Chin lc u t filter

chp nh khn ngoan

Filter (knh lc) l mt trong nhng thit b i km theo lens (ng knh) nhm tng cng hiu ng cho
hnh nh sng ng hn hoc h tr cho nhu cu sng tc ngh thut d dng hn, nhanh chng hn v
hiu qu hn. Filter c cp trong bi vit ch yu gm cc loi filter cn bng sng trung tnh GND
(Graduated Neutral Density filter) v filter gim sng trung tnh ND (Neutral Density filter). C rt nhiu
chng loi v cht lng khc nhau, gi tr u t cng kh tn km, nu khng c chin lc u t tt
s dn n gia tng chi ph cao m hiu qu c th khng nh mong mun

1 S dng filter trn hay vung?

1.1 Filter trn
1.1.1.1 u im:
Gn nh, d dng bo qun hn hn loi vung
Gi thnh r hn

1.1.1.2 Khuyt im:

Ch lp va cho ng knh cng kch thc ren, c th dng bc ren chuyn xung ng knh
khc dng cho lens nh hn, nhng c kh nng b ti bn gc
Thao tc tho lp chm nn c th b l khonh khc p
Thng ch lp c 1 knh duy nht trn lens, kh lp thm knh lc khc nh GND v thao tc
kh khn
Khng th s dng c cho mt s lens li v lens siu rng hoc c ng knh to hn

1.2 Filter vung (ch nht)

Knh ND vung c ch to nhm khc phc cc hn ch
ca ND trn, gip cho h thng thao tc nhanh hn, thun
tin hn, c th lp c trn nhiu loi ng knh khc
nhau thng qua holder (b g) v rt thun tin khi cn
thay i knh lc v s dng kt hp vi knh lc GND. Gi
thnh kinh t hn khi u t lu di v linh ng trong vic
thay i lens trong tng lai.

Khuyt im : gi thnh thng cao hn loi trn nu tnh

trn 1 n v, cng knh v kh bo qun hn loi trn.
Nhng nu s dng chung cho nhiu lens th gi thnh ND
vung c th r hn ND trn
2 Lp ti a bao nhiu filter trc ng knh?
Filter ch nn dng khi tht s cn thit bi v khi gn thm vo lens t nhiu lm gim i cht lng nh,
chng hn nh lm xut hin sai mu, gim tng phn mt phn hay ton b bc nh, hin
tng bng ma (do filter b bn) hay chi do s phn chiu bn trong h thu knh ca knh lc. Hin
tng ti 4 gc khi gn filter ND. Hin tng khc x nh sng gia cc filter, Cng gn nhiu knh lc ln
ng knh th cng c nhiu hiu ng xy ra, v chc chn cht lng gim theo t l thun. Do khng
nn dng qu 2 filter mt ln.

3 Nn u t filter CPL?
Filter Polarizer c cng dng ngn chn cc tia phn x t b mt phng phi kim loi nh gng knh,
mt nc, to ra bu tri xanh, tng tng phn cc m my, tng bo ho mu, my tri ni
khi hn. Khi chp cc tn l cy th Polarizer Filter gim thiu chi b mt, mu sc sinh ng hn.

Khi no khng nn dng filter CPL?

Mc d filter CPL em li nhng li ch k trn, tuy nhin khng phi lc no chng ta cng c th thc
hin c v nhng l do sau:

Filter CPL t c tc dng i vi lens wide v super wide (<20mm)

Chng ta rt kh c th khng ch c tt c cc yu t u vit ca CPL em li trong cng
mt khung hnh nh tng phn my, phn x mt nc, phn sng l cy m mt khi khng
kim sot c c ngha l c nguy c b tc dng ngc khng mong mun.
Khi s dng filter trong phong cnh cn nhiu loi filter thc hin { sng tc nh GND
cn bng chnh sng, cng gip tng chi tit my tri. Lp CPL ch lm tng s lng filter trc
ng knh v gia tng khc x ng k.

4 La chn kch thc filter

Kch thc filter ph thuc vo lens s dng, lens cng to kch thc filter cng ln v gi thnh cng
cao. Tuy nhin filter kch thc ln c th s dng c cho lens nh hoc hoc lens ln nu u t
trong tng lai, ngi chp nh cn xc nh lens to nht, rng nht m mnh c hoc s u t trong
tng lai xc nh kch thc filter mt cch ph hp khng b lng ph khi phi thay i filter do
khng ph hp.

V d

1. Ngi dng Nikon hin ang s dng lens chp phong cnh l N 16-35/f4 c kch thc lens
77mm s s dng h thng filter size 100mm l ph hp nht. Tuy nhin nu tng tng lai
mun nng cp ln lens Nikon 14-24mm/f2.8 th phi i sang h filter size 150mm s rt tn
km thay v u t h filter 150mm ngay t ban u.
 2. Ngi dng Canon ang s dng lens 16-35/f2.8L c th s dng filter h 100mm (lu { mt s
holder 100mm s b ti gc trn lens ny), tuy nhin nu tng lai d nh s dng lens
Carlzeiss 15mm/f2.8 hoc Canon 14mm th filter size 150mm s l la chn tit kim hn nhiu
3. Ngi dng cc dng mirrorless nh Fuji, SonyA7x c th s dng h filter 85mm v hon ton
yn tm khi s dng holder Bombo85Pro cho tt c cc lens wide chnh hng bao gm Carlzeiss
16-35mm m khng s b ti gc (Lu { holder 85mm ca cc thng hiu khc do thit k dy
hn Bombo85Pro nn s b ti gc tiu c 16mm FF)

Vic s dng filter nh gn gip thao tc nhanh hn, bo qun d dng hn v tit kim chi ph u t
ng k

5 La chn thng hiu v cht lng filter

Vic la chn mt filter tt thc s quan trng i mi nhng ai quan tm n cht lng hnh nh.

Thng thng nhng filter c gi thnh cao i km vi cht lng tt hn

Tc hi ca ca filter cht lng km?

Tng sc sai (m mu), hu ht cc filter trn th gii hin nay u c hn tng m mu,
tuy nhin nhng filter cht lng km s m mu rt nng v b m nhiu mu cng lc, mc
m mu rt phc tp v rt kh sa li trong cng tc hu kz
Gim tng phn ca hnh nh
Gim trong ca hnh
Flare (le sng) khng mong mun
Mt cn bng nh sng, xut hin nhng vng sng/ ti khng mong mun

Hy cn nhc u t cht lng filter tng xng vi cht lng lens ca bn ang s hu c cho l
u t khn ngoan nht.

Mt s thng hiu filter vung cht lng cao ph bin hin nay l Lee, Singhray, Formatt Hitech,
Schneider. Cc filter ny cho cht lng n nh, mu sc m nh, ng u, gi tng phn v t b
flare. Filter Fircecrest l loi mi nht ca Formatt Hitech hin nay ang c nh gi rt cao v cht
lng tuyt vi v c gi thnh tt.

6 nh gi nhu cu s dng
Ngi chp cn xc dnh nhu cu s dng mt cch c th gii hn phm vi s dng filter, do mi
filter c nhng mc ch, hiu ng chuyn bit khc nhau, vic u t dn tri gy lng ph, lung tng
trong qu trnh s dng, bo qun v di chuyn.

6.1 La chn GND (Graduated Neutral Density filter)

La chn GND cn bng sng tng ng vi kh hu, thi tit v cnh quan khu vc chp nh.
Chn gim sng ca GND (Stop) theo mc chnh sng ti thiu v ti a gy ra bi thin nhin ti
thi im chp, filter Formatt Hitech hin c dy la chn nhiu nht l t 1 n 5 stops.

Chn kiu cn bng sng theo cnh quan hin ti v theo tiu c lens s dng, thng thng GND mm
(Soft) s dng cho nhng vng khng c ranh gii phn bit sng ti r rng nh rng, ni nhp nh,
tuy nhin nu chng ta s dng lens super wide hoc ultrawide th cnh vt b y ra xa lm cho mi th
nh b hn, s nhp nh ca ni c th s b gim i; hoc khi chng ta s dng lens siu tele chp 1
cnh sn ni thng th s dng GND cng (hard) s hiu qu hn rt nhiu.

Tham kho thm bi vit

Bi 1. Knh lc (filter) GND dng trong phong cnh

http://bombophoto.com/discuss-on-landscape-photography-no-1/

6.2 La chn filter ND (Neutral Density filter)

La chn filter ND theo nhu cu gim tc chp th hin { sng tc. Vic gim tc chp theo
mong mun ph thuc vo iu kin nh sng hin ti v kh nng xuyn sng ca tng lens khc nhau,
do khi s dng 2 lens khc nhau cng 1 loi filter ND s cho 2 kt qu khc nhau hoc sng 2 thi
im khc nhau cng s c kt qu khc nhau.
V d:

1. Cng thi im 6:00 AM 2 ngy khc nhau s c cng nh sng khc nhau do nh hng
ca thi tit, thi im mt tri mc, mc my che ph. Nn mc chnh lch c th ln
n 3 4 stops
2. Cng trong mt bui sng 6:00 6:20 AM s c s thay i ng sng do cng nh sng mt
tri v thi tit hin ti, mc thay i c th ln n 3 5 stops
3. Cng mt thi im 6:00 AM nhng s dng 2 lens khc nhau c th c s chnh lch tc
chp do kh nng hp th v xuyn sng lens khc nhau, thng thng nhng lens c cht
lng thu knh tt v c kch thc ln s c xuyn sng tt hn, c ngha l tc chp
nhanh hn, mc chnh lch c th ln n 1 hoc 2 stops

Chnh v nhng yu t trn khi la chn filter ND ph hp cho ngi ny cha hn ph hp vi ngi
khc, cn phi nguyn cu k la chn mt cch hp l v tit kim chi ph.

Tham kho thm bi vit

Bi 2. S dng knh ND

http://bombophoto.com/chia-se-ky-thuat-nhiep-anh-phong-canh-bai-2-su-dung-kinh-nd/

6.3 La chn filter mu

Filter mu gm nhiu mu sc khc nhau bao gm GND v ND vi mc ch phong ph hn trong sng
tc hnh nh. iu chnh sc sai trong gi xanh (blue hour) v gi vng (golden hour) ti hin hnh nh
trung thc hn vi mt nhn.

Filters mu s dng hiu qu cho ngi dng film en trng, nguyn-tc chung ca knh lc dng cho
phim en trng l knh lc mu g th cho nh sng mu vo ng knh d dng hn, ng-thi cn bt
mu i li; kt-qu l mu sc no cng mu vi knh lc th xut-hin ln nh thnh xm nht, mu sc
no i li vi mu sc ca knh lc th xut-hin trn nh thnh xm m.

V d:

* Knh lc mu lc (green) v xanh (blue) : lm xm nh cc mu

xanh, lc, chm..., lm xm m cc mu cam, ...

* Knh lc mu cam (orange), (red) : lm xm nh cc mu cam,

, vng..., lm xm m cc mu xanh, lc...

* Knh lc vng-lc (yellow-green) : lm xm nh cc mu vng,

lc...,lm xm m cc mu cam ...

ng-dng trong vic chp nh (en trng) :

* Mun cho ni my trng trn nn tri xanh : dng knh lc mu

vng-lc (tng-phn nh), dng knh lc mu vng (tng-phn hn), dng knh lc mu cam (tng
tng-phn hn na), dng knh lc mu (tng-phn mnh).

* Trong nh chn-dung, mun cho da mt "m " hn, dng knh lc mu lc.

* Trong nh phong-cnh, mun cho l cy tr thnh xm nh, dng knh lc mu lc hay xanh..., mun
cho l cy xm m, dng knh lc mu vng, cam hay ...

Filter mu thc s rt hu ch cho nhng ngi dng my film do hn ch cng ngh thu nhn v x l
d liu trn body camera v x l hu kz phng ti. iu cng c ngha l vi cc camera k thut s
hin ti v x l hu kz bng phn mm chuyn dng c th khc phc hon ton nhng yu t trn m
khng cn dng n filter mu.

7 u t bao nhiu filter l ?

Vi nhng thng tin trn cho thy s phc tp

ca vic la chn filter GND v ND sao cho tit
kim nht m t c hiu qu nh mong
mun.

Vic u t y trn b filter GND v ND cng

tng t nh u t ton b dy lens v loi
lens lm gia tng kinh ph ng k, kh khn
trong vic di chuyn v lung tng trong vic chn
la sng tc.
7.1 La chn GND hp l
La chn loi GND:

V trong phong cnh v cc loi hnh nh khc trong i sng rt da dng nn khng phi lc no chng
ta cng gp trng hp nht nh, do u t ti thiu 1 GND mm (soft) v 1 GND cng (hard) l u
tin s 1, nu chp nh c mt tri hoc phong cnh bin lc bnh minh hong hn th GND Reverse s
cho hiu qu cao nht

La chn mc gim sng GND:

V nh sng thay i tng khong khc, nht l trong gi vng hoc gi xanh, nn vic u t nhiu
khong gim sng s mang li hiu qu cao nht, ty theo iu kin thi tit v cnh quan c th chn
mc gim sng nhiu hay t.

V d:

1. Khu vc min Bc vo ma ng hoc vng ni cao, nhiu my, tri m, sng m che ph
cnh quan mc chnh sng thp c th chn GND t 1 n 3 stops
2. Khu vc ng bng min Nam nng gt tri trong, cnh quan r rang nn chn GND c
chnh sng cao t 3 5 stops

S lng u t filter GND?

Vi phn tch trn cho thy p ng ht nhu cu th s lng GND gm 3 loi : mm, cng v
Reverse, mi loi gm ti thiu 3 mc gim sng, tng cng l 9 filter. u t nh vy s t c hiu
qu k thut nhng rt tn km.

Gii php dung ha gia cht lng hnh nh v kinh ph u

t l hy sinh 50% 75% s lng ca mi loi c th phc
v c ht cc nhu cu.

Gii php gim 50%: 3 loi filter khc nhau v c s khu

khng trng nhau.
V d :

1. GND 1 stops mm + GND 3 stops mm + GND 2 stops cng + GND 3 stops Revrese
2. GND 2 stops mm + GND 4 stops mm + GND 3 stops cng + GND 2 stops Reversve
3. GND 2 stops mm + GND 1 stops cng + GND 2 stops Revrese + GND 3 stops Reverse

Gii php gim 70%: 2 loi filter khc nhau v c s khu khng trng nhau.

V d :

1. GND 2 stops mm + GND 3 stops cng/ GND 3 stops Reversve

2. GND 3 stops mm + GND 2 stops cng/ GND 2 stops Reversve
3. GND 4 stops mm + GND 2 stops cng/ GND 2 stops Reversve

Vic s dng filer khc nhau khng trng s khu tuy c th

khng dng ng mc ch nhng vn c th tn dng s gim
khu thch hp cho nh sng cn bng c tng i hon
thin hn l khng c filter.

7.2 La chn ND hp l
Filter ND gm rt nhiu mc gim sng,
thng thng cc hng sn xut ch to khong
2 3 mc gim sng nh Lee gm 2 mc less
stopper (6 stops) v big stopper (10 stops),
Singhray gm 4 mc, ring Formatt Hitech l
nhiu nht gm t 1 16 stops tha mn cho
mi nhu cu sng tc hnh nh, tuy nhin u t
dn tri nh vy s rt tn km v d tha nu
khng i hi cht lng kht khe.

S lng u t filter ND?

Nh phn trn phn tch, la chn filter ND ph thuc nhiu vo { sng sng tc, mi trng nh
sng thc ti v cu trc ca lens, do khng th ni filter no ti u nht c, vn cn li chnh l
kh nng ti chnh u t s lng filter thch hp m thi. Nh vy chng ta nn u t theo kh
nng ti chnh nh th no?

Mc ti chnh di do: nn u t cc filter ND cch nhau 3 stops l hp l nht v d nh :

3/6/9/13/16 hoc 4/7/10/13/16 hoc 2/5/8/10/13/16
Mc ti chnh kh: u t 3-4 filter ND cch nhau 4 -5 stops, v d : 4/8/13; 5/10/16; 2/6/10/16
 Mc ti chnh trung bnh: u t 2 filter ND cch nhau 5 stops, v d : 4/9; 5/10
Mc ti chnh eo hp: u t 1 filter ND bt kz nm trong khong 5 8 stops

Vi s lng ND cng nhiu cng gia tng c hi sng tc trong nhiu

hon cnh v iu kin nh sng khc nhau, iu c ngha thi gian
sng tc trong mt bui chp s di hn, chng ta ch ng c nhiu
hn, ng ngha sng tc c nhiu hn. Do thi khc bnh minh v
hong hn thng l nhng thi im p nht sng tc nhng tri
qua rt nhanh trong vng 5 10 pht, nu chng ta c qu t filter ND
hay GND s b hn ch rt nhiu trong qu trnh sng tc. Vic u t
filter khn ngoan l d kin trc c tng lai s u t s lng
filter y nh th no u t tng bc mt cch ng n theo
l trnh s tit gim chi ph v sau.

Bombo

12/2015

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W www.bombophoto.com