Cambridge International Examinations Mathematics Leena ANA (ela) | Guide David Rayner Paul WilliamsMathematics IGCSE Revision Guide David Rayner Paul WilliamsOXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP (Oxford University Press isa department of the University of Oxford, It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholzrship, and education by publishing worldwide in ‘Oxford New York ‘Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lompar Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi NewDethi Shanghal Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Maly Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thalland Turkey Usraine Vietnam Oxford isa registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries (© Oxford University Press 2008 ‘The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. 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CIE past paper examination material reproduced by permission of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicat, ‘The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no esponsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past {question papers which are contalned in this publication, 4S FSC SRSzSiidnpandyee Numbers Sequences Sets Calculations Directed numbers Fractions and decimals Standard form Estimation and limits of accuracy Ratio, proportion and rate 10. Percentages 11 Time and speed 12. Graphs in practical situations 13. Graphs of functions 14. Straight line graphs 15 Algebraic formulae 16 Expanding and factorising 17 Algebraic fractions 18 Functions 19° Indices 20. Solving linear equations 21 Solving quadratic equations 22. Solving inequalities 23. Linear programming 24 Angles and polygons 25 Circles 26 Similar shapes 27 Geometrical constructions 28 Symmetry 29° Locus 30. Mensuration 31. Trigonometry 32. Statistics 33. Probabi 34. Vectors 35 Matrices 36. Transformations weer anawne Answers. 101 107 109 ne 125 137 145 150 153 163Sets of numbers Natural numbers are the numbers you use to count. So the natural numbers ate 1, 2. 3,4, Integers are "vihole numbers”. They can be positive, or negative (with zero in between). So the integers are the numbers ..-3, ~2, ~1, 0, 1,2, 3. Positive integers are the numbers 1,2, 3,4, Negative integers are the numbers ~1, 2, Sometimes 0s included with ‘the natural numbers. Factor Any number which divides into 6 is a factor of 6. So the factors of 6 are 1, 2,3, and 6. ‘Multiple Any number which appears in the 6 times table is multiple of 6 So the multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, Prime numbers A prime number has only two (different) factors (ie. 1 and itself 50 1 is not a prime number. The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19, (The number of primes is infinite), Prime factor A prime factor isa factor which is also prime. ‘The factors of 63 are 1, 3, 7, 9, 21 and 63, Of these only 3 and 7 are prime so the prime factors of 63 are 3 and 7. Aun has 7 square building blocks. The only way he can make a rectangle with these blocks is to put them ina single straight line because 7 is prime, ctrrrrry If Arjun has 12 square building blocks then he can make three different rectangles, since 12, isnot a prime number. For example he can make a 3 x 4 rectangle or a 2 x 6 rectangle as well as the 1 x 12 rectangle, Creer eres Square numbers aC NG NRG ae (that is a2 * 2 square). In the same way he can arrange squares, of 9, 16, 25... building blocks. ‘The square numbers ae 1, 4, 9, 16. x2 9=3%3UES Revision guide: Mathematics ‘Common factor 3 is a common factor of 9 and 12 since 3 is 2 factor of both Band 12 Common multiple 30 is a common multiple of 6 and 15 since 30 is a muitiple of both band 15 Exam question CIE 0580 November 05 Paper 1 Q10 ‘An integers such that 60 “he shaded area represents © a F A @ NB When A isa subset of 8, AUB Age Beans that Ais not a subset of B ACB means that A les inside 8 but A cannot be equal to B. 4s called a proger subset of B ACB means that A les inside B but A can be equal to 8 ‘The empty set Zor | are the symbols used for "the empty set” so. MB = Gif there is ‘no element that belongs both to A and &.For example if is the set of polygons, set 4 is quadrlaterals and set 8 i triangles then the Venn diagram would look like ths In this example A 8 = Disince a polygon cannot bbe a quadrilateral and a triangle. The two ovals do rot intersect. Example ‘Eis all whole numbers less than 10. a=boxiaweresiasiian B= (x: xis a prime number} ~~ This notation means that A (a) Express this on a Venn diagram. consists of all numbers x, (b) List all the elements of A’. where x is an even number. (©) What is n(A U 8)? ( Fnd ans. ‘Dsree atwle mbes a 1, the onl nubs apeatg oe Vem ‘ “4 ayamare 2.36.5 6,7, 83nd9 ( 6) (bya contains lth demen otsde A : SoA’ ={1, 3,5, 7, 9} (QA U B represents all the elements which belong 10 A é Aor Bor both. SoA UB = (2, 3,4,5,6, 7, 8), There are 7 elements in this set so n(A U 5) = 7 (4) 4.7.B represents all the elements which belang to both A and 8, SoA NB = 2} since 2 is the only number which is both even and prime. ‘Shading unions Example A U Biincludes any region thats shaded in A’ or & (or both). 2 i ii 2 3 a 4 a is shaded Bis shaded AUB sshased Example A’ UB’ includes any region that is shaded in A’ or B’ (or both). yw a e] A € AueFett sets Shading intersections Example A°1B includes any region that s shaded in both A’ and &, € ’ el A 3 a 3 A @ 4a ane Example {A'1.B includes any region that Is shaded in both A‘and sf ee [eee [oa ae A 8 ane Exam question CIE 0580 November '05 Paper 44a All 24 students in a class are asked whether they like football and whether they like basketball. Some of the results are shown in the Venn diagram below. Sy ‘ ‘6 = {students in the class}. {students who like football. 2B = {students who like basketball}. (@) How many students like both sports? (b) How many students like neither sport? (©) Write down the value of n(F U 8). (@) Write down the value of (F'n 2). (@) A student from the class is selected at random. What is the probability that this student likes basketball? (fA student who likes football is selected at random. What is the probability that this student likes basketball? (a) The 12 people inthe intersection of the two ovals lke both sports, () The diagram has numbers in three of the four regions, The total number of students in the three regions is 7+ 12 + 2 = 21. There are 24 students in the class so that leaves 3 students who are in the faurth region, which is those who lke neither sport. (Continued)He7esJ3) Revision guide: Mathematics Exam question (continued) (0 F U8 represents those who lke football or basketball or both, There are 7 + 12+ 2 = 21 in this region soniF UB} = 21 (6) F’ 7B represents those who do not ike fectball but who do ike basketball () ) (@) 12+ 2.= 14 student ke basketball cut of 24 students inthe cass. So probability sed ane (7+ 12= 19 students ke football. Of those 12 tke besketbll. So probability is 12 Extended « Sone na) =2 1. Descrive the shaded regions: 2. Inayear of 100 students, 70 enjoy Maths, SO ‘enjoy French and 20 enjoy neither oe] a, 2 |9ey 4 é {a} Drawa Venn dagram showing tis information, (b) Use your diagram to find the number of students who enjoy both subjects, 3. Ina shop there were 120 customers on a certain dy. Of these 60 paid using notes, 30 paid using ‘coins and 50 paid using cards. (@) Draw a Venn diagram showing this information. (0) Use your diagram to find the number of Customers who used both notes and coins. Or) ary 2 cr ry 2 = z 4. Onan athletics dey 150 athletes take part. 60 ‘ate in the 100 metres, 50 are in the 200 metres ‘and 80 are in neither. (@)_ Draw a Venn disgram showing this information, (©) Use the diagram to find the number of athletes who ran in only one race,) tea 4 Galatlations ‘The square of a number n isn x ”, $0 the square of § is nS Oaa ‘The cube of a number nis n X n x n = n°, so the cube of mets Gg <5) Sis the square rot of 25 ‘Se The square root ofr i represented by V7 oon some calculators on some calculators sovi5=5 a ‘er 2isthe cube rot of The cube wot ns prasented 5 2 by em on some calculators SoW8=2 Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 1.Q5 Calculators are not all, ip 7 the seme. Lear how ‘cube of side J metres has a volume of 20 cubic metres. Calculate the value of J Taree Yi 1=2.71 m(o3sh Order of calculations James fist calculates “three plus five” to give 3.+5.=8 and then does “times by two” to gle 8 x2= 16, Akshay first calculates "two times three” to give 2 3 = 6 and then does “plus five" to gves+5=11 What is two times three plus five? When calculating expressions with several operations you have to do the working inthe right order. The order is Brackets — for example (3 + 4) Indices ~ for example 2° or V3_ Dison for exampleB +2 B | D MAS ‘Multiplication — for example 3 x 4 Aktion - fr cape 5 +2 | subtraction ~for example 7 — 2 Without a calculator Example Calculate (3 + 4? x 3+(54+7)+6-1 Using the B of BIDMAS gives (3 + 4? x 3+ (5 +7) Px 3+12 Using the | of BIDMAS gives 7? x 3+ 12+6-1=49x3+412+6-1 Using the D of BIDMAS gives 48 x 3+ 12+ 6—1=49x3+2-1 Using the M of BIDMAS ges 43 x 3-+ 2-1 = 147 42-1 Using the A of BIDMAS gives 147 + 2-1 = 149-1 Using the Sof BIDMAS gives 149 — 1 = 148,re Example Add brackets to this expression to make the answer corrct: 4x5-3-7=1 Possible postions for the brackets are (x5)-3-7= 20-3 0 4x5 ~(3-7)=20-(-4)=24 4x G-3)-7=4x2-7=1 So the correct postion forthe brackets is 4 x (5 ~ 3) ~ With a calculator The calculator operates using BIDMAS, 7983-1 H, for example, you type in 7 +9 = The calculator Does the Division fist to give 7+ 3.—1 Then the Addition to give 10 — 1 Then the Subtraction to glve 9 z+9 you want the calculator to work out 22 then yau type the expression using brackets. ype in (7 +9) + (3 ~ 1) a5 shown to get the answer 8. (249)4(3-1) Example (2) Work out (782+ 8.13), writing down all the figures on your calculator display, (b) Write the answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. {@) You must instruct the calculator to work out (762 + 6.13) not VT.62 + 8.13. Some calculators open brackets automaticaly when |) is pressed. Others may not Others do not need them as they write everything under the square root, QOUGVWO0 So type in GB The brackets may appear automatically or may not be needed. ‘The display might look like this Vi bee 1a 3. 5bBb2bIb7 (0) VOELF BAT = 4.0 (0284) Example (a) Work out $243, writing down all the figures on your calculator display. (b) Write the answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. (a) It is often safest to calculate the top and bottom of the expressions, write them down in full and then do a separate calculation. 52+43=9Sand61~27-34 52+43 35 ae Sogi-27734 9.55364 “Wing this into a calculator gives: 2. 7A4LL7bY? 52443 _ 33243 = 2.7941 17647 52443 ) e127 80 23h) ‘The screen on your calculator might have a diferent layout. This calculation canbe done in cone go an the caeulator, | You have to bracket the top | expression and bracket the bottom expression. The display looks lke this: 5.2443) ere) 2-794L1 764?Exam question (a) Work out 12.48 x 0.062 VB +752 Write down all the figures on your calculator display. (b) Write your answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. @) ype in (12.48 x 0.063) + (vB + 7.52). ‘The display looks ike this: (12- 48x. 063) (VB+7.52) 0.075976 76348 12.48 x 0.063 (a) 12.48 X 0083 — 9.076 10230 Ve+752 Example Ise your calculator to work out 58iN 2 £95, Use your calculator to work out #0 20" + ‘Galeulations CHE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 1 Q6 Using ANS on calculator Hf you type in 12.48 x 0,063 to 98 0.78524 and then VB + 152 ta get 1034842712 (on the calculator dpey) you can then type 0. 78b24+Ans 0-075976 76348 ‘The “Ans” uses the value that the caleulator lst calculate. Inthis case VB + 7.52 giving your answer to 3 sf. You need to bracket the numerator ofthis expression or else use the fraction button on some calculators, The espa looks like ths: Ssin(20)+cos(5) tan(i0) 15. 34816358 isin 20° + cos 5° 20+ 085 = 15.30 36) Questions 1, Find (to 3s aiven thatthe volume ofthe cube is 50 cm? Fem tem Tom 12. Calculate the value of each expression (to 3st where necessary! fa) 8? (o) 119 or @ VIT @ W=100 (h WeESS 3. Find the side length of a squere whose area is 49 cm 4, Find the side length of a cube whose volume is 216 cm’. 5. Write the following in ascending order (smallest first: @os WE voe 06 oe uct cee) Wer 6 4 6. Add one set of brackets to each equation to make it comrect. @) 4>15+5-2x5=29 ) 34+22x3=15 ( 543x2+7=32 7. Calculate the value ofeach expression (to 350. (@) VIZXES> 21 XBT 61-35 © srea7x 18 2P +a @ ts +5 Directed numbers You can use a number ine to show directed numbers. -5—4—3-2-1 01234 5 Adding and subtracting To a a postive mmber (or subtract a negative number) move tthe right on the nner Example (-4)+6=2 SET isas ‘To subtract a positive number (ar add a negative number) move to the left. Example 54 (-2=5-283 SESE O1ia as Example “The temperature in Moscow was ~1°C at 2300, By 0400 the next day it had fallen by 3°C What was the temperature at 04002 ‘The temperature was (~1) ~ 3 SASH OT isas Multiplying and dividing Multiplying or dividing two negative numbers or two positive numbers gives a positive number. “Multiplying or dividing @ negative number and a positive number gives a negative number, Example (4) x (-2)-8 3X (-5h= 15 (10) +(-2)=5 (-6)+3=-2 Exam question CIE 0580 June '08 Paper 1 06 In May, the average temperature in Kiev was 12°C. In Fobruary, the average temperature was 26°C lower than in May. ‘What was the average temperature in February? ‘The average temperature in February was 12 ~ 2 —c 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° ‘Armove of 6 to the right. ‘Amove of 2 tothe let. 1. The average temperature each month in Montrealis 2, Calculate the following: ‘shown in the table. fe) 17 +(-3) {b) (4) x (-2) ‘Month [an [eb [Mar [Ap [ay] Jon © aoe (a) ee Avg temp }-11] -9 | -3] 5 | 13] 18 BUG IB G2) 2 “al [Aug | Sep [Oat [Nov | Dee 3. Aman’ bank balance is ~£345 20. He then a fiafisf [1 [7 withdraws €50, What is his now balance? {@) Find the diference between the highest and lowest average monthly temperatures. 4, The water on a gauge is at ~20 cm, that is 20 cm {b) The average minimum temperature for below the flood level. the water ses by 25 cm what December is usually 5 lower than the average level does the gauge show? December temperature. Find the average minimum temperature for December.6 Fractions and| decimals Fractions cate pt ito fe qlee noe eas one ofthe veces then the unt neest cn bere s:afraton, that ofthe wal cle a5. decimal, that is 0.2 of the whole cake, the three expressions are equal 858 percentage, that is 20% of the whole cake isthe numerator ns a Fract Wer you wrt number aa facton yu writin ne fem 7. isthe denominator If Ann shades 4 out of 6 equal sectors ofa circle then she shades 4 of the cle Howeteryoucan so seta se has shaded of te cre 2.4 so3 = 4 When itis 15 minutes after 3 pm, 15 minutes out of 60 minutes in the hour have gone by and the time is a quarter past three. + Remember If you multiply or divide the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by the same number then the value of the fraction is not changed 8 25 ZiN 4 2 l4 sossyouswitoe? = So mi B= t a Neal a 7 \Witing a number in “its lowest form” or “its simplest form* means writing itso that the numerator and denominator do nat have any cammon factors (except 1) Example Write In its lowest form, 4 and 18 have a common factor af 2 fe 18 Z's the lowest form since 2 and 3 have no common factors (except 1) Decimals and percentages In a decimal number the decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractions The fractions are tenths, hundredths, thousandtns and so on. o5+2+5 SBS +55 * 705 Example Express 0.15 as (a) a fraction (b) a percentage. 120 so tyounatpy +5 = 15.3 jay toa 015 by 10d its values not changed. (@ 015 = 1 - bt w-3 15 x 100% = 15%Revision guide: Mathematics Example Express the fraction 2as (a) decimal (b) a percentage. ) 2= 2=04x = @2 @) 204 x 100% = 40% Example Write down three equal numbers from this ist: 2 8 os o% osx 2, 38 08 800% \Wite al the number s decimals ei 2a 8 5s cos esos on Jy= 7b g~ 0.008 Bj-008 a8 800% So tether en number af 0008, 0.8% ad 25, Addition and subtraction of fractions ‘+ Same denominators Ifthe fractions have the same denominator then add the two numerators and leave the denominator unchanged. Example Example 2,3 - z pea Z 2,38 2 7* 77 F <— denominator left unchanged —» 11 * Different denominators Ifthe fractions have afferent denominators then rewrite them so that they have the same denominator (the LCM af the denominators) Example 144 610 LEM of 6 and 10 i 30 0 write Jasd, and tas 3 330 410 *30 Hence he 1 Bp iB. 8° 107307307 30775 + Mixed numbers Example 245. 2718 LeMof 12 and 181 36so wre 7 a2 ang 5 a5 10 Zas2t and 5 as 7,521, 10.31 Hence 452214 10.31 lence 17 * 1g 36 * 36 36 {A “med number sa number such 264 2. So tis a mitre of whole number and a fraction fxample sh+72 Method 1 sh+73 2+ eee 2+ ete 2415 2413 NB Method 1is simpler when adcing or subtracing large numbers. Method 2 \Wte both fractions as “top heavy fractions”Fractions and decimals Method 2 ‘Write both fractions as “top heavy fractions” Sond soeg=6+8 dc aed and33=3+3= So Multiplication of fractions + Muli the rumerators together and multiply the denominators together. 6 3_2x3_6 577x535 Remember to cancel out comman factors 2 Example 2 Zy3- Fy 33 Example 37 Xia 1 < jae 32 ample Fed of 120. nao 1 + Mixed numbers Example Find 12 x22, Write both numbers as “top heavy fractions”, 2 sod + tee Bg ot so1dx 22 Division of fractions ‘+ Wiite both fractions as top heavy fractions ‘+ "Flip over” the second fraction and change the division sign into @ mukiplication sign. Example fat Find 31+ 91 =2.28 <— Wte both fractions as top heavy fractions << “flip over’ the second fraction and change the division sign into multiplication sign. + raisthesame as x35 ee so 8 isthesameas x 5Revision guide: Mathematics Recurring decimals A recurring decimal has a sequence of digits which repeat indefinite, ¢g, 0,333333..., 0.275275275..., 06781818181 The recurting digits are shown lke this: 0.333333... = 03 aaTs278275... = 027% thelist gt ofthe ecg pa. oe7eisisist = 06781 Comparing the sizes of decimals You can wite 57 It is clear from this that $7.82 is larger than 57.8, ‘To compare the sizes of two decimals Compare the digits in the first decimal place. 1 the cigits in the frst deci place are equal 1 compare th 1 ae perma feos then compare the second decimal paces sce BES lgethan no 82 ge tan 679 Example Place these numbers in ascending order: a2 3 Bo2 06 om 3 ‘write them all as decimal fractions. 34 2 BL x 2-06 066 67% B= 06s Soin ascending order they are: 13 2 3a Boe 2 6m B Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 1 Q2 ° ° 0.09 90% 725 9% 08 7 900% Write down the three numbers from the list above which have the same value. ‘rite all the numbers as decimal fractions. s a 009 90%=-09 72,-0.009 9% The vee equal ubers te 0.09, 9% and 8 0.09 900% = 9Fractions and decimals Notation for comparing the sizes of numbers ‘The symbol ">" means greater than, So x > 5 means that xis greater than 5 The symbol "-<" means less than, So x <3 means that x less than 3, ‘The symbol "=" means greater than or equal to, So x = 6 means that xs greater than or equal 06. “The symbol "=<" means less than or equal to, Sox *= -2 means that xs less than or equal to-2. Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November ‘05 Paper 1 Q14 ‘choose one of the symbols: =, < or >, to complete each of the following statements, When x = 6 and y= -7, then xy OR yoXenry fe) 6>-T0x>y () P=0=36, P= (-7F = 49 and 36 < 49507 <7 (@ yox=-7-6= 13, x-y-6~-7 = 13and-13.< 13 soy—K nines expressions. from one battle of orange juice? xy Wy-K.x-y 3. G) Express 0.375 28 a fraction (9 12. ©) bepress 3 as a decimal ae a 0037 37% «0307 37H 4. Calculate the following: From the numbers listed above write down Vest Were ta {a} the smallest suber PEGS () the largest number (88-32 (©) the two numbers which ate equal id) 4b= 23UP Seueiel ioe) ‘The mass ofthe Earth fs about § 974 200 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg, avery large: ‘number The time taken for light to travel 1 km is about 0,000 003 335 56 seconds, a very small number. Standard form is useful when writing very large and very small numbers. ‘To write a number in standard form express it as a number between | and 10 multiplied by ‘the aporopriate power of 10 ax 10% Wa number ‘nis a whole number, between | and 10 positive for large numbers, (isa<10) negative for small nurnbers ‘So the mass of the Earth = 5.9742 x 10™kg Some calculators dspay this as. ‘Multiplying by 102 moves the decimal place in S97RE ‘5.7¢2 by 24 places tothe right. The time taken for light to travel 1 km = 3.335 56 x 10°* seconds Some calculators display this as. Multiplying by 10-£ moves the decimal place in 3.335566 -6 333556 by 6 placesto the lft. Example \Write these numbers in standard form: 3723000 0.001235 0.172 10.3. o.000000312 201 723 x 10° 0,001 235 = 1.235 x 107 1.72 X10" 10.3 = 1.03 x 10" 0.000 000312 = 3.12 x 10-7 201 = 2.01 x 107 Example \Write 456.000 000 000 in standard form. £456 000 000 000 = 4.56 x 100.000 000 000 = 4.56 x 10" Example Write 0.000 372 in standard form. 0.000 372 = 3.72 x 72x 10-4 70000 Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June '06 Paper 1.920 ‘There are 565 sheets of paper in a book. (2) How many sheets of paper are there in 2000 of these books? Give your answer in standard form. (b) A pile of 565 sheets of paper is 25 mm high. Calculate the thickness of 1 sheet of paper. Give your answer in standard form. (@) 2000 x 565 = 1 130.000, ()25 + 565 = 0.044 247. 13108 42 x 10°? mm (to 3s)Questions +The distance from London to Beirut is approximately 3. 3460 km, Express this number in standard form ‘The distance from Auckland to Rio de Janeiro is approximately 12 260 km. Express this number in standard form. The radius of the Earth s 6 378 100 m. Express this ‘number in standard form. ‘The speed of light is given as 2.998 x 10% ms~ Express this as an ordinary number, Express these numbers in decimal form (to 3 sf) (@) 02° () 0.35 © 0.157 (a) 0.228 Give the values of these expressions in standard form (0 33h @ ©” © Vous ) VO007 Gf alg @s? 10. Give your answers to these calculations in standard form (to 3 sf where necessary) (@) (3.4 x 107) x (4.2 x 105) () (2.9 x 10°) x (2.1 x 10”) (© (72. 104}x (1.3 x 10-4) (a) (3.91 x 10°) + (2.35 x 1077) (© (9.21 x 107) +(231 x 10-9) ( (1.21 10-4) + (1.24 x 10°) 11. 12. . The population of the world at the end of 1995 was 5.2 x 10" people (@) The population was projected to grow by 4% in 1996. Calculate the projected population at the +) aR RUNES TSI Standard form Pi ETRE ARE, end of 1986, giving your answer in standard form (to 230, (6) In fact the population at the end of 1996 was 5.5 10°. What was the percentage increase (to 2 sf in the population over 19967 (@) The projected population at the end of 2020 Is 1.8 x 10 How many more people i this ‘than at the end of 19957 (Give your answer in standard form to 2 sf.) “The density of water is 1 x 10# kg m3. Find the following (al in standard form): (@) the mass of water (in kg) in a cuboid measuring 2mby3mby5m (©) the volume (nr) of water whose mass is 5X 10* tonnes (ane tonne is 1000 ko. (the volume (in em?) of 1 m? of water. (€) the mass (in g) of 1m? of water (@) the density of water in g cm (the mass of water (n g) in 2 cuboid measuring 64m by 3 cmby 10cm. ‘The population ofa certain country is 5.7 x 10° and is area is 7.21 x 10* km. Find the population density (people per m*) ofthis country in standard form to 3, The diameter of the Earth is 1.3 X10" m, ‘Assuming that the Earth isa perfect sphere, find its circumference in km. Write the answer in standard form (to2 sf) The adult population of a country is 60 milion. The ‘average annual income per adult is $43 000. Find in standard form the total annual income from the ‘adult population.8 Estimation and limits of accuracy cape tour Estimation ‘A website states thatthe distance between Cape Town and Caio is 7234.15 km. However its more realistic to give an estimation ofthis distance. ‘The distance can be stated to (a) the nearest kn (b) the nearest 10 km (@) the nearest 100 km, {@) To the nearest km the distance i ether 7234 km or 7235 km. tis clear that 7234.15 km is closer to 7234 km than to 7235 km. So the answer is 7234 km, to the nearest km, (b) To the nearest 10 km the distances either 7230 km or 7240 km. tis clear that 7234.15 km is closer to 7230 km than to 7240 km. So the distance is 7230 km, tothe nearest 10 km, (@) To the nearest 100 km the distance is either 7200 km or 7300 km. It is clear that "7234.15 km is closer to 7200 km than to 7300 km. So the distance is 7200 km, to the nearest 100 km, Example ‘What is 9236.5 km to the nearest km?) |< $$ 9236.5 kms exactly halfway between 9236 km and 9237 km. Use the rule that “5 or more is rounded up", {9236.5 km = 9237 km to the nearest km, ‘When a number is rounded to 2 decimal places, there is no limit t how many digits it can have before the decimal point but it must have exactly two digits after the decimal, point. Zeros are treated in the same way as any other number. Example Given that = 3.141 592 653 589 793 238.46. find eeorrectto2dp. res betwen 3.14 ard 3.15, both of which ae gen to 2 dp. Rounding to 3 signi 3.14°43592 653 589 793 238 46 rounds down to 3.14 since ¢ so Example Write 17.298 correct to 3 significant figures. 17.298 les between 17.2 and 17.3, both of whch are gen to 3s. 17.248 rounds up to 17.3 since: S0 17298 3.14 to.2 dp) 7.3 flo 35h, int figures is less than 5 "Sor more” 7238.15 7234 7235 3S 7230 7240 R315 7200 7300 ‘When a number is exactly halfway between the two ‘numbers the convention is ‘that Sis avays rounded up. 3.14159265358979323846, 314 315 17.98 172 73Estimation and limits of accuracy ity Example Write 18.047 correct to 3 significant figures. 19.047 18.047 les between 18.0 and 18.1, bath of which are given to 3st 18.07 rounds down to 180 since is les than five 70 tet Pi nies hoon B. OSs $0 18.047 = 180003 A ‘Small numbers When rounding small numbers to 3 signficant figures remember thatthe digits the fst non-zero alt and that every digit after that i significant. Example We 0.006 5176 correct o3 significant figures. 01004 517 Sies between 0,008 51 and 0004 2, both of which ae gen to 3s significant 0.004 51 i6 rounds up to 0.004 52 since ee reer $00,004 5176 = 0.004 52 (to 3 sf) is "Sor more” Be careful with numbers that have several zeros. Large numbers ‘When rounding large numbers to 3 significant figures remember that the zeros at the end ‘of the numiser are not (necessarily significant. Example Write 2003 correct to 3 significant figures. 2003 les between 2000 and 2010, bot ct which are gen to 3. -2003.rounds down to 2000 since 3is less than 5. aun ooo since 0 2003 = 2000 (to 3s. This can be confusing since you might be tempted to assume that 2000 only has one significant figure. Example Find an approximate answer to 18.79 = 2:31 x 3.15 by rounding each number to 1 sf The clestion becomes 20 23 = 14 Limits of accuracy Upper and lower bounds if the length of a rope is given as 5.3 m (to 2 sf) then you can calculate the upper and lower bounds ofthe lenath ofthe rope. Tati you can caculate the longest and shortest posible values ofthe length ofthe ope To calculate the lower and upper bound think of the two numbers (to 2 sf) immedlotey above and btn 53 These are 5.2 and 5.4 Vy S ESS 53 ee, oe Sa ‘The lower bound is halfway between 5.2 and 5.3. So 5.25 isthe lower bound. “The upper bound is halfway between 5.3 and 5.4, So 5.35 isthe upper bound, Ifa length is given as 5:3 m (to 2sf) then it could be as short as 6.25 m and as long as 5.35 m. You write 5.25 m = length < 5.35 m «—————— NB You can say that 5.55 cm isthe upper bound for 5.5 m even though 5:35 rounds to 5.4m. This means thatthe number can be anything below 5.35m (60 5.34999999099..) but never use recurring decimals as bounds,[233 Revision guide: Mathematics Example The perimeter of acrce is given as 15 cm (to2 sf) Find the upper and lower bounds for the perimeter of the circle, To calculate the lower and upper bound think ef the twe numbers (to 2 sf) immediately above and below 15. These are 14 and 16 The lower bound is halfway between 14 and 15, that is 14.5 ‘The upper bound is halfway between 15 and 16, that is 15.5, So 14.5cm = perimeter < 15.5cm Exam question (HE 0580 June'06 Paper 1 07 ‘The population of a city is 350 000 correct to the nearest ten thousand, Complete the statement about the limits of the population. — 104= 2048 Example The value of a house in 2007 was $300 000. What was its value in 2008 after a fall of 1% of 300000 309009 = $3000 3080 of £300 001 $3000 x = $24 000 Quick alternative method: ‘So the value of the house in 2008 was $300 000 — $24 000 = $276 000. 300.000 x 0.92 = $276 000 Simple interest and compound interest IF you save money ina savings scheme (for example, wth a bank, building society or the government) the initial amount you investi calle! he prineipal snd you receive interest on your money. Similanly if you borrow money the lender will charge you interest. ‘Simple interest \When you invest money in a bank offering simple interest you only get interest on the ‘original principal. Example Joseph invests $500 at 4% per annum simple interest. How much will he have atthe end of 5 years? Interest = 40h of $500 = 85 500 = $20 per year "Per annum" (pa) means each year. Total interest in 5 years = $20 x 5 100 Joseph will have $500 + $100 = $600Example Aruna invests €480 at 5% simple interest pa What s her investment worth after (=) 7 months (B)3 years? € @) 5% of €480 = €24 ‘A whole years interest = €24 7 months interest = €24 x T= €14 After 7 months Aruna’ investment will be worth €480 + €14 = €494 ) 3 years interest = 3 x €24 = €72 After 3 years Aruna’ investment will be worth €480 + €72 = €552 Compound interest When you invest money in bank offering compound interest the interest you get each year & added to your principal and the next years interes s paid on the increased amount in your account. Follow through these examales, checking the calculations as you go. Example All invests $200 at 3% compound interest. What amount will he have after 3 years? 246 of $200 = $6 $200 + $6 = $206 so Al has $206 at he start of Year 2. 39 of $206 = $6.18 $206 + $6.18 = $212.18 so Al has $212.18 atthe start of Yer 3 3% of $212.18 = $637 t02¢p $212.18 + $6.37 — $218.55 Aj will have $218.55 after 3 years Example Rose borrows £800 at 7% compound interest for 2 years. How much does she owe atthe end of two years? 7% of £800 = £56 0 afer one year Rose owes £856. 7% of £856 ~ £59.92 After two years Rose owes E856 + £59.92 = £915.92. Example A car loses 30% of its value each year. If it cost £18 000 then how much is it worth after’ years? £18 000% 07? = £6174 The car is worth £6174 after 3 years, Percentages Quick ternative method: 200 x 1.05° = $218.55 The principal increases by 2 {factor of 1.03 each year so in thre years itincreases by a factor of 105°, Quick method ‘Multiply by 1.07", ‘At the end ofa year the cars worth 70% (0.7) of ts value atthe start ofthat year.Revision guide: Mathematics Reverse percentages IFyou know the amount after 3 percentage increase or decease hen you can work ou the original amour. Example The price of a ski ‘the original price of the skirt? New price of skirt is $31.50, ‘This is 90% of the original price. is reduced by 10% in a sale. If it cost $31.50 in the sale what was ‘This question has nothing to o with finding 109 of $31.50 So 19 of the original price is 35. Quick method a Divide by 0.9. So the original price (ve. 10034) was 3:5 x 100 = $35 $515 +09=$35 Example ‘The price of a camera including VAT (value added tax) at 17.5% is $94. What was its price before VAT? ‘You do met need to find $94 is 117.5% of the price before VAT. 115% of $94, ‘So 1% of the price before VAT was. Sa 175 So the original price i.e. 100%) was $4. x 100 = $80 The quick method To go from the old price to the new price multiply by a factor. To go from the new price to the old prce divide by a factor, ‘A bank offers 5% compound interest on investments. A man invests £2000. (@) What is his investment worth after 2 years? (b) What is the total percentage increase? ‘A man buys plane tickets for himself, his wife and his four children. The adult fare is $172 and the child fare is 67% of the adult fare, Find the total cost of the journey, An investment fund has increased in value by a total of 2196 over the last two years. (a) Aman invested £1000 In the fund two years ‘ago. What is it worth naw? (b) Calculate the yearly rate of interest assuming that it was: (® compound interest (i) simple interest ‘A bank offers 296 simple interest per year. A woman ‘opens an account with deposit of €750. She closes z. the account 11 months later. How much money does she withdraw? In April a lawnmower cost £265. In the September sale it was only £225.25. What was the percentage discount? Ableach bottle is labelled "900 ml for the price of 750 mi: x% extra free”. The x is smudged and illegible, What is x? Jack invests €80 in an account offering him 3.6% simple interest. He removes his money after 10 months. How much interest does he get? ‘The sale price of a garden table is €48 and ithas a sign saying “Reduction of 20%”. What was the price ofthe table before the sale? A school dlaims that the pupils’ average mark in an ‘exam has increased by 15% over 5 years. Two boystoned Percentages 10. an 12, a. ate told that the average mark is now 85.1 George thinks that the average mark five years” ‘ago was 72.335 but James thinks it was 74. Who is ight and how isthe right answer obtained? 14, Extended Ina sale ll tems are reduced by 15%. A carpet 15. now costs £15.30 per square metre, What was the price before the sale? e116. ‘A.document is photocopied so that the lengths of the copy are 70% of the original lengths. ifthe copy measures 12.6 cm by 17.5cmwhat arethe 47, ‘mensions ofthe original document? The attendance ata football match one week increased by 2 from the previous week. if the new attendance wes 45 000 what was the attendance ‘the week before? ‘A boy height increased by 2 over ayear If his height {snow 1.68 m what was hs height a year ago? The number of pupils at a schoo! in 2006 was 85% of the numiser at the school in 2005. In 2006 the ‘number of pupils was 1020. How many pupils were there in 2005? Find the original price of a car which was sold for 51200 at a loss of 4%, Find the original price of an antique which was sold at £545 ata profit of 9%. ‘The profit of a company in 2004 was £1 500 000. tn 2005 the profit was 25% higher than it was in 2004 ‘but in 2006 the proft fll by 40%. (a) Show that the profit in 2005 was £1 875 000. {(b) What was the profit in 2006?11 Time and speed Time problems Example A flght departed at 1514 and arived at 1842, How long was the flight? Fie houts nfm 1514 8 1818 1842 Is another 28 minutes on fom tha So the fight took 5 h28 min Example {gil arrived at a rehearsal at 1935 and left at 2129, For how long was she atthe rehearsal? (One hour on from 1935 is 2035, 2035 0 2100 anther 25 minutes, 210092129 a frher28 minutes 25 +29 = 54 So she was a the rehearsal or 1 hou 54 minutes, Example ‘plane leaves Shanghai at 1055 local time and arrives at London the same day at 1550 local time, The website says thatthe flight takes 12 h 55 min, How many hours is the time in London behind the time in Shanghai? |2;nouts on fom 1055 is 2258 and 55 min on from 2255 is 2350. So the plane arrives at 2350 (Shanghai time). Ths is 1550 London time. So London is. 8 hours behind Shanghai Example Derek wanted to get from Twickenham to Wembley. A website gave him the information shown in the table. {a) How long did the journey take in total? (b) At which station did Derek wait for 8 minutes? ‘Depart Twickenham Ral Staton 8 (a) He departed at 1158 ad arrived at 1302. One Are hed al Staton 7203 our weuld bing im to 125850 there's anther [Dean ciara San att * cones: Senhebtmey took fi Ave Wile ion Undo Swion | 230 {b) There is an 8 minute gap between 1203 and 1211 Depart Willesden Junction Underground Station | 1235 ‘So he waited for 8 minutes at Richmond Rail Station. | Amive Wembley Central Station 1242 Sepa Werle Cera Sion reas Time, distance and speed Se a Ga Dice {otal distance travelled a = erage speed = "otal time taken Be careful with units. Example ‘Acar travels 189 km at an average speed of 60 knw, How long does the journey take? 315 doesnotmean3h 59°? 15 min. tmeans 3h and ‘The journey takes 3h 9 min (015 x 60 = 9min 1 reTime and speed (GEE Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 4 Qt b (i) A plane flies the 1580 km from Cairo to Khartoum. It departs from Caio at 1155 and arrives in Khartoum at 1403. Caeulate the average speed ofthe plane, in kilometres per hour 1155401355 i 2 hours, 1355 01403 is 8 minutes So the journey took 28 min Phamn= 23021333. The dstance traveled i 1580 km re) TEs ‘You must change the minutes ‘to. decimal part of one hour. Average speed = = 740 kmh" (t0 3 sf) 24 hour clock ‘At midday a digital clock goes from 1159:59 to 1200:00 but at midnight the clock goes from 2359-59 to 0000:00 (not 2400.00). hours on from 1900 is "2600", then subtract 24 to give 0200. ‘hours 45 minutes on from 2030 is "3015" then subtract 24 to give 0615, Example Lydia went to sleep at 2015 on Thursday and woke up at 0655 on Friday. For how long was she asleep? 655 canbe treated as "3055" (0655 + 2400 ~ 3055) 2015 to “3015” is 10 hours. 3015" 19 "3055" further 49 minutes 0 yela was asleep for 10 hours 40 minutes, Example Mr Singh looks at his watch asthe plane departs from Mumbai to Singapore and sees that its 2050 Ifthe journey lasts & h30 min what time will his watch show when the plane arrives at Singapore? ‘hours for 2050 "2850". @ hours 30 min on fra 2050 is "2900", Subtract 28 togve 0520, His wateh wl show 0520, 41. A coach leaves London at 0655 and aries in Glasgow Thedstance between Nairobi and London is 6813 km. at 1612, 2 distance of 667 km. Find the average speed in kilometres per hout (@) Find the average speeds of the plane on the ‘outward and return journeys, in km hr. 2. Aplane travels from Windhoek to Johannesburg in 4 A flight from Singapore to London leaves at 0130 1114S min. ifthe distance is 1190 km find the local time and arrives the same day at 0555 local average speed, time. The atine website says that journey lasts for 12h 25 min 3. A plane leaves Nairobi irport at 2330 and arives in (@) How many hours ahead of London s Singapore? London the next day at 0520. The time in Nairobi is +3 hours ahead of the time in London. (2) How long does the flight take? “The retum flight leaves London at 1005 and arrives in Nairobi at 2135, (b)_ How long does the return fight take? (@ Calculate how much longer the outward journey is than the return journey. (©) A traveller artving at Singapore rings home when the time in Singapore is 0700. What isthe time in London when he rings? ‘The airline website says that the exchange rate is such that the return trip costs 1780 Singaporean dollars, which i €913.80. (© Atthis exchange rate how much would a retum ‘wip of 2130 Singaporean dollars cost in euros?12 Graphs in practical situations Example ‘The graph below shows the value of the Nigerian nara against the Kenyan s Use the graph to find (@) how many Kenyan shillings you would get for 50 Nigerian naira (6) how many Nigerian naira you would get for 60 Kenyan shillings. 6a hiting ize o” 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 {00 Nigerian naira (2) Drew a vertical line up from 50 naira to the graph and then a horizontal ine across to ‘the vertical axis: 50 naira is about 33 shillings. (b) Draw 2 horizontal line across from 60 shillings to the grach and then a vertical line down to the horizontal axis: 60 shilings is about 92 naira Example The graph shows the amount that a shop charges for hiring a bike for up to 8 hours ina day. ‘There is an initial charge and then an hourly charge. (2) What isthe initial charge? (©) What is the hourly charge? (0 How much would it cost to hire a bike for 3 hours? (@ How many hours’ hire would cost $28? {0} The initial charge isthe cast when the time i 20. Thsis $10. {b) From the graph you can se that 1 hour costs $13. Be So the hourly charge is $3, A! ae (@ Reading off from graph gies $19. a (@ Reading off rom areph gies 6 hous. e3. 5 20 Eis 19] oot 2 2 4 Seca & Length of hiring (hours)Graphs in practical situations (bs Distance-time graphs ‘The gradient on adistance-ime graph represents speed. Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘08 Paper 1 Q22 ‘The diagram shows the graph of Rachel's journey on a motorway. Starting at A, she drove 24 kilometres to B at a constant speed. Between B and C she had to drive slowly through road works. [At Cshe drove a further distance to D at her original speed. (2) For how many minutes did she drive through the road works? Netto {b) At what speed did she drive through the road works? eat Give your answer z (0 kilometres/minute i (Gi) kilometresihour i (© What is the total distance from A to D? : (a) She came to road works after 10 minutes and left them after a 22 minutes. So she spent 12 minutes in the road works (6) (0 in 12 minutes her distance increased from 24 km to 34 km. So the road works were 10 km long. 10 : i 7 speed = 12-= 0.833 kmmin~ (03 sf) ° base (0) 0.833 ... km mint = 0.833 ... x 60 kmh = SO kmh (© Between A and 8 she travelled 24 km in 10 min. Between C and D she travelled 12 km in § min since she was traveling at the same speed as from A to 8) Distance to Cis 34 km so total distance from A to Dis 46 km “This graph shows the journey of a boy cycing. From the greph you can tell how the boy's speed changes What happens to the speed. Between 05 and 25 the boy i speeding up. Between 2s and 5 the boys traveling at a = constant speed. 5 Teen 5s and 7s fe bey: sowing down z Between 7s and 105 the boy stationary. 2 Between 10s and 12 the boy speeds up. From 12st 15s onwards the boy is taveling at aconstantspeed. From 155 to 17s the boy is slowing down. Speed-time graphs Gradient ona speetime graph represents acceleration. Area under aspettme graph represents distance traveled This araph shows the speed of a toy car. From the graph you can tell how the cars speed changes,Speed (ms) Time) Exam question 1 (2) A train completed a journey of 850 kilometres ‘an average speed of 80 kilometres per hour. Calculate, giving exact answers, the time taken for this journey in (@ hours (Gi) hours, minutes and seconds. (b) Another train took 10 hours 48 minutes to complete the same 850 km journey. (i) It departed at 19 20. At what time, on the next day, did this train complete the journey? Calculate the average speed, in kilometres pper hour, for the journey. Speed (ris) 12345678910 Time (3) The solid line OABCD on the grid shows the first 10 seconds of a car journey. Describe briefly what happens to the speed of the car between B and C. Describe briefly what happens to the acceleration of the car between B and C. Calculate the acceleration between A and 8. Using the broken straight line OC, estimate the total distance travelled by the car in the whole 10 seconds. Explain briefly why, in this case, using the broken line makes the answer to part (iv) a good estimate of the distance travelled, Calculate the average speed of the car during the 10 seconds. Give your answer in kilometres per hour. 0 co) w w wi) What happens tothe speed Between Os and 17s the cris speeding upto reach atop speed of rams" Between 17 and 25s the car has a constant speed of 12m". From 25s onwards the car slows down (deceerates) to come to rest ‘What happens tothe acceleration Between 0 and 2 the acceleration is increasing Between 2s and 12 sthe acceleration i constant. ‘Between 12s and 17s the acceleration is decreasing. Between 17 sand 25s the acceleration is zero ‘Between 25s and 30 the deceleration i increasing, From 30s to 35s the deceleration is constant, From 35s the deceleration is decreasing ‘CIE 0580 June "06 Paper 4 01 (a) @ T= 2-850 ~ 10625 hours (i) 0.625 his 0.625 x 6 = 37.5 min = 37 min and 30 seconds So the journey tie s 19h 37 min and 30sec 610 hours on rm 1990152820 wich is 0520 the et ay. Another 48 ines brings to 0508. @) 4eminis 8 =o8h 50 10h 48 minis 10h Cy) Average speed = 850 + 10.8 = 78.7 kmh (to 3s) (€@ The speed of the car increases from 15 ms" to 20ms4 (i) Between B and C the curve is getting less steep. 50 the acceleration is decreasing i) Ais the point (1, 5} and & isthe point (1.8, 15) 15-5 _10_ 8-1" 08 liv) Distance is area under graph: ‘Total eea is 30 + 140 = 170 ‘otal distance traveled = 170 m (G) The area of the graph below the dotted line ‘about the same as the area of the graph above the dotted line. (i) The car travelled 170 m in 10. Gradient 125ms? Wms" =17 x 60x 61.2 kmh 5 x OTs 4567 ao Time) — \ ‘Area of rectangle 7X 20 = 140Graphs in practical situations 1._ The graph below shows the amount an elecican charges for up to five hous’ work (@) What does the electrician charge for being called cout? {b) How much does he charge for 2 hours’ work? (0 If he charged Mr Bali $210 then how many hours work did he do? (d) A second electrician had a call out fee of $60 and an hourly fee of $35. For how many hours ‘work would the two electricians charge the same ‘amount? Time (hours) 2. coach was hired to take a schoo! team toa football game. The graph shows the distance traveled from the school. {@) How far did the coach travel before stopping? {b) For how long did the coach stop? {0 How much further cd the coach travel tothe game? {@) How long did the coach wait atthe game? {@) How tong did the return journey take? {9 What was the average speed ofthe coach on the return journey? “ime mous 3. Hasnain drove to see a friend. The graph shows his journey to and from his friend's house and the time he spent with his fiend. (@). How long it take for Hasnain to reach a constant speed? (b) What was happening to his speed in the first 5 minutes? (©) What was the constant speed in kmh"? (@) How long did Hasnain spend at his friend's house? (@) What was his constant speed for the last 17 minutes of his journey? Distane from Hasnaln's house (km) os Dh oO “Time (ind 3B 40a 50 4. awais was on a fast road and the graph shows his journey. (a) How long it take Aweis to reach a constant speed? (0) How far did he travel at this constant speed? (@) What was happening to his acceleration in the first minute? (2) By using the dotted lines for the first minute and the last 30 seconds estimate how far Awais travelled. {) {5 this an underestimate or an over-estimate of the distance that Awais travelled? Give a reason for your answer. Speed (km) is Cj1s 2 ea Rane Aare Time (rie)13 Graphs of functions Example ‘The table gives the values of x and y forthe function ropPepperp y 2 [5 fen {) Fill in the missing values of y. (b) Sketch the graph of y = 3x + 2. (0) Use your graph to solve the equation, 3x +2 = 10. (@) Tofind the value when x = =1 substitute ~1 forxinto 3x2. ar ax-142 Boe | : Repeating this forx = 4andx= of if is [4 [5 y 2 [5 |e [nv [|v {b) Mark the points on the raph, Join the points using a straight thatis(-1, 1,0, ete line REMEMBER -xaxisis horizontal vyaxisiswerical (Plphabeticlorderin both yeh (@The solution to 3x + 2 = 10 isthe »-coordinate of the point on the graph where y= 3+ 2 meets y= 10 wot? your 15 yen fae aaa Fone SeeSE Re | Sara shes a ote Graphs of quadratic functions ‘The basic shape of the graph of y = ax? + bx + cis shown in these diagrams. @a>o fi)a [ef 1 [-48 [-s0 =za0|- [240 7 sone eds. 10 [eo ae 3a @ (nthe same diagram as part (0) craw the araph hy = 2 for -Sx<7. ite dovn the x-oordinate ofthe two intersection points of the two graphs. “These two xvelues ate the solution to an equation. Write down and smplty this equation (a) Copy and complete the table. (b) Draw a scale from ~3 to 5 on the x-axis (2 cm per Unit) and from —8 to 12 on the yoans (1 em per unit. (©) Draw a sketch of the cue y= 2 — 2x 4, (@) Use your graph to solve (to 1 do) the equation R-2e-4=0. (©) Use your graph again to sotve (to 1 dp) the ‘equation # - 2x-4=5. (® Whatis the smallest value of x? — 2x 4 and ‘which value of x achiaves this, smallest value? The diagram shows 2 graph of y = fle) (@)_ Use the graph to find OR) GH-1 {(b)_ Use the graph to solve Gite = 10 (9 Kisan integer for which fa) = k has three different solutions. Use the graph to find an inequality for k. (@)_ Write down an inequality for x for which the gradient of y = f(x has a positive gradient14 Straightline graphs Equations of straight lines The equation of any straight line canbe witen in the form NB count unite not suares wine | yam ‘alelating the gradient. mis the gradient and cis the y-intercept i “ofind the gradient ofa “The gradient, m, is a measure of how steep the line is. _sraight line take any to enn change iny = inte pany, change in Theyntrcaptis 2 change ina” Sethe pcbentis3. mis positive fhe line slopes upwarts fom lt to ght Lite nee a ‘So the equation of the line pene mis negative ifthe line slopes downwards from left to right. “The intercept ofa straight line is the y-coordinate of the point where the line crosses the yatis. Remember ‘Stig lines wth postive gradients go Straightlines with Negative gradients phil as they move from leftto right, go downtill as they move fom eft to 0 they look ike this: right so they look ike this Neate Drawing straight lines Example Draw the ine y= 5 + 2x Tis tne has aynterept of Sand a gradentof2. Set up a table of three values: Zope yts{s tr Plot these three points and drawa line through them. Example Draw the lne The line has ayintercept of 8 anda gradient of ~3 Set up a table of values. Since the aradien s~2, Choose vals ofthat are multiples of 3 x[ToTsyTe yates Plot the points and draw the line ‘Sometimes the equation isn acifferent form as in the next example.Straight line graphs (Ey Example Draw the line 3x ~ Sy = 15 Method 1 Rearrange the equation to gvey ~ 2x ~ 3 end use the method shown above z z Method 2 (@) Puty = On the equation (b) Futx =n the equation 3-15 -5y= 15 ras y=-3 50(5, 0) is point on the ine So (0, -3) sa point on the line At and join the two points Finding the gradient and intercept of a straight line + Ifthe equation isin the form y = mx + c the gradient and y-intercept can be seen immediate, For example, for the line y = 6x ~ 7 the gradient is 6 and the pintercept is ~7. + Ifthe equation isnot in the form y= mx + cthe gradient and y-intercept cannot be seen immediately. Rewrite the equation to make y the subject. For example, to find the gradient and y-ntercept of the ine 9x ~ 2y = 7, rewrite the "i ¥ equation asy = -3x+4.7 Example The equation of a straight line can be written inthe form Sx + 4y ~ 12 (2) Rearrange the equation to make y the subject. (6) Write down the gradient ofthe line (©) Find the coordinates of the point where the line crosses the y-axis. @x+y-12 1 gradient is ~Z and the intercept is 2 (0) The gradient of the ine is ~ (0 Te yntecepts 3 so the ine crates the yas (03), Parallel lines If two lines are parallel they have the same gradient, Soy = 3x-+ 1 andy parallel ines ince they both have gradient 3 Br Sate Example Fin the line parallel toy = 3x ~ 2 which crosses the y-axis at the point (0,5). Aline paral toy = 3x ~ 2has gradient 3. Aline pasing through (0, 5) has intercent 5 So the equation of thee by = 3x+5 1g the equation of a straight line ‘You can use one method of finding the equation of a line if you know the gradient ofthe ine and a point through which it passes, Example Find the equation of the straight line with gra point (3, 11). nt 2 which passes through the The equation of a straight lin is y = mx + m= 20 the equation is y= 2x +, Suan eer The Ine passes through (3, 11) so y=u+e W=2x3+0 css Hence the equation is y= 2x +5.You can use another method of finding the equation ofa line if you know two points through which the line passes. Example ind the equation of the straight line which passes through the points (2, 13) and (5,28, 1 gradiant ofthe lin is MABRY _ 28 eee changeinx == 5-2 3 So the equation ofthe line is y= 5x +. The line passes through (2, 13) so B=Sx2+c o=3 Hence the equation sy = Sx + 3, Example Find the midpoint of the line joining the points (5,1) and (11.8). Find also the dlistance between these two points. The midpoint i found by culating the means ofthe x and y. coordinates ofthe two Bint. So the midpoint ofthe Ene joing G, 1) and (11,9) The distance between the points is calculated by using Pythagoras. Distance ~ V/(11 = 5+ — 1? = V6'+8" = 10 Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 2.21 b In the diagram, the line AChas equation 2x + 3y = 17 and the line AB has equation 4x — y = 6. The lines BC and AB intersect at B(1, ~2). The lines AC and BC intersect at C(, 3). Find the equation of the line BC. change in y change nx aessyett ‘The gradient ofthe tne is a so he euntonof aCisy = Sx + Since the line goes through the point (4, 3) aak@te Henge = %) (© Find the gradient of a8 | @) Find the equation ofthe line which passes through a Aand 8. 2. Find the equation ofthe line which passes through (4, 1) and is parallel to the line 4. Write down the coordinates ofthe points where the line 2y + 3x = 12 crosses the x-axis and the y-axis or-2. 3. Two points A and B have coordinates (5,7) ae eee 5. Flin the table forte ne y= 3x~ 2 (2) Find the midpoint ofthe ne As eo p sp (b) Find the length AB (to 3sf) y ~o15 Algebraic formulae Using formulae Example ‘farmer pays $20 per bog of fertiliser, plus a fixed delivery fee of $30. (a) Find the cost C, for n bags of fertiliser. {b) How many bags can the farmer buy for $1107 (a)mbags at $20 per bag costs 2, Delivery costs $30 Total cost C= 200 +30 (b)110= 20n + 30. Subtract 30 from each side. 80-20 Divide each side by 4 od The farmer can buy 4 bags for $110 Example and q are related by the formula p = 20q + 300. Find the value of p when q = 25. Replace q with 25 inthe formula: 0 x 25 + 300, = 800 20x25+300 800 Example Cand rare related by the formula C= 20 ~ 05. Find the value of Cwhen r pace rth ~6 in the formula =20-05x'-6) 20+3 2 7,b= -2ande= 3, Rearranging formulae ‘To make x the subject of any formula use the following steps: Step 1 Clear the fractions. ‘Step 2. Mulply out any brackets involving x ‘Step 3 Put.cterms together alone on one side ofthe formula ‘Step 4 Divide both sides by coefficient of x-term. Example Make x the subject of the formula 2x + 3b = c. Step 1 Clear the factions. No factions Step 2. Multiply out any brackets ivohing x No brackets to multiply out Step 3 ft «tems together an one side B= C- 3b Step 4 Divide by coefficient of x-eim 1b Coefcient of xterm is2.Revision guide: Mathematics = Example Make x the subject ofthe formula +2 = ¢ Step 1 Clea the fractions art b= cxx=or Step 2 Multoly out any brackets invohing x No brackets to ultpy out Step 3 Put ies on ones, ona cod) ‘When x appears tice facrise Step 4 Divide by coeticint of x ene re peli Example Make x the subject ofthe formula 2+ 6 Step 1 Clear the fractions atbema Step2 Multiply out any brackets invohing x No brackets. Step 3 Put cterms on one side and write as.) = ao by ne-b) Step4 Divide by coefficient of x Hf the equation involves x? then, fist of all, make»? the subject and then take the square root of both sides to find x. Include the 2 sign when taking square roots. Example a pettutnies= HEE ar Step2 Multiply out any brackets involving »?. No brackets. Step 3 Put x?-term on one side. ad—c= be Step 4 Divide by coefficient of <7. Step5 Take square rootsAlgebraic formulae 7. Make x the subject of these formulae: @ ax+b=c ‘1, The acceleration of a body, moving with uniform acceleration, is given by the formula inthis formula isthe uniform clean, vi the initial velocity and v is the velocity at time &. Use the formula to find a (in m s~) if: @ rete enim tom (O) v=O.1ms", v= 0.02ms*, s (@ v=53ms', u=3.2ms', t=07s 2. Use the formulas = vt ~ Jato calculates (to 2s) siven that v=2727ms", a =981ms, t= 1735 3. The formula for the volume, V, of a sphere of radius ris V= 414, 3 (@) Use this formula to calculate the volume of a sphere (to 33) of radius 2 m, {(b) Make rthe subject of the formula (Use part (o to calculate the ras (to 3sf) ofa sphere of volume 200 mn? 4, Evaluate a*b when 2 = 5000 and b = 300. 5. Given thats ==", finds when u = 60, v= 80 and 2 = 400. VOLES = 5, find y(to 359 fp = 132,q= 251, y 7. 'B. Make the given variable the subject of the formula: ye @w tb-g wy @z ih 0 or @t the 9, Make x the subject of these formulae: @rtm=m — @atb=atd = @o- ALB ax 4-840 0 3 10, Make the given variable the subject of these formulae: @A Agar me we s#tb-1 Wp @o genc O oy \Ort-g me Ee at ~-c ot [Af=pExtended 16 Expanding and factorising Expanding an expression means writing it without brackets Expanding simple expressions 3 5 The total area in the diagram is2 x (3 +5). — The area is made up of two rectangles - the small one has | iz area? 3 andthe ge one as area 2% 5, So2Xx@+5)=2%342%5 « a The total areaisa x (c + 0) = alc + ob a ts made up of two rectangles the small one has area Leave outthe x symbol | a= acand the luge one has rea a xd ~ ad tz ers Sa wrte Soale +d) =actad ox basob © c_, The total area is 3a x 2c. — aia Itis made up of six rectangles, each with area a x c = ac. {| S030 2 ‘The numbers can be dealt | with separately from the Sasa | mee Example Expand these expressions. (a) 3(a + 2b) (b) 5(2m — 3n) (©) 2(6p + 7q) — 3(2p - 5q) (a) 3a + 2b) = 3a + 66 (b)5i2m ~ 3n) = 10m ~ 150 (0) 2(6p + 7q) — 3(2p ~ 5q) = 12p + 14q — 6p% 15g comes from (3) x (—5q) Example Expand these expressions. (a) 4a(2a + 3b) (b) 5p(2p - 5q) (©) 65(2s + 7¢) — 25(5s — 20) (2) 4a(2a + 36) =B3%+ 12ab (©) Sp(2p ~ 5a) = 10p? — 2599 (©) 6s(2s + 70) — 25(Ss — 21) — 12s? + 42st — 10s? + 4st = 25° + 46st {8° is shorthand for 8 x a x a. Expanding harder expressions ‘The total area is (@ + 6) x (¢ + d) = (a + DIC + 0). tis made up of four smaller rectangles wth areas ac, a, | be and bd. Use the FOIL method so (f+ Bit + Fistterms @ X= ac Outerterms a x. Innerterms bx Lastierms bxExpanding and factorising Example Expand and simplify 2x + 3)@x — 0 Firstterms 2x x 3x= 6x’ Outer terms 2x x ah Innerterms 3% 3x=9x — Lastterms 3X (=1) (2x + 33x = 1) = 6x2 + (20) + 9x + (23) = BP + Tx 3 Example Be carefl wth exresson ke (+ 3). ‘Expand these expressions. Write (x + 3)? a5 (x + 3)Qx + 3) (@) & + Oe + 5) (b) + Mx - 4) and so (0 & — 3-5) (d) (2x + 35x — 7) WHS att HD Use the FOIL method: SEP oes. CUHK +S) HK KK EHD HEDXS =P + 5x4 Det = + OHIO OFA) Sax KEKE TX KET XA) 4x I~ 2B= 0 + 3-28 (Oe 3-8} XH XS) + (3) CF (3) (5) = $= 3c 1S art 15 (6) x + 3YSe— 9) = 2x) x (5H) + Be) x (-9) +3 x GH +3X(-9) Ox — 18x + 15x ~ 27 = 108 - 3x27 Factorising simple expressions ‘When you expand 4a(2a + 3b} you get 8a” + 12ab, Factorising takes you back ftom 82? + 12ab to 4a(2a + 3b). Factosing 8a? + 12ab: ‘Find the highest common facto of 8a and T2ab by treating the numbers and each letter separately “The highest common factor of 8 and 12 54 The highest common factor of a? and ais ‘There are no bs cornman to both 8 and 12ab. So the highest common factor of 838 and 12ab is 4a. + Express each term using the highest common factor, so Ba? = da x 2a and 12ab = da * 3 Add these together to give 8a? + 12ab = 4a(2a + 36) Factoring 1Sp*g? + 126% ‘© Find the highest common factor of 153%q? and 12:%q by treating the nurnbers and each letter separately ‘The highest common factor of 15 and 12 i 3. The highest common factor of p? and i 6? The highest common factor of g° and gis a So the highest commnon factor of 15p?q° and 129g is 36°g. '* Express each term using the highest common factor, so 15p"q? = 3p*q x Sq and rapa =3e'g x 4p ‘Add these together to give 15p%q° + 129°¢ = 3p*g(Se? + 4p} 16Revision guide: Mathematics Example Factorge these expressions. (a) 9b + 367 (b) 91+ 50 4 18y + t0y (0) 9r + 4s + Sr + 3s (a) Sab and 3b? have an HCF of 3b. Sab + 3b* = 3b(3a + b). (b) 94-4 Se 18y+ 10y= 14x + 28y and 14r and 28y have an HF of 14 Or + Se + 18y + 1Oy= tae + 28y = 14 + 29 (@.9r+ 45-4 57-4 35 ~ 14r + Ts and Var and 7s have an HCF of 7 97+ Ag + Sr 35 = 14r +75 Ter +3) Example Factorise 24x? — 16xy. 24x? and 16xy have an HCF of 8x. 24x! — Ixy = BxCBx ~ 29) Factorising quadratic expressions ‘When you expand (x + 2)ix + 5) you get x* + 7x + 10, which is a quadratic expression. If you do the process in reverse you're factorising a quadratic. Example Factorise (a) x + 7x +6 (b) 27 + 3x - 28 © P- I+ 12 @) xP - 2-15 (aj? + 7x +6 Find two numbers that multiply to give 6 and add up to 7: 6 and 1 Sox + T+ 6= e+ 61x +1) ‘When you have found the (b)2 + 34-28 Find tuo numbers that molto ge ~28 and add upto 3:7 and —4 ‘wo factors aways check they Sox’ + 3r-28=x+ Nir - 4) are correct by expanding (9.2 — 7+ 12. Find tworumbers that multiply o give 12 and add up to -7: —3 and ~4, ‘them. Sox 7r+ 12 = 3\r-4) ()? = 2-15. Find two numbers that mutiny to ge —15 and add up to ~2:3 and —5, S0¥ = 2x 15= e+ 3e- 5) There are two special cases Case 1: A quadratic expression with no middle term,“the difference of two squares” Example Factorise x* - 16. P= 1B= b+ AK 4) Rares Ese So, for example, ieoe mcm w Fo (0+ 0-7 Factorise 9x? — 163 sedate 25p' — Sia = 6)" — (69) = Gp + 60159 — 5) So again this isthe difference of two squares. So 9x? ~ 16)? = [3x + ayi3x ~ 4) Notice that the two factors are the sum of the square roots times the difference of the square roots.and factorising Case 2: A quadratic with no end term When thete is no end term the two terms in the quadratic have a common factor x so 4 Teaxk + D De + 10x = Dele + 5) 20x — 100x = 20xx ~ 5) Factor harder quadratic expressions Example Factorise 2° + 7x + 6. (1) The brackets must be of the form (2x + Mx + —) (2) The missing numbers must multiply to give 6:1 and 6 or 2 and 3. (2) Ty the four possible combinations x Na+ 6) gies 12x + x= 13 a yee a (2x + 61K + 1) gies 2x 6x = Be (2x + 21x + 3) gives 6x + 2 = Be (x + 3)(x + 2) gives ax + 3x = 7x ‘Only (2x + 3Xx + 2) gives the 7x term in the midcle, so De + T+ 6 = n+ 3x +2) Example Factorise Sx — 16x + 3. (1) The brackets must be of the form (Sx — )r——) (2) The missing numbers must multiply to give 3 so must be 1 and 3, (8) Ty the possible combinations Only (Sx — 1)(x~ 3) gives the — 16x term in the mil, so Sx? — 16x + 3 (Sx — 1) — 3) Factorising other expressions Example Factorise ax + bx + Bay + 3by. Theres no factor common toa terms 0 factor pale of tems ax + bx =(a + dix Soy + 3by 310+ By {a + b) is a common factor. So ax + bx + 3ay + Bby = (e+ D)x+3(a+ by =(a + OXx+ 3y) Example Factorise a” + 2ab + b*. There sno factor common alters, but ths 2 quadratic expression ‘The first terms must multiply to give a? and the last terms must multiply to give b?, so try (a+ bye +B) (at bla +b) =a + ab + ba +o Pa 2ab +o oeRevision guide: Mathematics Exam question CIE 0580 June '06 Paper 2.19 Factorise (a) 4-9 (o) 42 - 9x (0 42-9142 (2) Thisis quadratic wth no middle term, “the efference of two squares", since 42-9 =a -¥ Remember “square minus 3 So 48 = 9 = (24 + 3)2k~ 3) square” = (sum of square (6) Thisis a quadratic wth no end term roots) x diference of 42 = Ox = x(6x ~ 9} ‘square rots) a 2 (©) The only way to get "+2" and e negative mile term i with ~1 and ~2. (2x — 12 ~ 2) does nat work, nar does (x ~ 1K4x ~ 2). Ty (x= WY 2) = oe ~ Be =x + 2 de? — 9x +2 $0 ax? — 9x + 2= (ax — 1)6¢—2) Expand these expressions. Zo @e-x-2 © Rem @) 70 +39) 5 @) e+ 2-24 ) #-16 () 6(6m ~ 7n) a #+e @ #-25 (9 3Ga + 2b) — 612a ~ 3b) 6. Factorise these quadratic expressions, ‘Multiply out the brackets in these expressions. () 2-5-6 (b) 8456 (@) Qx+1Ge+2) (b) Bx + 23x44) ( 245-6 () 2-546 (9 (t- Wat-3) — @ @y—93y-1) (@) 24x - 60 () + 5-36 (©) (z— 1)02+3) ) (@r~ 2K3r+2) (@ 2-20x+99 — (h) 1 (g) We~ 12e+1) th) q+ 1X59 - 3) () eex- 12 @ e+ er+9 () Gp- 130+) Dy 2Ty-2) W@ 2 ~10x+25 © 2-100 k++ 3) 1) Qu 1N5v-+ 1) 7, Factorise these quadratic expressions, Multiply out the brackets and simolfy these (@ ttm +12 @) 2 +7410 expressions. (9 #-5-6 @) P-5eHE @) G+ Me+3) HK +A) (@ 20+ 5x-12 () 32+ 146 © @+1t+2 — ) Bq+ Ha~D () 4e+12+5 th) Se + 13S © Gy+ 2-3) m—1K5m+1) @ @y+ 1-1) th) Bp +2" 8. Factorise these quadratic expressions @ @q-1F @) (Sd + 26\20 - 3¢) (a) a + Sab (0) P42r ) Gp + 3qp +g) WM Os—382s— 8 (@ 2-36 (@) b+ 1b +24 (©) 4p'+20p+9 —() Sq? 8q-4 Expand and simplify these expressions. @) 043% ) +5? 9. Factorse these quadratic expressions © ya (a) @~6P (a) 43x42 ~-9 © Qw-37 () Gt-2F (@ 242 @ -n-6 @) Ga+bj2a+0) —(h) Bm—2nK5m—n) © 4-sp-5 —() 3g —Bq 44 @ (Sp + 29X3p — 4g) i) (2x — 3yKSx - 2yp ® Gc+ 267 0 Gp- 39 10. Factorse these quadratic expressions. () e=9e+20 (0) P- 3x10 Factorise these quadratic expressions. (Q ae -11xe+6 (6? — 13-5 (2) P+ 9%+18 {b) @-x-20 fe} Be - 13x45 GF + 17+ 5 ( *-%+10 {d) x +3x- 4017 Algebraic fractions Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions Toad 3+ 2 you tind the LCM of and, thats 35, 32,2215, 1420 77°57 35 ' 35 Algebraic fractions are ade inthe same way. Example Simplify 54 +7 3 3 LCM of 3 and 4 is 12 so express both terms as fractions with denominator 12. So Example Simplify 304= 1) _ 284+ 9) LCM of 2 and 3 is 6 so exoress both terms as factions with denominator & B= 1) 36-9 yyy 25K+3) _ 200+ 12 z 6 3 so Hax— 1) _2GK+3) _ 36e—9 _20e+ 12 1 2 = 6 Example gee simplify 735 = 725. LcM of 1 —xand 1 +xis (1 — x41 +950 3___ alt” 2 gy 2 n= BO 2-2 Temten emt en OM THT ST So —2 Ts 24m 2-2 Ce eer) 125% T= 9 Simplifying fractions contains quadratic expressions Example Factorse and simplify nae omen On DF tx 8> guide: Mathematics Extended Te+ 12 OFF a3 P= Tet 12 =~ 3K 8) De = Tet 39 = lk 312-1) Hence 2 e+ 12 _ ee ~ a) Deas 3 HN) 4) rH Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 2 Q10 Write as a fraction in its simplest form x-3 LCM of d and x ~ 31s 4(x ~ 3) 3-3, _ 16 a *x=37 3) RH = Hk + 16 3) +9416 ae= 3) 8a 6e 25 a= 3) 1. Simplify, leaving your answers as fractions in thei i to BBL (@ Bhs? 0 @ 1-543 oy 2. Simplify, leaving your answers as fractions in their lowest form: x, dtl, 2eo1 @ 2431, ee 43 ) 20 et a ae 24 © aa18 Functions 14 = (1, 2, 3}and 8 = @, 3, 4} then A is mapped onto & by the relation “add 1" thiscan be shown ona mapping diagram Set A scaled the domain and set is called the range, fxg A then the mapping isx—>x + 1 Notice that each element in is mapped onto just one element in 8 The relation x» x-+ 1 is one-to-one relation Example For the domain A = {—2, ~1, 1, 2} draw a diagram to show the mapping x — x2. "Notice that, in the mapping inthis example, each element in the range isthe image of ‘more then one (i. "many") element in the domain: ~2 and 2 are both mapped onto 4 and ~1 and 1 are both mapped ento 1 ‘The relation x + xis 2 many-to-one relation (One-to-one and mary-to-one relations are called function. ‘A funetion is a mapping in which each element in the domain has one, and only one Image in the range, Functions are usually denote by the letters, 9 etc 0 we can wte fixxtl or fi=x+1 and gex+% of gixi=x? Example If fix) = 2° + 3x2 — 2 then find (a) (3). (b) £(0.5) (@) 1-3) = (3? + 3-3-2 = 2 a [NB Use your caulatoreficiently here. Ether (i) use table or (i) store — 3 Laas into memory X and then type in 430-2 4BX2 (0.5) + 30.5? —He Revision guide: Mathematics tended Composite functions If fG%) = x + 1 and gtx) =. then “gf” means “do f first, then g” 50 afte) means aff). ‘Work from the inside outwards, So 40) = 2and gf) = 2) = 4 Example If fd) = x + 3 and glx) = x then find: {a) the value of x for which f(x) = (© the values of x fr which ala) = 36 (0 fot) (@) afl) {@) Solving 4) = 8 means sohing x + (0) Solving fe) = 36 means solving 9 6 s0 fig) = 16) = 16 +3 = 18 A) fix) = x + 3 50 otf) = atx + 3) = x + 3)? Inverse functions Conse the function fh = 1 acing onthe set ~ (1, 2,3) 3x+1 fex3 HHT 3x241 \ f= EXPT 5 eSxSH1L Rs) eoie A ~ Domain ange Notice that) sa “oneto-one function”. When fix) is a one-to-one function, as inthis example, there isan inverse function, denoted by lx) which “undoes” fo, Sof) does the following Gacerrmen seen rary but 2={(I) asabove so replacing 2 with ft) in (1) gives Famy=t Silay, (3) = Sand 16) = 3 a so FG) = e a In facts true that, for all values of x: PQ) = xand 1-0) =xFunctions (07) Finding an inverse To find the inverse of fix + put fx) = yand make »the subject of the formula in terms of y + replace each y with x to find #1) Example Find the inverse of f(x) = » © Putting fb =y: y= ape 8 ‘Check your answer by substituting a Make x the subject of the forma x = 2 numerical value fora eg fx © Replacing y with x gives f"{x) fees Example Find the inverse of fix) = 3.5 (for x> ~1), = Putt = -. Put fod = ye x+T heck: x= 2fa)=1 and f"(I) =2 Exam question Adapted from CIE 0580 June ‘08 Paper 2 Q18 If fo) = 2° ~ 3x4 + 6x — 7 and g(x) = 2x - 3 find: i (b) ofl © 9" (@) Store ~1 into memory X to give 1) ~~ 17 8 — 342 = Gx 7) 3 De = 6 + 12-14 ye? — BE + 12x - 17 3 4. Ife 292-43, find (©) a value of xsuch that f(g) = 16 (a) 12) (@) a(o-\-3) bo) 1) (2 avvalue of xsuch that fo) = 3 The functions f and g are as follows: fox +5 2. fi) = EL then find #0. Bea (2) Colulete 3) 3B. IF fix) = sand g(e = x +1, find {0}. Given that f(a) = 17 find the value of a (9) 92) (9. Find the inverse function oo, (b) fae)When you write 2 x 2X 2 x 2X 2.as 2° you are using index notation. \When the index is 2 positive wncle number, suchas 5, "means “five 2s muitipied together The laws of indices Examples (a9 X= (9X 9X9) XGXIKIXD) =9x9x9x9x9x9x9 9 ‘To multiply powers of the same base add the indices. oxatee! 2+ 24= a wala ve! Wlon os Fixe Bx Dx 2x9 WRERZX To divide powers of the same base subtract the indices. Baie (OGY HS XE KEKE (GX 5H 5) x (BX 5X5) (SX SKS) XEXS%5) =5X5XEXSKSXSXSXSXSXSXSXS =5" To find @ power of a power multiply the indices. The three laws of indices can be writen in a more general form. . xenan + ere + aaa Example Simplify these expressions. @exe Oey © ren wey 0S (a) xa = ah W@NY=p? tag" + @RxH=He ere sear? Example Simplify these expressions. @) Bey (b) Ge’ G) 2x)" = 22)" = testy"? (0) pat = 3p 'VG*Y = gpk” Example Calculate: a @2" @ # (3) @) 2 -2x2xK2XI2KX2KAXIKIRDKI = 1024 (b) = 3x 3x3x je Sistheindex fe isthe base.Indices Example Express in the form a”: @) (ry x PY 0 Sol1t92 x (119)? = 118 1199 = 1118 P= 7 and (PY ‘You will often use the powers of 2 up to 28, powers of 3 up to 3* and powers of up to 5 Knowing their values wil help you. Zero and negative indices look at his sequence: start wth 16 and keep dng by 2 we 421k wh We the sequence in index for FPP PP oe The index goes down by 1 esch time you de by 2. Notice that = 2° = 1 © a=1 forall values of a. Aso 24=% 22a % pene = ‘A negative index can be replaced by “one over" « pick for allvalues of a and n, Example Calculate the following: (5? m3}? 11° 1 Example ‘Simplify Gx (ary? x QAP) _ Sxl xe _ Paty yy ~ ay ai{1e5)) Revision guide: Mathematics Fractional indices Look at this sequence: start with 256 and keep taking square roots. 256 16 4 2 VE ‘Write the sequence in index form eee n 2 ‘You dvide the index by 2 each time you take a square root * Noticethat_ 2=-VZ In general a! = 4 for al values of a. What does 274 mean? 27 = Py = 3° = 3! which isthe cube root of 27 a forall values of a In general ' = \/@ forall values of «and n. ‘What does 8? mean? dele) el =e! In genera! = Va = (a J for : alles of @ anda. =(ey =68 ate a4 Example Evaluate the following: fs (byte! (@) 25? wlgF wig ol\3 (@) = (aif = 24 = 16 (b) 16 = (16 = 2? =8 Example Find x where 3 32% = (2 and 2 So2= 2! Hence Se = 1 and sox = f Exam question CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 2 Q7. Find the value of n in each of the following statements: fain 1 for all values of a) {b) 32 = 28 s0 32° = (25 = 2" Since 32°= 2 itfolows that 2" ~ 2 ~2! Hence Sa 1 anda = £ (@ Asin se 32" = 8,2" Since 2 = 32 i follows that 32! =2 and so without any ofthis working. 23. Hence Sn = 3and so.Indices Exam question (@) If V32 = 2°, find the value of p. CIE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 2 Q17 1. Simplify these expressions. }. Simplify these expressions. @) axa? (b) BP xb ) (2xy) ) (sey @ éxe @) xx © (827). @) (se? @ pry fi eeee @) (987). © (avy @ Wf th) (we @ (27x (yr! th) (2k A) x (BAA @ (eheA @ (82xs w Exe wy Wehxwt }+ Calculate the values of these expressions. ce we @ 2 (bo) 3* os 2 ay @ @ 2 9 107 eres @ 198 (1 Os oy iy oy ee o Gy @) o §) @) s+s=3 aye 2a 2)* @ 7-3 @ (3) (3) o & OO BT. Find x when 5 @ 3%=2 () arr=3 3. See aces ile Ewer r=) Oe Sra i crenopiene @ 24-3 th (az4ix (32) (2!| x (aat) @er-t & ere © arxtaaF : fo (zeta ip Wom xc) aate ese pressions whew sng decimals Gaecae SaaS Show all working Geary @ 34 53 on 4, Simply these fractions oe @ 16 © 2st (aarb") x (10865) (6mn’| x (10m?n*) @ (3 wy (222 w (28% @ Sab? tb) le Sane (3) ( fas} (g 2etixtiore) ig Seay Sr eghh20 Solving linear equations Ing linear equation the highest power of xis 1 3x-+ 2 = 17 isalinear equation, ‘When you solve the equation you find the value of x which makes the lelt-hand side of the equation equal to the right-hand side ‘The solution of 3x-+2= I7isx = Ssince3 x5 +2= 17. ‘You solve an equation by doing the sarne operation to both sides. Example Solve the equation 3x — 5 = 16. H-5= 16 ‘Add 5 to both sides Divide both sides by 3. Example Solve the equation 26¢+ 4) = 14 w+ a= 14 Expand te brackets wrens Subirat 8 fom both sides hed m=6 Divide both sides by 2 26+4)=4 x Example Solve the equation f= 12 Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by 4 Divide both sides by 3 (Cross multiplying If you have an equation ofthe form 2 2 Grit ee tcton only on each side you can “cross multiply” to give ad = bc For example xetax 7s Sh + 1) =2e 5x+5 = 2x Hence 3x To sole a linear equation Step 1 Clear the fractions. Step 2 Expand the brackets Step 3 Futall the x-terms on one side of the equation. Step4 Simplify the equation. Step5 Check your solution.Example solve X44 = 44 2 Rtlin Clear the fractions. 2 Subtrect 1 from both sides. Divide both sides by 3. Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by 24. Simplty ax=11 Divide both sides by 8 Example Tee Find x if 24 2)— 1 TAB hg Clear the fractions rw) — 1 Expand the brackets Tre l4—1=48 Simply Te+13=48 Subtract 13 from both sides 1 Divide both sides by 7. aos Solving simultaneous equations by elimination Apples cost a cents and bananas cost b cents, ‘Avni buys 3 anoles and 1 banana and pays 90¢ Cost of 3 apples = a cents and cost of 1 banan: cents, 5032 +b = 90 a Parmjit buys 1 apple and 2 bananas and pays 80< ‘a cents and cost of 2 bananas = 2b cents. @ Equations (1) and (2) are called simultaneous equations because they have @ common solution. ‘You can solve simultaneous equations by Bat b=90 a a+26=80 2 Solving linear equations1259 Revision guide: Mathematics “Multiply equation (1) by 2 so that both equations have a 2b term, 69 + 2b = 180 8 Subtract equation (2) from equation (3) to eliminate the 2b terms. (Ga + 26) ~(@ + 26) - 180-0 5a = 100, soa = 20 ‘Check the solution, ‘Ami pays’3 x 20+ 1 x 30= 90 Parmjt pays 1 x 20+ 2.x 30 Use the vaiue of a in equation (1) to find b, 3% 20 +b=90,sob=30 ‘An apple costs 20c and a banana costs 30. Inthe elimination method you have to get two equations lke this 1. Same coefficients and same signs cr 2 nani a + Ba19 2 + G\=16 WD) Gr + 2-34 Q) m= 7-10 @ In this case subtract inthis case add the ‘the equations: (2) - (1) a ‘equations: (1} + (2) OteEe 6x — 3x + 2y— 2y= 34-19 Bass, 2x + 7x + by — by =26 + 10 “oD suaraacr 215 or = 36 s xe4 Putx= 5 inequation (1) 4m equation (1) 3x5 42/19 26 1+ 2y=19 26 a4 18 yn2 y-3 Example Solve this pair of simultaneous equations Bxty=13 a x= y=27 2 In this case the coetficionts of y ae already the same (but with different signe). The coefficients have different signs so add the two equations, 10x = 40 andsox= 4 Replace x with 4 in equation (1) to give: aty=13 So y=t ‘Check using equation (2) 1x4-1=7 The solution isx = 4,y = 1 Example Solve these simultaneous equations: axe3y=27 o a+ 5y 31 @Multiply (2) by 2 (to get 4x in both equations) 2e + 5y— 31 x2 ax + 1Oy = 62 8 Now the equations are: a+ 3y=27 (1) ax+1y=62 — B) ‘The x-terms have the same sign so subtract equation (1) from equation (3) Ty = 35andsoy=5 Substitute for y in equation (1): ax 18 =27 andso x= 12 The solution is x Example Solve these simultaneous equations: a= 3x + 2y = 25 Q) ‘Multiply (1) by 2 and (2) by 3 (to get 6y in both equations) 4-6 =16 8) 9K + By = 75 a The yterms have different signs so add equations (3) and (4) 13x= 91 and sox=7 Substitute for x in equation (2) to give 21+ 2y = 25 and s02y gad ‘The solution isx=7,y=2 Check using equation (2) 2K3+5x5 Check using equation (1) 2K7-3x2=8 The coordinates of the point where two lines coss isthe salution of pair of simultaneous equations. ‘CIE 0580 June ‘08 Paper 2 Q16 Exam question Find the coordinates of the point of intersection ofthe straight lines: et 3y= 11 «) 3x-5y=—12 @) x3 2)x2 a @ Subtract 4) from (3) 19 = 57,soy=3 pity ~ 3in(1) w+o=N 2e=2,504=1 The point of intersection is (1,3) ‘Solving linear equations etySES) Revision guide: Mathematics Solving simultaneous equations by substitution Example solve: 2+ 5y=19 w yertt Qj Equation (2) gives yin terms of x s0 substitute (e+) for yin equation (1). Det Set 1) = 19 e+5=19 r= 14,s0% in equation @) +153 Check using equation (2) Ba241 The solution is x - 2,y Example Solve: aeey=3 w y=x-6 2) Suistitute & — 6) for y in (1) Be + 2-6) = 13 5x-12=13 ee Check using equation (1) 3x54+2x(-1I)=15 Putx = Sin 2) ye=S-6=-1 The solution is x = 5, Solving simultaneous equations graphically Tosohe y = 2x + 1 and x + y= 4 plot both lines on the same diagram The point of intersection, (1, 3) is the solution so x= 1, y= 3.1. The three angles in a triangle are a, a + 20 anda +25 (a) White down an equation involving a {(b) Solve this equation to find a ‘Three consecutive whole numbers add Up to 144, Ifthe lowest number isn then: (2) write down an expression for the other ‘wo numbers in terms of n (b) ite down an equation involving n (@_ find n and hence find the other two numbers Solve the following equations. @ 3K- 1) = 2+) (b) 2(5x + 2)= 613x - 2) (9 5x 3)~ 4(9x~ 4) (@) 3x +5) +7 = 23x + 23) (©) 7x +9)+3=Sx+4) () AQx-3)= 22+ 1) +10 Sale the flloning equations @ Bs “2 © v3 24 @ 4-3 5._ Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination. @ &e+y=11 {b) 3u + 2v= 10 3e- qu-v=29 (@ 11p+3q=71 (a) 93 + 21 5p-q=37 Saal (© Tp-3q=15 ( 13b- 7c 5p +2q=19 7b-9c= 41 6. Solo these smuitaneous equations (by the substtution method) (@)5m + 3n= 27 () 2p +7 m=7-n p=6+q In parts (c) — (fist rearrange one of the equations. (uta (@) 3p +2q=21 ut av p-3q+4=0 (7r-+ 2 fh 5e- Ty+5=26 ras x-y-9=0 7. Arman buys 5 first lass tickets and 2 second class tickets which cost him €246. Another man buys 2 first class and 3 second clas tickets which cost him €149. 10. Solving linear equations Let the price ofa fist cas ticket be © and the price cof a second class ticket be €y. (2) White down a pair of simultaneous equations involving x andy. (©) Find x and y. ‘Two numbers p and q (where pis the bigger number) are such that their sum is 95 and their difference is 21 (@) Wite down a pair of simultaneous equations involving p and g. (©) Find p and g. ‘A man buys thre student tickets and five adit tickets which costs him $62, Another man buys seven student tickets and three aduit tickets which cost him $7. Let the price ofa student ticket be $s and the price of an adult ticket be $a (@). Wiite down a pair of simultaneous equations involving sand a. (©) Find s anda, By looking at points of intersection of the straight lines shown on the graph, solve the folowing pairs Of simultaneous equations. @ y-x-5=0 y-x=5 y- ytxe ( Y+x @ 3y+5x= -30 et Yodel (@ xty- () y= 12-« y+39= 7 y-Tx= -39Fatended 21 Solving quadratic equations Solving quadratic equations by factorising If you can factorise a quadratic equation you can solve it. Example Solve x + 6x + et ort (et ner 4) Either x + 2-= (2+ 6x48 =4-1+8=0 and (Pt Ox 9 +8 =16~448=0 Example Solve x? + 5x—24=0 4524-0 +8) -3)=0 Ethers + 8 = 0 ging x orx—3 = Oghingx Check (-8) + 5(-8) — 24 = 6-40-24 and GF +56) — 24 =9+5-m=0 Two special cases ‘Case 1 Quadratic with no middle term, “the difference of two squares" Example Solve x? - 16=0 26‘Case 2 Quadratic with no end term Example Solve x? = 5x =0 P-Sx=0 x5) etherx=0 orx~5=Dahing=5 heck 5? = 5 x ando—-5x0=0 Solving harder quadratic equations Example Solve 3x? — 14x + 8=0. Be ae +8 “The factors are Ie) ial and enor gives 3x¢ — 14x + B= (3x — 2H — 4) So ff (x ~ 2) — 4) = O then either 3x —2 ~ Ogivingx = % orx—4=Ogwingx= 4 elas =o 3PM Ke +8 =H 5648-0 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square (FBP SOF Det a HGR HKD Since? + 6x-+ 11 = + 6x-+9+ it follows that? + 6x+ 11 = 4+ 3h +2. Ifyou writes? + 6x +11 in the form + 3)¢4 2 you are "completing the square”. a This isthe square. This isthe completing ofthe square. "£3" is obtained by having "+6" in "6x" Example ‘Complete the square on x? + 8x + 21. Se ase mca Of Bs Aae45 Example Complete the square on x? — 8x + 3. e-Brt3= Po . <4 4 18 Solving quadratic equations (Wea) ‘The common mistake sto divide by x and get x-5=0. xis common factor 8=1x80r2x4 ‘and you need 14% axe Dex = Mr Tosolve a quadratic equation sing a nor factorisation ‘method you only need to lear to use one ofthe folowing methods (completing the square or the quadratic frmulz).Revision guide: Mathematics Example Complete the square on x? — x + 1. ant iab—dP a} ap+d sa oO ra(-iet Example Solve 1° + 8x + 5 = Oby completing the square. +t S= tar 11 Eat Bs2=4 5=e-n So you need to solve ix + 4)? — 11 = 0 Hence (x + 4? = 11 Sox+ == and sox=—4 = VIT.x= 0,683 of x = -7.32 (to 35f) Solving quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula “The quachratic formula states that the solutions to the equation a¢ + be + ¢= 0. = b+ VEE = tac sag b= Vb" = dae pa ea wo solutions ar i pF ARC yinere + means “plus i The two solutions are usualy combined inthe fom P= NY here = mears “ph Zee To use this method replace the letters a, 6, and cwith the numbers that come from the particular equation you want to solve. Example Solve the equation 3x? — 2x — 7 The equation can't be factrised so solve it using the formula, if v= ae ry ‘Write down the values of a, b and c a=3,b=-2c= Substitute these values in the formula, = 1.90 oF -1.23 10.3 stSolving quadratic equations Problems involving quadratic equations Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 4.98 A packet of sweets contains chocolates and toffees. {@) There are x chocolates which have a total mass of 105 grams. Write down, in terms of x, the mean mass of a chocolate. (b) There are x + 4 toffees which have a total mass of 105 grams. Write down, in terms of x, the mean mass of a toffee. (©) The difference between the two mean masses in parts (a) and (b) is 0.8 grams. Write down an equation in x and show that it simplifies tox! + 4x ~ 525 =0. (@) (0) Factorise x? + 4x — 525. i) Write down the solutions of x? + 4x ~ 525 = 0. (©) Write down the total number of sweets in the packet. (f) Find the mean mass of a sweet in the packet. (@_ Mean mass = ——total mass ___ 105 umber of chocolates * mace = total ass ___105 (0) Meanmess~ ber of toes +4 105 _ 105 = (©. Difference is 0.8 so 108 ~ 105, 105+ 4) __105x _ 420 Kata xe x0 a) 420 med so 5X A20 = ae (x + 4) 2100 =a +16 48 416r-2100= 0 viding both sides by 4) w+ ax 525=0 844K ~525= 64 250-21) <— 52 95«71 2 (i x= -25 or (©) xis number of chocolates and cannot be negative, So there are 21 chocolates and x +4= 25 toffees. So there are 46 sweets in total total mass of all sweets _ 210 numberof sweets 46 (6) Mean mass = 57 g(to3s)Tefe319 Revision guide: Mathematics Exam question ‘The diagram shows a right-angled triangle, ‘The lengths of the sides are given in terms of y. (@) Show that 2y? - 8y —3=0. (©) Solve the equation 2y? — gy — 3 answers to 2 decimal places. (© Calculate the area of the triangle. 0, giving your (2) Using Pythagoras’ theocem aives Y+ 2% += Qy— IP + Wy + 2+ (2y — 1X2y — 1) PY I+ O4 Paap dy IH ay ~8y- o ) a=2, Soy= soy = £2 VBE — 4 34520788 or ~0.34820788 CCE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 4 Q8b yas Not to scale (0) yisthe height of the triangle so must be positive so y = 4.34520788 So te bao of the rangle +2 = 6 36520788 ‘rea of angle = 1 base x high 1, Solve these equations. @ 2+ 7%+12 ft iy+2=0 (@ m-5m~6 ( #-50+6=0 @ 2-a#-12-00 ©) A+E+1 @) C415 +36=0 th) P-1r+81 0 A-6=0 O etn wa RF 2. Solve the following equations by completing the square (leaving square roots in your answers) @) 2421-0 () ¢- 4-3-0 (@ 241%+36=0 (P+ 2045 @ #+a-9=0 ) 2-%&-7=0 3._ Solve the following equations by completing the square. First write them in the form x2 + px + q-= Leave square roots in your answers (@ 26+ 4-6 (b) 34 15%-12=0 (0 22+ 10r+1=0 — @) 2 +8-12=0 } (a) Ifa) = 22 + 4x + 5 then show that the equation can be written as fix) = be + 2)? +1 (b)_ Use this to explain why fix) cannot take a value lower than 1. (0) Use this aso to explain why 1) takes the minimum value of 1 when x = ~2, 55. Edible Repti claims that its bags of snakes contain 5 mare snakes than the bags frorn Snakes Alve and that they charge 1 cent less per snake than Snakes Alive, ‘Anjana buys abag from Snakes Alive fr $5.00. Dhruv buys a bag of the sare snakes for $5.70 from Edible Repties {@)_ fn isthe numberof snakes in @ bag from Snakes ‘Alive then find, in terms ofr {how many snakes aren a bag from Ealble Reptiles {@ the cost per snake (in cents) at beth shops {b) Set up an equation imobing n and solve ito find a. 6. A rectangular box is 23 cm longer than itis wide. Its diagonal is 65 cm. ffs the width ofthe box then: (a) use Pythagoras’ theorem to find an expression for the length of the box in terms of x (b) show that? + 23x ~ 1848 = 0. (2. solve this equation to find the exact value of x22 Solving inequalities ‘You can solve inequalities in the same way as you solve equations. You can ‘+ add and subtract any number from both sides of an inequality ‘+ multiply and divide both sides of an inequality by @ positive number, If you multiply or divide by a negative number you have to reverse the inequality sign 9. ~3 <1 but3 > =1. Ty to avoid doing this as its easy to make a mistake Example Solvex+2>7. x+2>7 Subtract? from both sides xo Example Solve 3x > 18. 3x> 18 Divide both sides by 3 x26 Example Solve ~7x > 21 mix> 21 ‘Add Tht bth sides or -7x>21 Divide by ~7 and O> 21+ 7% Subtract 21 from both sides reverse inequality sion 21> 74 Divide both sides by 7 “35x xe-3 x<-3Thismethodis quicker bu youcan 0 wrons. ‘You can express inequaies on a number ine, x > ~3 can be expressed as So rs How con you remember whether ofiln the circle or not? The signs = and = use more ink than > and <, 2:5 4 can be expressed as Se a SD LaLEEREREEEREEED aT “Less than or equal to” and greater than or equal to” use 7 ‘more ink than “less than” or “greater than’, 1 goes with “eter han or equal to and © SS aEEES Sanna nal i 7 < goes wth “les than” and © > goeswith “gener than’ and © Exam question CIE 0580 June 08 Paper 2.013 Solve the inequality 225 > %54 BES > XS Clear the fractions 30x ~5)> 8x + 4) Expand brackets 6-15 >8x+32 Simplify 20> 47 or -2x>47 Add 2x to both sides x<- 2a} 0 >47 + 2x Subtract 47 Hinde Inequality sign flips because you walox o x<-2} ee inaneSei. Revision guide: Mathematics Using inequalities to describe regions Solid and dotted and tines Use sald nes to show that the points onthe ie are includ inthe region described by an inequality. So use solid ines for inequalities invoking o >. Use dotted lines to show that the points on the line are not included in the region described by an inequality. So use dotted lines for inequalities involving < or >. How can you remember whether to use dotted line or solid lines? ‘The way to remember this is as befor: ‘The signs = and = use more ink than > and <, ‘The solid line uses more ink than the dotted line so = and = go with solid ines, < and > go with dotted lines The line y = 2x +1 splits the graph into two parts Every point on the tine soreness satisfies the equation y =2x +1. line safes the Inequality y> 2x +1 fe For example this points where te Tandy =2. 4g, Sea 2e# 4= 214 1=3, ‘and 2 ie es than 30 you 2 eethaty<2et 1. For example this point ie where op? 2 Xeati=-3, and2 is bigger than —3s0 you See thaty> 2x41. Every point below the ine satis theinequaltyy <2 + te Soy < 2x + 1 describes the region below the ine y= 2x + 1. However you are often asked 10 shade the unwanted ragian so you would shade above the line ‘The dotted line indicates thst poles on the line do not ats ‘he inequality y< 2s + 1. Which area to shade? f ‘+ Ifyou ate asked to leave the region satisfied by the inequality x > 2 = tunshaded then remember that ‘The region lft nha 4s the region described by the inequality x> 1. > a always describes the region to the right of x= a, So shade to the left of + oc cor ax + by c (provided that b > 0) ahvays describes the region above the line actby=c. So shade below the line ax + by ‘The region left unshaded Isthe region described by ‘te inequality 3x + 2y>6, © ax+ by 0) always describes the region below the line art oy=c ‘The region lef shaded ie Rat ‘the reglon dated by the So shade above the line ax + by = Bene on Example By shading the unwanted region on the diagram, show the region defined by the inequalities x= 2.y>1.x+y<6 First draw the three lines x = 2, y = x+y=6 Use dotted lines for x + y and @ solid line forx = 2. 2 2 desctbes the region to the right of. So shade to the left of x = 2. > 1 describes the region above the line y= 1 So shade below y = 1 2+ Y <6 describes the region below the linex + y = 6. So shade above x + y The region x= 2, y> 1,.x-+y <6 isshown unshaded Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June 06 Paper 2 Q20 (@) One of the lines in the diagram is labelled Y= mx + ¢ Find the values of m and c a (©) Show, by shading all the unwanted regions. 7 ‘on the diagram, the region defined by the 6 inequalities: 5 4 3 2 1 x1 yemx+e yax+2 and yoda (@ Asthe ine moves 1 unit to the right; it moves Yemete 1 unit down so the gradient of theline is 1." NG som=-1 rE ee) The y:intercept is 8, So (Continued33) Revision guide: Mathematics _ Exam question (Continued) 5 (b)_Use solid lines for al the lines as they all involve < or =. xat describes the region tothe right of x 1 s0 shade tothe let otx=1 y~24 (9 ay—x=—4 (@ 6 +x>-6 5. Leave unshacied the region defined bythe following inequalities. Number both x-and y-axes from ~6 t0 6 vith t em per unit on each fa) 3x+ 2y<12 fo) 2512 (9 3x-4ys-12 (@) Bet 2y=-1223 Linear programming Linear programming @ graphical method offing the best soliton to aproblem that's yams defined by simultaneous inequalities. \se+ay=20| 1 5 te panes Example (0) Leave urshaded thereon defined by the inequalities x<4,y-<2x + 1,5 + 2y>20 (0) Find the maximum value of x+y for ports thet have integer coordinates in this region. (a) Fest caw the thee ines x= y= 2e 41, 5x42 0 4. Use dotted lines fory = 2k + 1 and 5x + 2y = 20 and a sold line for Shade to the right of x = 4 Shade above y = 2x-+ 1 + Shade below 5x + 2y = 20 Mri alate () In the unshaded region (the solution set) mark the points which have integer coordinates. ‘The possible points are marked as black dots on the diagram ‘The table shows the value of x + y at each of the possible points, Re pPope|e»epeieif pie y Gb fe is ff f @ fs f@ [s |e 7 xyls [7 [es |» [s le [7 [s [es [wo [n [a The maximum value of x+y = 12. Points on the dotted lines y<2x-+1 and 5x + 2y>20 ae notin the solution set. Exam question CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 4 Q9 Tiago does some work during the school holidays. In one week he spends x hours cleaning cars and y hours repairing cycles. The time he spends repairing cycles is at least equal to the time he spends leaning cars. This can be written as y 2x. He spends no more than 12 hours working. He spends at least 4 hours cleaning cars. (@) Write down two more inequalities in x and/or y to show this information. (b) Draw x- and y-axes from 0 to 12, using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on each axis. (©. Draw three lines to show the three inequalities. Shade the unwanted regions. (2) Tiago receives $3 each hour for cleaning cars and $1.50 each 4g 2 hour for repairing cycles. (@) What is the least amount he could receive? 8 Gi) What is the largest amount he could receive? (@) Hespends no more than 12 hours working meansthatxty< 12 © He spends atleast 4 hours cleaning cars means that x2 4 4 (&) see graph (©) see graph 2 (@) Amount eared cleaning cars = 3x Amount earned repairing cycles = 1 Sy ‘otal earnings = 3x + 1.5y Find the minimum and maximum values of 3x + 1.5y for values ionmet o 2 4 6 8 WW1259 Revision guide: Mathematics extended Exam question (continued) of x and y in the unshaded region. Sas ‘The nine marked points on the graph represent possible solutions x 4e/ePee Ee eS i se y a is |e 7 |e |s [6 |7 16 sev isy [8 [195 [a1 [22s [ze [225 [2 [255 [27 (The least amount he could receive is $18, Gi) The largest amount he could receive s $27. 1. Draw and y-a1es fom 010 10 using a seal oft em torepresent 1 unit on each a (@) Leave unshaded the following region: Kty<10 y>2e el For integer values of x and y in this region find: (b) the maximum value of 2y + x. {) the minimum value of 2y + x Banu gets a gardening job in the schoo! holidays. She rakes leaves for hours andi she weeds flower beds for _y hours. Her employer tells her that she must spend at least as long weeding the flower beds as she spends raking the leaves. She is also told that she must spend atleast 5 hours raking leaves but must spend less than 111 hours weeding the flower beds. (a) Write down three inequalities for x and y. (0) Draw x and yates from 0 to 15 using a scale of 1 ‘cm to represent 1 unit on each ais. Draw three lines to show the three inequalities and shade the unwanted regions. Banu is paid $5 for each hour of raking leaves and $4 for each hour of weeding flower beds. @ (@) Write down an expression for how much she earns when she rake urs and weeds flower beds for y hours. (©) i) Whatis the least could receive? (i) Whats the ee receive? 3: sires ‘magazines from a secor 9p. The books cost '$3 and the magazines O to spend and the number of mag st be less than twice the number of| He wants to bbuy atleast items for Aiter reading the books es he sels them conto friends at $5 for b ‘magazines. Hf he buys x books and y (@) write down the three the above situation (b) draw a graph and the region which is satisfied (©) find the maximum: make from nes to his friends24 Angles and polygons Angles (One complete revolution is 360°. So the ange at a point is 360° 360° The angle ona line is 180° (- N Example Ifa CD spins at 500 revolutions per minute then how many degrees does it turn through each second? Each revolution is 360" so the CD spins through 360° x 500 = 180 000" per minute }20 000° + 60 per second = 300° per second {an acute angle iss than 90°, ‘An obtuse angle is between 90° and 180°, reflex angles larger than 180° Aight angle is £0" but less than 360°, — Example Find the acute and obtuse angles between the hands of a clock at 8 o'clock. The acute angle Aeon Jot 360 0° A The obtuse angle = 3 of 360° = 240° Perpendicular lines é. > Perpendicular ines meet or intersect at right angles. Af is perpendicular to CD. Intersecting lines A AS ey a+b +.¢+ d= 360° (angles at a point) band c= d (vertically opposite angles are equal) 2+ ¢= 180? and b + d = 180° (angles on a straight line) oRevision guide: Mathematics Parallel lines We oy) te a= cand b= o(akerate angles) 2 cand = oeoresponcing angles) a+ be 180randc +d= 180" c+ d= 180 anges ona trait ine) {angles on straight ine) andsoa +d = 180" Gree 2=0 Polygons ‘A polygon isa closed 2-dimensional shape with straight edoes. te Ina regular polygon all the sides are equal and all the angles are equal regular hexagon square equilateral triangle A triangle isa three-sided polygon. The three interior angles in a triangle adé up to 180°. a+b+c= 180" i> a+b += 18° (anglesin triangle) a+ d = 180 (anges ona straight ine) Itfolowsthat d= b + ¢ orn words: Z\ Px This 7-sided polygon can be split up into S triangles. So the ancles in the 7-sided polygon add up to (7 ~ 2) x 180"=5 x 180° = 900" Example Exterior angles Imagine an ant stancing at G and walking clockwise around the polygon. te would turn through angle a when it got to.A, b when it got to Bet By the time it got back to G it would have turned through 360" Soatb+ctdbetftg~ 360" In a regular n-sided polygon the exterior angles are equel 360 Each exterior angle = 289 ‘+ The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon (regular or iragular is 260°.Angles and polygons. 1. Name these polygons. @o q o qo oo a 3am Oo o Ton © A fam 5s aan © @ @ ) OO dended Som Som 2. Find xin these quadrlaterals @ Ly oT 3. Draw a sketch of a quadrilateral with: (2) four sides (®) four sides with two paral sides (@) four sides with two pairs of parallel sides (@) four equal sides but no right angles (©) foursides with two pairs of parallel sides and one pair of sides perpendicular to the other pair (four sides with two pairs of acjacent sides equal B Name the quadtilateras in question 3, y Find the sum of the interior angles ofthe polygons in question 1 Name a polygon in which the sum of the interior angles is: @ 180 (&) 540° (@ 360° @ neErtended 25 Circles Angles in a circle Angle in a semicircle ‘Angle between radius and tangent 9 PR T ’ R If PRs the diameter af a circle If OR isthe radius ofa circle and the line RTs a then PQRisa right angle. This tangent to the circle at then ZORT is aright, theorem is often stated as “the angle, “The angle between the radius and the angle in semicrdeis2 ight angle" tangent is 90°" of “the angle subtended by the diameter is 90°, Angle at conte 9 IF, Qand Rare three A\ points ona circle then the ‘angle POR is twice the ange POR, \ ‘Angles inthe same segment 1Q, P, Rand Sare points on a cicle ‘with Q and S lying in the same segment then APQR is equal to 2 PSR “Angles subtended by a chord or arc PR in the same segment are equal.” Example IF Find x and y. We J] (09 = OR (radi ofthe cite, so wiangle OQR is isosceles aaa (pF X-+ 56° + 56° = 180° (angles in a triangle) ’ sor= 68" ZQOR ~ 2 x ZOPR angle at centre) 6a =2 x ZOPRExample Find w, x, yand 2. (P= 09 (adh, so tangle 0F0 sass amo = 2x26" = 52°(angeatcente) w+ y= 90° angle in semicicle woy- oF 2 + 90° + 26° = 180° (angles in triangle) soz= 6H Opposite angle in cyclic quadrilateral Girdles 9 1°Q,P, Rand Sate points on a circle with Q and fying in different segments then the sum of ZPQS and PRS is 180" ‘The sum of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180." wes ® Example Find x.y andz. :2° angles in same segment) 49° (angles in same segment) yrange Soz = 180" — 42" — 49° = ag" Exam question P, Q, Rand lie on a circle, centre O. TP and TQ are tangents to the circle. Ris a diameter and angle PSQ = 64° (a) Work out the values of w and x. (b) Showing all your working, find the value of y. (@)_ w+ 64" = 90°, so w = 26° (angle in semicircle) X 64° = 128° angle at centre) (b} POQTis a quadrilateral so the sum of its interior ‘angles is 360°, 2OPT = 90° and £0QT = 90° (radius meeting tangent) 90° + 90° + 128° + y = 360" y= 360° ~ 90° ~ 90° ~ 128° yas 180° (opposite angles of cyclic quadrilateral) IE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 2 Q19 Not to scale>. guide: Mathematics Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 2.Q18 AD is a diameter ofthe circle ABCDE. Angle BAC = 22° and angle ADC = 60°. ‘AB and ED are parallel lines. Find the values of w, x. y and z ZACD = 90° (angle in semicircle) w+ 60° + 90° = 180° (angles in triangle) Sow = 30° 2° (angle in same segment) Y= w= 30° (angle in same segment) ABE = /BED = x + y = 52° (AB | ED, alternate angles) ZABE = 52° (angle in same segment) Ic Not to scale In questions 1~12, find, giving reasons, the angles shown by letter. The only circle laws which may be used are “angle at centre” and “angles in same segment”. In addition “isosceles triangle”, "angles at a point/on a line” etc. can be given as reasons. In each arcle, Qis the centre. 4, S : (4) Y) ya as sea a pee ae eee eae 4) a 1a ke cS SS26 Similar shapes Congruent shapes ‘Two shapes are congruent if the corresponding angles and the corresponding sides are equal. ‘ These two quadtiaterals are congruent 4 ty . AB = BF BC = EH, CD = GH and AD = FG A , & — Similar shapes ‘Two shapes are similar (or mathematically similar) if the ratio of every pair of corresponding Siesisthe same, That sto say one ofthe shapes ian enlargement ofthe ther Example Are these two shapes mathematically similar? on um rao fs azn 2m Son Tacn jos ofthe coresponding ses are 18, 3,24 ang 24 Jos ar ea The ratios ofthe coresponding sites re 8 3,24 ng 2 aera renal t00.75 30 the two shapes are similar Example Find x given that these two shapes are similar. Ratios of corresponding sides are equal, « Kel 6 so Kal cm bE Tar aon raters Example 4 Find x and y in triangle ABC. 10cm, y g & sem gem Ee 24cm iF Draw the two simile triangles separately and mark on all the lengths, ‘Tangles ABC and ADE are similar, 4-10 A A © 7415 y cae 10m, : yes YAS _ 16 an and TTP = 58 (crossmutinyy 8 7 i toy + 7.5) = 16y oD: £ toy +75 Pte: 4 y Similar areas and volumes Area © two shapes are similar then the ratio of their areas is equal to the square of the ratio of their sides,Similar shapes (72q 3) Example “wo triangles are similar, Ther bases are 5 cm and 8 cm, The area ofthe smaller triangle is 24cm Find the area of the larger triangle. Area's 24cm 5am ean So if area ofthe larger tangle is A then A= @ This is easy to remember because units of top in + ____ anotom of tee band sid are cm? so Hence A = 24 x (2) ~ 61.44 emt Square the ight and sdeto get he same nis. Example Find the area ofa lake on a 1:20 000 map given that the area of the lake is 20 cm? on the map. If tue area of lake is A, A, = (22.000/'andso.A = 20 x [20-000/' — g 009 000 000 cm? = 0.8 kr zo (ht Another method iso imagine the ake as 2 rectangle measuring 1 cm by 20cm pa Namen coeey onthe map. {cmon the map is 20.000 cm = 200 m = 0.2 km on the ground — 20 cm on the map is 400 000 cm = 4000 m = 4 km on the ground . So actual area of lake is 0.2 km x 4km = 0.8 km? ao Exam question 10580 June'07 Paper a1 a The scale of a map is 1:20 000 000, On the map, the distance between Cairo and Addis Ababa is 12 em. (a) Calculate the distance, in kilometres, between Cairo and Addis Ababa. (b) On the map the area of a desert region is 13 square centimetres. Calculate the actual area of this desert region, in square kilometres. (@)_ 12 cmon the map represents 12 x 20 000 000 = 240 000 000 em on the ground 240 000 000 cm = 2 400.000 m = 2400 km (b} Consider the desert as measuring 1 em by 13 em 112 em represents 2400 km then 1 em represents 200 km and 13 cm represents 2600 km, So area of desert is 200 km % 2600 km = 520 000 km?Volume If two shapes are similar then the ratio of their volumes is equal to the eube of the ratio of their sides. Example Two similar bottles have radius 3 cm and 5 cm respectively. If the volume of the ee ee smaller bottle is 54 cm, what is the volume ofthe larger one? case unis of top and If Visthe volume ofthe larger bottle, = (3° bottom ofthe left-hand side 3a (3 ate ca so cube the right- Hence V hand sde to getthe same nts Finding a side when one side and two areas or two volumes are given Example ‘Mo bottles are similar; one has volume of 1200 cm’ and the other has volume. 1900 cm’. If the height of the smaller bottle is 10 cm find the height of the larger bottle. nf _ 1900, 10) ~ 1200 “Take cube root of both sides: 0 B = 10x 117 emto3s A, [15 dso = 19x JB 117 amto3 sb Example ‘Two containers are similar. One has a volume of 8000 cm’ and a surface area of '5000 cm’. The other has a volume of 4000 cm? and surface area A. Find A. 4000 Ratio af volumes = 2900 *= ooo (aa Ratio of sides = (2000 = YS 8000 ne = 3150.cm* (to 3) Exam question 0580 November 06 Paper? Q13a A statue two metres high has a volume of five cubic metres, A similar model of the statue has a height of four centimetres. Calculate the volume of the model statue in cubic centimetres. Let the volume of the mode! be V. 1 m= tmx 11m x 1 m= 100 em x 100.¢m x 100 cm = 1 000.000 em? cee ‘the smaller volume (in this example V) i in the rhumeratar. So volume of statue = 5 000 000 em? Ratio of volumes = Ratio of heights = 4 Vv 4}, oan 000 ~ (aba) 5.000 000 x ‘The volume of the model is 40 em. °a EERE Ben and Sarah want to measure the height of a building. Ben is 1.8 m tll and Sarch suggests that he stands next to the building and compares the shadows. She measures his shadow to be 2.4 m lang and the shadow of the building to be 16m. long, Howy tals the building? [A photocopiers set to reduce the lengths of copies 102 of the origina size. If the original document measures 12.cm by 15 cm what wil be the dimensions ofthe copy? ‘A photography shop produces enlargements of photos. A 15cm x 10.cm photo was enlarged so ‘that its longest side was 24 cm, What was the length of the shorter side? ‘A map is reduced to = ofits orginal size. A field on the original map measured 25 mm x 35 mm. What will be its dimensions on the image? Aap that messes 24 cn 20 ded to 2 tected ea Vidette eae the reduced map? AD = 60m, A ® xand CD = y. Draw the two triangles ABC and DBA in the same orientation and mark on all their angles, Hence explain why triangles ABC and DBA are similar. ‘Write down an equation involving x Solve the equation to find x Calculate the value of y b) @ (a) © € u A esr Tocm 7. A rectangle Pi enlarged toa rectangle Q. The dimensions of P are Sm by 12 m. The shortest side of Qis6m (@) Whats the scale factor of enlargement? (©) Whats the length ofthe longer sie of Q? In the triangle in the diagram 8D = 8 cm, AB = 10cm, Similar shapes 8. A ight-anged tiange Ps enlarged toa trangle Q The hypotenuse ofPis 12 cm and the hypotenuse of Qs 15cm, (2) What is the scale factor of enlargement? (b) I the shortest side of P is 8 cm find the shortest side of 0. © ‘A photo 8 cm high and 10 cm wide has a border 2 em high along the bottom and the top of the [photo and w cm wide on each side. Find wif the original photo is similar to the photo with its border 10cm In the diagram 2DCB = ZCAB = 6 DB = 8 cm, DC = 12emand CB = 100m. “To which triangle is triangle ABC similar? Draw triangle ABC and the triangle of part (a) so ‘that they have the same orientation and mark cach side dearly. (0) Find the lenath AB (@) Find also the length AC, ‘Accone of radius 6 cin and height 15 cm has a cone (of height 9 cm removed from its top. What is the radius ofthe removed cone? 11. 12. ‘The distance between Delhi and Calcutta is 1310 km, On a map they are 26.2 cm apart, Find the scale (of the map in the form 1 13, The scale of 3 map is 1:20.000 000. On the map the atea of a state is 5 cm’. Calculate the actual area of the state in km? G-[rere Revision guide: Mathematics 14. 15. 16. In the diagram AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm and the ‘area of the triangle ABE is 23 cm’. Given that BEis pallel to CD find (to 2sf) the tea ofthe triangle ACO, E ‘D Two large water tanks are similar. One holds § m* ‘and the other holds 12 m’ Ifthe height ofthe ‘smaller one is 1.2 m what isthe height (to 3sf) of ‘the larger one? Two pictures are similar. The area of one is 54 cm? and of the other is 216 cm’. ifthe length of the larger one is 18 cm find the length af the smaller one. 7. Three layers of wedding cake are sila. The middle layer has a surface area of 3600 em? and a mass of 5kg. (a). Whatis the mass (to 3 s) ofthe bottom layer if its surface area is 8000 cm?? What isthe surface aea (to 3 sf) ofthe top layer if ts mass is 3 ka? ib) . Two cuboidis are similar. One has volume 6 m? and ‘the other has volume 11 m?. ifthe surface area of the smaller one is 22 ri? wat isthe surface area (to 3 sf of the larger one?27 Geometrical constructions Constructing a triangle Tirwarnplcheowe ya hou ks cont thal ghar an accord crewing ofan ising oi ruler and a pao cone, Example Construct a triangle of lengths 5 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm using only a ruler and compasses. 4. Draw a straight line about 10 cm long > RaBIGuGBususanambanaabanaasit and mark 2 point A at one end. A 2. With centre A and radius & cm mark a point yar Tt Bon the line. a a (To do ths adjust the compasses to & cm and put the compass p 3, With centre A and radius 5 em draw an arc above AB, 4, With centre B and radius 6 cm draw an arc to cut the first arc at C 5. Join AC and 8c c Samy 6am Constructing an angle bisector Example Construct the line which bisects the angle BAC using ony a ruler and compasses. 4. With centre A draw an arc to cut AB at. 3. With centre X draw an arcto the right of B and C. ) x x A c A ie 2. With the same radius draw an acto cut AC at ¥ 4, With the same radius and centre ¥ draw an are to cut 5 the previous ar at D. S 5. Join AD. x ADis the bisector of ZBAC. A a A reHera) Revision guide: Mathematics Constructing the perpendicular bisector of a straight line The perpendicular bisector of straight ie AB isthe ne which cuts AB into two equal parts and crosses AB at right angles Example Construct the perpendicular bisector of 48 using only a ruler and compasses. 4. With centre A and radius greater than half AB draw ares above and below AB, 2. With the same radius and centre B draw arcs to cut the previous arcs at X and ¥. 3. Join XY. Y's the perpendicular bisector of AB, 1. Construct an equilateral triangle ABC where AB is (a) Sem ©) 37cm 2. (a) Construct a line which passes through A and which ‘makes an angle of 60° to A. B a (b) Bisect this angle to construct an angle of 30° 3. Construct a triangle ABCin which the angle ABC is a right angle and the angle BAC Is 60°, ¢ 45cm) al Tam (@) Make a fultsize copy of the diagram, Find the midpoint of AB. Label this point 0. (b) Find the midpoint of AC. Label tis point & (© Find the midpoint of BC. Label this point F. (4). Draw the lines CD, BE and AF. (@) What do you notice about these three lines? gan acm A 105om 8 (2) Make a fullsize copy of the diagram. Use a set ‘square to draw a line perpendicular to 4B which passes through C. (b} Label the point where this line intersects AB as, ‘the point D. (©) Find the midpoint of ACby construction and label tx. (@) Draw a cre with centre X which passes through A (€) What ather points does your circle pass through?28 Symmetry Line symmetry The dotted lines show the lines An equilateral triangle has three of symmetry for some letter. lines of symmetry MATH ‘A square has four lines of symmetry ‘A parallelogram has no lines of symmetry. — ‘A trapezium has no line of symmetry ‘Akite has one line of symmetry, ‘A regular nsided polygon has n lines of symmetry A regular pentagon has five lines of symmetry.13) Revision guide: Mathematics Rotational symmetry if you rotate the S through 360° about the marked point twill have two identical postions. The $ has rotational symmetry of order 2 you rotate this equilateral tangle through 360° about its centre it ill have three identical positions. An equilateral triangle has rotational symmetyy of order 3. A square has rotational symmetry ‘A rectangle has rotational symmetry of of order 4 order 2 q 5 7 bo A parallelogram has rotational symmetiy A rhombus has rotational symmetry of order 2 of order? A trapezium has rotational symmetyy A kite has rotational symmetry of ore 1. of order 1. 7 Notice that all shapes have rotational symmetry of order atleast 1 ‘A requler sided polygon has order of rotational symmetry n In summary: Polygon Lines of symmetry | Order of rotational symmetry Ibosceles rangle 1 1 Equlateral Wongle 3 3 Square 4 4 Rectangle 2 2 Parallogram ° z hombus 2 z Kite 1 1 Trapeziars a 1 Regular rsided polgen D asymmetry (73 Example For these shapes (a) draw all the lines of symmetry (0) state the order of rotational symmetry. a SG wo : (a) the lines of symmetry @ os (b) the order of rotational symmetry wo OY (ii : : Order 1 order? Order 2 Example Write down (@) the numberof ines of symmetry (b) the order of rotational symmetry ofthese shapes. @® @® (@) Lines of symmetry yh Blines of symmetry Allies of symmetry {b) Order of rotational of symmetry (which is differen), ( When is rotated by 45° the resut is Rotating by 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° gives the same shape. So the order of rotational symmetry is 4 (il This shape has rotational symmetry of order &guide: Mathematics Symmetry properties of circles Equal chords lf two chords AB and CD have equal length then they are the same perpendicular distance from the centre ofthe drde. ‘The perpendicular line from the centre of a circle to a chord A Homsteciod 8 Aka XB Tangents, Q ‘The tangents from a point P outside a circle Py +0 two points Q and R on the circle ae equal in length. yy % FO = PR Solids Rotational symmetry The cylinder and the cone both have an axs of symmetry, A prism whose cross-section is a regular n-sided polygon has order of rotational symmetry , For example, a pentagonal prism has rotational symmetry of order 5. CESsymmetry 3 Planes of symmetry 5 A cuboid has three planes of symmetry. ‘A prism whose cross-section isa regular n-sided polygon has n + 1 planes af symmetry. For example, a pentagonal prism has 6 planes of symmetry One plane like this 5 planes like this Exam question CCIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 2.021 (@) Shade one square in each diagram so that there i ( one tine of symmetry (ii) rotational symmetry of order 2. (b) On the diagram below, sketch one of the three planes of symmetry of the cuboid, (©) Write down the order of rotational symmetry of the equilateral triangular Kebs ao (i) rotational symmetry of order 2 «o) (©The order of rotational symmetry is 3 since as the prism is rotated there are three identical positions.guide: Mathematics Questions: 1. Copy the following shapes and (@) draw on all the lines of symmetry (b) state the order of rotational symmety. “¢ 7] w Q wy + “6° SE aN Gi totaiona symmety of order 2 2. For this shape write down (a) the order of rotational symmetry. 4, (a). Shade one square in each diagram so that there is: (i) one line of symmetry (0) The cuboid shown below has no square faces. How many planes of symmetry does it have? {b)_ the number of lines of symmetry. 3. Draw axes with values of x and y from -10 to 10. Draw the shapes and fil in the table. (0. How many pianes of symmetry has a regular hexagonal prism? Shape Wertces ao Lines of spmmetry frei [WHS eee to [Reconge [0.069 |) [eas y= Kk (ia Yee a wfreowe fonwa [res y-s oman Janeane] rao (@ White down the order of rotational symmetry =“ of the regular hexagonal prism about the axis vole Jenian rear ee (© | omius [3,011.0 y= ye 0,3) <7 0 Rap aan [OS [meow (@ | Faraosram | (5, ~6,(-5,-a, | | None a3 [sere [oaacs yore) x= yom yee29 Locus ‘The locus of a point the path traced out as it moves. Some important loc 41. The lows of points which are a fixed distance d from a given point isa circle. The radius of the circle is. locus of points Sem from A 22. The locus of points which are less than a fixed distance from inside a circle locus of points less than San froma 3, The locus of points more than a certain clstance from a given point isthe region outside acide. 4, (@) The locus of points which are a fixed distance from 3 given. §—§ > straight line is 2 pair of parallel lines. ae (bo) The locus of points a fied distance from a line segrnent is shown inthis clagrem. 5. The locus of points which are equidistant from two fixed points A and 8 is the perpendicular bisector of AB. 16, The locus of points which are closer to point 4 than point Bis shown in the diagram, 7. The lacus of points which are equidistant from two fixed lines AB and AC's the angle bisector of angle BAC. ‘The plural of oc is Toc’.Hels) Revision guide: Mathematics ‘Sometimes a locus consists of the intersection of two loci as in the next exemple, Example Find the points which are 2 cm from A and 3 cm from 8. With centre A and radius 2 cm draw two arcs. Repeat with K Centre B and radius 3 cm. The points X and Yat the intersection, of the arcs are 2 cm from A and 3 from 8. A y 1. Sketch the following loc. Describe each locus in words. (@) The locus of 2 point Pwhich moves so that itis always 4 om from a fixed point A, (b) The locus of a point A which moves so that itis always 2 em from a line AB, 5 em long. (@) The locus of a point P which fs equidistant from ‘wo points C and D, 6 cm apart (d) The locus of a point S equidistant from two lines AB and AC which meet at nght angles at A, Draw 3 pait of axes with x and y ranging from ~3 to 3 {use 2 am per unit on both axes) (@) Draw the locus of a point which is 2 units away from the point (1, 1) (b) Draw the locus of a point which is the same tistance from &{—2, 1) as from C(1, ~3) (2) Shade the locus ofall points which are closer to C than to B and less than 2 units away from A, 3. A shed of dimensions 7 m by 3 m sin the middle of a large field of grass. A goat is tethered by a rope 5 m. long to a comer of the shed. (2) Using a scale of t cm for 1 m, draw an accurate ciagram of the shed and the area of grass the goat is able to eat (b) Calculate this area (to 3 sf, {@) Using a scale of 1cm for 10 m, drawa diagram of a rectangular field 100 m by 60 m and mark the ‘midpoint 4 of ths field, where there isa tree. (0) A boy fies a kite in the field and doesn’t want to stand closer than 20 m to the tree or closer than 10°m to the low wall which surrounds the field (Shade the region in which the boy can stand, Ai). Showing all your working clearly, find the area (to 3 sf)in which the boy can stand, (@) A farmer wants to erecta fence so that no one ‘can get closer than 10:m to any part of hs field. (). On your diagram mark this fence. Ai. Showing all your working clearly, find the perimeter (to 3 sf of the fence 5. A ladder of length 2 m leans against a vertical ‘wall 30 that the ladder itself i in an almost vertical Position. The foot of the ladder is on the horizontal floor. The ladder slips down the wall in such a way that the top of the ladder remains in contact with, te wall and the foot of the ladder remains in contact with the floor. (@) Draw a diagram of the wall and floor and draw (on it five positions which the ladder takes as it slides down to the floor. Use a scale of 1 ‘Area of minor sector = 385% ar? seo oe Z Ror feos 0 ‘Area of segment = aed of minor seco) ~ (Ara of tangle 0) Example Find the area of this shape. fra of rectangle = 4x 10 4x6 ‘Area of triangle = 4% 6 = aie 10cm eam ‘Area of whale shapeMensuration Example = birthday cake has radius 12cm. A piece in the shape ofa sector of angle 40" is ct from the cake. of cake? {(b) What is the total perimeter of the top of this piece of cake? TEE 40 AO cnxh2e (@) The top of the birthday cake is a sector. 360 Ox ex IE =x ae fatea of sector = 22x ax 122 = 22x 144, = 16r= 503m? (to 358) SO-2b54B24b M0 x2 x ax 12=8 Dx 2K wx 12 = 8.38 cm (to 3 sf) (b) Length of are 8.37 758041 Perimete rclength + 2 radi So total perimeter = 8.38 + 12 + 12 = 324cm(to3sf) VV Example Find the area ofthis segment. Area of minor sector = 82 x mx = area of tiangle OAB = 1x 8 8 x sn 67° = 29,456155... cm? 37.419859.,. cm? See Chapter 3! for area of tangle So area of segment 2 gon area of minor sector) ~ area of triangle AB) ang 7.419859 — 29,456155 fy = 7.96 cm toast <_y Volume and surface area is the same as tn] 10 rmm| A cm 10 mm To Tom Sot em’ 410 mm x 10 mm x 10mm Remember that 1 litre is 1000 cm: and that 7 tonne = 1000 kg ‘A 3-dimensional shape which has the same cross-section ‘throughout is called a prism. The volume of a prism = cross-sectional aea x height. All the vise. a se shapes are p ‘A gflinder isa prism whose cross-section is a circle, CS Cross-sectional area = x? A Volume of cylinder = 27h Volume of cylinder ~ cross-sectional area x height = 7 x hRevision guide: Mathematics ‘The surface area of a ofinder made up of three parts: the curved surface, the top and the base For example a tin of sweetcorn isa cinder. The top. Ths isa circle with area =F The cured surface I the lobe is peeled ot forms a rectangle of width ra ~-2ar (the circumference of the base and height fi. So its area is 27h ‘The base. Thsis a circle with area a. Volume of cuboid = cross-sectional area x height bxIxh ‘A cuboid has six faces The front and back faces have area h * J The left and right faces have area h x b Top and bottom faces have area b x 1 Surface area of cuboid = 2hi + 2hb + 2bi Pyrat ‘A pyramid isa solid with a polygon for a base. All the other faces are triangles which meet ‘Tangular pyramid or tetrahedron _Square-based pyramid Volume of pyramia X (base area) % height. Cone ‘A.cone's a pyramid with a circular base. Volume of cone coase ea) x heght bear xh tach Curved surface area of cone = ar where Fis the siant height.Mensuration sphere Volume of sphere = 4 ar Curved surface area of sphere = 447? Rate of flow Example ‘Water flows through a hosepipe at v centimetres per second. Lam The cross-sectional area of the hosepipe is A cm’. What is the rate of flow? 7 ‘So volume of water per second = v x Acm’ Rate of flow = Av cm’ s™' Example The cross-section ofa water pipe I a ice of radius 10m ‘Water flows along the pipe at a depth of 4 cm as shown in the diagram. (a) Find the cross-sectional area of the water (b) If the water is moving at 1.2 m min” calculate the volume of water (in cm?) which flows along the pipe in one hour. 6 3 (acos @= and so = 53.130 So LAOB = 2 x 53.130... = 108.260. ‘Area of sector 048 = 1083 x x 10! 360 = 92.729... om? 3 5) ‘Area of triangle OAB = } x 10 x 10x sin(z AB) ol = FX 10 x 10 x sin(106.260°) 10cm = 48cm (35H om Cross-sectional area of water = 92,729... ~ 48 = 44.728 Aaa B 447 crv Gt) (b) Water travels 1.2 m every minute, Tis is 120 em per minute oF 7200 cm per hour 92.729 em? Volume of water per hour = Av = 44.729... x 7200 322052.6...cm? 7 " 322 000m? (to 35f) 7200 em Exam question CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 4 03 Workmen dig a trench in level ground. Not to scale (2) The cross-section of the trench is a trapezium ABCD with parallel sides of length 1.1 m and 1.4 mand a vertical height of 0.7 m. Calculate the area of the trapezium. (b) The trench is 500 m long. Calculate the volume of soil removed. (Continued)Iocse jon guide: Mathematics Exam question (Continued) (© One cubic metre of soil has a mass of 4.8 tonnes. Calculate the mass of soil removed, giving your answer in tonnes and in standard form. (@) Change your answer to part (c) nto grams. Not to scale (@) The workmen put a cylindrical pipe, radi along the bottom of the trench, as shown Calculate the volume of the cylindrical pipe (A) The trench is then refilled with soil. Calculate the volume of soil put back into the trench as a percentage Of the original amount of soil removed. 0.2 mand length 500 m, ‘the diagram. (a) Area of trapeziu Lata Lay +1axo7 0.875 m* sesesectional area X length 875 m? x 500 m = 437.5 m* (Q_ Mass of soil = 437.5 x 4.8 = 2100 = 2.1 x 10° tonnes {@ ‘tonne = 1000 ks 000 x 10004 = 100.0001» 108g 502.1 X10! tomes Dc 10x 108 1x 10°9 (e) Volume of pipe = #x 0.27 x 500 is 52.8 m’ (to 3 sf) ‘Volume of soil put back in is 437.5 — 62.8 = 374,7 m* Volume asa percentage of the orginal amount of taken = F74D x 100 = 05.6% (03s) (b)_ Volume of trench 4375 Questions 1. Find the areas ofthese trapesia by fist finding using Pythagoras theorem, Ve, @ tem x ‘oan Sem wo) gon The trench is inthe shape ofaprism. ism (Continued)Questions (Continued) 2. Find, in terms of x, the area which s enclosed between two circles with the same centre, one with radius 7 cm and the other with radius 5 cm, 3. Show that the area ofa shape consisting of a square of sie length 4 cm with a semicircle of radius 2 em added to one side is 16 + 2 za Tem Find the radius of the circle which has the same area as the combined area of a circle of radius 12 cm and a Circle of radius 5 em ‘A running track is 60 m wide, The inside of the inner lane consists of two straight sections of 80 m and two semicircles of radius 24 m, (@) Find, in terms of x, the perimeter of the inside of the inner lane. (©) Find, in terms of a, the perimeter of the outside of the outer lane. (© Find, in terms of a, the area of the track. ‘A gfindrcal glass of radius 4 cm and height 9m sled with water. The waters then poured into a upturned ‘cone of base radius 5cm and height 15 cm until the cone is full. How much water (to 2 sf wil be left in the glass? ‘A company makes spherical and cubical ce holders. ‘What the radius to 3 sf) of the spherical container if it has the same volume as the cubical container with a side length 13 mm? ‘An ice cream scoop is designed 10 make spheres. Ice creams taken from a container measuring 20 cm by 15cm by 13 cm. If the scoop always picks up perfect spheres of radius 2.4 cm how many scoops (to the nearest whole number) can be fled from the container (assuming no waste). Estes 10. 11. 12. ‘Mensuration ‘A 24itve pot of paint is used to cover the surface of a large sphere. The instructions say that one lite of paint will cover 5 m?. What is the maximum radius of the sohew if itis to be completely covered? A cone of height 45 cm has to hold at least 3 fires Cf water, What i the least possible value (to 3 sf) of the base radius? A raliway tunnels constructed in the shape of a hollow cylinder It's km long and has a radius of 3m, A gravel bed isla in order to support the track. A cross-section of the tunnel is shown in the diagram, with the shaded area representing the gravel AB represents the horizontal surface of the gravel isthe midpoint of AB end 2048 ~ 60°. c @ ro) © Show that OX = 2.60 m ito 3s). Find the area (to 3 sf} of the tangle OAB. By considering the area of the sector O48 and your answer to part (b) find (to 3 sf the shaded area Hence find (to 3 sf) the volume of gravel requited for the tunnel. Find (to 3 s the length of the major are ACB. ‘The wall of the tunnel above the aravel level is to be painted. Find {to 3 sf) the surface area to be painted, CO) © © {A itch iscutin the ground in such a way that its ‘cross-section i a trapezium as shown inthe diagram, ‘The ditch is 400 m long and itis filed with water. (a) Whatis the area ofthe cross-section of the ditch? (0) What is the volume of water which the ditch contains? The water flows at arate of 1.2 m ~!. How much water passes one point in a minute? Appipe with a square cross-section in then placed in the ditch and the rest of the ditch I filled in with soil (d) ifthe pipe has the largest possible cross-section how much soil is put back into the ditch? @ 7 @31 Trigonometry ‘Trigonometry is used to find an unknown length or angle in a right-angled triangle, Pythagoras’ theorem hypotenuse ‘Tie longest side in aright-angled triangle is called the hypotenuse. Pythagoras’ theorem states that: the sum of the squares on the other two sides." “In a right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal to r iz teed Example Find x and y in these triangles +P ae 22 = 169 + 289 = 488 Hence x = V@5B= 21.4 (to 336) Example Find andy n these tangles. a 34cm a (ax? + Gn! = 3a? 4c +9e = 1156 13¢ = 1156 x= 889 43 cm(to 3sf) Trigonometric ratios B z y 42 Para Soy =12- TF =95 Hence y = 9.75 (to3f) 1 3 (ay) — Sy" =F Biy — 25/7 = 49 Remember (x}'=9¢ not 3° sey = 49 ¥ = 0875 y= 0.935 m(to3 st) In a right-angled triangle the longest side isthe hypotenuse, The other two sides are ‘opposite and adjacent (next to) the angle @ you ate interested in ~ ether because you know its size or because you want to find itRemember SOH CAH TOA for right-angled triangles: opposite inypotenuse adjacent PORE USE opposite adjacent opposite sin ‘adjacent tne: Example Find x and y in these triangles y 24cm wm _ & ¥ Y adjacent _ x opposite - = =% sin 6x ©0829" ~ Fpotenuse 24 Fypotenuse x= 24cos 29" ysin 68° = 18 = 21.0em(to3 sf) Example Find rin this triangle. 15cm Brackets must be used on the calelator Use these buttons onthe alealator Angles of elevation and depression Te angle of elevation isthe ange yout your head trough te ook at something above The angle of depression isthe angle you lower your gaze through to look at something below. Trigonometry Make sure your calltoris in degrees (not radians). | 2ucos(24) 20.99087297 18 sin(ba) 20-02b83493 [sint(7sis) 27.81813928Example A surveyor standing on the top of a building 30 m tal sees two due north of him. The angles of depression of Cand D are 35° and 20°. Find the Cand D distance , A A er 15° 30 m| a a B c D x om = soe 30 tn 55'= 428m(to35) OO = 4 sox = S0tans6*— 428m(03 4 > 20m el D 7 san70= 4 wy =201070"~ 424m Czy Pana —a8- 6 m(O3s) Trigonometry in non-right angled triangles “ou can also use riganomety in tangles without 3h ange Label the sides, ard Notice that angle A is opposite side a, ‘angle B is opposite sie b. ‘and angle Cis opposite side c. The sine rule ‘The sine rule states that (il lee Z Sin A” 5inB~ sinc 5 2 \When finding an angle rewrite the rule as sinA _sinB _sin€ wy a pe B ¢ Use the sine rue if you know one side and its opposite angle and one other measurement. Example Find x and @ in these triangles. K> Br h (gen 1scm W3cm x__ 173 sin@ _ sin Sin 38 ~ Sin 5 B Use brackets onthe 17.3 sin 38° sin 9 = 13sin 103° calulator sin Sa 15 3.2 cm (to 3 sf) a = snr (1388010 15 57.6" to 1 dp)Trigonometry Cosine rule ‘The cosine rule states that A Notice that this is Pythagoras’ S 2 ‘theorem witha ite bit = +e —2beeasa lami Lo subtracted (or added it > Use the cosine rule if you know b © $07) o compensate or angle {a] two sides and the enclosed angle (the ‘Ainge than or greater angle betvecn the two sides) than a0” (bj all three sides, Example i Find x and @ in these tangles. x6 = 142! + 154" — 2 x 142 x 154 cos 32° 142 cm, e788 a em a24em(o3sh is daem WASP IP-24RXTDKCOEE — 19cm 576 = 1285 ~ 1716 cos 8 1335 —576 Bem ae 1216 08 eee = cos {80% = 48:50 1) Use brackets on the calculator Area of triangle Suppose you know te lengths of, band he angle C 2 1 g 2 Area = bab sinc You can use tis formula when you know the lengths > : ‘of two sides in a triangle and the angle between them. Example Find the area of this triangle. dabsin€ 142 cm, 3x 154 x 142 x sin 32° = 5790 om! (to 3 sf) Ts4cmRevision guide: Mathematics Bearings Bearings tel you a drection as an angle measured clockwise fom the Noth ine Glasgow, Scarborough York is at the centre of the diagram. Scarborough is on a bearing of 050° fram York Hullis on a bearing of 115° from York Leeds is on a bearing of 230° from York, (180° + 50°) Glasgow is on a bearing of 318° from York Example The beating of a ship from a lighthouse is 100 Find the bearing of the lighthouse from the ship. Ht you know the bearing of A rom B you can work out Draw a diagram showing the positions of the ship and the bearing of Brom A by the lighthouse. Draw the North lines. adding or sbirtng 10 ‘The bearing of the lighthouse from the ship is 180° + 100° = 280° Example Clinton walks towards Ab's house on a bearing of 240° Wf Abi sets out to meet Clinton what bearing should she take? P Draw a diagram and putin the North lines. Abi’ bearing is 240° ~ 180* = 060° Ls Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November '06 Paper 4 Q2. ad ‘The diagram shows the positions of four cities in Africa, Windhoek (W), Johannesburg (J), Harari (H) and Lusaka (L). WAL = 1400 km and WH = 1600 km. ‘Angle LWH = 13°, angle HW = 36° and angle WIH = 9: (2) Calculate the distance LH. w (b) Calculate the distance W1. (©) Calculate the area of quadrilateral WJHL. (@) The bearing of Lusaka from Windhoek is 060°, Calculate the bearing of (i Harari from Windhoek. (i) Windhoek from Johannesburg. (Continued) ©Trigonometry ~ Exam question (continued) AH 400° + 1600° — 2 x 1400 x 1600 x cos 13: LA = 393 km (to 3 sf) Area of WIL = 3 % 1400 x 1600 x sin 13° + 5 » 1600. 1210 x sin 36° 154822 ©) ay 1210 km to 3 sf) = 821 000 km? (to 3 sf) a 50" w oor + 13° = 73° Beating of Harari from Windhoek is 073°. (i) Bearing of Johannesburg from Windhoek is 60° + 13° + 36" = 109° 0 bearing of Windhoek from Johannesburg is 180° + 109° = 289° Trigonometry in three dimensions The angle between a line and a plane. The line PQ meets a plane a “The perpendiciarlne fom P meets the plane at & ‘The angle between the ine PO and the panei the angle POR Exam question (E0500 June ‘06 Paper 4 6 3am @ The diagram shows a pyramid on a horizontal rectangular base ABCD. The diagonals of ABCD meet at E. Pis vertically above E ‘AB = B em, BC~ 6 cmand PC = 13 em. (2) Calculate PE, the height of the pyramid, (b) Calculate the volume of the pyramid. [The volume of a pyramid is given by 3 area of base > height.) (© Calculate angle Pca. (Continued)Revision guide: Mathematics Exam question (Continued) Ss (d) Mis the midpoint of AD and IVis the midpoint of BC. Calculate angle MPN. Calculate angle PBC. (i) K lies on PB so that BK = 4.em. Calculate the length of KC. (@ Pythagoras’ theorem for triangle ABC gives Draw diagram of the Part of the figure you are % bon working on. A lp Pythagoras’ theorem for triangle AEP gives © IF=Seh 169 = 25 +h Weta b= 12cm PE= 12cm (2) Volume of pyramid = x (base are) x hight Volume of pyramid = 1 x 48 x 12 = 192 em? (@ The angle 2PCE = PCA Using SOHCAHTOA gives, cos #= 5, and so = cos" || = 67.4" to 1 do) PCA = 614 (@)_ Using SOHCAHTOA gives tan a 4 = tan’ fandso w= ti LMPN = 2% ZNFE 2x 18.43...° 169° (t0 1 dp) (© (0 2PeC= ZPaN =p f Using SOHCAHTOA gives 3 crccol pad so B= c05"| 2 PBC = 76.7° (t0 1 dp) {i Cosine rule gives K Bad +6) 2% 4X6 X cos 767° io A006. ten, KC 40 cm (to 3 sf} Lard :Trigonometry ‘A piece of A paper measures 298 mm by 210 mm, Find the length of the longest straight line which can bbe drawn on it. ‘A square field has side length 45 m. Find the length of the diagonal to 3 sf ‘A man walks 1.5 km north and then 1 km east. How {aris he from his starting point (to the nearest m)? ‘An equilateral triangle has side length 8 em. Find the height ofthe triangle (to 3 si. 7 Inthe trapezium AD ~ 32 em, FE = 20.em, FB = 12 ccm and angle FAB = 60°, 2oan | e ome —_—_ 3am (@) Show that AB = 6.9.cm (to 1 op) (b)_By frst finding CD, calculate the angle EDC, siving your answer to the nearest degree. (0. Find the area of the trapezium, 6. In the diagram: ae am (@) show that the length BD is 20.5 m{(to 2s). (b) use this to calculate the length DC {to 2 sf). (©) calculate the angle ADC. 7. Inthe diagram Dis the midpoint of 4B. iS () Find x (to 3 sf. (6) Find y to 350. (0 Hence show that 45.5° (to 1 do). B.A car travels 15 km from A on a bearing of 100° toa point B. It then travels, 12 km from 8 on a bearing of 175° to a point C. The ‘ear then returns to A. {@)_ Calculate the area enclosed by this journey (to 3 (b) Calculate the ime (to the nearest minute it takes to travel from Cto A ifthe car maintains a steady speed of 80 km hr” (Continued)Extended % i 18m) { a coo | {) Find the length of AC (to 3 sf) in the ‘quadrilateral Find the area (to 3 sf) of the triangle ABC. Find the angle CAD (to 1 dp) and so find the angle ACD (to t dp). Hence find the area of the quadilateral ABCD (to2 5), ) I © | @ 10._ In the pyramid ABCDE, the square base ABCD is horizontal and EM is vertical. Mis the midpoint of AC.AB= 15cm and EM = 11 cm. Ee a a (2) Find Ans (to 3 sf. (©) Show that AE = 15.3 cm (to 3 (©) Calculate the angle (to 1 dp} between the fine AE and the plane ABCD.32 Statistics Pie charts Ina pie chart you use sectors to reprasent the data An angle of xin the pie rapresents 3 ofthe total. Example ‘The pe chart shows the answers 120 students gave to # question on a multiple choice paper. How many students put Aas the answer? The right angle in the sector representing A shows that ol a 22 or one-quarter ofthe candidates chose A as their answer 1 1 Jot 120=3 x 120= 30 a 2 t 30 students gave the answer A. Example James asked 36 pupils in his class where they had been on holiday. He recorded the results in this tabl Country UK| Fanee | Spain | Oter Number of pools | 9 Ce Represent this information on a pie chart. [At the centre of the pie there is an angle of 360°, There are 36 pupils 50 10° represents one pupil, County | Faves | Soin | Ober Number ofpuais [9 ofon | we ‘ral cheater [9a [cor | 110° | 100° Example ‘The pie chart shows the nationalities of a group of 150 delegates at a conference. Given that 30 delegates came from Ethiopia, find: (@) the values of p and q (b) how many delegates came from the other countries. (2) 30 out of 150 are from Ethiopia. So one-fifth of the delegates are from Ethiopia Hence p = 1x 360° = 72° It follows that q = 360° — 72° ~ 144" 44 (6) Numer from Kenya is $34 x 15% 420 Number from Uganda is 429 x 150 a Number from suden is 245 15 120° = 24° = 60 0 10Nete59 Revision guide: Mathematics Pictograms 2 Ina pctooram you usesyboks or pctues to represent dat, Fr example you could use to epresent ten puis in a coo} IF the numbers in a school are: You could represent the data lke this: Frequency Year Frequeney | FERRISEE / | as ae o [RRRER93 v | ERERRERRER Bar charts The homework scores of 20 pupils were as folows: 2 20 15 2 17 16 18 18 2 15 2 18 19 «17 +18 2 19 18 2 18 Homework scores 8 Putting the sonst table 7 Bo Sora | ee gs 5 2 Ba 16 1 3 7 2 2 18 6 1 0 2 2 Fro he able ertaw bar chat The TE 1S S12 188 aH - ¥ heights of the bars represent the frequencies. sisi Scatter diagrams “ou can use a scatter diagram to find out ther ay corlaton {connection between two sts of vals, sucha shoe sie and height or sales of loves andthe lemperate, Tape ate east Teale meni con sage 4 Tamla soi menaiimiavesoae een Be “There is said to be “strong lines) monte ets eset soe 6] te ra ica ‘ales of gives ‘As Ainresses As A increases to 0B alco nceaces, 8 decreas,Statistics Mean, median, mode and range sum of all the values ‘The meanis e numberof values , whch can be written as x ‘The median is the “middie” value when the data have been written in ascending or clescending oder thee are values then the median is the 1th value When n is odd For example with 3 values, the median is the 2= + = second valve. When n is even, For examole with 4 values, the median isthe “3+ = 2.5th value, that is halfway between the second and third values. a The mode is the value which appears most frequently. ‘The range isthe ifference between the largest and smallest values Example Find the meat median, mode and range of 14, 16, 10, 15, 13, 13, 19, 15, 13, 12, 14. 14+ 16+ 10+ 15+ 134 134 194 154 134 124 14 _ 154 1 (@) Mean = 3 (0) First write the data in ascending arder 10, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14,44)45, 15, 16, 19 Median “4 {c) Mode = 13 ieee ‘There are 11 values and so the (@) Range = 19 ~ 10 median isthe 111 = sixth value Discrete and continuous data Data that can take only certain values i called discrete since it can take only certain values. rete. So, for example, shoe sizes Data you obtain by measuring can take any value in 8 given range and is called continuous, So, foot length, for example, is continuous. Grouped data (discrete) Discrete data are sometimes given in a long list but mare often they are given in a table, ‘grouped into different categories. Example The scores ofa clas ina test are given inthe table. ca) ee eee rang fps fe Bb Find the mean an the mode, surf thevatues ailieliaaal number of values wee axs Sys i+ ets ss +13 st 154 154 154 16 2454746341 WX 2+12X54 137+ 1x6 +1SK34 6X1 1B You could write this as tt aa os FaRED ET a aS ‘The mode i the score with the highest frequency that is 13,Grouped data (continuous) Continuous data can take any value ina given range and is usually grouped in clases Example The table shows the masses, in grams, of 100 apples. Find the mean mass of the apples. wes @ [ese [we [rae [eo Feuny [2s [3 |» ps [re | ‘The mass of each individual apple is not known, The masses will be spread out over the range for each class, but it is reasonable to suppose that the mean weight of the apples in each class willbe atthe midpoint of that class. Adjusting the table gives: Maxi [125 [iss as [15s [16s «(ts Fequency [25 19 2 16 2 5 ‘Mean mass ofall the apples = = 125 x 25 + 135 x 19+ 145 x 23 + 155 x 16 + 165. 12 +175 x5 _ 14360 (x bar) is used to denote. WF I9+ 3416+ 1245 700 the mean, = 143.69 (to 10) [NB This is only an estimate of the mean as the actual mass of each apple is nat known, Remember to include the units. Since the actual mass of each individual apple in the example above is not known, the ‘mode cannot be stated. The “modal group cen be found, thatis the group with the highest frequency. In this example itis "120" ‘When the total frequency nis large the median can be celeated using the valu and not he (21 ‘The median is the 100 = soth value after z sorting the masses into order. value “The lightest 25 apples were in the “120-" category and the next 19 lightest apples were in the "130-" category. The 50th apale must be in the "140-" category and to find out just where the median lies within this category you use @ cumulative frequency diagram. Cumulative frequency diagram Mass.x(@) [120 [120 [rao [iso | 160. | 170-180 Feng ps 1s |e [se [2 (5 From the table you can see that no apple had a mass below 120 g, that 25 apples had a mass below 130 g, that 25 + 19 = 44 apples were under 140 g etc 25, 44, 67 etc. are called the cumulative frequencies, You can show the cumulative frequencies inthe frequency table. Massa) Frequency Cumulative Frequency 12024 < 130 2 1uex< 140 : ry e—ass19 au = x= 150 o uses 150=x= 160 = 160 =< 170 2 5 1705x= 180 perc 109) ©Statistics ‘A cumulative frequency curve is a curve which displays ths information with the cumulative frequency on the y-axis and the upper boundaries of class intervals on the x-axis Each ‘cumulative frequency is ploted at the upper end af its class interval The cumulative frequency curve must always start on the x-axis, In this example since no apples had a mass below 120 q it wil start at 120 on the x-axis. Example Plot a cumulative frequency forthe data shown inthe table above. Flt the points (12,0), (10,25) et ‘The median can be read off the cumulative frequency curve as shown below y + Read down to the xani 2100] ‘Median s To read off the median: z 75 weiner wnsenctY + Calculate half the total frequency onthe ta +a (50 in this ample) £ 50 + Draw a horizontal ine tothe graph at this Bs vue Po 130_140 180160170 Te Percentiles ‘The mean i 2 (t03 59. Th Both porcntleis 88 (t03 9), se al 5 (@) = sae ‘The 80th percentile is the value below which pate ‘BOW of the values lie. Quartiles ‘The lower quartile (the 25th percentile) and the upper quartile (the 75th percentile) can be read off the cumulative frequency diagram in the same way. p00)” Quartiles = ‘To read off the quartiles: a + Gat one quar and tre quarters ofthe total ‘ frequency on the ai (ie. 25 and 7 nhs eal) $ aa + Draw horizontal ines to the graph at these values. 3a + Read don tothe xi 120 130 140 150.160 170 160 Interquartile range = upper quartile ~ lower quartile ‘The loner are 138. The upper quart 85. 155 ~ 130 = 25 Mass (a) Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November ‘05 Paper 4.Q9 The heights (h em) of 270 students in a school are measured and the results are shown in the table. a Frequency 120=h= 130 8 130 Frequency a [st [a 55 [oo [65-70 va fe fs (@) Find the midpoint of the "40-" cass interval. (b) Draw a table with midpoints against frequency, (Q. Use this table to find an estimate of the mean (03 sf, (d) Find the cass interval in which the median les. 6. The table below shows the time it took fora group ‘of 100 commuters to get to work: Time taken, xin) [55-59 [0-64 [65-69 Frequency Boo a 70-4 [75-79 [0-24 160s [Ge (@) Copy and complete the following table with rmidpoints against frequency. Time taken x (min) & Frequency zig] ane | 7 eee [eee leit (b) Use this table to find an estimate of the mean (t03 sf, 7. The masses (in ka) of 100 animals are recorded in the table. Masstke) [20-25 [50 [ae Frequeng [8 [21 [2s [19 0-45-50 is [a \Wite down the coordinates of the paints thraugh which the cumulative frequency curve should pass. ‘8. The masses of a group of 80 competitors in a sports, ‘tournament are recorded in the table masse) [55 [6 [6 [70- Feweny [5 [12 [2a [23 7 [a _[as-0 105, (a) Without any calculations, state in which class the median must i (b) How many competitors had a mass below 55 kg? (0. How many competitors had a mass below 85 kg? (Continued)10. 1. (@ Draw a cumulative frequency graph. Use a scale of 2 cm per 5 units on the horizontalaxis ‘and { cm per units on the vertical ais. (The horizontal axis should go from 55 kg to 90 kg). (©) Use the graph to find an estimate for the median, A biologist recorded the lenaths of a aroup of 200 insects and displayed his results in the table, TLenathimm [1 [fie [i Frequency [17 [38 [ss [49 1% Pe [ier a [2 fro (@) Draw a cumulative frequency graph for these data using a scale of 2.cm per 1 mm on the horizontal ais and 1 cm per 10 units on the vertical axis. (The horizontal axis should go from 10 mm to 17 mm). Use the graph to find an estimate of the median, Use the graph to find estimates ofthe lower and peer quartiles. ) © “The table records the time taken for a group of 220 candidates to finish a task Tieikeninin) —[5¢<10 [ioarats Nonbercfeanaeats | 32 5 1S t220] 20 4) = 2 ~ 1 3 (€/The event of landing on an even number and the event of landing on a number greater than 4 are not mutually exclusive so the probabilities cannot be added, The numbers which are even or greater than 4 are 2, 4, § and 6. Hence Pleven or >) = Example The probability of agit in a school wearing glasses is 0.3 and the probabi aie having blonde hair 0.4, Joshua thinks thatthe probability ofa gil wearing glasses or having blonde hair is 0.7. Is he right? Joshua isnot right. Some girls have blonde hair and wear glasses. In other words, wearing glasses and having blonde hair are not mutually exclusive, so their probabilities cannot be added together, Combined events Two events A and 8 are ssid to be independent if they have no effect on each other (e.. being late to school in Kenya and raining in Bolivia are independent) If A and 8 are Independent events then P(A happening and & happening) = PA happening) x PIB happening). Example ‘Acoin is tossed and a de is rolled. Find the probability of getting a head on the coin and afive onthe dio. Suppose the event is geting ahead on the coin and thatthe events getting a fve on the de 1 PIA) = 5 and Pa) ‘These are independent events so P(A and 8) = P(A) x PCS)Example Alexander shoots three arows ata target. With each arrow, the probability that he hits the target is 0.3. Whether he hits with any glven arrow is independent of what happened to the previous arrows. Find the probability that he hits with the fist two arrows but misses withthe third. “he probably thet he hits the target with his ist arrow is 0.3 The probability that he hts the target with his second arow is 03 The probability thet he misses the target with is third arow's 1 — 03 = 07. Since the events are assumed to be independent, the probability that he hits with the first and hits with the second and misses with the third is obtained by multiplying the three probabilities. So Pihits with frst two and misses with third) = 0.3 0.3 x 0.7 = 0.063, Tree diagrams “ee dlagrams are 2 clear vay of representing the posible aucomes of combined events (On tree diagrams 8 You move across multiply probabilities as you move Dov aDD probabilities ‘Questions often involve chaosing two or more balls from a bag. In these questions itis important to establish whether or nt the first ball has been replaced before the next one has been chosen, Read the question carefully. Ball replaced Example ‘bag contains 10 balls, seven of which are red and the rest green. A boy takes out ‘ball from the bag, notes its colour and puts it back. He then repeat this process. (a) Draw atte dlagram to represent this information. (b) Find the probability that he chooses two red balls. (© Find the probability that he chooses two balls of different colours. @ a ‘ or oes probabilities onthe 0 2 branches that start jo 7 100 cern, oe aa is eal -F i905 (a 7 me & Phe " ae 2 an =3xi-21 LOG Te 5 Fao = 360 700 2 2, 21. 4 2 100 * 100 ~ 100 ~ 50 ‘As you move Down aDD so probability i. Probability[ferer)3) Revision guide: Mathematics Ball not replaced Example There are 3 red balls and 2 green balls n a bag. One ball is chosen at random, its colours noted and ts not replaced. A second balls then chosen and its colour is alzo noted. Find the probability that (a) both balls are red (b) both balls are the same colour (0) at least one of the balls is green. ‘are balls chosen fst, ‘hen there are now bale Inthe bag and only 20f ‘hem are re The probably of choosing aed 3 as 1st ball 2nd ball ‘when the 5 balls ae in the 2 ‘bag, the probability of 4A doobganaed, 53 ‘since 3 of the 5 balls ae irered. a A (© When two ball are chosen, either “At east one af the balls is green” or bath of thern are red So the probabilities of these two events add up to 1 Plat least one G) + PIR) ‘So Plat least one G) = 1 — P(RR) Questions involving “at least one” This is an example of an important short From the tree diagram PRR) = 2, at And so ‘You do not need to think ofall the cases Plat least one G) = 1 — P(RR) ‘when there is at least one green ball. 3 0 Example 60% of the population of a certain town are vaccinated agains flu. The probability of someone getting flu given that they have hed the vaccination is 02 but the probability cof someone getting flu given that they have nt had the vaccination is 0.65. (@) Draw tre diagram to represent this information. (b) Find the probability that a person chosen at random gets flu. (0 Write down the probability that a person chosen at random doesn't get flu siven that he didn't have the vaccination. ®evtended Probability @ vaccination Flu OZ-F 0.12 v ‘Notice that the probabilties on the 06, branches that come fm the same point Dee 0.48 alaays add upto 1 so wo O6S-F 026 Soe Sa 02+08=1 oN 065 +035, OaS NF O14 (b) There are two groups of people who get fu. Either a person has a vaccination and gets flu or a person does not have a vaccination and gets fu The probability that a person has a vaccination and gets flu is 0.12 The probability that 2 person does not have a vaccination and gets fluis 0.26 As you move Down aDD so probablity of getting fu is PF) = 0.12 + 0.26 =0.38 (2 Plperson does not get flu given he has not been vaccinated) = 0.35 (this comes straight from tree diagram) Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘08 Paper 4.03 @ "Nadia must choose a ball from Bag A or from Bag B. The probability that she chooses from Bag Bag A contains § footballs and 3 tennis balls. Bag 8 contains 6 footballs and 2 tennis balls. The tree diagram below shows some of this information. ta colo : football Stott 3 a pt ial ceria fob > ame 2 terri bal (Continued)UES Rovision guide: Mathematics Exam question (Continued) ss () Find the values of p, q, rand s. (i) Find the probability that Nadia chooses from Bag A and then gets a football (ii) Find the probability that Nadia chooses a football. (b) Another bag contains 7 green balls and 3 yellow balls. Sani takes three balls out of the bag, without replacement. (i) Find the probability that all three balls he chooses are yellow. (ii) Find the probability that at least one of the three balls he chooses is green. (a) (The probable on the branches hat come from the sme pint aye xicup 01 pti=tsop=5 q+$-1509 lobe, 26 ofthe als are footballs so 3. follows that 8 (i) Probability of choosing bag A and then a football is2 x 3 = 1S Gi) There ae wo ways checsng afoot, Ether rom bag A or rom bag 8 PtBag A and footbal) = 2x 8 = 12 = 5 is z PiBag B and football) = 5 x So Pifootball 4 Iniialy thee are 10 bal of which 3 are yellow so the probabil of the fist bal being yellow = 3, nce a yellow bal hasbeen taken out there ara bal of which 2 are yo low so the probably ofthe second bal being yew is 2. Once a second yelow bal has been taken out there ae & bal of which 7 is yellow so the probabiityof the tir bal being yelw is So the probabilty of all the balls being yellow is 3,» Questions eae 1. The lottery basket contains 49 balls numbered from 1. __ Find the probably that when the arow i spun, the 049, Whats the probability of geting number ofthe section on which lands i (@ single digit number 4 (b) an even number tb) 3 (© 2 multiple of 7 (Q atleast2 (@) @ multiple of ora multiple of 177 (@)_ an even number B.A crclar spinner has four sections, sumbered 1, 2,3 2. A circular spinner has an arow inthe middle The cicle and. The area for 2 is twice the area for 1, the area is split into four sectons as shown i the dagrem ‘or 3s tree times the area fr 1 andthe area for 4s four times the area for Af pis the probability of getting a 1 then: (a) write down, in terms of p, the probabilities of getting 2,3 and 4 J () find. (Eve (© find the probably of getting an even numb ‘4, The probabilities associated withthe scores on a biased die are shown below. (Continued) ©Questions (Continued) x [See bat [2 ae eee [Potsbtiy [or [03 [oos os [ois (2) Find the probability of getting a 4 when the de is role. (©) Find the probabiliy of getting an odd number when the de is rolled (©. Find the probability of getting at least 4 when 10, ‘the dies rolled. 5. A boy picks out a marble from a bag of 20 coloured marbles. He records its colour and then puts it back He does this fify times. Ten of the marbles he takes ‘out are red. How many of the 20 marbles in the bag {do you estimate to be red? 6. The spinner shown is spun 400imes. How many times would you expect the spinner to land on 11. (a) the sector numbered 1 (b) a sector with an even number (9) asector with 2 number of more than 3? A pack of $2 playing cards deal to four players so that each player ges 13 cas Thisis done fer times How many cards in total from the spades suit would one ‘player expect to have been given from these forty deals? 12. 8. A postman delivers letters tothe Azim house every day The probability that he delivers them at certain times is shown below Time Between 7.00 am and 7.30 am [Between 7.30 am and & 00 am ‘etween 00 am and& 30 am Probab 015: 03 035 13. {a} Find the probability that he delivers before 7.00 am or after 8.30 am, Itis also known that he is 2s likely to deliver the letters before 7.00 am as he isto deliver them after 8 30 am. (b) Find the probabiliy that he delivers before 7.00 am, (Q_ Find the probability that he delivers a card before ‘the Azim children go to school at 8.30 am, (d)_ Find the probability that he delivers after 7.30 am. 14, Probability ‘A milkiman always delivers the milk between 6.00 ‘am and 9.00 am each morning. He is as likely t deliver the milk at any time in those three hours. Find the probability that he delivers the mil (@) before 7.00 am, (©) between 6.15 am and 8.45 am. Mr Choudrydrives-to work each morring, The probability that he parks his carat the front ofthe building is 0.4 The probability that he parks his car atthe side of the building is 0.15. The rest of the time he parks atthe back ofthe building {@) Whats the probability that he will park at the back of the building on any particular morning? {b) Whats the probability thet he will pak either at the back or at the side ofthe bulding on any particular morning? (0. Inthe next year, he works for 20 days. On approximately how many days will Mr Choudry patk ether atthe back or at the side of the building? ‘The probability that Ayesha is late for school is 0.4 and the probability hat Leena is late is 0.7. (a). What assumption do you need to make to calculate the probability that both girs are late for school? ‘Making this assumption, draw a tree diagram to show all the possiblities. Calculate the probability that both gis are late for school Calculate also the probability that only one of the two girs is late for school. ) o @ ‘A box contains 12 counters of which 2 are blue, 3 are red and the rest are purple. Two counters are chosen at random, the first being replaced before the second is chosen. Find the probability that (@)_ the frst counter is purple and the second is blue (©) both counters are red (©) one of the counters is blue and the other is re. Three coins are tossed at the same time. (a) Listall the eight posse outcomes, using H and T. {b) Find the probability of (i) getting three tails getting the same outcome on all thee coins (i) geting two heads and one tal in any order) liv) not getting three heads. A coin is biased so that the head appears twice as often as the tal (Continued)