (hay mach s) x ly d liu nh phn. Ngi ta ch nh ngha mt s ham logic
c ban, ma v phng din mach goi la cac cng c ban. Cac ham logic phc tap hn c thit
lp t cac ham c ban nay. ai s Boole c dung din ta mach logic theo ai s. No la cng
cu toan hoc phn tch, thit k mach logic. cui chng la ban Karnaugh giup n gian
biu thc logic mt cach co h thng.

2.1 TRANG THAI LOGIC 1 VA 0

H ong

220V en en
220V
50Hz tt sang
50Hz

Hnh 2.1: Hai trang thai ro rt cua cng tc in

Mt cng tc in (bt in) nh dung ph bin trong nha co hai trang thai ro rt (hnh 2.1):
- H : in khng qua nn en tt.
- ong : in qua lam en sang.
K n xem diod ban dn la mt linh kin in t co hai cc goi la anod va catod (hnh 2.2).
Diod c phn cc thun khi anod c ni n cc dng cua ngun in mt chiu Vcc (
co hiu th 1 volt tr ln) va catod n cc m cua Vcc (hnh 2.2a).

Anod + V - catod Anod + V - catod

I I=0

Rc Vcc Rc Vcc

-1-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole
(a) Diod c phn cc thun: (b) Diod c phn cc ngc
Diod dn in diod khng dn in
Hnh 2.2: Diod ban dn va s phn cc
in tr RC gii han dong in trong mach va c goi la tai cua mach. Luc by gi co dong in
I chay qua diod va mt hiu th V xut hin ngang qua
diod. Hiu th V thay i theo dong I, nu cht ban dn la I
silicium (ky hiu Si) th s bin thin cua I theo V, goi c (mA)
tnh I-V, la nh hnh 2.3 . in th ngng V, xp s 0,6V, diod
xem nh bt u dn in, luc by gi dong in la khoang 0,3 n
0,5mA (miliampe). ngng VT xp s 0,7V diod thc s dn, luc
by gi dong in la khoang 3 n 5 mA, sau o dong in tng

nhanh. 0 V(volt
Khi diod khng c phn cc (tc khi Vcc = 0)
hay khi diod c phn cc nghch (hnh 2.2b), trong
mach khng co dong in (I= 0) tc diod ngng dn. Nh
vy ngi ta co th khng ch diod no hoat ng
hai trang thai khac nhau ro rt :
- Khng phn cc (hay phn cc nghch): diod ngng
dn.
- Phn cc thun dong trn vai mA : diod dn manh
va hiu th ngang qua diod la khoang 0,7 volt tr ln (n
ti a khoang 0,85V) Hnh 2.3: c tnh I-V tiu biu
cua
By gi xem linh kin in t quan trong hn : cua diod Si phn cc thun
Transistor lng cc ( Bipolar Junction Transistor - BJT) ma thng c goi tt la transistor.
Transistor co ba cc goi la cc nn (Base) B, cc thu (Collector) C, cc phat (Emitter) E (hnh
2.4). in tr RB gii han dong nn IB, in tr RC ni co dong thu IC chay qua la tai ngo ra.
transistor co h thc dong in c ban:
IC = IB ,
Trong o la h s khuch ai dong ( con goi hFE ), thng la vai chuc n 200. Khi in th
ngo vao (so vi t) VI = 0 th dong nn IB = 0 khin dong thu IC = 0 va in th ngo ra (so vi
t) la:
VO = VCC - IC RC = VCC - 0 = VCC

-2-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole
Vcc
Vcc

Rc
C Rc VO VO=0
RB RB

B
VCESAT
IB = 0 E IB
E

(a) khng phn cc: Transistor (b) phn cc thun mach : Transistor
ngng dn in th ra = VCC dn mach, in th ra 0V

Hnh 2.4: Hai trang thai cua transistor lng cc

Khi in th vaoVI VCC th dong nn IB ln khin transistor dn bao hoa (y noi dn manh va
dong IC khng th tng hn na du IB co tng thm), luc by gi

-3-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole
Thy nu o B thnh B ri HOC vi A cho kt qu ng (hnh 2.18b v c). D nhin cng c
th o A thnh A ri HOC vi B. mc 2.7 ta s bit cch thit k c tnh ton hc hn.
2.3 HM (V CNG) LOGIC KHNG V (NAND), KHNG-HOC (NOR)
V (AND) theo sau bi KHNG (NOT) l KHNG V (NAND). Xem trng hp c 2 bin
s A v B. Ra cng V l AB nn ra cng KHNG tip theo l o ca AB tc l AB (hnh
2.19):
Y= AB
V k hiu thay v dng cng KHNG ngi ta ch cn them vng trn ph nh nh sau cng
V, hnh 2.19 cng cho thy k hiu thng m rt ph bin v k hiu IEEE/ANSI t c dng
hn.

Vo Ra
A B Y
0 0 1 A AB Y= AB
0 1 1 B
1 0 1
1 1 0
A Y= AB
B

K hiu thng

A
Y
&
B

Hnh 2.19: cng KHNG V (NAND) v bng s tht

D nhin cng NAND cng p dng trong trng hp nhiu ng vo, v d khi c 3 ng vo
A,B,C th ra l:
Y= ABC
Hnh 2.20 cho thy cch to cng NOT t cng NAND. hnh (a) cc ng vo ca NAND c
ni chung tc l A=B. Bng s tht ca NAND cho thy khi A=B=0 th ra l Y=1, Khi A=B=1 ra
l Y=0 nn l cng NOT . hnh (b) v B c ni ln cao (B=1) nn bng s tht ca NAND
cho thy khi A=0 (v B=1) ra l Y=1 v khi A=1 (v B =1) ra l Y=0 ,vy l cng NOT , v
phng din logic th nh trnh by, cn phng din mch th hai trng hp (a),(b) c khc
nhau cht t. Tuy nhin tm b qua chi tit tinh vi v xem c 2 trng hp u thc hin c
cng NOT nh nhau.

-4-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole
A
c Y= C
B
(a)
B
5V

Y= A
A

(b)

Hnh 2.20 cch to cng NOT cng NAND

V d 2.3.1
lp bng hm logic (bng s tht )ca cng NAND ba ng vo
Gii
Gi u vo A,B,C v u ra l Y. Trc tin to tc c cc t hp kh d ca A,B,C nh bit ,
c 8 t hp. K n to logic ABC ri ly o , bng s tht, bc ABC c hiu nhm. Cch
khc l nh quy lut ca cng NAND ra l 0 khi tt c cc ng vo la1 v ra l 1 trng hp
cn li vit ngay kt qu ra.

Vo Ra
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 A Y= ABC
0 1 0 1 B
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 C
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

Hnh 2.21: v d 2.3.1

V d 2.3.2
chng t khi mt ng vo ca cng NAND thp (logic 0) th tn hiu cc ng vo cn li
khng truyn qua cng NAND c.
Gii:
Xem cng NAND hai ng vo (hnh 2.19).Khi ng vo B dc gi thp (B=0) th d A=0 hay
A=1 Th ra cng l 1 c ngha s thay i logic ng vo A khng nh hng n ng ra hay ni
cch khc tn hiu vo A khng truyn qua cng c (lc by gi ngi ta ni cng b ng ).
Khi cng NAND c ba ng vo (hnh 2.21) cng vy. V d khi A=0 th ra Y=1 bt chp trng
thi logic ca B v C.
V d 2.3.3
Bng cch lp bng s tht tm lien h gia A+B v AB
Gii :

-5-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole
Ta d dng lp bng s tht ca A+B v AB so snh thy A+B v AB bng nhau hai trng
hp gia v khc nhau trng hp u v cui. Nh vy khng c h thc logic no gia A+B
v AB
Hm (cng) logic KHNG- HOC (NOR)
HOC (OR) theo sau bi KHNG (NOT) l KHNG- HOC (NOR). Xem trng hp hai ng
vo l A,B ra cng HOC l A+B nn ra cng KHNG tip theo l o ca A+B tc A + B :
Y= A + B
V k hiu ngi ta th cng KHNG bng vng trn ph nh nh sau cng HOC (xem hnh
2.22). Cng NOR cng p dng cho trng hp nhiu ng vo.
VO RA
A B Y A+B
0 0 1 A Y= A + B
0 1 0
1 0 0
B
1 1 0

A Y= A + B
B

Y
A
A
1
B

K hiu thng k hiu IEEE/ANSI

Hnh 2.22; cng KHNG - HOC (NOR) v bng s tht
V d 2.3.4
A Nu o ng vo A v B ri mi a n cng
A NAND th mch tng ng cng g ?
B AB
Hnh 2.2.3: v d 2.2.3
B Gii
Lp bng s tht gm ct A v B ri ly o
Hnh 2.23: v d 2.2.4
ngnh A , B . Thc hin hm NAND i vi
A , B ta ly logic ra Y ging nh ra cng OR
vi vo l A, B . Vy cng tng ng l OR.
2.4 HM (V CNG) LOGIC EX-OR V EX-NOR
Hm HOC trc c gi HOC BAO GM (Inclusive OR), n khng ng nh ngha
hoc hng ngy v n khng gii quyt c bi ton cng nh phn. L do l khi c A v B l
1 th Y= 1 thay v la 0. Mc d HOC nh vy vn c ngha thc t v vn c dng nhng
ngi ta phi nh ngha mt HOC LOI TR (Exclusive OR gi tt l EX-OR hay EXOR hay
XOR) ni loi tr trng hp cui ngha l lc by gi khi c A v B l 1 th Y=0 (xem hnh
2.2.4) k hiu l:

-6-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole
Y=A B

Bin (ng Hm (ng

vo) ra)
A
A B Y
0 B
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 Y=
A =1
B

Hnh 2.26: EX-NOR(hay XNOR)

C th biu th nh ngha ca XOR nh cho bng s tht theo nhiu cch m dn n nhiu
mch khc nhau, nhng d nhin l tng ng nhau. Trc tin c hiu l Y=1 khi A=1 v
A=0 hoc A=0 v B=1 m din t thnh biu thc l nh thy hnh 2.25. Hnh ny cng cho
thy mch logic, l cng NOT c th bng mt vng ph nh nh.
Mt cch hiu khc l Y=1 khi HOC A= 1, HOC B=1 V KHNG phi A V B du bng
1 m din t thnh biu thc l:

KHNG

Y=(A+B) ( AB )

HOC V V

T biu thc ny c th v mch thc hin d dng. K hiu thng

EX-OR theo sau bi NOT l EX-OR
Hot ng logic ca EX-NOR o li so vi EX-OR:

A B Y
1 A
0 0 0
0 1 0 B
1 0 1
1 1
Y= A B
B
A
K hiu IEEE/AKNSI
Y= ( A B)

-7-
Chng II Cng Logic v i s Boole

V d 2.4.1
Bng cch lp bng s tht nghim li Y=(A+B). ( AB ) chnh l hm EX-OR.
Gii:
Trc tin lp cc t hp ca A, B, K n l logic A+B, AB, AB , v sau cng (A+B).( AB ).
Bng s tht cho thy logic sau cng chnh l EX-OR i vi A,B vy chng minh c.

A B A+B AB AB (A+B).( AB )
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0

V d 2.4.2
Thc hin mch logic m t bi h thc logic
Y= A BC( A B )
Gii
Cch thc hin l o A c A ri V vi B,C. Mt khc cho A v B qua EX-NOR c
A B . Sau cng V A BC vi A B .

A BC
A Y = A BC ( A B)
B
C

A B

Hnh 2.27: v d 2.4.2

Mch tch hp logic
trc, cng logic c trnh by gn nh ch l cc k hiu ton hc hn l mt thc th vt l.
Thc ra cc cng l cc linh kin in t, vi mt cu trc mch c th c cc c tnh k thut
nht nh. Cc cng logic v cc mch logic ni chung c ch to dng mch tch hp (IC) rt
tin li cho vic s dng.

-8-