EARTHQUAKE
A sudden and violent shaking of the ground,
sometimes causing great destruction, as a result
of movements within the earth's crust or
volcanic action.
HOW EARTHQUAKE OCCURS?
Earths rotation and the rock constantly moves
or slid past each other.
Different continental mass of lesser densities
float and move overriding the denser rock
layers
*Volcanic eruption, rock fall, landslides and
explosions can cause earthquake
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
Ground Motion
produced by waves that are generated by
sudden slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the
explosive source and travel through the earth
and along its surface
GROUND DISPLACEMENT
A direct result of the slippage along the fault.
They can rupture dams and gas lines and thus
produce flooding and fires.
Landslides
The sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a
mountain or cliff.
Liquefaction
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby
a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially
loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied
stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden
change in stress condition, causing it to behave like
a liquid.
Tsunamis
A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake,
submarine landslide, or other disturbance
Earthquake-Resistant Structures
structures designed to withstand earthquakes. While
no structure can be entirely immune to damage
from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant
construction is to erect structures that fare better
during seismic activity than their conventional
counterparts.
Earthquake engineering
is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering
that designs and analyzes structures, such as
buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in
mind. its overall goal is to make such
structures more resistant to earthquakes.
The main objectives of earthquake engineering are:
foresee the potential consequences of
strong earthquakes on urban areas and civil
infrastructure.
design, construct and maintain structures to
perform at earthquake exposure up to the
expectations and in compliance with
building codes.
SEISMOMETER
are instruments that measure motion of the
ground, including those of seismic
waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and other seismic sources such as
by the use of explosives.
SEISMICITY or SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF AN AREA
refers to the frequency, type and size
of earthquakes experienced over a
period of time.
MAGNITUDE and INTENSITY
Magnitude is a number that
characterizes the relative size of an
earthquake.
magnitude is based on
measurement of the maximum
motion recorded by a seismograph.
Intensity the intensity is a number
(written as a roman numeral)
describing the severity of an
earthquake in terms of its effects on
the earth's surface and on humans
and their structures.
The spot underground where the rock breaks is
called the FOCUS of the earthquake. The place
right above the focus (on top of the ground) is
called the EPICENTER of the earthquake.
4 types of earthquake
1. tectonic
 Earthquake is one that occurs when the
earth's crust breaks due to geological forces
on rocks and adjoining plates that cause
physical and chemical changes.
2. volcanic
Earthquake is any earthquake that results
from tectonic forces which occur in
conjunction with volcanic activity.
3.collapse
Earthquake are small earthquakes in
underground caverns and mines that are
caused by seismic waves produced from
the explosion of rock on the surface.
4. explosion
Earthquake is an earthquake that is the
result of the detonation of a nuclear and/or
chemical device.
FAULTS are cracks in the earth where sections of a
plate (or two plates) are moving in different
directions. Faults are caused by all that bumping
and sliding the plates do. They are more common
near the edges of the plates.
THREE TYPES OF FAULTS
1. Normal
Faults form when the hanging wall drops
down. The forces that create normal faults
are pulling the sides apart, or extensional.
2.Reverse faults
Form when the hanging wall moves up. The
forces creating reverse faults are
compressional, pushing the sides together.
3.Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults
Have walls that move sideways, not up or
down.
AFTERSHOCK
An aftershock is a smaller earthquake that occurs
after a previous large earthquake, in the same area
of the main shock. If an aftershock is larger than the
main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the
main shock and the original main shock is
redesignated as a foreshock. Aftershocks are
formed as the crust around the displaced fault
plane adjusts to the effects of the main shock.
Urbanization
- refers to the population shift from rural to urban
areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas", and the ways in which
each society adapts to the change. It is
predominantly the process by which towns and
cities are formed and become larger as more
people begin living and working in central areas.
Engineering Techniques in Countering Earthquakes
MASS DAMPERS
This kind of technique is used in high rise
buildings where a mass damper or weight is used to
hang on the top of the building hanging freely to
counter the swaying action caused by the wind or
earthquake.
Shear Wall
This is constructed along the building to
counter the shear force acting on the building and
to distribute the load of the building equally on the
foundation of building to reduce the stress caused
by earthquake
Monolithic domes
-The dome shape geometry of this buildings
have an excellent distribution of force, spreading
the stress equally across the structure making it
almost impermeable. Its strength have been proven
across the world. The name comes from the Greek
word mono means one, and lithus means rock.
What is the Ring of Fire
It is a large ring of Stratovolcanoes circling
the Pacific Ocean.
How was the Ring of Fire made?
It is associated with a nearly continuous
series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs,
and volcanic belts, and/or plate
movements.
What is affected because of the Ring of Fire?
4 Continents are affected because of the
Ring of Fire ( Asia, Oceania, North America,
and South America.)
8 Tectonic Plates are affected ( Pacific
plate, Cocos plate, Nazca plate, Philippine
plate, North American plate, Eurasian plate,
Indo-Australia, and South American plate.)
MAGNITUDE MERCALLI EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS

1.0-2.9 I. Not felt Not felt except by very few under especially favorable conditions.

II. Weak Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.

3.0-3.9 III. Weak Felt quite noticeably by people indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not
recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of
a truck. Duration estimated.

IV. Light Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows,
doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor
cars rocked noticeably.

4.0-4.9 V. Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned.

5.0-5.9 VI. Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage
slight.

VII. Very Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built
strong ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys
broken.

6.0-6.9 VIII. Severe Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial
buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory
stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.

7.0-7.9 IX. Violent Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out
of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations. Liquefaction.

X. Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with
foundations. Rails bent.

8.0 and XI. Extreme Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground.
higher Underground pipe lines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails
bent greatly.

XII. Extreme Damage total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown
upward into the air.