Chapter 4 - Section B - Non-Numerical Solutions

4.5 For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as:
B C

C P  = A + T1 ( + 1) + T12 ( 2 + + 1)
2 3
where T2 /T1 . Define C Pam as the value of C P evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam .
Then:
2
C Pam = A + BTam + C Tam
T2 + T1 T1 + T1 T1 ( + 1) 2 T12 2
where Tam = = and Tam = ( + 2 + 1)
2 2 2 4
B C
Whence, C Pam = A +T1 ( + 1) + T12 ( 2 + 2 + 1)
2 4
Define as the difference between the two heat capacities:

2
2 + +1 2 + 2 + 1


C P  C Pam = C T1
3 4

C T12
This readily reduces to: ( 1)2
=
12
Making the substitution = T2 /T1 yields the required answer.

4.6 For consistency with the problem statement, we rewrite Eq. (4.8) as
B D

C P  = A + T1 ( + 1) +
2 T12

where T2 /T1 . Define C Pam as the value of C P evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature Tam .
Then:
D
C Pam = A + BTam + 2
Tam
As in the preceding problem,

T1 ( + 1) 2 T12 2
Tam = and Tam = ( + 2 + 1)
2 4

B 4D
Whence, C Pam = A + T1 ( + 1) + 2 2
2 T1 ( + 2 + 1)

Define as the difference between the two heat capacities:

D 1 4



C P  C Pam = 2 2
T1 + 2 + 1
2
D 1


This readily reduces to: = 2
T1 +1
Making the substitution = T2 /T1 yields the required answer.

640
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers
and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 4.8 Except for the noble gases [Fig. (4.1)], C P increases with increasing T . Therefore, the estimate is
likely to be low.

4.27 (a) When the water formed as the result of combustion is condensed to a liquid product, the resulting
latent-heat release adds to the heat given off as a result of the combustion reaction, thus yielding a
higher heating value than the lower heating value obtained when the water is not condensed.
(b) Combustion of methane(g) with H2 O(g) as product (LHV):
C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)
H298 = 393,509
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2 O(g)
H298 = (2)(241,818)
CH4 (g) C(s) + 2H2 (g)
H298 = 74,520

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(g)

H298 = 802,625 J (LHV)

Combustion of methane(g) with H2 O(l) as product (HHV):

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(g)
H298 = 802,625
2H2 O(g) 2H2 O(l)
H298 = (2)(44,012)

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(l)

H298 = 890,649 J (HHV)

(c) Combustion of n-decane(l) with H2 O(g) as product (LHV):

10 C(s) + 10 O2 (g) 10 CO2 (g)
H298 = (10)(393,509)
11 H2 (g) + 5 21 O2 (g) 11 H2 O(g)
H298 = (11)(241,818)
C10 H22 (l) 10 C(s) + 11 H2 (g)
H298 = 249,700

C10 H22 (l) + 15 21 O2 (g) 10 CO2 (g) + 11 H2 O(g)

H298 = 6,345,388 J (LHV)

Combustion of n-decane(l) with H2 O(l) as product (HHV):

C10 H22 (l) + 15 21 O2 (g) 10 CO2 (g) + 11 H2 O(g)
H298 = 6,345,388
11 H2 O(g) 11 H2 O(l)
H298 = (11)(44,012)

C10 H22 (l) + 15 21 O2 (g) 10 CO2 (g) + 11 H2 O(l)

H298 = 6,829,520 J (HHV)

4.49 Saturated because the large H lv overwhelms the sensible heat associated with superheat.
Water because it is cheap, available, non-toxic, and has a large H lv .
The lower energy content is a result of the decrease in H lv with increasing T , and hence P.
However, higher pressures allow higher temperature levels.

641
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers
and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.